2 L Re T . ocuin29 28 24 24 Conclusion 2.4 Future Population Trends 2.3 2.2 Population Introduction Trends 2.1 oss ofPopulation eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development .. AeAdSailIse 26 26 27 AndHoliday Dereliction Homes Abandonment, 2.2.4 Outward Migration Of Young Adults 2.2.3 AgeAndSpatialIssues 2.2.2 General Of Summary Trends In CountyThe And 2.2.1 v ersing Rural Declineand T eNrhadWs okAe 24 Cork Area and he North West 23 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 24 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2 W aspirations and ofcommunities inNorth the goals and to achieving precursor Thisisanecessary trends –are described. demographic – areversal ofcurrent pre-requisiteto development challenges the Ineffect, implications are discussed. the main described andsomeof Cork are and inNorth West prospect trends experiencedandin population this chapterkey featuresIn the of from family. housingaway to independent access increasingly, and varied social life and, for opportunities avibrant environment, challenge ofadifferent opportunities, of educationandemployment y f Themainreasons are inextricably related. etc. health care, offices, post schools, suchaspubs, delivered locally, lossofservices affluence ofurbanliving, growing relative environmental quality; infrastructure and on transport withassociatedpressures employment, co increased migrationthe young; of to beanageingpopulation; appear key The ones quality of rural living. total abandonment. sustained over alongperiodwithout population ofelderlyageprofile maybe c Inotherareas, their population. some islandshave already effectively lost ab process hasendedineventual this ofEurope Inmany parts capacity. population anddecliningeconomic withaconsequently ageing area, of young peopleandwomenfromthe declining ruralthe loss area world-wideis characteristic feature ofany The most P Re T rotadmgainaogtthe or outward migration amongst ompound social exclusion anda oung peoplehave beenfoundto belack opulation eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development s ok seeChapter3below. Cork, est mmuting to urbanareas formmuting nomn anddesertification. andonment v Ru the trendsMany are on impacting Pa ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of r ra so ot n etCork and and ts ofNorth West l declineandlossofpopulation 2.1 Introduction based bothon increased employment hasbeen populationgrowth Macroom, In grew by500andMacroom by100. Thepopulationof Kinsale employment. on Cork Cityfor and itsservices co witha essentially sub-urbanincharacter, canbeconsideredto be growth This over 3,500. population grew byjust Carrigaline’s and Carrigtwohill. Fa strongly between1991and1996included r asylum seekers andpeople migrants, for example return including, of all kinds, attracting itsshare ofinward migration Cork is and North West present, At between1991-1996. experienced growth those areas which in particularly present, the hasintensifiedgrowth fromto 1996 population substantialthat evidence There is influence ofCork City. the immediate the urbanareas within in entirely took placealmost This and 1996. the countyin asawholebetween1981 increase ofapproximately 10,000 people There was an expanding population. the challenge ofan experiencing are the coastal zone, in particularly Otherparts, decline andlossofservices. negative cycle ofpopulation persistent Cork are undergoinga and North West peripheral of parts the most Some of We the County and the North and Summary ofGeneral Trends in etiring from otherEuropean states. rn oe,Kluny Fountainstown Killumney, Tower, rran, mmuter populationmainlydependent st Areas inCounty Cork growing

C ork Area 2.2.1 2.2 Population Trends experienced in the countyexperienced in from 1981–1996. have been population trends that Map 2.1belowillustratesthe long-term implications forthese areas. 20 yearperiodwouldhave very serious to continue were overthe degree oflossifit this of–2.8percent: andMillstreet per cent adeclineinpopulationof–4.4 underwent ofKanturk Theelectoral district population. inspiteofanatural increase in 500, Cork Area asawholefell byover and West the North thepopulationof this period, During experienced adeclineinpopulation. Cork, extensive and areas inNorth West Skibbereen. Durrus and Bantry, Timoleague, Clonakilty, notably Kinsale, growth, c some the city, Outside to live. a place town anditsattractivenessthe as within oastal towns showedrelativelyoastal high te at ftecut,including the county, of Other parts P Re T opulation eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development v ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of Age DependencyRatio r A the caseoffemales. especially soin years, the populationaged20-29 of the proportion decline in significant there hasbeena Inparticular, nationally. c has anolderandageingpopulation County Cork and North West dynamics, esult is that the active populationis theactive that is esult ompared with the Countyompared with asawholeor sarsl ofadverse population As aresult 2 25 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 26 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2 dependency ratio C County and inNorth West 29.7 percent population isaged50+compared with the of percent nationally 24.6 Thus, County Cork. and smaller inNorth West by olderpeople. disadvantages ofrural dwellingreported are thetwo principal transport Rural isolationand lackofpublic future. presents aseriouschallenge forthe basic shoppingandsocial contact totally oncarusefor even dependent scattered housingand living inisolated, to alarger ageingpopulation, trend The Age andSpatial Issues structure of the population structure of thefuture and growth adversely affect the region andwill in onfertility impact Thiswillhave an bearing ageisreduced. offemales theproportion ofchild- that is moreto leave likelytheir 20s the Area in females are that the fact to when added r 0 c r shouldalso be It essential service. inthese areas is an Public transport facilities may beexpected. other support heavy demands onmedical and emerge, populations Where largeretirement accentuate analready elderlyageprofile. can but the Area, spending powerinto R and inward migration for retirement. ofcommuter living to alimitedamount c with relatively cheaper landvalues in along Cork towns, including the West the county of periphery (Map2.2). the the olderhousingstockat in al Fe the environshousing in ofCork City, y the Census shows animbalance of P Re T 2 1 elatively highagedependencyratios, emembered that active retired active people that emembered ompared with0.79 for County Cork and maio ihubnaes hasalso led omparison withurbanareas, ounger populationsettledinnewer Defined as the ratio of the population aged 19 and younger or older than 65 to those aged 20 to 65 those aged 20 to the ratiothe population aged19and youngerthan 65 Defined as of or older trmn bringsnewpopulationand etirement r.Aohrrsl isahigherage Anotherresult ork. .80 nationally. A consequence of these Aconsequence of .80 nationally. P one are represented disproportionately opulation eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development myadMlo.Olderpersonsliving rmoy andMallow. otentialthe numberoffemales isdefined here fertility as aged 20-44per1,000 population. v C h trcieeso etCork, The attractiveness of West ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of omparative householddatafrom 2.2.2 1 .T i tnsa 0.84 his standsat 2 . co inheritance oflandorbusinessesbysons tradition A of larger urbanareas. havewomen inparticular movedto y increasingly drain ruraltheir areas of to tending incitiesis opportunities increased economic andsocial third level in educationand participation Increased their 30sand40s. individuals in migration into rural areas byfamilies and ofinward a more limitedamount with age group from ruralto urbanareas, Ireland ofmigration fromthe younger populations. their young toholding impediment aserious places rural areas at housingfor young people independent the lackofsuitable factor and important are also an Housing opportunities the mobileyoungon singleagegroup. attraction a powerful exert opportunities c some ruralthe entire communities losing with trend was acuteinmany rural areas, This total agecohort). the of – 22percent inCounty agegroup (5,853 the 20-24 Cork censuses were for adramatic lossfrom Tr Adults Outward Migration of Young areas. single menlivingalone inmore remote numbersofolder evidence ofsignificant there is Cork Area, and North West the In lossoffemales. disproportionate co can also make avery important the attractions of the localthe attractions life-style. of and seekingemployment persons, active inward migration from also, experienced, theseareas have that should benoted it Furthermore, quality oflife inany area. ohort. ugpplto.Young peopleand oung population. ends between the 1991and1996 ends between nt nt ributes tothe pattern of ribution to community activity and to community activity ribution A general patternhasemergedin E uainl social andeconomic ducational, 2.2.3 c to rural some inward movement r a rural high levels ofpopulationloss, W f coupled nowwithpressure dereliction, ab The islandsalso have alegacyof terms ofhumanhabitation.areas in ofsome withdesertification services schoolsandother number ofprimary ra present at Cork, North West rural decline. r C and the North of some otherparts West and in ofthe County, In the North West Holiday Homes Dereliction and Abandonment, rhldyhm eeomn.InNorth or holidayhomedevelopment. stlmn programme hasencouraged esettlement esults fromthe continuing problem of ommunities. r ra bnomn ofhouses abandonment ork Area, e fdcie isindangeroflosinga tes ofdecline, s ok whichhasexperiencedvery Cork, est nomn andconsequent andonment 2.2.4 2.2.4 P Re T opulation eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development v ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of expressed community priority. isastrongly through refurbishment, preferably Removal ofdereliction, Area. tionate disadvantagethe even within Theseshowdispropor- development. remote from majorurban are most which concentratedthe areas, in be most to andappears Cork Area, and North West the of parts Dereliction ocurrsincertain r inward migration for c of limited amount to a hasalsoled areas, c land values in with relatively cheaper W W T etirement. ommuter livingand withurban omparison he attractiveness of s oktws along Cork towns, est includingthe Cork, est 2 27 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 28 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2 (average annual %growth) Ta ble 2.1: 2309 .709 0.98 1.00 1.12 0.98 1.13 1.00 1.12 1.13 0.37 0.68 0.66 0.93 0.97 0.95 M2F3 1.07 M2F1 1.08 M1F3 M1F1 P opulation Projections to 2001and2011 opulation Projections ot n etCr Ireland Cork and North West 0121 012011 2001 2011 2001 A summary iscontainedA summary in Table 2.1. assumptions for andmigration fertility basedonexplicit 2001 and2011, W P Future Population Trends P Re T 4 f f Migration: f f Fe TheCSOassumptionsare: themselves. the similaroverallassume trends willassert isreasonableto it level overtime, somespecific the national andlocalbe somedivergence between there may While ofchangingcultural norms. impact the performance reflects onpopulationwhilefertility ofeconomic the impact be anindicatorof National migrationtakento is 1999). (CSO, 2001-2031 fromthe CSOPopulation andLabour Force Projection 3 opulation projections for and North With a resumption in these circumstancesWith aresumption migration in could be higherandlabour force rates participation could increase faster. The fertility ratesThe fertility andmigration ratestaken are opulation rt eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development s Cork have beenmadeforthe years est 2 Immigration diminishing M2: diminishing Immigration continuing but M1: 3 F ormi tits1998levelto 2001, TFRto remain at F3: TFRto increase from its1998levelto 2.0by F1: i v lity: ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of c to 1.5by2011andremain decrease thereafter; 2001 andremain constant ntn thereafter. onstant 2.3 ze +5,000 perannumin2001/2006 +15,000 perannumin1996/2001 +10,000 perannumin2006/2011 +15,000 perannumin2001/2006 +20,000 perannumin1996/2001 ro

e migration in2006/2011 net 3 . tightening of the labourtightening market of the considerableeconomic prospects and the national levelthe strong given c the CSOassumptionsmaybe Inaddition, infrastructurethe Area. in implications for housingand Thishasimportant to 2011. up per cent r r first The issuesemerging. important years willdiminishovertime. have inrecent beenobserved that trends the that the assumption and growth of national due tothe positive impact r the in particularly West experience, Thiscontraststhe with assumptions. re all However, between andacrosstheArea. the period1996-2001. lose populationin the 181DEDs of 52out projection (M2F3), optimistic Withthe least decline. continue to experience many DEDs that thereoptimistic projection are (M1F1) areasthe most andeven with different national level. developments at of the population of the Area to They also indicateconsiderable sensitivity thenational level. than isprojected at isless thegrowth However, scenarios. Cork Area underall eight and North West the in theyshowpositive growth that these projections is of The mainpoint egion will experience growth ofoveregion willexperiencegrowth 20 the Coastal elates tothe projection that Thisoutcome is years. egion inrecent onservative regarding developments at gions show positive growth underallgions showpositive growth There are anumber ofother P variesGrowth considerably between opulation growth also variesopulation growth 4 . to occur in the 20 to 30agegroup.the 20 to occurin ab Fu the future. lose populationin theseregions willcontinueto trend, local the national level orasharpchangein co there isa unless that projections indicate these Inotherwords, weakens overtime. the underlying trend assumed that was although it years, trend ofrecent the to meansareturn This assumptions. fa there isa that means This assumptions. the lessoptimistic longer periodunder the rate hasfallen ofgrowth forthe re Althoughit picture. quite different showa andEast Projections forthe West ll in the period 2001 to 2011 under these to 2011under the period2001 ll in mains positive overthe wholeperiod, n r ov thermore, given the ageanalysis given thermore, tinuing strong performance at e, this loss is most likely to continue likely thislossismost e, P Re T opulation eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development v ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of induced migrationthe latterrelies on and Theformer is employment- in population. which directly redress spatial imbalance r the olderpopulation. the needsandpotential of or dismisses ignores astrategythat population isnot Cork attractiveto ayoung and West f to makethe Areabe anattractive place focus ofstrategicprimary should action the strongly entrenched insome areas, whichis fromthe syndrome ofdecline, needed. natural populationincrease isalso r re integration for arise bothnewand ofsocial Challenges and ideas. knowledge newskills, alsowithit bring would It outward migration isnatural. r to necessary is It Cork. and West ofafuture strategy for North element Inward migration shouldbeanessential ryugaut olv n MakingNorth or youngto live adults in. esettlement are two forms are ofaction, esettlement etention of a higher proportion of the etention of ofahigherproportion assome eplenish populationnumbers, evn ouain.Inaddition, ceiving populations. fNrhadWs Corkto escape is and If North West Decentralisation andrural 2.4 Conclusion 2.4 2 29 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 30 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2 securing the future of the Area. for and areto beimportant likely past havethe recent hadsomesuccessin these measures Bothof quality oflife. av society. harmoniousandcohesive balanced, r c thesuccessof and emigration persists, inward rate migrationthe birth falls as on the Area isdependent population of the theconsolidation of that Given issue. re r c participants the Future Search, integration. agenciesto assist development local community groups and from needattention andsupport but r Theseyoung populations integration. andpoorsocial to unemployment fe with inareas suchasDunmanway, but the land, living on to and commitment also brings inskills It use oflocal services. migrants increases local expenditure and This newpopulationaswithother life style. people seekingan “alternative” hasbeenattractiveto environment and housesinapristinerural the availability ofrelatively cheapland areasthe locality. into involve relocation ofpeoplefrom urban r c the viability threatening of emigration, are suffering from very highlevels of that P Re T esidents, is critical to their visionofa to iscritical esidents, esidents ofall backgroundsthe into for anopportunity rural areas epresent Theseprojects projects. esettlement ommunities indrawing innew the integrationonsidered ofnew have beeninvolved inrural ommunities, opulation mlyetopruiis canlead opportunities, w employment eCr eeomn Issue: he Core Development ceiving local communities asapriority ailability ofaffordable housingand v Co In bothcommunity appraisal and in Cork, of In someinlandparts West ersing Rural DeclineandLoss of mmunities in parts of the Area of mmunities inparts w It migration isnatural. some outward as population numbers, necessary to replenish We strategy and for North afuture of element should beanessential Inward migration and ideas. knowledge newskills, it ould bring alsowith ould bring tCr.I is It Cork. st 3 fToeLvn nNrhadWs Cork of and LivinginNorth Those West Re . nrdcin32 32 Results The ofCommunity Consultation 3.2 Introduction 3.1 c ognising the GoalsandAspirationsognising

North and West Cork Strategic Plan 31 32 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 3 the formulationthis Plan. of of aspart undertaken and Future Search, throughindicated community appraisal top prioritygoals the identification of whichisdrawn from careful below, processthe statement issummarisedin the outcome The of Study 2001-2020. Cork Strategic and detail inNorth West c the Themethodologyof described. fo the of which was aspart undertaken process ofcommunity consultation, whichemergedfromthe aspirations, which strategic shouldaim. actions towardsis requiredthe kindofsociety of aclearvision Therefore, isbased. which it the studyon this Planandin identified in Cork and inNorth West development There are many challenges for rural Re T ulctasotnetworks. public transport quality housinglinked byexcellent withgood prosperous rural areas, in andvillages growingtowns we strongthe landand sea. to links mixed localeconomy and thriving, a with good qualitylife for young andold, provide a OurAreawill sustainable way. ina manage ourenvironment We will withpublicbodies. partnerships We have will goodworking ourselves. We training andeducation. withawiderange of local and skills, and world-wide.” the region across area, within ourown a strong communications network We have will diversity ofourpopulation. andcelebrateand customs the growing we high level ofcommunity involvement: “We beaninclusive Areawitha shall live in2021” “How we will onsultation process itselfisdescribedin oeLvn nNrhadWs Cork and hose LivinginNorth West mlto fti lnaestotand out this Planare set rmulation of l We haveOur Areawill developed itsown

shall makeshall many for localdecisions l-balanced network ofdistinctive, c shall preserve andenjoy preserve ourheritage shall nti hpe,thegoals and this chapter, In ognising the GoalsandAspirationsognising of

