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Zeichen Journal ISSN No: 0932-4747

A NOVEL APPROACHES TO SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALS AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

1M. Padmavathy and P. Latha2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, T.P.E.V.R Government Polytechnic College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, South India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, D.G.G. Arts College, (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University) Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, South India

Abstract

Crystal growth is one of the most important fields of chemical science which involves controlled phase transformation. In the present study to synthesis the dichromate and crystal and evaluate the antibacterial activity. Among the two crystals, potassium dichromate crystal growth was significant. Potassium dichromate and menthol crystal shapes are cubical in nature. The present study concluded that the Growth of potassium dichromate and menthol Crystals were visualized. The length and width of the crystals are increased day by day were observed. Both crystals were peak at 5th day. Among the two crystals, potassium dichromate Crystal growth significant. The antibacterial activity of potassium dichromate crystal is potential than that of menthol.

Keywords: Crystal growth, Potassium dichromate, Menthol crystals, Antibacterial activity.

INTRODUCTION were derived from early crystallization in In past few decades, there has the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century been a growing interest on crystal growth (Santhanan Raghavan and Ramasamy, processes, particularly in view of the 2000),. The phenomena of under cooling, increasing demand of materials for supersaturation and the heat of technological applications (Algra et al., crystallization were recognized in the 2005). Crystals are the unacknowledged Eighteenth Century Crystal growth pillars of modern technology. Without specialists have been moved from the crystals, there would be no electronic periphery to the center of the materials- industry, no photonic industry, no fiber based technology. In the present study to optic communications, (which depend synthesis the potassium dichromate and on materials/crystals such as menthol crystals (Buckley, 1951). semiconductors, superconductors, polarizers, transducers, radiation MATERIALS AND METHODS detectors, ultrasonic amplifiers, ferrites, Chemicals magnetic garnets, solid state lasers, Menthol and Potassium non-linear optics, piezo-electric, electro- dichromate were purchased from optic, acousto-optic, photosensitive, Himedia, Mumbai, India. Double distilled refractory of different grades, water was used throughout the study. crystalline films for microelectronics and Synthesis of crystals computer industries) (Bailey, 1991). Menthol crystal Crystal growth is one of the most Saturated solution of menthol important fields of chemical science, taken in a beaker and kept in boiling water which involves controlled phase for 20 minutes. Continue adding menthol transformation. Fundamental until a little solid begins to accumulate in experimental aspects of crystal growth the bottom of beaker. Pour the crystal

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growing solution into a clean container. molecules connected together, having a Try to avoid getting any undissolved solid long range atomic order. A crystal is in the new container. Allow the crystal characterized by the orderly, repetitive solution to remain undisturbed. Over the arrangement in three dimensions of the course of several hours, the crystal growth , atoms, or molecules that make up was monitor. the crystal (Brice, 1973). Crystals have Potassium dichromate crystal become a vital necessity in modern Saturated solution of potassium technology and behind every new solid dichromate taken in a beaker and kept in state device there stands a single crystal. boiling water for 20 minutes. Continue These atomic arrays that are periodic in adding potassium dichromate until a little three dimensions, with repeated distances solid begins to accumulate in the bottom are called single crystals. As a result, of beaker. Pour the crystal growing crystals have rigidity, fixed shape, and solution into a clean container. Try to mechanical strength. In crystals there exist avoid getting any undissolved solid in the a strong connection between their optical, new container. Allow the crystal solution electrical and mechanical responses and to remain undisturbed. Over the course of the . Also the requirement several hours, the crystal growth was of a crystal with chemical purity, monitor. structural perfection and crystal size Determination of antimicrobial activity depend upon its application (Christian, Antibiogram was done by disc 1990). In the present study to synthesis diffusion method (NCCLS, 1993; and characterization of mentol and Awoyinka et al., 2007) using samples. potassium dichromate crystals. Petri plates were prepared by pouring 30 Growth ml of NA medium for bacteria. The test Growth of single crystals ranges organism was inoculated on solidified from a small inexpensive technique to a agar plate with the help of micropipette complex sophisticated expensive process and spread and allowed to dry for 10 and crystallization time changes from mints. The surfaces of media were minutes to several months. It is a non- inoculated with bacteria from the culture. equilibrium process, at the same time the A sterile cotton swab is dipped into a crystal growth process must be as near standardized bacterial test suspension and equilibrium and as near to a steady state used to evenly inoculate the entire surface process as possible (Faktor and Garrett, of the Nutrient agar plate. Briefly, 1974). Growth of single crystals from inoculums containing bacteria specie were solutions at low temperatures is the only spread on Nutrient agar plates. Using method for the crystallization of sterile forceps, the sterile filter papers (6 substances which undergo decomposition mm diameter) containing the crude before melting. This method may be used extracts (50μl) were laid down on the for substances fairly soluble in a solvent surface of inoculated agar plate. The and non-reactive with it. Single crystals plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 h for intended for device applications are the bacteria. Each sample was tested in expected to have a well developed triplicate. The antimicrobial potential of morphology and to contain a low density test compounds was determined on the of defects. For this, it is necessary to basis of mean diameter of zone of consider the thermodynamic and kinetic inhibition around the disc in millimeters. parameters which characterize the overall The zones of inhibition of the tested growth conditions. The thermodynamic microorganisms by the samples were parameters determine the growth measured using a millimeter scale. mechanism (Hooper et al., 1979). In the present study, the maximum crystal RESULTS AND DISCUSSION growth observed on 5th day (Plate 1). Crystals are solids formed by a regular repeated pattern of atoms or

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Plate 1: Shows the structure and growth of (C10H20O) and (K2Cr2O7) crystals

The external shape and size of menthol and potassium dichromate such a crystal constitutes its so-called crystals morphology is the cubical and morphology. Crystal morphology results strike shape (Plate 1). The length and from interplay of crystallographic width of the crystals were increased day anisotropy and growth kinetics, the latter by day. The temperature decreased day by consisting of interfacial processes as well day and no changes in pH were observed as long-range transport. A baseline for (Table 1 and 2).

