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This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute.

Notice: ©1997 National Shellfisheries Association, Inc. http://shellfish.org/. This manuscript may be cited as: Zhang, D., Lin, J., & Creswell, R. L. (1997). Larviculture and effect of food on larval survival and development in golden scutellatus. Journal of Shellfish Research, 16(2), 367‐369.

d--~ P__ J Jou;"'al (~"Slrellfislr Research. Vol. 16. No.2. 367-369.1997.

LARVICULTURE AND EFFECT OF FOOD ON LARVAL SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN GOLDEN CORAL SHRIMP STENOPUS SCUTEUATUS

DONG ZHANG,l JUNDA LIN, l AND R. LEROY CRESWELL2 I Department of Biological Sciences Florida Institute of Technology 150 West University Boulevard Melbourne. Florida 32901-6988 2Aquaculture Division Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. Inc. 5600 US I North Fort Pierce. Florida 34946

.4BSTRACT The golden coral shrimp . a popular species in aquarium industry. was cultured in the laboratory. Three kinds of foods. Anemia nauplii. rotifer. and rnicroalga Chaetoceros gracilis (Cg), were used to examine their effects on the larval survival and development. The larvae showed higher survivorship and survived longer when fed with Anemia nauplii than those fed with rotifer and Cg. All larvae fed with rotifer and Cg died on Days 12 and II. respectively. No difference in development rate between larvae fed with Anemia nauplii and rotifer was Observed. Larvae fed with Cg developed slower and could not develop beyond zoea II stage. The larvae were successfully reared to postlarval stage. indicating that the golden coral shrimp is a promising candidate for commercial aquaculture.

KEY WORDS: golden coral shrimp. Stenopus scutellatus. larviculture. food

INTRODUCTION MATERlALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Golden coral shrimp. Stenopus scutellatus. distributes from Institution. Inc., Fort Pierce, FL in 1996. Bermuda to Fernando de Noronha. . from shallow water to 55 m water depth (Holthuis 1946). The shrimp lives on isolated Broodstock solid substrates in or near large beds of turtle grass tThalassias in One pair of the (one male and one ovigerous female) protected. quite waters (Limbaugh et al, 1961). It is one of the most was purchased from a local pet shop (collected from the wild 1 to popular species in the aquarium industry because of its striking 2 days before our purchase) and was maintained in a recirculating color: the body and leg are lemon yellow with bands of red. seawater system (in a 25-L plastic tank) under l4-h light: IO-h dark The golden coral shrimp is a member of cleaning shrimps liv­ in a greenhouse. The total length (TI..) of the ovigerous female was ing in systems. The abundance of cleaning shrimp is low 3.6 cm. Temperature fluctuated 4-6°C daily (between 26 and 32°C in natural environment, and removal of them results in reduction of during the study period). Salinity was 33-35 ppt. The shrimps reef abundance and a high incidence of with frayed fins were fed in excess with frozen Anemia or squid once a day. The and ulcerated sores (Limbaugh et al. 1961. Glynn 1983). Extensive female that was going to hatch was moved to a 270-L conical and destructive collection of coral reef organisms has caused in­ fiberglass tank equipped with an internal standpipe with 53-fLm­ creasing concern among conservationists and environmental biolo­ pore-size mesh. After the female had hatched and molted. it was gists. Efforts have been made to reduce the gap between demand taken back to the 25-L tank. All larvae used in this study were from and supply through aquaculture. the same female. Among the eight species in the Stenopus (Gurney 1936). the banded coral shrimp, Srenopus hispidus, is the only species that Effect ofDifferent Foods on Survival and Development has been reared to postlarvae in the laboratory (Fletcher et al. A batch of larvae was placed in 4-L bottles with 2.5 L of 1995). It is the most difficult species to culture in artificial con­ seawater (28-30 ppt salinity and 26.5-29°C temperature), with ditions among all of the species of cleaner shrimps researched. It gentle aeration. Each bottle contained 20 zoea I larvae. Water has a long larval duration (>120 days) (Fletcher et al. 1995). Gen­ exchange (50%) was conducted, fresh algae were used, and all erally, mortality during larviculture is very high, and it is difficult Anemia nauplii and rotifer were renewed everyday. to grow larvae to postlarvae (Young 1979. De Castro and lory There were three food treatments (each with three replicates). 1983). Therefore, mass culture of the shrimp larvae has not been Anemia nauplii, rotifer, and Cg. Food density for Anemia nauplii realized. Golden coral shrimp is also one of the most beautiful was 5-lO/mL, that for rotifer was ID-15/mL, and that for Cg was ornamental shrimps. To our knowledge. there is no report on the 50,000-100,000 cells/mL. All experimental bottles were arranged larval culture of the shrimp. In this study, we compared the effects randomly. Survivorship and development were examined daily. of three common diets used in decapod larval rearing-Anemia Larvieulture nauplii, rotifer, microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis (Cg)-on survi­ vorship and development of S. scutellatus larvae and undertook the On the basis of the results of the food experiment (see the experimental larviculture. Results), we used Anemia nauplii as feed in our larviculture study.

367 368 ZHANG ET AL.

The larviculture was conducted in 25-L plastic tanks, each with vorship of the larvae was 50% (Fig. 2). Larva survivorship on Day 200 larvae. The three trials were carried out with a temperature of 43 in Trials 2 and 3 was 31.5 and 34.1 %, respectively. In the first 26-29°C and a salinity of28-30 ppt. Larvae were fed with Anemia trial, all larvae and postlarvae died because of infection by nauplii (5 naupliilmL) with daily renewal. Water exchange rate Zoothamnium sp. In each of the other trials, only one larva devel­ was 50% daily. Survival was measured once every 5 days. oped into postlarval stage, on about Day 70.