shall haveshall oflearning aculture 3.1 Introduction oafc theirfuture. to affect trends perceivedpriority byparticipants material. fo c broadly and the objectives confirm process ofstakeholder participation, the FutureThemes identified in Search C Th according to each persons top priorities. accordingto eachpersons "votes" thenumberofdotsrepresent the wholeFuture Search Conference: was generated byagroup "mindmap"-abrainstorming sessionby Thischart Note: lcsfrEdryt et12 26 25 25 27 29 30 Places forto Meet Elderly Housing 13 38 36 Ce Tr Techn Lack ofLeisure Facilities Maintain Hospitals Clean Water Village Renewal River Destruction Holiday Homes Cultural Identity/Diversity Lack ofOrganicFarms R Tr Ta ntanso eeomn identified by onstraints ondevelopment onsultation rmal economic analysis ofstatistical as nrsrcue eeaeadWtr85 Sewerage and Water Infrastructure, oads, npr n ces21 andAccess ansport n NumberofDots end e Results ofCommunity ble 3.1: tcTgr21 ltic Tiger hs Table 3.1summariseshighest Thus, lg rwhi ua ra 21 inRuralology Growth Areas Highest Priority Priority Trends affecting ourfuture Highest 3.2 hms whichemerge. themes, (Tablethe 3.2)summarises the future, of vision Turningeconomy. to stakeholders’ the Irish of the widerdevelopment and technology development in participating improving and social services preserving environmental quality, deficits, to physicalattached infrastructure very highpriorityis As maybeseen, Ta agencies in the Area. agencies in as ahighprioritybycommunities and co telecommunications andITasa potential ofnewmodes of co Other framework. development the strategicmain priorityof co and ofthe transport improvement including infrastructure development, thestudyprocess, throughout agenciesgathered and development the public the views of this studyand for the researchthe basisof carriedout On Cork Future Search. and North West ofthe the primary “cross-cutting theme” links and synergies–was identified as co there and isinclusivewhich participation with sustainable environments andin communities the creation ofself-reliant These revolve around improvedtransport, T Re f f f f f Chapter 8) Tr 1. oeLvn nNrhadWs Cork and hose LivinginNorth West ble 3.2: npr (Seealso ansport mnctosto,were also ranked mmunications tool, the particularly mmunications issues, mmunications networkemergedasa mmunity partnership. Islands Access to travelling hence less c sustaining More self- fuels instead offossil F transport rail More light cars transport- less Public c ommunities - uel cells “Bridging gaps” – the forging – ofnew “Bridging gaps” ognising the GoalsandAspirationsognising of 00Vso:NrhadWs okFtr erh (Nov 2000) Cork Future Search, and North West 2020 Vision: f f f f c self-reliant Creation of 2. ommunities towns cities/local dependence on L c localActive locally activities cultural Vibrant in place infrastructure Adequate ess ommunities uniqueness canbedetermining factors in Prideofplaceandlocal Cork. and West the peopleofNorth sense ofidentity of traditionsthe andpastimescontributeto Local distinctiveness, of the Area. ofsocial cohesion component important the Area. population of the has beenidentified asapriority by successful integration ofnewresidents, with into the future”, ofthe past best the “Bringing the Area. of of eachpart andnatural heritage the built including maintaintraditions, local heritageand to isalso aprioritygoal It sustainability. social andeconomic support to towns their villagesand the viability of co The Cork. goal for and North West as anotherpriority spatial development Cork have identified balanced and West f f f f Environment 3. mmunities of the Area wish to buildup the Area wish mmunities of /en Ec T Environment r of local management Sustainable esources ourism L The peopleandagenciesofNorth onomics ocal culture emerged asan terprise f f f f Quality oflife 4. infcn say significant having avery c L partnership More should feel safe Elderly people society crime free Drug free, ocal ommunities 3 33 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 34 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 3 S. Improved Infrastructure -Sustainable R. .Rapid Responses Z. Y. X. W. V. U. T. Q. P. O. Inclusive Communities, Self-Reliant, N. namely: (Table 1.6) beachieved, of goals must c r the future, the visionof if Therefore, the successofany area. Re T eflected inoutcome ofcommunityeflected onsultation is to beattainedanumber onsultation is oeLvn nNrhadWs Cork and hose LivinginNorth West Th Options Public Transport Sea and at the Land Maintaining on Livelihoods R ofCoastal Wise Development Customs forthe Future and our LocalPreserving Heritage Opportunities Wider Local Training andEducation Areas. the Populations AndCultures ofall No Needfor Emigration -Maintaining Ru Va Well -locatedHousing Good Quality, -LandandSea Environment the of Sustainable Management Making. andLocal Decision- Involvement with aHighLevel ofCommunity A “High Tech” Society Society Tech” A “High Good Facilities for Young People c esources ognising the GoalsandAspirationsognising of r ri ra iving, Balanced Growth of Growth Balanced Towns, iving, d ult mlyet- QualityEmployment ed, l Areas and their l Areas and Villages isolation. overcomes marginalisation and that them andinamanner people livingin social andcultural potential of economic, the to fulfil wouldbeable groupsthat r sustainable communities witha vibrant the possibilitywouldbecreated for co stakeholderthrough prioritiesidentified arethe listedinorder of but priority”, these Goals areAll of deemed “high nei g,income andoccupational ange inage, mmunity appraisal. ihteatimn ofthese goals With the attainment 4 Dimensions inFuture Strategy andCultural Heritage Environmental, to Incorporate Need The Sustainability: 4. 4. 4. 1I 2T 3 eiaeadClue40 4 4 4 andCulture Heritage 4 4 4 4 nt eEvrnet37 he Environment 23Wse39 40 40 44 42 37 38 Conclusions OnLocal Culture .3.3 LanguageInCounty Irish The Cork .3.2 .3.1 Cultural Appraisal Air .2.4 Pollution .2.3 Waste .2.2 Coastal Zone .2.1 Pressures Management On Water r dcin36 oduction 35 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 36 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 4 place. Habitat destruction and the and destruction Habitat place. in achieve wasteto beput reduction f There were numerous requests strategy. specific rural waste management towns. the coastalstandards in practice best to of sewagetreatment c the of andwest thenorth throughout works supply and the sewage treatment need for anupgradingthe water of issuearisingwasthe biggest The decline. are perceivedto bein and off-shore, bothinland Fishstocks, or development. forestry pressure from eitheragriculture, identified asbeingundersomekindof andmany areas are some extent mainwaterwayscertain to are polluted main assetsofrural County Cork formsthe oneof around us, environment many terms used to describe the the nature etc., wildlife, scenic areas, natural amenitysites, environment, the a generalthat consensus shows Cork, and the publicinNorth West workwithcommunities and participative The results ofconsultation and and Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: 5 or recycling facilities andforto steps ut,icuigfreape provision includingfor example, ounty, Fo eNe oIcroaeEvrnetl Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, r detailssee, The needhasbeenidentified for a therethat issomeconcern However, 4.1 Introduction ot n etCork Strategic Study2001 -2020 and North West atofthe Area. part natural ofeach heritage and including the built traditions, and heritage to maintainlocal goal isalsoapriority It economic sustainability. and social support to and towns villages their of the viability up to build Area wish T he communitiesthe of 5 . population of the Area. population of the has beenidentified asapriorityby successful integration ofnewresidents, with into the future”, ofthe past best the “Bringing the Area. of of eachpart andnatural heritage the built including maintaintraditions, local heritageand to isalso aprioritygoal It sustainability. social andeconomic to support towns their villagesand the viability of build up spraying. fe of impacts to housingandschools, close fo There isconsiderable concern about side. the asset as positive andlistedon fa wind current The sources was strong. ofrenewable energy the development for Support genetically engineered food. identified asorganicfood andnon- a very widespread demandfor safe foods, There also exists areas was also recorded. The reduction inbird speciesinmany monocultural sitka forestry insomeareas. the dominanceof asis threat, a c arising under these headings. arising under C and ofNorth West cultural -ofeachpart heritageand qualities –environmental, increasedthe unique appreciation of future strategy shouldcontain an c the successofany area. uniqueness canbedeterminingfactors in Prideofplaceandlocal Cork. and West the peopleofNorth sense ofidentity of traditionsthe andpastimescontributeto Local distinctiveness, of the Area. ofsocial cohesion component important neun lossofbiodiversity isseenas onsequent muiis ausi isappropriatethat values it ommunities’ ork. This Chapter deals with the issues ThisChapter deals with ork. rt rm developments are generally viewed r sr rcie,including planting estry practices, iliser onwatercourses andaerial . L to the AreaThe communities wish of On the basis of these reflections of the basisof On ocal culture hasemergedasan underground aquifers. In the North and the North In underground aquifers. drinking water issourced from of Therest sourced from rivers andlakes. gallons (80%)ofpublicwater suppliesare Approximately 25million improvements. requiring i.e. as unsatisfactory, the EPA inCounty Cork 86are considered in quality andamenitycanoccur. this waydiminished in adownward spiral Whenwaterways are scouring. decrease in floworincreased rapidity and the grounds, spawning andnursery interference andremoval offish ofinstreamdestruction habitats, caninvolve Theseimpacts our rivers. the ecology andhydrological patternsof practises are all causingmajorchangesin intensifying farming afforestation, road construction, landfill onfloodplains, floodrelief anddrainage, urbanisation, Developments suchas practices. surrounding importantly landuse most bankside andinstream vegetation and marginal flood plains, itsgeology, flows, throughthe nature whichit oflands of whichisaproduct river environment the at theaquatichabitat, look broadly at w a supply ofcleandrinking that ensuring Wa Pressures on Water tri vial.I sas motn to isalso important It ater isavailable. e eoremngmn involves ter resource management Of the 384 river sections tested by the 384river sections Of 4.2.1 4.2 The Environment and Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: eNe oIcroaeEvrnetl Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, Area. the the populationof by identified asapriority r integration ofnew withsuccessful future”, the into the past Bign h etof the best “Bringing sdns hasbeen esidents, estuarine andcoastal waters (Bowman et w Ireland’s municipal andindustrial Over four fifths of based activities. under pressure from landandfrom sea- participation. inter-agency approach andpublic Plansrequire anintegrated Management These sensible andsustainable policies. c the essential informationthe onwhich toprovide the aquaticenvironment of ofinformationthe state on large amount basis for andanalysisthe collection ofa to establish asound the need emphasises especially It Plans. Management the basisofRiver Basin policies on water develop integrated andcoherent to isdesigned 2000, on June29th, whichwas adopted Framework Directive, new The Waterthe year2007. by beimproved polluted watercourses must R (Water Quality Standards for Phosphorus) 1977 (Water Pollution) Act Government L with effects onsoilsandwatercourses. stocking ratesto erosion canalso lead High leaching from soilscanoccur. fo infarmingherbicides andfertilisers and Useof 2000). (Fehily and Timoney, from animal slaughtering anddairying arising another 35,000tonnes ofeffluent every yearfrom farm animals and ov Pressures from agriculture arisefrom heavily onwater quality. can impact increase. siltation andnutrient effectsthousands ofyearsnatural of the ten-year periodas ina can beasgreat Humanimpacts the casewithrivers. as is exchanged their waterof yearsas isnot levels overthousands increased nutrient to Lakes are naturally subject minimal. f facilities Treatment privatetanks. septic through dwellings disposeofeffluent W or towns andvillagesinsomecasesare or eachate fromtanks isalso afactor. septic meetauthoritiescandevelop ompetent egulations, 1998, which demand that whichdemand 1998, egulations, astewaterto isdischargeddirectly r s Cork Area approximately 30,000 est r6000tne fsur htarise er 600,000that tonnes ofslurry estry isalsoestry apressure onwater as Marine andestuarial waters are the Local by Standards are set Agricultural andforestry practice 4 37 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 38 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 4 al of the project. high ambitionandinnovative approach the the futureto show isquotedhere their vision forpapers on21issuesand r to success will becloselymonitored as z ofintegrated coastal the onlyproject 2000). Charter, (Bantry Bay coastal zone” particular and intereststhe occurringwithin ofall processes taking account planning; in acomprehensiveto approach these aspects includesboth management Integrated coastal zone activities. to focus processes or onparticular to eitheranarea basedapproachapply or launched inSeptember2000. proposalthe Bantry BayCharter in integrated coastal zone management an to support local authority first c the rapidlyof increasing pressurethe on f need the recognisedto deal with urgent preparing aNational Coastal Zone Policy is theIrishGovernment Currently, Co in the Area. gravel extraction are all issuesofconcern dredging andsand oilspills, problem: al wa Microbiological contamination ofbathing interfering withotheraquaticorganisms. aswell migratory fish, inhibit whichmay to deoxygenation, leading on seawater canincludeeutrophication Impacts materials carrieddownstream. Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: rchrn cini hsae,because this area, in action or coherent ate. The charter includesagreed position charter The ate. n aaeetinIreland andassuch one management at Cork County Councilthe hasbeen oast.

orsl.Marinedumpingisa so result. he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage and Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, 96.Theyalso receive river borne 1996). ters andshellfishrearing areas can as The Bantry Bay Charter currentlyThe Bantry BayCharter is planningtendsto “Traditionally, t al Zone Management 4.2.2 Ireland. Oil pollution is another threat Oilpollution isanother Ireland. the Radiological Protection Instituteof r f the offshore region are more specificas ofall stakeholders involved. product C TheBantry Bay those participating. maximum gainisdelivered for all that the agreed proposals are integrated and Including all intereststhat hasensured the Area. in those withaninterest c isbasedon agreement The Charter f f f f f enjoyed byall: place where ahighquality oflife is c reape the monitoringof or example, dociecnaiaincridotby contaminationadioactive carried out ness Participation wasto all open onsensus. oastal zonethe future asaflourishing in oastal Zone Charter is the agreedoastal Zone is Charter future.“ differences abetter they build as to resolveshared benefitsand wheretogether for peoplework r re fortherewhere are opportunities hand and economic successgohandin forthe environment where respect livethe area andwork in r fortherewhere all isopportunities area isprotected andimproved the of the naturalwhere environment esidents andvisitorsalike esidents andfuture generationsto Other responses tothe pressures on the Bantry Bay “ …Thisvisionsees cr ainadflimn for eation andfulfilment use. r g waste should that C the Search and strongly from Future T to waste. with respect exists public concern A very highlevel of esource whichneedsa he approach emerging enerally beseenasa ommunity Appraisal is Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage and Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, f f f f CLAMS produce: times goeson. versions as they develop into different evolvingthat documents whichmeans to be Theyare designed Bay isunderway. ve R TheCLAMS for and agroup ofconsultees. involvingthe bay the producers all within Cork drawn upforthe baysofsouthwest Systems (CLAMS) are being Management Co-ordinated Local Aquaculture our bays. the aquaculture within activities manage R the MarineandNatural of Department the Iascaigh Mhara and (BIM) oil companies. ordinated withHarbourAuthoritiesand Marine EmergencyPlanwhichisco- up in1991andmaintains aNational the Marinewas of set the Department of TheIrishMarineEmergencyService years. 20 the last with 5mainoilspillslistedin ze W be seenasaresource whichneedsause. waste shouldgenerally Appraisalthat is F The approach emergingstrongly from Search for asarealthe Area. opportunity co solving waste problems emergesfrom thechallenge of towaste: with respect A very highlevel ofpublicconcern exists uturethe Community Search and oaringwater Bayisfinishedinitsfirst sucsaejie napoetto esources are joinedinaproject aste reduction (witha20yeargoal of ro rsion, and the CLAMS for and Dunmanus rsion, mmunity appraisal andfrom Future in the bay. planfor aquaculture A development other than Salmon. to species (SBM) Bay Management E regi circumstances ofeachbay orcoastal national codes tothe specific operationstranslation and those of aquaculture practise for current Integration ofcodes ofaseries of problems etc. future potential, aquaculture operations, history, ofphysicalterms characteristics,in the bay area of A concise description