Table.1: Menthol ( C10H20O) Crystal

S.No Days Length Width Temperature pH (mm) (mm) (0C) 1 2 11 6 28 7 2 3 16 10 23 7 3 4 18 12 23 7 4 5 19 14 23 7 5 6 22 15 22 7

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Table.2: Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) Crystal

S.No Days Length Width Temperature pH (mm) (mm) (0C) 1 2 4 2 25 5 2 3 8 4 25 7 3 4 15 8 25 7 4 5 15 8 25 7 5 6 15 8 25 7

Antibacterial Activity of C10H20O and plants, or in water around soil particles). K2Cr2O7 crystals They can eat all sorts of things, including Microbes are truly the most oil, rocks, dead and living plants and underappreciated living organisms on animals (Needham, 2000). There are 4 Planet Earth. Billions of them can fit on a major types of Microbes: bacteria, fungi, fingernail, and they make up more than protists and viruses (Lynch and Hobbie, half of the living biomass on the planet. 1988). The world we live in is one full of The in vitro antimicrobial activity microbes. Microbes, whether they are of the menthol and potassium dichromate good, bad, or benign, are certainly crystals against these bacteria was everywhere. This includes on our body, in qualitatively assessed by the presence of our homes, far below the earth’s surface inhibition zones represented in the and up to the atmosphere, in cold, cool, photographic plate 2. The inhibitory warm and hot and very hot places, and activities in culture media of the menthol even in places without . Our body and potassium dichromate crystals temperature and wealth of nutrients reported in Table 4 were comparable with provide an ideal home for these micro- standard antimicrobiotic viz. organisms to thrive. Microorganisms Chloramphenicol. The antibacterial always live in water (directly in aquatic activity of potassium dichromate crystal is environments, in water inside animals or higher than that of menthol.

Table.4: Antibacterial Activity of Menthol (C10H20O) and Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) crystals

50µl 100µl 150µl Standard

( C10H20O ) E. coli 5±0.35 6±0.42 7±0.49 9±0.63

B.subtilis 7±0.49 8±0.56 10±0.70 11±0.77

( K2Cr2O7 ) E. coli 4±0.28 7±0.49 10±0.70 11±0.77

B.subtilis 5±0.35 7±0.49 12±0.84 14±0.98

Values are expressed Mean ± SD for triplicates

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Plate 2 Antibacterial activity of potassium dichromate and menthol crystals

Conclusion The present study concluded that Bailey R.T. (1991), ‘Growth perfection the Growth of menthol and potassium and properties of organic nonlinear dichromate Crystals were visualized. The materials’, Acta Crystallograph., Vol. length and width of the crystals are A47, pp. 145-155. increased day by day were observed. Both Brice J.C. (1973), ‘The growth of crystals crystals were peak at 5th day. Among the from liquids’, North Holland two crystals, potassium dichromate Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Crystal growth significant. The Buckley H.E. (1951), ‘Crystal Growth’, antibacterial activity of potassium John Wiley and Sons, New York. dichromate crystal is potential than that of Mullin J.W. (1976), ‘Industrial menthol. crystallization 78’, Plenum press, REFERENCES New York. Baumert J.C., Schellengerg F.M., Lenth W., Risk Ahmad A M.N., S. and K. Rehman. 2001 W.P. and Bjorklund GC 1987. Preparation of Menthol Crystals from Generation of Blue CW coherent Mint (Mentha arvensis). Int. J. Agri. radiation by sum frequency mixing Biol., 3(4), 1-2 KTiOPO4. Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 51, Algra R.E., Graswinckel W.S., Enckevort pp2192 -2194. W.J.P. and Vlieg E. (2005), ‘Alizarin Christian R. (1990), ‘Solvents and solvent crystals: An extreme case of solvent effects in organic chemistry’, VCH, induced morphology change’, J. New York. Crystal Growth, Vol. 285, pp. 168- 177.

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Faktor M.M. and Garrett I. (1974), NCCLS-(1993) National Committee for ‘Growth of Crystals from Vapour,’ Clinical Laboratory Standards. Chapmann and Hall, London. Performance standards for Hooper R.M., Mc Ardle B.J., Naranes antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests. R.S. and Sherwood J.N. (1979) PA: NCCLS Publications;, p. M2- ‘Crystal Growth’, (ed.) Pamplin A5. B.R., Pergamon Press, Oxford. Awoyinka O, Balogun IO, Ogunnowo Lynch, J.M and J.E Hobbie. AA. (2007) Phytochemical screening (1988).Micro-organisms in action: and in vitro bioactivity of concepts and application in Cnidoscolus aconitifolius microbial ecology.Blackwell (Euphorbiaceae). J Med Plant Res; Scientific Publications. 1(3): 63-65. Needham, C et al. (2000). Intimate Santhanan Raghavan P. and Ramasamy P. Strangers: Unseen Life on Earth. (2000), ‘Crystal Growth processes ASM Press, Washington D.C. and Methods’, Hitech Press, Chennai.

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