Data AlUllysis DISCUSSION

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze Effect ofDifferent Foods on Survival and Development survivorship of larvae fed with different diets, and the T-method multiple comparisons test was used to compare the means when Algae are suitable food for penaeid shrimp larvae (e.g., Go­ ANOVA showed a significant effect (Sokal and Rohlf 1995). Ho­ palakrishnan 1976, Tobias-Quinitio and Villegas 1982, Wilkenfeld mogeneous of variance was tested using Bartlett's test before et aI. 1984), but not for S. scutellatus larvae. Anemia nauplii and ANOVA. rotifers are known to be suitable food for a variety of decapod larvae (McConaugha 1985). This study showed that newly hatched RESULTS S. scutellatus larvae can consume Anemia nauplii. This is different from penaeid shrimp larvae, which can only consume Anemia Effect ofDifferent Food on Survival and Development nauplii when they reach zoea m. even mysis I stage. This may be Larvae fed with Anemia, rotifer, and Cg died on Days 21, 12, because zoea I larvae ofS. scutellatus (3.8 mmTL) are equivalent and II, respectively. On Day 12, survivorship of S. scutellatus in size to mysis I stage of penaeid shrimps. Larvae fed with rotifers larvae fed with Anemia nauplii was 78.8 ± 2.5% (mean ± SD) (Fig. and microalgae have lower survival andlor a slower development 1). The difference of survivorship was significant (p < 0.01, one­ rate than those fed with Anemia nauplii, probably because of the way ANOV A) after Day 6. On Day 6, survivorship of larvae fed smaller size andlor less suitable nutrition content of rotifers and with Anemia (96.3 ± 2.5%) was not significantly (p > 0.05, T­ microalgae. method) different from that fed with Cg (95.0 ± 0%). but survi­ Food size is an important consideration in larval rearing (Frost vorship in both treatments was significantly (p < 0.05, T-method) 1972). as shown in seven decapod species where small algae only higher than that in the rotifer treatment (80.0 ± 4.1 %). On Day 9, occasionally support larval development compared with larger al­ larval survivorship in Anemia treatment (90.0 ± 0%) was signifi­ gae (Harms and Seeger 1989). In decapod larvae, ingestion rate is cantly higher (p < 0.05, T-method) than that in both rotifer (71.3 ± normally low for small-sized food (see Grahame 1983 for a re­ 4.8%) and Cg (42.5 ± 2.9%) treatments. and the survivorship in view). Insufficient food intake may be the main reason for the rotifer treatment was significantly higher (p < 0.05, T-method) lower development or survival rate. We found that S. scutellatus than that in the Cg treatments. The larvae in Anemia nauplii and larvae can grasp Anemia nauplii with their mouthparts. This may rotifer treatments molted in the same interval: 3.5 days from zoea be more efficient for food intake than filtration. another important ] to zoea II and 4 days from zoea II to zoea III. Larvae fed with Cg feeding method for small-sized foods in decapod larvae (see Gra­ developed slower and could not develop beyond zoea II stage. hame 1983 for a review). Larvae may also be able to select food on the basis of size. Larger and later development stage Larviculture may take larger-sized food (see Grahame 1983 for a review). Pe­ The larvae in the first trial hatched from the eggs spawned naeus kerathurus postlarvae did not ingest rotifers when Anemia before the female was collected from the natural environment. All were present (Yufera et al. 1984). Nutrition plays an importantrole of the other larvae for this study were spawned in captivity. Fifty­ in affecting larval development and survival (Levine and Sulkin five postlarvae (27.5% survivorship) were obtained in the first 1984. Staton and Sulkin 1991). Food nutritional value is found to trial. The first postlarva was obtained on Day 43, when the survi- affect assimilation efficiency in . Some crustaceans

100

90

1M' 80

..... ~ Artemia III 70 Rotifer •>.-l -0- ~ 80 -6- Cg ::s tr.l 50

40

30 o 3 6 9 12

Time (day)

Figure 1. Survival of S. scutellaius larvae fed with different foods. S. SCUTEUATUS SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT 369

100

90 dP

0- 80 •.-4 .c:: II) first postlarva appears l-t 70 0 •.-4> ~ 80 ;:l Cf) 50

40 o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 43 Time (day)

Figure 2. Survivorship of the golden and post larvae coral shrimp, S. scutellatus, larvae in the first trial. Fifty-five postlarvae were obtained. All larvae died because of infection by Zoothamnium sp. show higher assimilation efficiencies on than on vegetation been found within a decapod species in different seasons in the food (see Grahame 1983 for a review). Most decapod larvae have wild (Amsler and George 1984). even within a brood (Clarke been considered to be exclusively carnivores, 1993). Improving rearing conditions. including broodstock nutri­ tion. is expected to make mass culture possible for this popular Larviculture aquarium species.

Not only survivorship. but also metamorphosis rate from zoea ACKNOWLEDGMENTS to postlarva. was higher in the first trial. when the eggs were spawned in the natural environment. than in the subsequent two trials, Egg quality may be different between those spawned in This study was funded by Sea Grant. NOAA. Department of nature and those spawned in captivity, Egg quality difference has Commerce. USA (Grant Number NA36RG-0700).

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