pnino h ocp ofSingle the concept xpansion of w The MarineInstituteandBord aste) and an end to the plasticbag to aste) andanend on. 4.2.3 Waste f f increased waste generation: was frequently stated. to recycle, and to avoidThe wish generating waste, werethemes offuture common visions. w there were many requests for arural w Rural dumping those onlowincomes. wa Costs of createnevertheless impacts. suchsiteswill standards are increasing, waste management Whilst sites. fa transfer stationsormaterial recovery r being twoyears, the next close in to these are planned All in County Cork. There are seven landfillsites increasing. waste volume percapitaisstill present At f f pae yoelnfl ie seven eplaced byonelandfillsite, semngmn programme. aste management the Area and of inall parts as reported cilities and16civicamenity(recycling) ste disposal are becoming seriousfor Trwaa”culture ofcheap, “Throw away” od as ltig food. clothing, goods -cars, Increased kindsof consumption ofall centralised production. R C obsolescence. r paebegos-bitin eplaceable goods-built etail competition -packaging, etail onstruction - building waste. -building onstruction A numberoffactors are resulting in 4 39 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 40 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 4 ie tidentifying areas suitable for aimed at runs along-standingwindfarm project Council The also inMallow. Energy Project more thantwelve years in the Renewable Energy Office andhasbeeninvolved for to establishauthority inIreland aPublic C Cork behaviour andincreased demands. energy consumption isconsumer The drivingforcethe increase in behind Energy and Transport EPA. Monitoring Programme drawnthe upby National AirQuality the first addressed by issueshave These been air quality. the public fullyinformedthe stateof on dissemination and the need to keep the emphasis willhaveto beplacedondata Greater monitoring networks inIreland. r air quality inEurope and requires a the framework for future legislationon provides andManagement Assessment The Framework Directive onAirQuality Air pollution Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: adical restructuring andexpansionof ut oni a h is local ounty Council wasthe first he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage and Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, 4.2.4 4.2.4 fa the very real outline challenge that figures of13%, to ourKyoto asopposed target 30%, 2012 ina ‘business asusual‘ scenarioliesat inc small-scale renewable energyprojects. for There isalso support wind farms. energy sector. scope forthe reduction seenin the biggest with householdandindustry transport, carbon dioxide emissionsare energy, L and the Environment of the Department Strategy hasbeenprepared by Abatement National Greenhouse Gas and aDraft thistarget proposes to meet government the sustainable energyoutlineshow pastimes has survived in North and inNorth pastimes hassurvived West traditions localheritage ofdistinctive and arich industrialisation andurbanisation, Due tothe relatively slower move to Cultural Appraisal Heritage Culture and clGvrmn.Kyscosi epc of Key inrespect sectors ocal Government. e ntenx er.Thegreen paperon years. the next ced in rease ingreenhouse gasesemissionsby rease F rIeada hl,theprojected or Ireland asawhole, 4.3.1 4.3 patterns oflife.patterns ra predominance ofrural the veryto late levelsthe county in and the very low population to contributed centuries, in County Cork for many prevailed that instability the isolation and Tw ther than urban atr,physical o factors, Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: surroundings. The findings of this Thefindingsof surroundings. their own in people workingingroups, cultural assetsandcultural values by information was gathered onboth practices. patterns ofhabitation andagricultural many differences inlocal culture, andwith the east than greater extent to afarthe Irishlanguage maintaining the county of boundingKerryparts the western with isstillevident, west c the Macroomtown in wasthe onlyGaelic authorities inLondon orDublin. only nominal control bycentral with ofBlarneywasterritory, Gaelic west forthe medieval muchof period, In Cork, the west to the mainlywoodeduplands their pastoral andhunting held activities C ofthe agricultural land tothe east ofthe county’s occupied the best the hiberno-normanpeoplewho between war divided byastateofintermittent County Cork was sixteenth century, From thethirteenth century up tothe of rural ratherthan urbanpatternsoflife. c the the very lowpopulationlevels in C prevailed inCounty that the instability Europe. C 6 ut.Ti iiinbtenes and division betweeneast This ounty. the very latepredominance to ounty and ut n h alccas whowith the Gaelicclans, ounty and contributedto ork for many centuries, unusual withinmodern to anextent ork h eeomn fLrsi nCut ok 30-10,Kenneth Nicholl 1300-1600, ofLordship in County Cork, The Development he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage and Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, As part of the community appraisal, of As part T ofcos physical isolationand wo factors, 6 . rsraino asbse.Some preservation ofmass bushes. of holywellsandgrottoesthe and co early Christianreligious practices townandrural area surveyed. village, were mentioned innearlyevery lost, now Thesetrades, slow transportation. w Self-sufficiency inproducingthese goods leathergoodsetc. barrels, nails, shoes, craftsmen whomadeproducts suchas century eachlocal economy had Uptotheturn of the 20th villages. townsand inhabitants ofsmall market fa experience ofcommunities ofsmall predominantlythe shared basedon as recorded incommunity appraisal is planning purposes. fo Thissurvey local landmarks. important the locationof andmapping present and landmark local eventsthe past in compiling timelines of uniqueness”, included listingqualitiessurvey of “local inthe by communities taking part out Othertasks carried ofthe county. part livingculture ofeachdifferent seasonal, re theyearwere eventsthroughout held “ and analysis madehere. and hasbeendrawn onforthe description Cork Strategic Study2001-2020 and West the North the appendicesof published in is aCommunity Appraisal”, in County Cork: entitled “Culture andHeritage The report, disaggregated andcompiled into areport. hasbeen the County, of parts which illustrates local culture indifferent A representative sampleofmaterial, Cork Strategic Study2001-2020. and West transcribedthe North andreviewed in throughthe appraisal hasbeencarefully The extensive material survey gathered the strategic of framework. development C appraisal havethe contributedto both annual calendars” of the important of annual calendars” ounty Strategythe to process and as made necessary byremotenessas madenecessary and rmers and fishermen and of the rmers andfishermenof m nipratresource for future rms animportant co n tinue including the care andvisitation tinue including r costecut,pre-Christian and Acrossthe county, The cultural heritageofCounty Cork the community appraisal, of As part e,illustrating the complex, ded, 4 41 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 42 North and West Cork Strategic Plan Map 4.1: 4 1996 Census -Persons (over 3years) daily speakingIrish lmnssc sstdnig step dancing, elements suchasset c the viability ofa to serious blow the local pubisseenasa the lossof hasoccurred, Where it taken for granted. oflocal culture isgenerally as apart role The ofpublichouses trading. marine practices associatedwithfishingand re Coastal areas recorded locally. important trades skillsand are also activities, horse-related andsporting threshing, practices suchasploughingand Agricultural thousands ofyears. back r Some elements ofshared culture. r years. thousands of a legacywhichgoesback harnessracing andstorieshave bowling, road songs, music, rural pastimes, sports, Gaelic to 800yearsago. up chartered including markets andfairs originally landmark events gobackmany centuries, Dimensions inFuture Strategy T Sustainability: eligious sitesandcustomsinCork date significant the most emains oneof ommunity. he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage andCultural Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, gattas and other traditionsgattas andother and As well as the more typicalthe more cultural As wellas h pria hwdta religion The appraisalthat showed west and north west. andnorth west re Tr r discos, the arrivalhalls and ofcinemas, re changewas also Somerecent the Area. in my r community appraisal hasrecorded sports, traditional musicandgaelic dancing, with the exceptionwith ofsomeplacenames fromthe 12thcentury hasdisappeared the Normansinhabitingspoken Cork by c is akey issueofnational identity andself- the national language ownership of that the 1990s emphasised inhiswritings JosephLee has the Gaeltacht. outside language inCounty Cork bothinsideand Therethe Irish isastrongto adherence C Th ock festivals andDisneyonIce. sulky racing anda regattas, oad bowling, niec Iead11-95.TheFrench onfidence (Ireland 1912-1985). ork aditional music and story telling aditional musicandstory co main important, particularly in the in particularly main important, e IrishLanguage inCounty ido oa vns fairs andfestivals riad oflocal events, r ded, including the loss of the dance the lossof including ded, 4.3.2 Dimensions inFuture Strategy T Sustainability: 3, of 19Gaelscoilleanna (withapproximately Theretotal are a language inCounty Cork. potential for afuture forthe Irish a strongthe positive indicationof afixed stateinCork. language isnot lossof that indicates the Irishlanguage, in andnowapoet “no senseofidentity” L Theemergenceofpeoplelike the Area. in 1996 Censusthe youthful and agegroup the useofIrishrecordedincrease in the in general a national may also reflect It centres ofCork Cityanditssuburbs. to employmentinto newhousingclose movements from Irishspeaking areas r Thispatternmaywell area. Gaeltacht area forthe useofIrishoutside extensive the most suburbs emergeas Cork The surprising. is somewhat the pattern andCape Clear the Gaeltacht P recordedthe Census in of the County, throughoutpeople speaking Irishdaily f cultural pressuresthe potential andhas r Irishlanguagehas The before Gaelic. earlier languagewhichexistedinIreland the much ashas and many surnames, or ahealthy future inCork. sl from general population esult emained strongthrough centuries of usd ar borninBishopstownwith ouis dePaor, opulation of 1996. With the exception With of opulation of1996. 500 pupils in total) inCork500 pupilsin Cityand he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage andCultural Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, The growth of the Gaelscoilleanna is of The growth the distributionof shows Map 4.1 strategic frameworktherefore includes The translation. educational aidsand r both directly andindirectly aneconomic and is also isabasiccultural right It Irish. for use of to learnneedsupport choose Native speakersthose who and language. is preparing aplanforthe useof fo has begunworkonpolicydevelopment Board County The Development language. throughtheir native to publicservices the rights ofIrishspeakersto have access leadership byexample andanissueof public bodiesisbothamatterof the languageby use of The disadvantage. a Irish languageplacesspeakers at the information in andcustomerservices a are beingdemonstrated as attainment Bilingualism and higheducational schools attainhighstandards. these as exclusion isbeingbroken, the Irishlanguagewitheducational theassociation of the Gaelscoilleanna, of Withthe development Gaelscoilleanna. there isdemandfor another40 isestimatedfrom rollsthat It Muscrai. T 27 Naionrai (Playschools)the County. in There are new oneisplannedfor Blarney. C suc:teei numtmre for market there isanunmet esource: no hs r nteGetct Cape or the Gaeltacht, these are in en of ble to gohandinhand. ble ut fwih1 r nteCut.A ountythe County. ofwhich11are in r publicbodiesandCork County Council The lowlevels ofprovision of 4 43 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 44 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 4 okn nteln rsa Cultural the landorsea. working on percentagethe population of significant the continuationto ofa particular andin economicthe Area, strength of the generalgoalto isseenaslinked c the majorityof priority goal of traditionsof local customsand isahigh thecontinuation In identifying priorities, to learnIrish. to speak or choosing those of measures forthe support C Cultural DimensionsinFuture Strategy T Sustainability: ommunities. The attainment of this of Theattainment ommunities. onclusions onLocal Culture he Need to Incorporate Environmental, Heritage and Heritage to Incorporatehe Need Environmental, 4.3.3 well-being of the Area. well-being of the social andeconomic to important isacentraltheme, It Framework. the Strategicas marginal within r r to andbreadth ofa widening access also asanoccasionfor but traditions, successful preservation ofuniquecultural for just presents not anopportunity situationofcultural change present The Cork. and strengths ofNorth West the great isoneof distinctiveness ange ofcultural activities. sucsadatvt hudntbeseen esources shouldnot andactivity h eeomn ofcultural The development 5 5. 5. 5. Development A Strategic Modelfor Inclusive Sustainable Issues andAchievingCommunity Goals: An Approach for Addressing Core Development 1I 3E 2R 5 5 5 cnmcDvlpeto ot n etCut ok47 5 5 County Cork and ofNorth West Economic Development nt 34 noprtn niomna utiaiiy55 56 Recreational andCultural Facilities Promotingto Social, Access .3.5 Incorporating Environmental Sustainability .3.4 33 Increasing Rural AccessandProvision ofPublic .3.3 31 asn h rdciePtnilo h cnm 48 Patterns: OptimisingSpatialDevelopment .3.2 Raising ProductiveThe Potential of Economy The .3.1 ssential Requirements ofaSuccessfulModelfor sustainable rlDvlpet h xsigDvlpetPrdg 46 Paradigm Existing The Development ural Development: r dcin46 oduction nrsrcueadRsucs54 Infrastructure andResources nEsnilRqieetfrIfatutr eeomn 53 for Infrastructure Development An Essential Requirement 45 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 46 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 5 mainland. to the European linked byroad andrail European economy not only significant the Channel Tunnel, the the openingof since R region(the This Europe. itself peripheral within of aregionwhichis C and North West islands. Corkthe and west north fa to urban-based of access disadvantagedterms in Ireland more T eei opr of here isnopart epublic ofIreland)is, r sa theperiphery ork isat ci iista etand lities than west Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development the cyclicalthe agriculture fortunes of many provincialtowns was shapedby Theeconomic welfare of development. didplayamoresector pivotal role inrural theagricultural Historically, and pursued. shouldbearticulated rural development anappropriate modelof analytical that W for and North ofdevelopment objectives In shapingastrategythe to achieve individual componentsthe Plan. of and recommendationsto inrelation contain proposals the Report chapters of r areunder whichactions requiredthe and the headings encompassing all the Plan, co wa andintegrated inacoherent this agenda, model whichincorporatesthe breath of Planforthe area. Development to beaddressed byaStrategic need that the agendaandissues chapters establish these In all, giving rise tothese trends. c population lossandrural declineandare thechallenges posedby described reflect described inChapter4. are These are ofvery highpriority. quality ofsocial andrecreational services C fe and preserving uniqueanddistinctive issuesofenvironmental quality addition, In process for drawingthis Plan. up c c c goals andaspirationsthe of thefuture Chapter3setsout Chapter 2. in out rise tothis challenge are set trends andinfluencesgiving The living. population lossanddeclineinrural Cork isareversal of and North West challenge facing The core development Development Paradigm Ru toaefricuigte.Subsequent ationale forthem. including oncerned withredressingthe factors the of themselves aspart ommunities onsultations andappraisals by asuncoveredthrough ommunities, ork, while expanding the range whileexpanding and ork, atures of the culture of North and the cultureatures ofNorth of West s oki h uuei isimportant Corkthe future it in est n sdsrbd hs the material Thus, y isdescribed. a eeomn:The Existing ral Development: tained in this chapter is the corethis chapteris of tained in In this chapteranapproach or In the goalsMany andaspirations of 5. 5 .2 1 Introduction ra become self-sustaining economic entities, a has the dynamicunderlyingdevelopment In effect, whichthey experience. growth, andsources ofeconomic employment locations andalteredthe composition of a towns andcounties hascritically certain attractingto multinational companies agriculture. arising from income generated in towns was focussed on meetingdemand these of andeconomic activity sector f r inanumberofimportant is deficient theprocess outlinedabove development vicinity of thesetownsto some degree. a has greater availability ofemployment the although increasing urbanisation, expansion hasbeenassociatedwith creation associatedwithindustrial theemployment Ingeneral, hinterlands. towns andcitiesawayto from rural f c to agriculture basedrural services or economic growth hasshiftedor economic growth spatially espects. muiis Inthis sense the impetus ommunities. trdi aoro on,whichhave ltered infavourtowns, of these the productiveltered capacityof lso supported ruralthe lso supported basedlivingin ther than providersther ofgoodsand dependent on this sector – which has this sector on dependent We 5 –almost dependence onagriculture continuingexperienced high have Cork, and North West T sector.the agriculture in growth accompanied weakness ofincome from rural settlements have numbers engagedandmigration contraction in time, the same C and North West orservices. industries innew stimulus from investment any experienced significant not manytowns andcounties have that been very uneven geographically so has investment and foreign direct expansion industrial place, the first In 0% of the labour force0% of and inNorth eeoe oecute,including some counties, herefore, ut okflsit hsctgr.At ounty Cork fallsthis category. into The successofindustrial policyin oee,asamodelfor rural However, tCounty Cork isengagedinor st Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development f f co this Undoubtedly, new industries. those engagedin spending power of the productive and boosts capacity Inward investment always assured. isnot onrural development impact provision service the international and innewindustries investment have significant experienced where countiestowns and Secondly, in non-agricultural activity. offsetting impetusfrom investment any significantexperiencing without been staticorcontracting, oa ra oee,thiskindof However, local area. the these householdsin spending of enduring effects through the ongoing thereto besomelonger islikely Inaddition, generationthis sector. in andlocalemployment activity ofincreased construction terms in associated with thistrend, effect isapositive There economic the coast. along Cork, inSouth especially West housing demandanddevelopment, r has This to Corkof access City. W ru effects onsomecountiestheir and T opportunities. av to and expansion ofaccess and andopportunities capacity expansion ofbothproductive expanding populationsrequires c inclusive the senseofvibrant, in ofrural development, achievement the Ineffect, torealise infull. difficult be will rural development vibrant the potentialand recreational for – social health, education, transport, across -including, abroad spectrum public infrastructure andservices of to anddevelopment in access there isaccompanying improvement unless However, these investments. c sle nsgiiatincreases in esulted insignificant ommunities withstableor the hinterland of ommunities in idy there have been ‘spill-over’hirdly, s ok from congestion andlack Cork, est nt ailability ofconsumption ailability ra l communities, including parts of includingparts l communities, ri butes to sustainingruralbutes f emr ifcl topromote. be more difficult will sustainable rural development Ineitherevent be forestalled. c the creation ofamore be missedand may viable alternative opportunities Ifso, the case. than needbe painful c sector the agriculture in is occurring andconsolidation which adjustment process of thecurrent that appears and effective measures it F the emergenceofenclaves. canbestratification and the result and integration become significant to Barriers local community. the of senseofbeingpart significant the localcommunitywithin orany to establishroots contacts andsocial difficult time residences canmake it Part to ruralchallenges development. also posessignificant development ommercially viablefarm couldommercially sector ould bemore attenuatedand utl,wtotproactive policies without ourthly, inherently difficult. is asCounty Cork is, instruments, policy independent iswithout when it of astrategy for asub-region inacountry the development that should bestressed it However, outlinedabove. shortcomings the whileaddressing paradigm, on the strengths of the existing build In essenceasuccessfulmodelmust Coun Development ofNorth and West Sustainable Economic Successful Modelfor Essential Requirements ofa ty Cork 5.3 5.3 5 47 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 48 An Approach for Addressing Core Development Issues and 5 Achieving Community Goals: A Strategic Model for Inclusive Sustainable Development

5.3.1 important role, both in fostering the Raising the Productive Potential productive potential of the economy and

North and WestNorth and Plan Strategic Cork of the Economy in directly raising the welfare of consumers, who can avail of these A number of factors directly influence the services. productive capacity of North and West Cork, these include: The National Economic Context Looking out to the end of the decade, the f The national economic context; latest Medium Term Review of the ESRI, f The competitive position of the Table 5.1 views the Irish economy as regional economy; and having the potential to continue growing f The human resources available for rapidly. However, the growth in potential future growth. output, which averaged over 7 per cent between 1995 and 2000, will probably fall These various aspects are examined to 5 per cent for the period to 2005. In this below in turn. benchmark forecast it is assumed that In addition, the availability of good the economy slows gently from the quality infrastructure and services exceptional growth rate of the last five (Section 5.3.3 below) plays a very years. This must be considered a relatively

Table 1: Benchmark Forecast, Growth in Major Aggregates

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1995 - 2000- 2005 - 2010- 00 05 10 15 Per Cent Annual Average % Growth GNP 9.9 6.0 5.4 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 8.4 4.8 4.3 2.8 Consumption Deflator 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.2 3.2 Employment, April 4.8 4.3 2.2 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.8 4.9 2.0 1.8 0.7 Real After Tax Non-Agricultural Wage 2.1 5.2 5.8 4.2 2.8 2.1 2.32.5 1.84.0 2.5 2.4

Per Cent of GNP 2000 2005 2010 2015 Surplus -0.7 -0.9 -1.7 -1.5 -1.0 -0.8 -1.1 -1.4 -0.7 -0.8 -1.5 0.8 Debt-GNP Ratio 42.1 34.5 29.0 24.3 20.9 18.3 15.7 13.2 42.118.3 6.8 -2.3

Per Cent of Labour Force (ILO basis) 2000 2005 2010 2015 Unemployment Rate 4.3 3.8 3.6 4.3 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.5 4.3 5.8 4.0 4.1

Source: Medium Term Review 2001-2007. ESRI: Dublin 2001 An Approach for Addressing Core Development Issues and 49 Achieving Community Goals: A Strategic Model for Inclusive 5 Sustainable Development

variation from among some of the best in the country in the north and the coastal

areas, to much poorer soils in the western WestNorth and Plan Strategic Cork part of the county. Annual rainfall also varies substantially being very high towards the west and lower than the national average in eastern areas. As a result, the standard of agricultural activity and production is good in most areas and very good in many. The major trend in agriculture as in other parts of the county is its relative decline in importance to the economy. Output continues to rise but employment is falling steadily. Inheritance is also a benign scenario as there is the very real major problem in many parts of the Area. possibility that the US economy, will face One result of this is that consolidation is an unpleasant adjustment process over taking place. This has immediate effects, the next few years. If the economic but the most important changes will be difficulties of the US continue into next longer-term as the proportion of the year, other aspects of the external population living on farms from which environment will turn sour and an they derive their main income will fall alternative slowdown scenario, may turn considerably. out to be correct. Teagasc’s longer term predictions for In this benchmark forecast, growth agriculture in Ireland suggest that in GNP' over the period 2000 to 2005 is increasingly there will be a divide projected at an average of 4.8 per cent a between large scale intensive farming, year (compared to the annual growth in which will provide the bulk of food potential output of around 5 per cent). produce, and a smaller, but significant, The result will be some rise in organic and other niche sector, unemployment, peaking in 2005 at amounting to perhaps 15% of the total. around 5.8 per cent of the labour force. In This sector would be far more labour the subsequent five year period the intensive and would comprise smaller economy could grow more rapidly than units. The EU organic food market tripled potential, averaging 5.3 per cent a year, in value between 1990 and 1997 to £2.8 returning the labour force to full billion. The market is growing at a rate of employment. 22% per annum, compared with less than 1% per annum for conventional food. In The Competitive Position of the Regional keeping with this trend, the age profile of Economy those engaged in organic farming is very Uneven sector development and very much younger than in the non-organic high dependence on agriculture is the sector. key competitive feature of the economy Fresh fruit and vegetables and dairy of North and West Cork. products are the most popular organic products, but the organic meat market is Agriculture also starting to grow. Sales of organic Agriculture is particularly important in food are projected to overtake sales of North and West County Cork, with over conventional food in Denmark and 50 per cent of jobs depending either Austria in the next 10-15 years. directly or indirectly on farming and its Community Appraisal has indicated that associated industries. Generally soils are the local population places a high priority considered to be good but there is on retaining a significant number of 50 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 5 Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development supported bynational developmentsupported ve Cork isanother west Joineries innorth Munster withinthe sector. dominant small co-operatives numberofdairying witha predominantlythe food in sector, the Area areLarger employersin the Area. these isin neitherof However, the country.pharmaceutical firmsin clusterofchemical and the strongest and cluster ofcomputer manufacturing firms Cork hasa the case. this isindeed and their offshootsfirms and the county, in ofIDAtowards sponsoredthe importance in future years. c further that iswidelyaccepted and it the country periodthroughout difficult hashada sector This been quitedifferent. f Theexceptionthe is economic boom. the Irish been credited withdriving have that a leadingarea forthe sectors r Co and Electrical andComputing, Plastics; Chemicals and Food andDrink; are: These are concentrated inCounty Cork. Three broad ofindustrial activity sectors Industry to itspotential.to develop is the sector the groundand marketing if adviceon organicfarming specialist experienced, There is aneedfor time farmers. inadequate as Teagasc full- onlysupports types offarming forthese aresupports Educationaltraining and important. fa far which have beenmanagedassmall the Area of those parts in particularly potential for organicproduction, there isgood that suggest Development C the studies by Western Development Recent genetically-modified foods. non to produce highquality, wish the landandalso a livelihoods basedon ood industry where the experiencehas whereood industry set County Corkto be wouldappear espect, onsolidation andrationalisation islikely miso n atCork Area ommission andEast rming areto beincreasingly likely ry largeemployer. mmunications equipment. In this In mmunications equipment. ms. mlyetinfirms sponsored and Employment points distribution, This sector Organic andpart-time modesof ra C and the caseinNorth to be appear West samedoesnot The economy asaresult. c decadeorsoandIreland isnow past (MNCs) haschangedconsiderablythe in distribution ofMultiNational Companies thesector However, these firms. of populationandhighimportance past opportunities." provider ofnewjob and isaconsistent continuesto growsector inimportance C have and beenassistedinNorth West the micro in enterprise sector support total. the national of to 29.6percent national lossesequal total in1995comparedto the of per cent the Area were in only17.7period 1995-99 Totalthe lossesin were created. that the newjobs of acquired only1.9percent but the period1995-99 in agencyfirms ofall losses Area suffered only2.9percent The small numberofvery largefirms. isconcentrated ina this employment Also, the Area. in percent grew byonly4.1 it the years1995-99, in by 23.6percent agency sponsored firmsnationally grew in whileemployment However, nationally. comparedto 18.6percent 1996, the studyarea in in total employment of agencies accounted for 27.8 percent employer and reducing the potentialemployer andreducing for creating anover-dependency onasingle the local labour force, of high proportion of largefirmseachwhichemploys a the presencethe Area ofsmall is number c co outsidethe immediate Appraisal is that Evidence from Community in otherareas. hasbeenachieved that toincomes boost type of to provide likelythe they are not c aswagesthe beingpaidin addition, In the future. areto dosoin unlikely they dynamism andspin-offsthe past, in stimulateeconomic firms didnot these if that problem The is the past. onsidered to haveonsidered amuchstronger ut r vrg rlw Afeature of ounty are average orlow. highbyIrishstandards ounty are not r ihtefrsta xs today exist ork with the firms that This the period1995-1999. ork during hrsmlrt hs htwere there in ther similar tothose that mtn rao okCt,wagesthe in mmuting area ofCork City, This dataindicatesarelatively stable "Over 500newjobseligiblefor Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development the global tourism industry:the global to achieveIreland itsfull potential is in tackled if be underlying issuesmust C 2000 f and value forthe maincriteria moneyare accessandmarketing location, Quality, suffered fall aworrying offtrade. in have whileotherparts performing well, withsomeofit the county isvery uneven, trends. performance and tourism sector presented adetailedreview ofcurrent C Sustainable 7, discussed inPart be achieved through tourism are further can that Thepositive impacts population. attractive andlively forthe younger local peopleandcanmakethe Area more tourism are generally also availableto sustainedby Theservices employers. themselveswho are becoming growing self-employed female sector, workforcethe strongly andinparticular presents forthe female it opportunities the in isalso important It City. expenditure to leak from the Area to Cork in community appraisal for local thestrongtrend illustrated some extent therebyto correcting inside it, spent to be the Area moneys earnedoutside ready meansofdrawing the most Co and inNorth tourism sector The West T matter ofurgency. asa diversification ofemployment Mitchelstown andKanturk for Macroom, such asDunmanway, showed astrong local priorityinareas Community Appraisal employment. to restructuring andlossof strongtrends currentlyinstances insectors affected by prosperity. increases inlocal significant brought the highwage whichhave in sectors not Thesefirmsare diversity ofemployment. or success. ourism neeainage htanumberof onfederationthat argues TheInterim Report ommunities. ki atclryiprat tprovides It important. rk isparticularly In its thetourism sector within However, Fu , the Irish Tourism Industry r hroe theyare insome thermore, Strategy for Beyond Growth processing. asisfurther Cork, in all areas of West shellfish/aquaculturethriving is industry The has grown dramatically since1992. Skibbereen/Union Hall area processing the In capital. lack ofinvestment to beageneralinfluence wouldappear Theconstraining processing sector. co for the South in West exist Opportunities Fisheries Cork. and situation ofNorth West the to areThese objectives relevant f f f f f n tinuous expansion in the fish tinuous expansionin utilisation levels andprofitability.utilisation sitesandincrease plant tourist minimisecongestion at tourism, the benefitsof to spreadorder in Balanced Regional Distribution policies. traffic management adoption ofenvironmental and and through the development environmentalEnsuring appeal andevents.activities interest special breaks, short-stay city of the development such extensionin ispotential There for sites. tourist causingcongestion inkey without to accommodateorder growth in Season extensionisnecessary numbers. revenuetourism ratherthan visitor T visitorsatisfaction. maximises that maintained inaholiday experience R he focus shouldbeonincreased ltv opttvns utbe elative competitiveness must 5

North and West Cork Strategic Plan 51 52 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 5 Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development ra the labour force. of capital endowment the human Second is employment. av the is First, Theretwo issueshere. are Human Resources of womenassistingonfarms. the effectthe populationand structure of below the national average due tothe av C and the North and participation West trendtowards inIrelandThe is higher issue. isanotherimportant participation Female education elsewhere. group whocurrently leaveto findworkor age the 20-30 the peoplein some of population enabling the Area to retain the the structure of would alter anincrease ineconomic activity that is fo the labourthe rateincrease of ofgrowth wouldtendto other variables that of anumberof the likelyignore impact are only, basedonpopulationgrowth 1,912 (M2F3assumptions)to 2011. up (M1F1assumptions)between 5,253 and the labour force in implies agrowth of 2.3) (seeSection population growth ork Area is well below the nationalork Area iswellbelow rc e eana hyae thenprojected they are, tes remain as ailability ofnumberspeoplefor erage. The rate The to remain islikely erage. eaiet h ouain The first e relative tothe population. fi sasmdta participation that isassumed If it oee,teepoetos which theseprojections, However, dcto eii nNrhadWs Cork and inNorth West education deficit there isaconsiderable that indicate Ty av is that the humancapital of determinant E c thisrepresents a fullemployment, is at atime when the economy At up to 2011. (13.2%)and8,016 (23.9%) between 4,438 an overallthe labour increase force in of Thiswouldmean (M1F1). (M2F3) and4,412 f the this wouldimplyanincrease in then the 1996national average by2011, rateparticipation for femalesto increases the1996 that were assumed If it Ta the educationofitsresidents.of terms the Area in of lagsotherparts west c and the more ruralthe west areas of f than ofmales islower attainment theeducational Second, category. is weighted towards the ‘primary only’ it the countythan in asawhole- islower it First, the Area. in educational attainment number ofstrikingfeaturesto inrelation There are a increasing rapidly inIreland. hasbeen than incitiesandit areas emale labour force ofbetween3,128 emales. This is particularly noticeable in Thisisparticularly emales. onsiderable resource forthe region. atlaes hr,tews andnorth thewest Third, oastal areas. uainlatimn isakey ducational attainment pically, it tends to belowerinrural tends it pically, k ailable to anareaailable for development. ntgte,hwvr these findings however, en together, and services. public infrastructure effective provision of andmore development community supporting capableof settlements, to develop instrument to beanappropriate policies) isconsidered planning its associated Plan Development T he C ounty ( and Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development a was andwest the north in opportunities The wishfor continuing education theArea inall agegroups. throughout skillswere also evident internet inacquiringbasiccomputer and interest c whichrecorded lowerlevels of areas, r wish for continuingto bemade education Co c het r e u inChapter6. out threats are set ov Theapproach andmeasures for the Area. of ofany strategy for development heart the beat improvethis situationmust W and The productive potentialthe North of C future. totheir long-termthreat the biggest identified byanumberofcommunities as for graduates was suitable employment Thelackof these areas. of population out the emigrationthe educatedyoungof of isaresult higher educational attainment these areas with the populationsof of eadily available, particularly in those in particularly eadily available, mlto oLaigCriiae Strong ompletion to Leaving Certificate. ofCountyto otherparts ompared Cork. lso strongly expressed. onclusions est Cork economy is weak. Measures to Measures Cork economy isweak. est roigpeetweaknesses and ercoming present mmunity appraisal affirmed astrong To

oeetn,thelowproportion some extent, nrnsbnftfrom structures already entrants benefit new The and general ofliving. aspects social andcultural activities, schooling, the local community for shopping, become embeddedin the Area, outside while working the newentrants, where sustainable community development, gives rise to be the external impetus that rural settingsisextremely important. in securing optimal spatial development Therefore, and threatens competitiveness. becomes verypublic services expensive ofproviding infrastructure and the cost patterns there are low-density settlement where berecognisedthat also must it However, live inlargerurbansettlements. c rural to sustainvibrant difficult will be it easy access tothem, without or them, Without them. who canaccess c raisethe Theseservices services. public infrastructure andsupport theprovision of isabout the NDP Much of Development Requirement forInfrastructure Pa Optimising Spatial Development muiis spol iltn ootto to opt tend aspeoplewill ommunities, onsumption possibilitiesofcommunities trs AnEssential tterns: npicpe uhdvlpetcan suchdevelopment In principle, 5 .3.2 5 53 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 54 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 5 Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development levels inagriculture inIreland were and income that ispossible It employment. a c economic impetusfromthe rural their deriving towns are plentiful, villagesand small these, In Germany. c in comparison withsomeotherEU villages inrural areas inIreland isstriking create somelocal markets. improved shopping andperhaps centres, sports public library facilities, e.g. services, mass neededforthe provision ofother c w improved water supplyand housing, N contained objectives the in development local community andmake otherrural co bring newentrantsto anarea incloser Thiswould density ribbondevelopment. r with scaled housing development towns andencouragesmall appropriately possible totake existing villages and shouldbe policies andregulations it services. provision ofpublicinfrastructure and andmore effective development community capable of supporting todevelop settlements, instrument c its associatedplanningpolicies) is social exclusion candeepen. increase, the ruralwhile populationmight Thus, patterns are locatedelsewhere. andconsumption employment but New entrantsthe local area see asabase, described abovetaketo place. isunlikely one-offtwo-waythe flow innature housing isinisolatedcommunities and Where new an existingframework. of to part where newhousingisattached likely thisismost However, services. a greater variety andrange of support c the local to turn add they in in placeand estrictions onone-offestrictions housingandlow- muiy evn htcmuiy and community, that serving ommunity, France or for example, ountries, could also providethe critical It oncerns. to beanappropriateonsidered inturnto enabling it, ommunity, lso serving asalocation forlso serving urban Ppsil ..social andaffordable DP possiblee.g. semngmn andenvironmental aste management n tact with each other and with the witheach otherandwith tact The weakness ofeconomic life in With appropriate physical planning The C ut eeomn Plan ounty Development (and co re viable communitiesto becreated. are andessential ifeconomically important r and arresting rural depopulation, c c fromthe local new entrants benefit that andto ensure create this environment to now ishow issue for rural development the However, this kind. of urban activity r without their own transport. theirown without those the needsof meeting EU countries, inisolatedareas inother transport public the availabilityAgain oneisstruckby of provided for BusEireann wouldbehigher. could be that the amounts as otherwise wellrecognised, isolated rural livingisnot negative externality associatedwith ra the and ismostlyeatenupby insufficient is to CIE subvention from Government the the caseofBusEireann and in privatethe wall,to companies wouldgo this Without maintain profitability. to is the objective the caseofboth In isamixofpublicand private. transport Inrural areas inrural areas. transport orseriousdifficulty with transport to the populationhasnoaccess third of over one Nationally, improving access. these asameansof in improvement r Theemphasisison missing fromthe NDP. islargely ofrural development This aspect Ru ifruralthrive. communitiesto are these, andimprovedto access services, support r County Cork and North West stimulus, Ev Infrastructure andResources Provision ofPublic Increasing Rural Access and educing physical isolationisextremely mi o o ospotvillage and to support too low emain egional and local roads, and the and egional andlocal roads, equires arange ofpublicinfrastructure, ommunity. the local ommunity andcontributeto co lntok ti vdn htthe that isevident It il network. en accepting the needforen accepting anexternal n ra tained indetailChapter7below. mnain ogv fett tare toit to give effect mmendations l Public Transport A proposed strategy and ofrural development- viz. This aspect 5.3.3 Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development co public subsidiesfor public service recognisesthe needfor yet Government that obvious isnot It operators. f contractsservice for scheduledservices bygranting public for example, Ireland, There are waysthis could beimproved in the fullpotential forto increasing access these circumstances can Onlyin services. in secure the maximum improvement the implementationto ofmeasures theseagenciesshouldbeinvolved in that isvital it Accordingly, Sub-Programmes. va the fundingcontainedthe can access in these agents andagencieswhich only is Inmany casesit strategy forthe county. inaruralparticipating development to commit services national support the local agentsthe local agenciesand of requiresthat strategy for development Aneffective services. provision ofsupport inruralservices communities. r would beestablished for sustaininglocal creating alevelthe basis ofcritical mass byovercoming isolationand addition, In ofrural development. support and social andrecreational facilities in education roads, sewerage, water, like, many publicinfrastructure andservices, improvements inprovisionto andaccess c areservices prerequisites for achieving the instigationofruraltransport public planning policiesandregulations and E ProvisionInfrastructure andServices ofOtherPublic Development services. rural transport pilot there isallowance as for Programme, the Regionalthe detailsof Operational issuecould This beaddressed in needs. flexible andmore responsiveto local these havethe potentialand to bemore co However publicservice subvention. c the overallsubsidisation within budget or remote areas, with direct payments to payments with direct or remote areas, etail andotherconsumer andbusiness s effective andeconomically viable ost the CIE imposedby onstraint stablishing appropriate physical nt nt rious Operational Programmes and ra ra uho h D,i bu the isabout the NDP, Much of ct c scudatatprivate operators, ts could attract s, as theytendto favour cross- solid foundationthe Area from in which Thisunderstandingprovides a systems. on itshighlycomplex natural life support anddependent the environment of part weare There isalocal recognitionthat the preserve offringegroups andexperts. C c w c the priorityattachedby In Chapter4 Sustainability Incorporating Environmental improvements. infrastructure andrecommendations for berealised. rural development of improved insupport publicservices oncerns have become mainstream in to environmentalommunities quality ounty Cork andare nolongerseenas sntda h ust Environmental theoutset. as notedat hpe otisa sesetof Chapter 8contains anassessment 5 .3.4 Area y of higher proportion ke isa services recreational and of social to avariety access that isevident it addition, In are highlyvalued. We and the peopleofNorth fo which characteristics culturaland distinctive T oung people in the oung peoplein here aremany unique rm y factorto retaininga tCork andwhich st

nitga atof an integral part 5 55 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 56 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 5 Sustainable Development AStrategic Modelfor Inclusive Achieving Community Goals: Issuesand An Approach for Addressing Core Development Facili Recreational andCultural Promoting Access to Social, exclusion anddeprivation. re in willgreatly assist opportunities creation ofimproved employment andinfrastructurethe services and labour force andretain employment. trainingthe to enter andeducationor forto avail women of especially difficult care inmany areas services make it andaffordable service child transport Fu distance from andamenities. services arethe problems compounded of by andparticipation unequal opportunity fe exclusion inrural areas have distinct The problems andsocial ofpoverty areadditional actions recommended. certain Inaddition, proposed approach. be incorporatedthe present within Theseshould Cork Area. and North West positive environmental effectsthe in whichwillhave initiatives are underway, andpolicy many actions in Chapter9, Asisdiscussedbelow and improvement. incorporate environmental sustainability to needs strategy for development any Clearly, number ofareas ofpressure. w re to address issuesofsustainability ina speetd whichhighlighted a as presented, trs cnmcdpnec,isolation, Economic dependency, atures. a ducing many ofsocial aspects r listic andeffective manner. hroe theabsence ofanadequate thermore, The provision ofimproved public An environmental profiletheArea of ties 5.3.5 lmn nteoealdvlpetPlan. the overall in development element whichisanintegral this aspect, to co specificproposals are Therefore, ofyoungthe Area.proportion peoplein is akeyto retaining factor ahigher va to a access that isevident it addition, W and the people ofNorth of integral part cultural characteristics whichform an there are many uniqueanddistinctive AsdiscussedinChapter4, development. incorporated into astrategy for future cultural facilities shouldbe andservices recreational and and availability ofsocial, to promote measures greater access that s okadwihaehgl aud In Cork andwhichare highlyvalued. est n riety ofsocial andrecreational services andi hpe 0blw inrelation tained inChapter10below, oee,i diin tisconsidered it inaddition, However, 6 . nrdcin58 61 60 Raising Educational Attainment 6.4 Sector andDiversificationthe Agriculture of Facilitating Adjustment 6.3 the Productiveto Raise Stimulus Capacity external significant A 6.2 Introduction 6.1 cnm fNrhadWs Cork Economy and of North West E xpanding the Productivexpanding Potentialthe of fNrhadWs onyCr 58 County Cork and of North West 57 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 58 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 6 productive potential. and raising its Cork and North West the economy of c strengthening the r the strategic T equirements for ompetitiveness of his Chaptersetsout h cnm fNrhadWs Cork the Economy and ofNorth West E ot n etCork are proposed. and North West developments already underway inboth andreinforcethe to support anumberofmeasures Finally, proposed. is of humanresource development Anaccompanying programme potential. Cork andraising itsproductive and West c r growth. c economic to impediment access andcommunications isafurther terms of especially in infrastructure, the absence ofhighquality physical va the scope forwhich limits inhigh growth terms ofhumancapital endowment, there are constraints in appears strong, while potential labour force growth Inaddition, dependence onagriculture. withavery high development, ischaracterised byuneven sector It weak. Cork is and the economyof ofNorth West c Analysis contained inChapter5 Introduction equirements forthe strengthening ompetitiveness of the economyompetitiveness of ofNorth the potentialompetitiveness and for thecompetitive position that oncludes xpanding the Productivexpanding Potential of u de cnmcatvte.Finally, lue addedeconomic activities. hsCatrst u thestrategic This Chaptersetsout 6.1 f namely: through anumberofchannels, ra toremain. they want as onewhere the region andsee products andservices, a region The could havethe sameeffect. provisionservice andadministration can f f f Fu c the locationofpharmaceutical with as existence ofsomeexternal economies, av the becauseof location asdesirable, the whichsee national companies, a physical locationbyoverseas or the regionAlternatively could beusedas r c Theregion Mediterranean Coastal Spain. once considered poorbackward areas of were tourism inwhat of development f there maybearesource base example, For can come inavariety ofways. this Inprinciple, rural orurbancontext. –whetherconsideredand growth ina to fosterexternal stimulus development County Cork requires an and North West of North and West County Cork to A SignificantExternal Stimulus or which demand changes, as with the aswith or whichdemandchanges, esources forthere isamarket. which ompanies in the Corkompanies in Cityarea. ould befoundto berichinnatural lso develop ifindividuals develop new ise productive capacitycanbeachieved ailability of labour or perhaps the ailability oflabour orperhaps r hroe decentralisation ofpublic thermore, Raise the Productive CapacityProductive Raise the Fo Provision andAdministration. Decentralisation ofPublicService T Indigenous Industry ourism and ourism In summary, an external stimulus to anexternal stimulus In summary, r inDrc Investment eign Direct 6.2 fo thisshouldbe is recommendedthat r monitor implementation andprogress in any Groupto Steering established organisations shouldberepresented on c is it Inaddition, their operationaltargets. Cork into and forobjectives North West organisations to incorporate the c the to secure the aimshouldbe isrecommendedthat it therefore, Plan, In terms ofthis responsibility. direct respectively hold Ireland, Enterprise r In these potential avenues. of pursue all to the Plan shouldbe of A centralthrust htotherimprovementsto physical that telecommunications infrastructure and there isadequatebroadband that there andreinforcethem byensuring have been taken the initiatives that T therenucleus hasbeenformed already. A centre fortechnology industries. shouldbedesignatedasa Clonakilty isproposedthat it Firstly, areas. h cnm fNrhadWs Cork the Economy and ofNorth West E setofthe Plan. espect IDA Ireland and two, the first to elation onsidered important that both of these bothof that onsidered important from thesetwo ommitment he objective should be to capitaliseon shouldbe he objective c xpanding the Productivexpanding Potential of ussed geographically inanumberof srgrsidsra eeomn it As regards development industrial designating Macroom asanSDZ. would beworthwhile it Therefore, Area. andthe of the North between the West andfor providing linkage development a pivotal focus for industrial as Macroom has the to capacity act that isconsidered It corridor. development route asapotential Macroom /Killarney the Corkto strengthen / undertaken the lineproposedalong above shouldbe 2000 Act Development providedthe Planningand in Zone (SDZ) as Strategic Development given to designating the area as a co wa infrastructure improvements of terms in Planandnecessary the Development shouldbeincorporated in development Appropriate zonings for industrial andCharleville. between Mallow the section from in Corkto Limerick designated andpromotedthe N20 along shouldbe corridor development are commenced. suchasimproved access infrastructure, mne.Consideration shouldbe mmenced. ter andsewerage shouldbe iial,i spooe htsteps isproposedthat it Similarly, a isrecommendedthat It 6 59 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 60 Expanding the Productive Potential of 6 the Economy of North and West Cork

As regards tourism the main potential is 6.3. considered to lie in: Facilitating Adjustment and

North and WestNorth and Plan Strategic Cork f The potential for a coherent image Diversification of the for the Area as a whole and for a Agriculture Sector County plan for sustainable tourism development. Although the economic character of rural f The potential for united marketing areas is no longer synonymous with (including internet presence) and for agriculture, the sector, nevertheless, co-ordinated development of the remains the single largest source of product. employment in North and West County f Strong potential of walking routes. Cork and prospectively it will remain so. f Eco-tourism potential. Therefore, the economic well being of the f Strong potential to develop marine sector will have a major influence on the tourism. vibrancy of rural communities. f North Cork’s presence in a high Amongst the main tasks are to ensure quality tourism niche (Country that those farm enterprises, which are House, Heritage). commercially viable, should improve f Potential for cultural tourism and their competitiveness and efficiencies of education based tourism – ecology, production. In order to do this, it is likely Irish language etc. that scale will have to be increased, f The economic potential of arts and possibly significantly. The sooner the culture. necessary process of consolidation to secure the competitiveness of It is recommended that: commercially viable farm enterprises is f Unified linked websites of tourism completed the better. The other principal information for Cork City and County need is to ensure that the viability of should be developed. part time farming is maximised. In order f Unified marketing should be for this to happen there is need to promoted. increase accessibility to off-farm sources f Initiatives to promote and develop of employment and to provide necessary the likes of eco-tourism and cultural training so that part time farmers can and educational tourism should be take advantage of the many flexible supported. employment opportunities in the technology and information age sectors. The issue of farm diversification, into such areas as horticulture, organic production, and quality consumer food also has a limited role in providing niche opportunities, which can help to secure farm income. Expanding the Productive Potential of 61 the Economy of North and West Cork 6

It is recommended that these various organisations should undertake

initiatives and provide supports across a WestNorth and Plan Strategic Cork range of areas including initiatives which:

f Develop and foster a culture of learning and expertise; f Improve access to education and training and create lifelong learning opportunities; f Improve access to "second chance" learning; f Extend and vary literacy programmes and make them available to peripheral areas; f Develop niche third level education (international quality) including fine 6.4 arts – traditional culture – Irish Raising Educational Attainment language and culture – and business studies; The low level of educational attainment f Develop Higher Education and in North and West Cork has been referred research sector – ecology, fine arts, to earlier. While it is recognised that this the marine, organic agriculture, may reflect migration, as the most business studies, Irish cultural educated leave, it should be possible to studies, Irish language, music, new improve the educational level of existing communications media; people by programmes of continuing f Encourage private third level education and outreach programmes. It initiatives; may be possible also to raise the age at f Provide virtual access to Universities; which people leave school, and to widen f Provide "non-standard", innovative the range of courses available to people. agricultural and farm training - Realistically, the stimulus for this can organic, permaculture, horticulture come only from the providers of etc. educational services. f Make I.T. literacy available to a wide Education is doubly important, as it population – e.g. internet access for not only provides people with the ability all through libraries and schools; to absorb new information and to accept f Increase use and distribution of I.T. to change; it also has direct consumption facilitate learning, and benefits. The NDP has a vast range of communication; programmes, so that a willingness to f Make home and village-based push programmes for local development education through I.T. available to all; is necessary. Hence the importance of and getting agencies to commit to the f Promote flexible working and concept of local development and to educational arrangements; consider the range of potential f Improve the availability of Crèche programmes available. The County facilities and other supports for child- Development Board is the natural vehicle care to support education; for this, but there may be a need to f Increase in-service training involve private agencies, e.g. schools, local opportunities; Chambers of Commerce, ICA, Macra na f Deliver training / education at work Feirme in this process. places. 62 North and West Cork Strategic Plan h cnm fNrhadWs Cork the Economy and ofNorth West E xpanding the Productivexpanding Potential of 7 7. 7. 7. 7. F ofASuccessful An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement 1I 2P 3 4 uture Strategy eteetQaiis70 66 7. 7. 69 7. 7. Qualities Settlement Strategy -Planningfor BalancedandSustainableGrowth Settlement in aSpatialContext nt plto n oshl rjcin o ot n etCork opulation andHouseholdProjections and for North West 4. 4 4 4 r 2 ua osn ilgs74 72 75 In Towns And Villages UrbanForm AndHousingEstate Development .3 Rural Housing- Villages .2 .1 Town Development Znn fLn n adRlae76 Zoning LandAndRelease Of 4 dcin64 oduction 63 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 64 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 areas). situated inurban ofwhichis (most per square kilometre density of115persons EU average population T per square kilometre. av declineto an towns’ the of ‘ring and west in the areas tothe north densities The kilometre. is 39personspersquare density inCounty Cork T his comparesthe with he average population erage of23persons nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement a the countytowns of is the villagesand of relative The underdevelopment City. around Cork urbanisation are evident Extensive areas ofsub- prevail. general patternofdensitiescontinuesto this the county of since1996, parts the populationinmanyincreases in etofthetotal county population. cent C c C growth. around Cork Cityexperienced strong thearea Conversely, and Mitchelstown. a c the of andwest the north towns of the the 1996 census: decline inpopulation the countytowns in showeda number of A over 3,000. a populationofjust with Cork Area isMitchelstown, and West the North townin Thelargest (Map 7.2). than 7,000towns ofmore population, across eachD.E.D. asanaverage density acrossthecounty, the variationindicates inpopulation Themapbelow situated inurbanareas). ofwhichis square kilometre (most population densityof115personsper c This persons persquare kilometre. to anaverage decline of23 towns’ the of ‘ring andwest the north to areas the Thedensitiesin (Map7.1). kilometre, C agriculturalunserviced areas. the Area residingthe populationof in a corresponding of very largeproportion with towns andvillages, of peoplelive in A very small number narrow coastal belt. the Area livesthe populationof ina half of Almost ofitspopulation. per cent contains only35 but the county, area of co TheArea low-density population. very towns andvillagesadispersed, rural andagricultural area withsmall Cork isapredominantly and North West Introduction ounty’s population. The North and TheNorth West ounty’s population. so ounty effected were particularly but ompares with the EUaverageompares with s nipratfeature. lso animportant lso were less isolated towns likelso were Fermoy lessisolated ork Area towns makethan 8per ork Area upless the of ounty Cork make up52percent ounty Cork is39personspersquare mprises over twothirds of thetotal C To The average populationdensityin r,Ieadsbgetcut,hasno county, Ireland’s biggest ork, wn andvillagepopulationsin 7.1 ( ..,1996) C.S.O, .In spite of P Mitchelstown (3123) Clonakilty (2950)and (2936), Bantry Charleville(2667), Macroom (2574), Ka Dunmanway (1427), (1226), Millstreet (1150), Newmarket (1070), are Buttevant ab To W and infrastructure inNorth andservices of regardingthe improvement this Report, the recommendations contained laterin the effectivenessessentialto ofmany of Suchpoliciesare source ofdisadvantage. overcomingthis and policiesaimedat objectives is concerned witharticulating ThisChapter the Area. urban structure of disadvantage stems fromthe very weak c with andservices, employment to afullrangeaccess ofurban experiences disadvantageterm of in presence of any substantialtowns, C f this"gloweffect" was Whilst and services. opportunities to more varied employment ofaccess asaresult population retention, surrounding ruralterms of areas in area gives critical advantageto c Research has whether rural orurban. the Area,sustainability ofcommunities in r the county’sthe weakness of urbanfabric social advantages oflargerurban areas, and strongly attracted tothe employment period whenyoung populationsare Ina houses. small numbers ofadjacent withvery offices orpubs, post schools, suchas functions small clusters ofservice smaller villagesand"villagenuclei" – ound in some parts of the area closer of ound insomeparts peet hettothe future epresents a threat neun oso on ouain This lossofyoung population. onsequent proximityto alargeurban that onfirmed plto,CSO opulation, r iy uho h ra ihu the without the Area, muchof ork City, s Cork. est wns in the area withapopulation wns in n ov uk(66,Sibre,(1926) Skibbereen, turk (1666), e 1,000 (categorisedhere asurban) The county hasalargenumberof ). (1996 Census of Map 7.1: Map 7.2: P C opulation DensityCounty Cork ork TownsPopulation nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement 7 65 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 66 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 Ta culRrlDsrc 3416 8 8 738921% 19% 17% 829 2390 994 18% 14868 4773 7012 1306 34% 28% 33% 8487 1407 384 640 38% 5507 1768 867 2597 T 4100 1384 Urban Districts Skibbereen Rural and 3143 1957 Schull Rural District Ru Mitchelstown 2276 Ru 22% Millstreet includingMallow Town) (not 1849 Estimated % Estimated 10311 2021(low) 53% Estimated Additional 1330 2021-MIFI Total 3819 Ru C Ru Bantry 2489 Area umna 3031 8 2 9911 19% 1415 8949 42% 984 3314 Ka Ru Dunmanway 2330 and UrbanDistricts alwRrlDsrc 7285 404%22134 18% 20% 3443 3184 22281 19144 43% 51% 2490 2404 8252 7090 5762 4686 Mallow Rural District and Rural Districts Macroom Urban Ru lnklyRrl 7255 714%17323 20% 2431 14723 45% 1701 5453 3752 Clonakilty Rural tl3014221114%135 11 19% 21116 133251 40% 14181 49262 35081 otal ble 7.1: sltw 4019 7 3 369523% 985 5346 33% 470 1890 astletown 1420 n ra ra ra ra ra ra uk42 4910 1 75 2015% 2290 17357 31% 1504 6429 turk 4925 l District l District l District l District l District l District Projected Future Population andHouseholdFormation Trends nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement should be takenshould be bystakeholders, action isrecommendedthat It such. targets as constitute projections do not summarised belowin geographic area tothe year 2020 are P C Projections forNorth and West P plto n oshl rjcin,by opulation andhouseholdprojections, opulation andHousehold ork inaSpatial Context 7.2 households (high) Estimated households % inc. in total estimated Increase in increase in increase in Increase totalestimated in %inc. households Estimated (high) households 01hueod osn tc ouainPplto population Population population housingstock households 2001 T able 7.1. etmtd required (estimated) These and local economies sustainable insome c r the support wouldnot of growth the higherprojected rates even However, Kanturk andMitchelstown. Dunmanway, Macroom, such asSkibbereen, towns, insome additional growth aims at ov towns andvillages in additional growth to stimulate including community bodies easonably strong urbangrowth onsidered necessary to makeonsidered necessary services radaoecretted.ThePlan trends. er andabove current f including: generated byawidenumberoffactors determine population. than thosethat houses neededare far more complex the numbersofnew households and fa The the strategy. periodof the 20-year to beprovided trends for in important the most the Area isoneof needed in will be that projected numberofhouses households. Area wouldlosepopulationandalso the many of more parts these projections, whichisassumedin inward migration, without Moreover, the Area. of parts f f f f f f f f f le epewomgtpreviously have older peoplewho might younger married peopleand people, Young single heads ofhouseholds. possible forto become more people f housing isaffectedthe economy by inso f nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement ar asincreased spendingpowermakes it ct averag ayounger Household formation at fo household age group whichisat Naturalthe increase ofpopulationin the Area. ofpeopleinto Movement level come objectives to fruition. asthird accommodation, Student holiday homes. including acontinuing demandfor T Separation people. ofmarried Fe More singlepersonhouseholds. ov relief from houses, small obsolescence ofsubstandard orvery Higher standards ofhousing: dwellings. shared suchaslodging, patterns T accommodation. unsuitable orovercrowded homeless peopleandfor peoplein for homes fortravelling people, theneedfor good Accumulated need: r htwill determinenumbersof that ors he demandfor second homes, he reduction ofsharedhe reduction occupation The needfor more housesis The substantialthe increase in ead ahrta ed for rather than need, Demand, rm w ercrowding. er inter-generational households. ation stage. e age. f their early30sas"ready made" people in increasing migrationthe Area into of assumption ofacontinuing and basedonan partly household size, than average natural increase and and services. distance from employment tradeto offwilling orable against whichsomepeopleare land orhousing, canbeavailability oflowcost attractant Another purposes. holiday orretirement to maintain asecondpeople residence for co Cork, of the coastal parts as West such the attractivenesswhen ofanarea, Theexception is centres. employment housing isconcentrated closelyaround ov al r bringsownershipwithin asit housing, driver ofdemandfor new the strongest five years, seen dramaticallythe past in ashasbeen is, opportunities employment prosperity associatedwithincreased Greater need. accumulation ofunmet inan periodic economic stresses result housing market. entry tothe rather than prevent, delay, thesecycles may that islikely term it the long Over when conditions improve. c has accumulatedinpooreconomic which "bottlenecks" insupplyasdemand, to stagnation anddeclinecanlead Economic cycles ofgrowth, dwelling. orpurchase aseparate to rent now able ofanextendedfamily are lived asapart c c with would continueto losepopulation, inwardthe Area migration of many parts further without that should benoted co and inward migration associatedwith on ascenariooflikely natural increase based and populationprojections for 2021, amilies. each ofgreater numbersofpeopleand onditions, suddenly enters the market suddenlyenters onditions, ommunity life forthose remaining. deterioration and ofservices onsequent lows for ahigherstandard ofhousing n mbines with the financial ability of mbines with rl.B n ag,demandfor new Byandlarge, erall. iudeooi rwh isl,it Firstly, tinued economic growth. The projections assumeastronger T iscyclical and The housingmarket able 7.2 shows additional household 7 67 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 68 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 Ta ble 7.2: cul18 78342%17 9 14% 190 23% 23% 18% 763 1574 521 353 4123 28% 2797 2310 27% 38% 384 1581 36% 38% 33% 1273 1768 T 1386 7343 867 640 Ru 4633 27% Schull 1384 5283 43% Ru 2597 3143 620 27% Skibbereen 3360 52% 2490 Ru 772 1957 Mitchelstown 2276 2950 2037 Ru 8252 37% Millstreet 3680 42% Ru 5934 913 Mallow 5762 38% 42% 5% 984 Ru Macroom 3897 3402 1831 38 1227 Ru 3314 31% Ka 6680 53% Ru 39% 4135 778 241 Dunmanway 2330 55% 1330 Ru 330 1030 18% Clonakilty 2908 2653 Ru 3819 1174 C 47% 134 Ru 7502 in inc. % Bantry 2489 56% Additional 367 874 Ru Bandon 4849 2021 474 1156 Urban Skibbereen 740 in %inc. 1318 Urban Additional Macroom 789 2021(high) Urban Clonakilty 844 2001 Area tl3905741844%56516527% 10675 50605 42% 16834 56764 39930 otal sltw 4019 7 3 753524% 345 1765 33% 470 1890 1420 astletown n ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra uk42 4910 1 767116% 791 5716 31% 1504 6429 turk 4925 l District l District l District l District l District l District l District l District l District l District l District l District Household Formation Projections BasedonAlternative Trends nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement oshlshuigsok(o)hueod housing households (low) housingstock households r qie stock equired r equired f f f f f Measures should: these goals. success inattaining distribution ofhouseholdsareto material the geographicpopulation andchangesin Anincrease in high quality oflife. together aimfor sustainability andfor a taken measures that development environmental andsettlement- economic, integrated access, projections. the basisofpopulation solely on strategictargets ratherthan goals and the basisof should bedecidedon indicated inpopulationprojections, having regard tothe probabilities whilst location andfuture numbers, terms of bothin Cork, and North West rural context. sustainable ruralthe wider populationin a supporting also aimsat It life benefits. bring asustainable future andquality of c c the viewexpressed inmanyendorses It pooraccess). of unprocessed produce, over dependenceonexport changed (e.g. others whichare changingorcanbe (political instability) andmilitary and some ofwhichare nolongerrelevant f recognises the historic reasons It based. Cork isopportunity- and North West strategy proposed for The settlement Growth for Balanced andSustainable Settlement Strategy -Planning nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement or the low population levels in the Area,the lowpopulationlevels in or ounty’ s towns and villages can help to towns andvillagescanhelp s ounty’ the of plannedgrowth that ommunities Address the issueswithpracticalAddress housing outcomes inrural areas Re environmental sustainability of Be basedonprinciples opportunities promote localeconomic to shapeand housing canhelp Ta ofhousinglocationdecisions impacts andenvironmental social term, long- Have regard tothe cumulative, This strategic planproposes Planning for future populationsin ke c gieta complex issuesaffect that ognise

noacutta thelocationof that into account 7.3 projections. overgrowth andabove current throughpopulations seeking additional viable town approach to securing strong, c three illustratedthe last in scenario, r town andvillage approachto active withapro- but the sameprojections, the second basedon patterns, settlement population projections andexisting the study onebasedon scenarios, economic andenvironmental strategies. inward migration andonsuccessful basedon additional population, target to theywillneed this growth, secure their goals and to achievetowns are If proactive policies. without insufficient, c thescope for infavourtowns, of shift today’s projections andsomedistributive Basedon town populationsisessential. in increase asignificant population profile, f Area Plans. too doLocal So this outcome. achieving incentives have akey roleto play in Fiscalandothermonetary villages. ov muchgreater a of proportion that and shouldbeundertaken and development renewalprogrammetown andvillage of f as populations basedinagricultural areas, the stabilising andsustaining whilst and villagepopulationsacrossthe Area, town increase in and enable asignificant measures recommendedto support are f f ar aspracticable. or the economy, services andfor services the economy, or gnrto n rwh Thefinal egeneration andgrowth. olumns, sets out a possible targeted a possible sets out olumns, wouldappear onsolidation andgrowth erall newhousingshouldbelocatedin It is proposed that a major a isproposedthat It areas. Involve achangedperception ofrural making andlocaldecision- participation delivery withcommunityservice Involve newprocessesteam-based of elsewhere and proved successfulinCork and approaches whichhavetested been Ta to achieveIn order community goals The key spatial development l . vrefst u three ble 7.3 overleaf setsout 7 69 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 70 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 Th rural development. to villagebased to achieve ashift needed infrastructure andplanningworkis 2- made fortransitionthe first aperiodof in c naturalto sustainlocal increase and f with the Area. incharacter depth mixed development should bepreparedto provide for in- these locationsindicative villageplans In to landrelease forview development. there islocal demandfor housingwitha programmes shouldbeinitiatedwhere villagedevelopment housing: from additional locations wouldbenefit These houses andotherfacilities. public churches, nuclei withschools, potential. settlements withdevelopmentsmaller alsoin but with populationsofover 140, onlyinexistingvillages promoted not this strategy.potential benefitsof integrated fashion to realise the to beimplemented inan need will planning measures proposedthis Plan in to besustained. are andemployment and iflocal services the Areato remain livingin population is c Thesemeasures are inward investment. tourism-based livelihoods andother to increasedevelop e:businessand decentralised posts, toattract training, thirddevelop local level educationand to extend attractive urbancentres, energetic local effortsto revitalise and wouldinvolve determinedand table, this met. were above w very small, present whichisat towns, in total populationliving The population. total of around 67 percent sustained at the overall rural populationwould be ri giutrlaes toallow for some or inagricultural areas, muiis There isalso allowance ommunities. educated onsidered essential ifayoung, ould double if the targets proposedthe ould doubleif er fipeetto,as 3 yearsofimplementation, r ilg eeomn shouldbe development Village T ough town and village development, town andvillage ough he full range of Economic, social and social rangehe full ofEconomic, Some additional housingisallowed The Area hasmany potential village To wn development, as depicted in asdepicted wn development, nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f to bekey issues: thefollowing criteriaare found housing, c Fromthe extensive from datacollected f Settlement Qualities ommunities regarding settlements and w they livetheir own landwhen on Fa be central andshared byall. openspaces should every settlement: P and eco-friendly. shouldbeenergy-efficientBuildings byfootpathsservices and lighting. linkedto Houses shouldbeaccessible, into use. be refurbished andbrought should buildings andvacant Derelict inruralgenerally bepermitted areas. Holiday homeestatesshouldnot managed. be carefully C provide for additionalhousing. to the Islands and towns andvillages Infrastructure shouldbeprovided in integrated. New peopleshouldbewelcomed and villages. groups shouldbemaintained in mixandbalance ofage A goodsocial villages. towns and character withexisting shouldbein New development place. the to Densities shouldbesuited ofscale. be out co shouldbe ofvillages Growth agegroups.needed byall to affordableaccess housingis re P both private andlocalauthority. - housingshouldbebuilt More village lands are released for housing. C C in planningfortheir ownareas. C Tr rsadwlssol eapr of arks andwalks shouldbeapart eople in the Area areeople in experiencing oastal andotherlandscapesshould to ensure suitable village ouncil the towork with ommunities want ommunities shouldhave areal say ork on the farm.ork on affic shouldbe calmed. al difficulties inobtaininghousing: nt r ming familiesto shouldbeable ro l led byphasingandshouldnot 7.4 housing in towns. housing in ofadditional cent re a entails This achieved. to be this report recommendedtowns in and consolidation of order forthe growth projected increases) in (over andabove targets and households additional population c three last The the Area. population in2021of projected total C issuggested. villages additionalhousesin all of of30percent target Asuggested villages. and achievedtowns in being opportunities and housing land-release increased with out, carried ru re outcome if possible Column 5shows a today. asprevailproportions the same housing in agricultural area–based and village town, between distributed population was additional projected outcomethe if C f additional population total the projected Column 3shows (1996). Ce recent in the most population asrecorded table showhousingand C or the Area to 2021. olumns ( 9 -11) show olumns (9-11) olumn 6showsthe olumn 4showsthe the olumns 1and2of c c ra nsus ofPopulation ommended 50 per ommendations on eeomn are l development Ta UA Villages RURAL Distribution distribution targeted Projected TownsHouseholds Population Projected Projected URBAN Projected Approximate 1996 Planned Additional 1996 Total Total Additional Additional Total Additional Area Households Study Population Ru Total T Rural% T otal otal ble 7.3: ra l Alternative Scenarios forAlternative Scenarios UrbanandRural Development Agricul 0%10 0%10 0%10 0%10 0%10 0%100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% -tural Areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 7 17% 17% 30% 16% 10% 10% 30% 10% 10% 10% 10% 58 34 9779 03 23 86756 32132 30632 7190 8987 23442 75589 86 15 88 18 18 170429429500429130245 48239 5,000 43239 43239 116750 11983 11983 18583 31256 98167 57 01 7939 80 31 31 64559 23911 23911 28105 3595 7789 20316 65772 27 8429 7318016735011743489 16107 3,500 12607 10810 4793 2996 7814 22578 24 7891011 67 12345 8732 1839 3462 ,0 2122197 8221 1,500 6721 4324 3595 1198 3126 9817 67% 3 5 5 0 5 9 0 3 33% 33% 70% 29% 25% 40% 25% 25% 23% 7 5 5 0 1 7 67% 67% 71% 60% 75% 75% 77% nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement 5 5 0 5 5 0 50% 50% 55% 65% 30% 65% 65% P plto oshlsHuehlsi 01Hueod 01wt oshl fttlofPopulation total of household 2021with Households in2021 House-holds Households opulation t 01:(o22)wt (rjce)(o22)poatv rwh oshls(t2.7 persons (at households growth pro-active (to2021) (projected) with (to2021) (to 2021): ycretpoatv sn ilg ntws–civn perhousehold) –achieving towns in village using pro-active by current oainltw urn eeomn and development current town including additional locational villages atrsadvlaelctoa rwhadditional growth locational andvillage patterns eeomn atrsi on targeted intowns patterns development n ilgsgrowth and villages 7

North and West Cork Strategic Plan 71 72 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement f f f re patterns is approach to settlement thefollowing and environmental factors, secure sustainable communities. these community achieve goals and best strategy will to what question arisesas The objectives. sustainable development f f f f f f f f f f c ommended: Ru ru of improvement agricultural areas: C oftheir areas. development roleAn active for communitiesthe in are needed. Design guidelinesfor development should beconserved. andlandmarkbuildings Heritage development. should befollowed for future T and sited. land. inappropriate useofinfrastructure or throughto housing local access may prejudice where it development R oftowns. environment co and ofvillages development led, r of this goalisashift to reaching ra towns andvillages in development ofhousing Increased proportion traditions.culture and to maintain local Encouragement c populations into existing Pro-active integration ofnew targets. growth set –locally with strong sectors service towns of anddevelopment Growth links. public transport ofinfrastructure and Improvement villages. ofrural andenhancement Growth sucsit nertd community- esources into integrated, ommunities. eodbidnsadsre patterns andstreet he oldbuildings estriction of holiday homes estriction onsolidation ofpopulationsin aigrgr osca,economic Having regardto social, These criteriaare compatible with ther than opencountrysidethe keyther - n ra ra tinued enhancement of the urban of tinued enhancement l housingstock. l housesshouldbewell-designed settlements ofapproximately 5,000 Tr and ofEnvironment the Department indicativetrends here, offuture expected size whichhasahouseholdunit the UK, In constructed. if more dwellingsare not will rapidly erode local urbanpopulations r shouldalso be it villages shouldgrow, townsand survivalthat ofcommunities economic sustainability andforthe highly desirable for reasons ofsocial and and duplicationofmeasures. c r building on their existing of towns, strategyto cultivate aims nichestrengths The operative polycentric development. encourage genuinesynergisticandco- c to improvevillage extensionsand to promotetownand well-designed approach along withpro-active measures strategy proposed rests onapolicy-based Cork’stowns. and West ofNorth balancedgrowth the support be facilitatedto anddesignedsoas should and services employment housing, f f f that the fact dwellings include settlements overtowns ordispersed new The advantages ofexpanding existing self-sustaining settlements. agriculturalto develop hinterlands as and their to serve are welllocated centres, which have evolved mainlyasmarket towns, The their small size. in spiteof material andsocial assets are important Town Development Town esources and activities, so that so esources andactivities, mmee htfalling household size emembered that omplementarity willreplace competition to towns soas routesonnecting between ansportation hasfoundthat ansportation T history andlocalculture. history of acommunity withasenseof the newpopulationcanbecome part and utilised; be more fully customers andexistingfacilities can have will ready-madenew services alreadysome services exist; he locationofnewdevelopment, nNrhadWs ok hr tis where it Cork, and In North West The existing towns within the Area 7.4.1 The settlement Map 7.3: regard. this objectives in incorporate relevant Programmes should Development appraisals and in locally prioritised urban designhasbeen Highquality bodies. representative towns’ r inconjunction with set shouldbe towns these T towns. Cork’s and North West of balanced growth the to support so as fa shouldbe services and employment housing, development, T esidents and the esidents and argets for of growth he locationofnew ci litated anddesigned Urban SpatialStrategy in the future of) carrying animportant carrying the future of) in the potential capable of(orwith nodes’, characterised as ‘urban development and Skibereen. C co and the SouthandSouth-west is in Theothergroup the Area. of North West fo to providetogether inorder viewed a shouldbe andNewmarket Millstreet Kanturk, isrecommendedthat it purposes For development Newmarket. Mitchelstownand Millstreet, Mallow, Macroom, Kanturk, Fermoy, Charleville, Corkis inNorth andcomprises c to closelylinkedthemselves and lend towns which two groups of indicates viable. secondary education, r to makehouseholds are necessary a nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement aoal ag fsrie,including easonable range ofservices, mlmnaydvlpet Onegroup omplementary development. sltwbr,Coait,Dunmanway, Clonakilty, astletownbere, cus for strategic development in the in cus for strategic development pie adn Bantry, mprises Bandon, These two groupstownscould be These of UrbanSpatial Strategy, Map 7.3, r emphasis onconcentric ratherthan radial there shouldbean is recommendedthat It corridors. along these public transport towns andvillages ofsmall development andpromotingthe transport good connectingroads andwithpublic towns with these isonlinking pattern the proposedassociated with settlement this regard. in objectives Programmes shouldincorporate relevant inappraisalslocally andDevelopment quality urbandesignhasbeenprioritised High representative bodies. and thetowns’ withresidents inconjunction should beset r ofthesetowns will be enhancement and approach tothe development Afocused andco-ordinated hinterlands. the rural-basedtheir and populationin their immediatepopulation to sustain r neo evcsadepomn soas andemployment ange ofservices equired. ue,whichwould support outes, T T argets for growth of these towns these argets for of growth he emphasis of the accessstrategy,he emphasisof 7 73 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 74 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 changing economy. c sustainable rural for opportunity offers the best Cork andwest north in development village thepotential for that A central proposition is ommunities in the ommunities in nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement C strategy and for North West development aneffective urban dwellings, approachto control ofdispersed aserious Without towns andvillages. years have beenlocated in Area inrecent would beenhanced. andemploymentof diverse services linked townsto hold a thriving complex towns and capacity ofbothindividual the but bechanged, towns wouldnot the intrinsicthe character of growth of Withthis level shown in thetable above. trends projections basedoncurrent mean exceedingthe highergrowth will that targets isachallenge these Attaining seriouscycle ofdecline. current the to arrest winning additional supports on willbelargelydependent growth thefeasibilitythis of towns, North West the the caseof In development. services educational orother development, tourism inindustry, investment inward decentralisation ofposts, through measures including substantial outsideeconomic impetus they willhaveto obtain targets these to achieve Inorder household size). to decreasing due doubling ofpopulation, c shouldbe incremental fashion, planned, ina onaverage, the abovetowns by2020, the householdnumbersofeach double are reached. sustainable development highquality, forlocal objectives balanced, that to ensure inplace should beput F the Area.the widerconsolidation of to asasteppingstone an endinitselfbut beseenas these settlements shouldnot oflocalservices. the viability and enhance towns andvillages between development c omplementary andco-operative onsidered. easibility studies and action plans studiesandaction easibility r sntachievable. ork isnot Fe ti eomne htatre to target a isrecommendedthat It andconsolidation of The growth w er than 2 in 7 new houses in the than 2in7newhouses er Ti ilntinvolve a (This willnot c qualityoflife. sustainable, offering rural livingwith anexcellent, ofvillages integrated development villages. agebalance andsustainability of mix, inhabitants)the social to enhance and townsof1,000 ormore except ruralthe Area areas (definedasall of affordability andquality ofhousingin need to increase the accessibility, based. houses inrural areas shouldbevillage for ofnewpermissions themajority that isenvisaged It within walking distance. churches andotherfacilities shops, withschools, villages in development rural more substantial andcoherent aw life fortheir inhabitants. quality of area andproviding anexcellent the surroundingeconomic successof the social and supporting centres, service as ‘robust Thevillageswillact villages. quality ofvarioustypes ofhousingin variety and affordability, the accessibility, fo r to attainhighurban need size doesnot fo encompass awidevariety ofhousing can Villagedevelopment impacts. their environmentalcan minimise the local authorityandotheragencies with village communities inpartnership Through eco-labelling projects, economy. can integratethe local andcontributeto provide conditions where newresidents They surrounding agricultural areas. the whichalso benefit services, diverse local economies andessential Villagescansupport changing economy. sustainable ruralthe communities in W f potential the A centralthat proposition is Ru or village development in North and inNorth or villagedevelopment esidential densities. neune fasittohigherlevels of onsequences of ashift cus onproactiveto increase measures rms andbecauseofsmall settlement est Cork offers the best opportunity for opportunity Cork offersthe best est ay ral Housing- Villages Ta T The strategic recommended actions

rmdsesddvlpetto from disperseddevelopment his strategy involves adecisive shift The strategy isfocusedthe on ble 7.3 (p81)illustratesthe T he key measure is a shift to the to he key measure isashift 7. 4.2 housing. c economic andenvironmental the negative landsand unserviced ve environmentallythe to damageddue c the same timethe At twenty-year period. the throughout decline inpopulation the Areato wouldbelikely of parts respectively (Column 10). cent and18per to 33percent rises further towns andvillages livingin proportion this incrementalthe With growth tovillagesisconsidered. and 30percent towns to distributed70percent period, of5,000household growth overthe theeffects of achieving Finally, trends (Column 4). basis ofcurrent the on and10percent with 25percent compared respectively (Column 8), cent and16per in 2021wouldbe29percent towns andvillages households livingin of theproportion circumstances, c c trends) andvillages(30percent the basisofcurrent on with 25percent compared towns (40percent to growth r a Next (Column 7). present asat total, the of to 10percent population amounts thevillage isshowni.e. trends, the basisofpresentdistributed on projected increases inhouseholdsare if the outcome, Thus, existing trends. ov the Area invillages house construction edistribution ofprospective household onsequences of largescale dispersed atlbl wouldbecome seriously oastal belt these In onsidered (Column 5). present) is at ompared with10percent ry ratet-erpro,compared with twenty-yearer a period,

limited carrying capacityof limited carrying ihu ilg eeomn,many villagedevelopment, Without nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement additional fa the main shouldbe and development Thedynamicsofgrowth these categories. settlements shouldbeincludedineachof inflexible way whichparticular to determineaprioriandinrigid c fo the dynamicand in However, used above. terms areand villagenuclei–all ofwhich villages nodes), to beurbandevelopment towns (someofwhichhavethe capacity types –e.g. a hierarchy ofsettlement c settlements into viable village these of thedevelopment support isessentialto Infrastructure investment increased residential component. to beneficially accommodate an these settlements also havethe potential co creamery or clinic, church, school, shop, busstop, publichouse, office, such aspost characterised byoneormore services small settlements i.e. nuclei": termed heresettlements as"village are also largenumbersofvery small There developers andlocal communities. co through works could becarriedout These environmental improvements. traffic safety measures and services, the form in ofsanitary investment of these require infrastructure Most distributed andestablished villages. ikg n reo fmvmn.A linkage andfreedom ofmovement. with agoodlevel ofpermeability i.e. layout, integratedthe existingstreet into should bebasedonnewstreets it This means that the existing town. should conform tothe urban character of towns andvillages in development new appraisalthat expressed awish C Vi Development in Towns and Urban FormandHousingEstate niee hti wouldbeinappropriate it that onsidered ommunities. muiistkn atincommunity taking part ommunities c rw mnt al o xml.Many of for example. mmunity hall, mbined resourcesthe local authority, of llages tor influencing this outcome. tor influencing r okn otx ftePa tis the Planit of ard lookingcontext ti osbet dniy analytically, to identify, ispossible It The Area hasalargenumberofwell- 7.4.3 7 75 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 76 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 7 nEsnilRqieetofASuccessfulFuture Strategy An Essential Requirement Patterns: Achieving SustainableSettlement ilraha al ciia as,thus will reach anearly"critical mass", can beeconomically andwhich serviced which development encourage compact intheory, may, it budgeted zoning is that rationale The fortightly trends ofdecline. trends –whichwere often basis ofpast household formationthe estimatedon areato precisely ofland reserved match withan to bepursuedinIreland, tended apractice ofunder-zoning has the past, In safeguarded andconserved. heritage structures shouldbe this approach Within character andform. this shouldrespect development new that propose They and identity. oflocal heritage aspect as animportant oftheirtowns and villages layout street heritage and the identified their built r new andestablished be shared by, to and to link, spaces shouldbedesigned c Several the Area. settlements of the to damaging socially andvisually were considered inappropriate and private "openspacesoflimitedutility withintegral semi housing estatelayouts, Inwards-facingtype suburban expressed. co parks"the whole asplaceswhere wish forthe creation ofcommunal "town Zoni of life. ofquality and isinitselfanenhancement itself promote economic development architectural andlandscapesettings can visually andexperientially rich toquality oflife. isimportant structures, ve including stone-built of the Area, heritage Conservationthe built of kinds. ofall employment ofservice development the enhanced quality oflifeto and to an lendsitself and pedestrianfriendly, humaninscale environment, quality built high a locally distinctive, that shown r esidents. The people of the Area Thepeopleof esidents. egeneration in all parts of the worldhas egeneration of inall parts muiissgetdta new public that ommunities suggested rnacular dwellingsandagricultural mnt a etwas also strongly mmunity canmeet E The regeneration andextensionof ng of Land and Land Release andLand ng ofLand xperience ofurbanandrural 7.4.4 improvements. and environmental traffic safety measures services, of sanitary inthe form investment infrastructure ofthese require Most established villages. and distributed number ofwell- T he Areahasalarge co publicownershipor without However, includingschoolsandshops. services providing earlyviability for newlocal allowed for.allowed shouldbeacknowledgedand how small, nomatter choice withineachsettlement, T rationing ofhousingland. tight based on strategieshousing hasalsoundermined av ready The sufficientlytaken into account. been larger settlements hasnot as aswell and locationalchoiceinsmall need for awidevarietytypes ofhousing z ordelay useof of factors canprevent number a sufficiently forthat the reality Z quality planned environment. has singularlyfailedto deliver ahigh anddesigninput, investment supporting without as asolepolicyinstrument, c adverse social orenvironmental example, for by provision where, ofservices inevery casebeenfollowed lands hasnot ofhousingonzonedthe construction Furthermore, unplanned development. orfor options are for nodevelopment theonly immediately for development, released the zoned landisnot if as, collapse ofplanneddevelopmentvirtual niin aete o-ibe Zoning them non-viable. onditions made ndlnsfrbidn upss The oned landsfor purposes. building nn rvso a o always allowed oning provision hasnot he needfor mixandhousing social nt ailability ofrural landsforailability one-off r ol of lands, underzoning can lead to underzoning canlead ol oflands, 8 T Improving AccessandCommunications: . eomne cin 85 78 78 Recommended Actions 8.3 Infrastructure Endowment The 8.2 Introduction 8.1 he Actions Requiredhe Actions .. od nrsrcue78 80 82 Information AndCommunications Technology (ICT) 8.2.3 8.2.2 Public Services Transport 8.2.1 Roads Infrastructure 77 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 78 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 8 T Improving AccessandCommunications: needed. Areato key andpoints improvements and environmental advantage forthe to gainmaximumeconomic wisely used existing infrastructure whichcanbe of indicatesaspects the report of part This infrastructure assets. important and economic entity. c r ofradialmuch anetworkascollection so road The systemisnot barriers result. social andeconomic constraints and the Area are of weak: parts different much betterplaced. Cork being East North disadvantage, C withSouth and West networks varies, r telecommunication linkagesand with co space withpooraccessand locally asanisolated andfragmented isexperienced and peripheral location, C County pose afundamental challenge. boundaries fromthe mainurbanarea re issue for sustainable development. c its communities. potential forthe Area and development improved cohesiveness andincreased for future is aprimaryrequirement and economy. community ofenvironment, spectrum c canaddress corridors, and development and integrated transport of transport withachoiceofmodes system, transport publicandprivate A safe andefficient Introduction outes to Cork City. This weakensthe This to Corkoutes City. goa,national andinternational egional, ohesiveness ofCounty Cork asasocial onsumption ofenergyare also acentral ommunity goals acrossthestudy ork in particular experiencingacute ork inparticular territory diverse withitsextensive, ork, he Actions Requiredhe Actions moteness of its north andwest moteness ofitsnorth mnctos Thequality ofphysical mmunications. The Area contains nevertheless some Internal linkagesthe between The size ofCounty Corkthe and the sources and Changes in telecommunications network A good 8.1 r serious disadvantageto terms ofaccess in represents This a this disadvantage. the county of exacerbates the west within Thepoorroad structure population. town of5,000 cityand orover nearest in terms of straight-line distance tothe ofCounty Cork isdisadvantaged The west ra linked byroad and European economy not theonlysignificant Channel Tunnel, the the openingof since Ireland) is, region This (theRepublic of Europe. r ofa theperiphery Cork isat and West North Corkthe islands. and west north and urban-based facilitiesthan west disadvantagedto terms ofaccess in ofIreland more There isnopart Th Ro ihu improved access. without unachievable settlements isvirtually c 4, towns of with no the Area, of structure 5, town of the nearest from or more distant area withinIreland whichis45kilometres goa evcs tpresents aconstraint It egional services. egion whichisitselfperipheral within onsolidation and growth ofkeyonsolidation andgrowth 000 or more population. The urban The 000 ormore population. 0+pplto,isvery weak: 000+ population, il tothe European mainland. e Infrastructure Endowment ads Infrastructure T eAe nldstems extensive the most he Area includes 8.2 8.2.1 Map 8.1 isolating them. v their increasing and towns small these potential of development the economic constraining poor, aregenerally towns between County C and from Cork City. providingto access r C network in transport T adial system ulnerability by he mainroad oncentric linkagesoncentric ounty Cork isa Infrastructure T Improving AccessandCommunications: ntedvlpetofaregional the development on ratherthan the Corkwithin urbanarea, the road network of the functioning Tr r the Bandon-Dunmanway-Bantry regional has shownastrongly perceived needfor Local survey telecommunications line. exception ofafibre optic class 20thcentury infrastructurethe with nofirst hasvirtually the county, half of the southern whichcomprises the N22, of co theCork Cityarea hasastrong Whilst infrastructure networks ofCounty Cork. r hasnonational primary Irish counties, small towns in the Area. ofthe on the long term development oute to besubstantiallyoute improved. the main Map8.1shows oads. he Actions Requiredhe Actions ansportation Studyin1978focusedansportation on pe fifatutr,thearea south mplex ofinfrastructure, The original Cork LandUseand W est Cork, an area larger than many anarea larger Cork, est LU the apriorityof throughtraffic was not Theby-passingthe Cityfor of north. and routesPrimary andrail fromthe east r C Consequentlythe LUTS viewed network. would belocally lessdamagingifbetter losses where employment Dunmanway, Anexample is them. by isolating their vulnerabilitytowns andincreasing potentialthese small of development constrainingthe economic generally poor, linkages betweenCountytowns are Concentric to andfromaccess Cork City. C 1978)." through routethan asamajor (LUTS and CityCentre distributorroute rather ring road was viewedmainlyas oad system"accessedbyNational ork City as "a terminus of the national terminus of ork Cityas"a ounty Cork isaradial systemproviding TS h anra rnpr networkin The mainroadtransport

study. The function of the southern of function The study. "a local 8 79 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 80 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 8 T Improving AccessandCommunications: two services a day or even fewer. In the In adayoreven fewer. two services ofafew routes withoneor but services, all dayscheduled ofregular, consist not the maindoes the Area in in transport Public cars. and young peoplewithout seriouslyonelderlypeople particularly impacts transport Lack ofpublic ke hasbeenidentified asa transport Public and communications modes. be proper accessvia arangetransport of thenthere must from this shift benefit If rural Cork andCorkto fully Cityare fo to someconsiderable depends extent but potential for more balanced development Cork also offersthe and North West towns of the of Growth and urbanCork. relationship betweenrural predominant the to replacelikely "siphoningout"as urban area continuesto "spillover" is the economythe Cork As of Framework. the Strategic of main opportunity a networks present fromtransport major from peripherality andfrom isolation Cork whichresult and of North West Macroom andSkibbereen existed. r Pu a n ulctasotlinks with transport oad andpublic he Actions Requiredhe Actions r itssustainability onimproved access. eurmn incommunity appraisal. y requirement blic TransportServices The constraintsthe development on 8.2.2 98 investigatedthe condition ofroutes 1998, ofPublicEnterprise in the Department Mallow via Killarney to Tralee. The The to Mallow viaKillarney Tralee. branching linefrom fromthe primary to CorkDublin anda secondary line linefromthe primary of of asection Cork Area consists and the North in West Rail infrastructure hinterland ofCork City. the immediate mainly onareas in viability. issuesof lessusedandpresent present whichare at concerns lines, investment phaseof Thenext National Plan. to Corkthe last including Dublin under worksto mainroutes were funded Substantial to standard. network up the existing to bring seven years the next minimum of£1.2millionisrequired over ofa plans indicateaninvestment Tr The offunding. shortage after anextendedperiodof investment C forthe rail networkin context The current Rail routes. public transport the viability of to buildup challenge willbea it the Area, population of the sparseanddispersed Becauseof trips. c timetables rarelyas accommodated either was identified asacentral issue and rail, bothbus Timetabling ofexistingservices, basedbusservices. summer-onlytourist there are anumberof south-west of Rail Safety inIreland ommuter journeysorshopping/business ounty Cork isoneofsubstantial npr Infrastructure Needs ansport h netetproposed isfocused The investment ,c ommissioned by DKM Review of and CIE’s Re view ihu cars. without and young people on elderlypeople seriously particularly impacts transport Lack ofpublic Map 8.2 Proposed Road Improvements Co Upgradingthe entireto of network Tr the Thecondition of and electrification. c includingtrack way, permanent crossings, telecommunications andlevelincluding r considerations." The irrespective ofcost bereduced are unacceptable andmust "Risks concluded: Thereport deficiencies. theStateandfound multiple throughout grossthe existingnetwork. deficienciesin remedying existing are mainlyaimedat ra r for theopportunity also present but safety, works These are necessaryfor priority. crossings andnewrolling stockare also a level fencing, Bridges, to beapriority. T Improving AccessandCommunications: dcdjunytms urn plansfor Current times. educed journey eview found inadequacies insignalling, niin bridgesandotherstructures ondition; a he Actions Requiredhe Actions la ainllvlaentambitiousand national level are not il at n lee route was notedaspoor. tinuous Welded Rail (CWR) isdeemed emtpeopletravelling to Cork City permit suitable commuter journeysordonot r Co Bandon andLee Valleys andNorth West the thearea between and Ballinspittle, SouthCork betweenButlerstown kinds. disadvantage ofall inaccessingservices anextreme private carsat without elderly andyoung populationsandothers putting havetransport, littleornopublic Someareas towns andvillages. between C routes are radial routes fromto and Most LimerickandDublin. to buses Waterford, there are and specialservices student c r Bus Eireann hasanextensive networkof Bus services ue,a oesrie ontoffer donot assomeservices outes, numberof A the county. outes in ommercial operators also provide bus r iy withfew concentric links ork City, rk are suchareas. Timetabling isasbiganissueare 8 81 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 82 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 8 co safety and Standards ofcomfort, inthe County. improve public transport ordinatedto increase initiatives and would provide asoundbasisfor co- anaudit the County, characteristics of C Given the size of within their areas. co full Boards are out carrying Development number ofLocal AuthoritiesandCounty co isanessentialbus service for sustainable andcomfortable efficient Asafe, services. these car ownershiperodetheviability of Increased levels of existing busservices. many areas communities feartheir losing existing busservices. on dependent the social groups most teenagers are Olderpeopleand service. the schoolbus systembasedon transport r C TheNational Parents’the return journey. tasks before out to carry time sufficient c the runway extension of The of runway. overlay andwidening runway extension, ten yearsincludedexpenditure on C Cork. at the airport which manages group, management international airport AerRianta isan Cork. to and West presents anadvantagethe coastal zoneto C Air Services the Area. r of routes out access to public transport puts dispersed character of development the as "feederthis respect system"in Taxis are animportant destinations. to Cork Cityandother services to providetaxis areto bus used access the Area, of Inparts services. transport topublic support seen asimportant inrural areas and shouldbe important located bussheltersare also issues. the provisionand ageofbuses ofwell epresentations for acommunity each to a high proportion of residentsto ahighproportion each in ould be achieved to caterforould beachieved long-haul ounty Corkthe social andeconomic and ouncil have madenational ork Airport, to the southofCork to City, ork Airport, apital expenditure of£30moverthe last nv mprehensivetransport auditsofpublic mnte nNrhadWs ok A Cork. and mmunities inNorth West Co Privately are operatedtaxi services also enience, both in terms of the quality terms of bothin enience, mnt pria niae htin mmunity appraisalthat indicated T Improving AccessandCommunications: he Actions Requiredhe Actions public infrastructure inaneconomy isa thestockof 2000 –2006recognisesthat the future. andcohesion in development promoting economic andsocial the Information of Societyin importance driven byrecognitionthe increasing of c and ininternational broadband broadband infrastructure andservices r yearshave overundertaken recent Initiatives Information Society. of aninclusive the development to iscommitted The IrishGovernment airport. c r probabilitythe poor aconsequence of Thisisin the southwest). (particularly their area airaccessinto direct numerous community suggestionsfor Co proximity of the apparent inspiteof that c r thebenefitsofwhichare the Area, to isamajorpotential asset the airport T Information andCommunications ve is its extensive hinterland tothe west f f f f f envisaged to include: with£60mcapital outlayis (1999-2003) in 2000. fromto approximately 1.5min1999 1.7m Passenger numbersincreased annum. to caterfor1994 1.1mpassengersper Theterminal was extended in flights. oad access and lack of public transport oad accessandlackofpublic esulted in the provisionesulted in ofsignificant educed by the poor quality of the the poorquality of educed by onnectivity. These initiatives These have been onnectivity. onnections from South West Cork to the Corkto fromonnections South West isnoticeable It roadonnecting network. echnology (ICT) ry karott h ra there were the Area, to rk airport h ainlDvlpetPlan(NDP) The National Development ti iavnaet h ipr that isadisadvantagethe airport to It plan development airport The current E Pier; Air bridges; Multi storey carpark; to 2.5m; increase capacity R

preyppltd Thepresence of sparsely populated. xtension to apron. edevelopment of the terminal to oftheterminal edevelopment 8.2.3 Information Society. ofthe development the support to necessary capacity infrastructure of the basic the provisionand in e-commerce facilities c advanced provision of beh fall Ireland shouldnot that iscritical It ommunications and ind in the ind in f the NDP:being pursuedin thefollowing are objectives development, potential to contribute to economic its Informationto exploit Societyand inward investment. national competitiveness andattract required to contribute to to the extent co the provisionensure ofadvanced alone willnot a competitive market that There isevidence Information Society. the of thedevelopment support infrastructureto capacitynecessary fa co the provisionbehind in ofadvanced areas. the potentialenhance oflessdeveloped to and the level ofactivity to sustain this areathe capital both stockin expand to need the urgent the Planbecauseof c ofcommunications ande- development co infrastructure This includes needs. of itsmajorsocial andenvironmental and ofsociety’sto address some capacity ofitscompetitiveness major determinant ommerce infrastructure isapriorityof cilities and in the provisionthe basic cilities andin of mmunications services andnetworks mmunications services mmunications ande-commerce The mmunications networks. In order to leverage the benefits of the fall Ireland shouldnot that iscritical It ult,aalblt n rc;and availability andprice; quality, c r c T anks in the top decile ofOECD top decile the anks in ountries in terms of service range, ofservice terms in ountries it that so ommunications sector he development of the Irish of he development T Improving AccessandCommunications: he Actions Requiredhe Actions ot n etCork Area willneed and North West al infrastructure isaffordable high-speed, U. the are nowlaggingseriouslybehind use Infrastructure andlevels ofinternet isbecoming critical. access andprice, ofviewboth fromthepoint network, improve Ireland’stelecommunications electronically.to publicservices access the Informationto increase Societyand to enhancesocial inclusionin is objective An additional important timescales. to provideunlikely withinreasonable isfailingto provide for oris the market which andinfrastructureservices gaps, r to securingamore balancedview Thisiswitha developed areas ofIreland. infrastructure inless andservices co the provision ofadvancedsupporting ofPublicEnterprise is Department providedthe regional in programmes. isbeing investment This and e-commerce. accelerationthe Information of Society the andto support investment, deliver sufficient willnot the market isclear infrastructure inareas where it c inadvanced promote investment £1 aprovision of Tothis, achieve economies. the world’s of more advanced that co ofthe information and development the the gapbetween to close stimulus primingfundingcanprovidethe services co ofadvanced development the areathe ofpromoting In actions. led through arange ofGovernment f egional development and filling the andfilling egional development ommunications ande-commerce wa 97 million has been made in the NDP to the NDP 97 millionhasbeenmadein S mmunications ande-commerce inIrelandmmunications sector and mmunications infrastructure and A,UK n rne Thenecessary andFrance. U.K. .A., At the time of writing, the need to theneed time ofwriting, the At the ofthe NDP, Within the context areThese objectives beingpursued and digitalindustries. electronic of commerce development fav framework create a whichwill r T egulatory andadministrativeegulatory so,Itre n aasrie.The anddataservices. Internet ys on, eetbihetofalegal, he establishment ourable climateforthe 8 83 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 84 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 8 T Improving AccessandCommunications: cest uhasrie through DSL to suchaservice, access havethe UK ofhouseholds in 60 percent about for example, Bycontrast, in Ireland. av generallytelecommunications service services. in providingthese additional cost cent per Ireland willload anestimated10-13 dispersed populationdistributionin service. modification for anADSLorequivalent telephone exchanges willrequire Local tolerablyto 4milesdistant. and up to 2miles up works best exchange –it telephone distance from nearest c local networkandisproposing ahigh Eircom hasmonopolycontrol overthis Currently telephone line. of anordinary effectively squeeze broadband speedsout can It Cork. andwest innorth services awy n nentandinteractive "always on"internet high-speed such ashomebanking, ADSLwouldfacilitate uses highspeeds. at andreceive videoandotherdata transmit c technology whichallows astandard Subscriber Line)isanarrow band ADSL(AsymmetricDigital areas. torural andisolated the Internet by advantagethe potential of clearlyoffered taketo full is and wireless local loopifit affordable DSL(Digital SubscriberLine) s tutr.ADSLisalso restricted by structure. ost opper telephone wire to be upgraded to he Actions Requiredhe Actions ailable or being marketed to the public ailableto orbeingmarketed Currentlythere isno broadband the that hasbeenestimated It speeds rangingto 2Mbits from 256kbytes at ADSL, orcostlykbytes) leasedlines. relatively slowISDNlines (128 max), kbytes choose betweendial-up (50 connections haveto themoment and home-workers at c c (digital subscriberline)isaserious access high speed"always on"internet lackofDSL– The generating capacity. power cutsresulting from weakness in the dangerofunplanned limits –and C these isin are outside Dublin(oneof centres plannedinIreland ofwhichonly3 potential for more remote rural areas. ofKerryparts andmayhavethe best broadband accesshasbeen introducedto Wireless delay. proceed without theseorsimilar projects should that R al throughthe structural fundsorare have beenproposed for co-funding infrastructure andwireless local loop– broadband access infrastructure, the provision ofbroadband backbone Cork Area –ranging from and North West the numberofprojects in significant European countries. andmany U.S.A. the U.K., such as they are inothercompeting countries, as areservices widelyavailable inIreland, before broadbandtelecommunications maybesomeyearsyet it Thus, players. provision from agreater numberof stimulating competition requires that islikely it Inaddition, infrastructure. of time lagsentailed inany rollout there are significant Nevertheless, Ireland. in telecommunications in investment funds have promoted competition and throughphases ofassistancestructural two earlier including other initiatives, Liberalisationtelecommunications and of taken has place. date nosuchrollout to However, byEircom. being rolled out technology iscapable of This technology. meca s fitre aiiis SMEs facilities. ommercial useofinternet onbotheducational and onstraint go n h ot n etCork Area and the North egion and West r) Cork isconstrained byESB further ork). r ayudra.I iscritical forthe It eady underway. urnl hr r 1itre data Currentlythere are 21internet a Notwithstanding these delays, fo Thesecomments applya development. educational andsocial business, increasing disadvantageterms of in toslideinto isnot ifit working andindeed, the potentialto captureArea is for remote f f f f r Re 1. Area: Cork and West improvethe North to andwithin access The following are actions requiredto al rapid, Good, telecommunications needs. their advice on technically expert and independent they canaccessclear, SM the Area wouldbebeneficial. in services and understandingofexistingavailable afocusto onaccess Inany event, progress. take anyto support appropriate action agencies shouldmonitorprogress and Development telephony. class on first future economic areas whichwilldepend the Areathe entrythe important into of to threatof broadband wouldposeaserious small firmsand"homeworking". optionfor efficient cost the most would be T Improving AccessandCommunications: Recommended Actions oads network: wa he Actions Requiredhe Actions r co tiori Es urn easi olotofADSLand delaysinroll-out Current (County Kerry). R (incorporatingMallow Northern via Waterford), between Tallow(West improved two-lane carriageway consistent Provide aqualitystandard, to Clonakilty. two-lane carriageway from Bandon Provide aquality standard improved R (incorporatingthe BandonRelief and Dunmanwayto Bantry two-lane carriageway from Bandon Provide aquality standard improved priority. Macroom asafirst incorporating of two-lane bypass a N22 from Corkto Killarney, Providethe plannedupgrading the of mmendations to improvemmendations arterial so nentaccessisessentialthe if ys-on internet oad). elief Road)to Rathmore and Fermoy

a eei from if existingservices can benefit ,t o the islands. 8.3 yteCut eeomn Board. by the County Development Strategy Development the forthcoming priority within framework shouldbecontained asahigh theproposed accessimprovement that wouldbeextremely important it addition, In side ofnational andregional roads. to one towns ofvillages and development encouragethe locationofadditional F framework. accessdevelopment explicit ofan the context be pursuedwithin to to zoningin relation anddevelopment ab ofthe recommendations statement Plan the that important engage with the NRA to explain the key to explain the NRA engage with to willbenecessary this regard In it (NRA). the National Roadsdecided by Authority f to compete withmany otherproposals willhave Assuchit capital expenditure. aprogramme to of considerable amount proposed to attain this objective. is themannerinwhichit out should set the proposed above objective of and C c a improvements routesthe arterial in f f c takento improve shouldbe the actions r routesthe Area. within transport Re 2. f rrasipoeet htwill be or roads improvementsthat ue ti osdrdta thefollowing isconsideredthat outes it oncentric routes. oncentric roads network. reape spatial planningshould or example, head of the proposedhead ofimprovements in ouncil shouldbeframedthe context in co ov The isconsidered stepit As afirst E to securing Priority shouldbeattached to improving radialIn addition arterial Macroom (tobebypassed). via Dunmanway withMillstreet c route of Provide asafe efficient and Bantry.Skibbereen c route of Provide asafe efficient to Mitchelstown. from Mallow Co iety therecommendations above vidently, nitn designlinking onsistent designbetween onsistent mmendations to improvemmendations concentric e. should contain a asanobjective n This wouldallow planningpolicies R iu h mrvmn ofthe N73 tinue the improvement oads Programme C ounty Development , being formulated of the County C ounty 8 85 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 86 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 8 T Improving AccessandCommunications: Infrastructure andServices T Re 4. f -B -R f f To projects. ofPilot development approach revolvesthe around thisbackgroundthe proposed Against f co Plandoesnot National Development Public Transport Re 3. W and ofNorth the strategic development r or development of these services. of or development ole whichimprovedto playin accesshas elecommunications Broadband he Actions Requiredhe Actions s Cork. est

n co co hsedi isrecommendedthat: this endit As noted earlier (see Section 5.3.4) the 5.3.4) As notedearlier(seeSection ansgiiatbudgetaryprovision tain significant co transport along public development to inrelationclear policies systems byarticulating transport ofpublic the development support T system. the existing linkinginto new services, assistanceforthe promotion of pilot and of services; integration andoverall improvement to achievinggreater with aview services transport existing public be to: T c and localcommunities shouldbe agencies localdevelopment Eireann, Iaranród school busoperators, private busoperators, Bus Eireann, Fo Task Development Public Transport ofA theestablishment initiatives, ofresults from current the light In onsidered by the Countyonsidered by Council. mmended Actions to Improve mmended Actions mmendations for Improving Rural eview timetabling/schedules of eCut eeomn Planshould he County Development task forcethe of he objective could ring forward proposals for practical rr rc idors. e comprising representatives of f -T - f isrecommendedthat: it Therefore, implications ispoor. these developmentstheir and publicinformation asregards However, r re infrastructureto the Area and in status andadequacyofbroadband to undertaken establish the current aninitiative isbeing addition, In Plan. the National Development under Theseare beingsupported the Area. broadband infrastructure in andservices to improvewhich havethe capacity underway byanumberofproviders, As notedearlierseveral initiatives are edressing identified deficiencies. co the Country. av the competitiveness ofservice to monitorandevaluate and services of broadband infrastructure and be established to monitor the roll out should agencies local development userrepresentatives and providers, T will beavailable; av they willbe when the future, avai are terms of the that services Cork Area; and the North West in the NDP under financial support andapproved undertaken services for broadband infrastructure and in An inventory ofinvestment out: providers) whichwould set Ireland andservice Enterprise suchasIDAagencies Ireland and C say withlocalChambersof (inconjunction, promotional booklet should produce aninformation and Th A Broadband Telecommunications mn h etcourse for the best mmend ask Force comprising service eipc fti netetin this investment of he impact ommerce anddevelopment ailable and the cost at which they which at the cost ailable and iaiiycmae ihters of comparedthe rest with ailability onyDvlpetBoard e County Development al urnl,willbeavailable in lable currently, 9 T Improving Environmental Quality: . nrdcin88 91 90 88 Recommended Actions Further 9.4 Responses to Waste Current Waste: 9.3 Responses to Pressures on Water Current Water: 9.2 Introduction 9.1 he Actions Requiredhe Actions 87 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 88 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 9 T Improving Environmental Quality: in Section 9.4. in Section r Additional 9.2and9.3). this Plan(Sections whichcontributeto present, underway at are that actions chapter setsout This the strategyof for development. incorporatedthe general into approach environmental sustainability was InChapter5, experiencing pressure. whichare environmental quality, are of anumberofaspects there asshowninChapter4, Moreover, 3. W and priority ofcommunities inNorth Environmental quality isavery high hra oi olto,siltation and toxicwhereas pollution, eutrophication andorganic pollution, water to the Area quality is in threat common Themost appropriate goal. purification processesthe are self- aquatic eco-systems withintact Properly functioning 2000). workshop, environmental (Community appraisal, environmentalthe Area concern in Wa Introduction Pressures on Water Wa einforcing measures are recommended he Actions Requiredhe Actions s ok asdiscussedearlierinChapter Cork, est ter quality is the top priority the ter quality is e:CurrentResponses to ter: 9 9.1 .2 sustainable policies. authorities candevelop sensibleand informationthe competent onwhich toprovidethe essential environment the aquatic informationthe stateof on of and analysis ofalargeamount establish asoundbasisforthe collection especially emphasises the need to It Plans. River BasinManagement c to develop integrateddesigned and w The European Water Framework Directive thethree are interconnected. mind that keeping in ofcourse, always, and fisheries, c goal initsownright. worthwhile aquaticsystemsandisa to protect need will bringincreased awarenessthe of Improvedto riverside amenities access to developwould like riverside walks. Many communities have developed or potential amenity. as avery important their rivers towns andvillagesnowview Co the occasionforand as floodnuisance. rivers asareceptacle for effluent treat to takenthe lessbe seriously.none should acidification are lesscommon but hrn waterthe basisof policieson oherent watercourses, oncerning water quality, saotdo ue2t,20.I is It 2000. as adoptedonJune29th, mnt pria hw htmost mmunity appraisalthat shows R tendency thereHistorically hasbeena esponses are categorisedhere as c environmental top priority Wa oncern in the Area. in oncern ter quality is the ter qualityis ouetisthe document thebaseline monitoring inCounty Cork, T Improving Environmental Quality: (W the Local on Government Measures Report f f to beachievedStandards by2007are: to beimplemented.measures mediumandlong-term ofshort, list by 2007and2013outlinesadetailed Re TheMeasures to 1999. legislation up 1998 whichincorporates all relevant Standards for Phosphorus) Regulations, f f he Actions Requiredhe Actions port sets out standards to beachieved standards setsout port a As concerns water quality andwater ri of existingunsatisfactory parts All to beallowed. locations monitoring satisfactory qualityrated river/lake No deterioration ofexisting where considered necessary. Proposed locations newmonitoring Regulations.the Phosphorus in out improved to reach targets set existingunsatisfactory lakesAll to be R bythe Phosphorus out set e olto)At1977 ter Pollution) Act egulations. v ers to be improved to reach targets C ork County Council (Water Quality con Planforto Skibbereen Development Draft Board suggestedincommentsthe on the South Western Regional Fisheries andprotection. management address issuesofwaterways does not regulations andotherdirectives, habitat providing forthe adoption ofmany while Planning Bill, The Local Government addresstaking changeswhichare place. assessand no overallto identify, policy f f wa Other responses tothe pressures on the measures are outlinedindetail. urban wastewater dischargesand industrial discharges and as agriculture; Themainpressures are identified to 2013. stretching thetimeto achieve thetargets maximum allowable periodofsixyears, berequired forthe sitesmight difficult the Regulationextension of forthe more hyd the rivers’ their floodplainsandon the physical nature ofwatercourses and r f l nieyo ae ult u also on ely entirely onwater quality but ter quality include the following:ter quality include As regards waterways inurbanareas, F qai aia protection doesnot Aquatic habitat fe the control to of 1990 inrespect (Water Pollution) (Amendment) Act Byelawsthe Local Government under one for southCork isinprogress. usingsuchaschemeand successfully Cork is North Protection Schemes. the preparation ofGroundwater jointly developed amethodologyfor L and ofEnvironment Department T applied. shouldbe that inorganic fertiliser or slurry amounts ofmanure, of whichinvolves an assessment Plan, Management to produce aNutrient z T came into force in1999. Gradogue andFunshion catchments, sider r rvrosraos twsfl htan that was felt it or various reasons, lgclrgm.Tothere exists date ological regime. ocal Government and the EPA and have ocal Government ones, where farmers will beobliged where farmers will ones, eGooia uvyo rln,the he GeologicalSurvey ofIreland, he designationofnitrate sensitive rt i liser application in the Lee, liser applicationin a RiverCorridor Management 9 89 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 90 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 9 T Improving Environmental Quality: ihre or,1998). Fisheries Board, r legitimate interests involvedthat in the with byagreement distribute it to surplusand that to maximise goal is r r the the sharewe are of to onlyentitled f the fisheries the viability of expense of the at not isachieved but growth that toensure sustainable development " Ourvisionforto deliverthe future is W the South Theplandeveloped by span. planbasedonafive year development region eachfishery prepare a that amenity use. provide anattractive linearfeature for wildlifethese corridors and speciesalong all terrestrialthus benefit habitats and thiswouldimprovethe aquaticand that isconsidered It programme. development Plan rftr eeain.We recognisethat or future generations. esource" (South Western Regional Our for self-maintenance. equirement isinexcess ofits that esource he Actions Requiredhe Actions estern Regional FisheriesBoard states: n18,teFseisAtinstructed theFisheriesAct In 1980, sa nerlpr ofany urban as anintegral part re the the planare the mainprinciples of of C f f f f f f f wa to segregatethe Area) of other parts w general consciousness ofproblems of than There isamuchhigher boat. of waste removal fromthe islandsby c the of fashionto otherparts different f f declared aimsare: Its entitled "Changingour Ways". P andLocal Government Environment the of the Department isguidedby It legislation. which incorporates all current W wa to response recent relevant The most to Wasteto Wa ut.Teei ietandobviouscost There isadirect ounty. lc ttmn ofSeptember1998 olicy statement r’ w at aaeetPa.Two Plan. ork’s own Waste Management aste andawillingness(asinmany duction ofwastethe feasibilityduction and of seMngmn Planfrom 1999, aste Management ste for recycling. ste pressures isCork County Council’s These aimsare mirrored inCounty The islandsexperiencewaste ina h r facilities. the art to approximately landfills 20stateof Ra C R from landfill. ofmethaneemissions 80% reduction w 300,000tonnes ofbio-degradable fa treatmentother feasible biological ofcomposting and Development Solid Waste. R c ofthe bio-degradable wastes cent, byaminimumof65per A reduction, household waste from landfill. ofoverall A diversion of50percent byaminimumof65%. A reduction, household waste from landfill. A diversion of50%overall s onsigned to landfill. ccigo tlat85%of least ecycling ofat ccigo 5prcn ofMunicipal ecycling of35percent onstruction andDemolition onstruction Waste. e CurrentResponses te: aste perannum. ci tionalisation of the country’stionalisation of 100 lities capable of treating up to treating up lities capableof 9.3 households already. large numberof haveto a beensold c w fa biowaste isamajor C omposting bins omposting of aste and ct or in reduction of or inreduction oekrsd olcin toinvolvethe Some kerbside collection, r c W Nosoliddatawere available for south. and the north 1073in City byJune2000, al to alargenumberofhouseholds sold of waste andcomposting binshave been of biowaste isamajorfactor inreduction Composting this effect. projectsto are run Anumberof local recycling options. strength. to gofromto seemsstrength project r c the wider toreach difficult made it r Lackof has beenmostlyacityproject. To dateit been awardedto nineschools. w topic of awarenessthe inschoolson to raisethree years ago environmental r Scotland to for the FRSandsent by Black plasticusedinfarming iscollected w ofgenerated householder paysperweight the individualthat binassure Ca around Corkthe nearfuture. in w c T Improving Environmental Quality: ecycling-plants isbeinginvestigated. esponse to a recent circular and the circular and to arecent esponse aseriousstaff has shortage i.e. esources, ecycling. onsideredtrial. onasmall scale on ut.Hwvr there was avery good However, ounty. onsumer inrecycling andseparation of r seadismngmn.Theflaghas aste anditsmanagement. aste ratherthan perbinorbyvolume. aste willbepioneeredtowns insmaller s ok Collection ofcardboard is Cork. est he Actions Requiredhe Actions rrigaline where microchipsthe in eady. 525 bins had been takenthe 525binshadbeen upin eady. F h re lgpoetwas started The Green Flagproject isongoingin project A pilot aiiiyo ml cl,regional easibility ofsmall scale, f f f f f and Coastal Zone Management r to landfillasmall to onlydispose hoped is It take will place. more detailedsorting the second points stagecollection where re The take will place. some sorting regions where composting and different the points stagecollection in use first new waste disposal systemproposesto The tank. weigh-bridge andaneffluent new landfillsitewillbeequippedwitha the twoyearsand the next to closein landfill sitesare due all present However, tank forweighbridge anda effluent. OnlyRossmore hasa underdeveloped. the pressuresdeal with is Re 1. Area: Cork and West environmentalthe North quality within andsupport to protect proposed The following are additional actions Recommended Further Actions esidue. mainder will be baled and trucked to truckedmainder willbebaled and co Ameliorating action at landfill sites to landfillsites Ameliorating at action scheme forthe whole countythe as Plan. the County Development Ca fe wa wa abstractions. through control ofwater Maintain sustainableflowregimes stream. the waste fromof nutrients water effectively remove alargepercentage treatmentssecondary to and tertiary whichdemandsmore Directive, the Urban in linewith Waste Water facilities treatment effective effluent sewage inputsbyimplementing from bothcommercial anddomestic andimprove water quality Protect dp agroundwater protection Adopt Incorporatethe forthcoming River Maintain andimprove natural all mmendations in relation to mmendations inrelation Water atures ofany urbandevelopment. cmn aaeetPlaninto Management tchment terways, and include them as andinclude terways, ter coursestowns asopen within 9.4 9 91 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 92 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 9 In relation to In relation f f f f f is recommendedthat: T Improving Environmental Quality: he Actions Requiredhe Actions aaeetPlans. Management encourage farmersto applyNutrient Co groundwater quality. effective wayto protect most should beinitiated. line dataonenvironmental changes the coastalof zoneto establishbase programmeA monitoring for uses all Environmental Protection Schemes. w Suchschemes trans-national level. nationaland local, improvements at promoting stock aimed at environmentallytechniques sound and fishfarmersto develop voluntary to encourageimplemented fishermen Protection Schemes(MEPS) shouldbe EnvironmentA systemofMarine to becoherent. is should beco-ordinatedthe response if these should beacknowledgedand re producersthe shellfish and thefishfarmers and fishermen, theonshore off shore fishermen, the i.e. users, obligations ofdifferent T co andDúchasshouldbe the Marine of C namely bodies, between the different aaeetresponsibilities Management he needsandenvironmental r onyCucl theDepartment ork County Council, ould be analogous to the Ruralto ould beanalogous creational user of the coastalcreational userof zone, -ordinated more closely. n tinue andstrengthen effortsto c oastal zone management ,it fo the by supported quality could befurther environmental isconsideredthat It and Transport f f f f use: transport to energyand Re 3. f f Re 2. ll co co owing recommendations inrelation promoted andsupported. technologies shouldbe and new alternative fuels Initiativesto support sustainable energy. assessed as totheir requirements for proposalsMajor industrial shouldbe projects. assess energyimplicationsofvarious to energy audit mandatory a i.e. plans, integrated into development Energy requirements shouldbe wa and the waste, mentioned under suggestions for subregions as more area coverage inlinewith withmore resourcessupported and shouldbefurther inMallow Project Th promoted andsupported. packaging recovery shouldbe the rateNew initiativesto increase of should beendorsed. the countygenerated in annually with over 700,000tonnes ofsludge T mmendations inRelationto Energy mmendations in relation to waste.mmendations inrelation he Sludge Management Plan dealing Plan he SludgeManagement e work of the Renewablee work of Energy ter sections in this report. in ter sections 10 01Itouto 94 96 Recommendations for Action 10.3 Recreational withChangingSocial, AChangingSociety 10.2 Introduction 10.1 T and Cultural Infrastructure: Recreational Improving Social, he Actions Requiredhe Actions n utrlPeeecs94 95 94 Recreation and Tourism Culture, 10.2.2 Migration Trends andCultural AndSocial Change 10.2.1 and Cultural Preferences 93 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 94 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 10 Coun the throughout arts performance classical andmodern access totraditional, potential for wider the opens up Schoolyard Theatre R na Carraige at Bruach Gap, Briery the spaces suchas new performing T he introduction of ockchapelthe and ty. T Recreational andCultural Infrastructure: Improving Social, co specificproposals are Therefore, ofyoungthe Area.proportion peoplein is akeyto retaining factor ahigher va to a access that isevident it addition, W and the peopleofNorth of integral part cultural characteristics whichform an there are many uniqueanddistinctive AsdiscussedinChapter4, development. incorporated into astrategy for future cultural facilities shouldbe andservices recreational and and availability ofsocial, to promote measures greater access that of social exclusion anddeprivation. inreducing many aspects greatly assist will opportunities improved employment infrastructurethe creation of and provision ofimproved and publicservices the As discussedearlierinChapter5, hl,i rnigwt taheightened isbringingwithit a whole, influences. and television are also important L culture. international dominanceofU.S.A. of popularculture andincreasing al the world, of parts heritage ofdifferent awarenessthe cultural andsharingof withincreased globalisation ofculture, the isexperiencing particular, in The young generationthe Area, within andelectronic media. throughthe print the Areachanges are directly bearingon profound cultural Simultaneously, are resultingthe Area. inimmigrationto the Area, of inmany parts opportunities along withincreased economic style, thesearch for analternative life- ment, r pressures, Urban-generated development Introduction and Cultural Preferences Recreational Social, Changing Society A Changing with h vrl eeomn plan the overall development in whichisanintegral element aspect, trmn andholidayhomedevelop- etirement clmdaicuignwppr,radio ocal mediaincludingnewspapers, he Actions Requiredhe Actions ongside the intense commercialisationongside s okadwihaehgl aud In Cork andwhichare highlyvalued. est nt riety ofsocial and recreational services oee,i diin tisconsidered it inaddition, However, h urn cultural fluxinIreland as The current ained below, in relation to this to inrelation ained below, 10.1 10.2 by electronic media. to urbanlivingdominated and pastimes transitiontaking placefrom is local music Avery rapid generally acknowledged. inevitability of cultural changeis the whilst awarenessthe past, of c tocultural continuity and threat a r the new the originof irrespective of bring infresh andunfamiliar ways oflife. All Othersare indifferent. traditions. new energyinto local culture and inject inlocal immigrants have astrong interest Some 10years. the last the Area in in r P othersare leaving. their area whilst ofnewpeopleinto substantial movement the Area are of experiencing parts C Migration drawnthe Charts in other out. the Area whichcanceleach of and out movements in not any oneday, people at total numbersof the they onlyshow as the "turnover" ofpeopleinanarea, f co populations successfullyinto existing The potentialto integrate newimmigrant Cultural Change Migration Trends andSocial rteAe.Population statisticsmask the Area. or esidents, is identified is bymany peopleas esidents, eligious backgrounds haveto live come ohesiveness. This is because the natural Thisisbecause ohesiveness. ol rmmn ifrn ethnicand eople from many different muiyApaslso htsome ommunity Appraisalthat show mmunities is the critical opportunity mmunities is Over-rapid populationexpansion, 10.2.1 electronic media. dominated by to urbanliving music andpastimes place from local transitiontaking is A very rapid htnewresidents canmake. that the countythe cultural and contribution the positive benefitsofimmigrationto co fa the In riskofdisappearing. are at past practices belonging totheir agricultural artefacts and the structures, aware that aspeopleare townscapes, buildings and throughthe conservation ofhistoric and centre andmuseumdevelopment "capture"through local heritage heritage acrossthe countyto growing movement there isa time, thesame At negative. cultural changeare mixed oreven to attitudes beingexperienced, are not ofsocial andeconomicaspects change the beneficial andwhere to emigration, due valuethreat isunder culture ofgreat inareas whereparticularly auniquelocal people into existingcommunities. proactiveto integration approach ofnew they needed totake a indicated that positive benefitsofimmigration and Co social fragmentation canbeexceeded. a r T Recreational andCultural Infrastructure: Improving Social, t twhichnewcomers canbe ate at bsorbed into acommunity without he Actions Requiredhe Actions eo ua eln,all participating ce ofrural decline, mmunities have also acknowledged mmunities also have recordedthe In some parts of the county, of In someparts access and share their culturalaccess andshare heritage. can the countywhether within orglobally, forms, traditions andart from different betweenpeople within whichcontact theCounty. throughout performance arts classical and modern access totraditional, the potentialTheatre opensup for wider Ca Bruach na the BrieryGap, spaces suchas The introduction ofnewperforming f Aclassical music Cork. to artists West international rock andperformance successfullybrought from 1997-9, run LissArd The festival, outside Cork City. generallythe County beenperformed in have not orchestral music, ballet, opera, of afalse andstereotypical performance. the form in presenting it visitors without provideto local culture someaccess for A questionforto communities ishow to secure economiccan "sell" advantage. the community as acommodity which c thelocal andfor, something inherently of, thisisseenbothas Now, local culture. to amoreto complexhas led attitude demand for culturaltourism andheritage awarenessthe of attractiveto visitors: Unique local cultures are strongly utr,Recreation and TourismCulture, estival isalso heldsuccessfullyinBantry. muiybtisalso increasingly seen ommunity but riea Rockchapelthe Schoolyard and rraige at hs eusaeipratspaces These venues are important suchasprofessionalElite arts theatre, 10.2.2 10 95 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 96 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 10 T Recreational andCultural Infrastructure: Improving Social, co a forum shouldbe that proposed is providedthis areato initiatives it in whichwouldbe nature ofsupport, the character and andindeed supports determine precise criteria for establishing y strategyto retain of ahigherproportion the of interventions are warranted aspart publicpolicy Therefore, to urbancentres. areas isidentified asafactor inmigration inurbanascomparedservices withrural to recreationaland greater accessibility y r number ofinitiatives are proposed in f interventionsthis area are in warranted: additionpublicpolicy In should be. thosepreferences than prescribing what va should be to facilitate meeting these thekey focus ofpolicy circumstances, these In in many instances. thesepreferences to meet be relied upon c of the set of preferences are part recreational andcultural social, Firstly, principles shouldbefollowed. guiding certain isconsideredthat it In making recommendationsthis area in raiain,cmuiygop,local community groups, organisations, youth youth services, schools, r f Recommendations forAction elation to the provisionto offacilitieselation for lvn stakeholdersthe suchas VEC, elevant nue rfrne.Temre may Themarket onsumer preferences. oung peopleinrural areas. Thewideravailability of oung people. he Actions Requiredhe Actions nv iu n hnigpeeecs rather rious andchangingpreferences, As a first step and in order to stepandinorder As afirst Having regard tothese principles a of cultural heritage. suchasapiece publicly ownedasset, ordegradationdestruction ofa providedthe results in service c To To provide these services; uneconomicto findsit the market although shouldbeavailable, services certain body politicconsidersthat osts) suchaswhere amarket ened. This should comprise the Thisshould comprise ened.

r c md aktfiue ..the i.e. failure, emedy amarket urb negative (i.e. externalities 10.3 f f f f f f f shouldbepursued: development to preservationapproach and thefollowing isrecommendedthat it wouldbeprovided. that the meansandsubstanceofsupport and becovered to geographical catchment fa should beproposed asregardsthe re f f f f f f co provision offacilities for young people should consider anagendaregardingthe of the County Council. the chairmanship under tourism sectors, organisationsandbusiness sports Macra naFeirme, agencies, development iiista hudb upre,the shouldbesupported, that cilities co mprising suchissuesas: As regards local heritageandcustoms Fo ti eomne htthisforum isrecommendedthat It f facilitate venues; performance Provide/encourage provision of spaces are availableto youths. indoor recreational Ensure that sports. skills. Promotetraditional accreditation of of the Area. heritage thenatural and built Protect traditions andpastimes. Promote knowledgeoflocal culture. r Promote highqualityfestivals culture. F cafes andclubs. internet Support re to to provideSeek eveningtransport fa Improve anddiversify sports activities/sportsAll-weather facilities development. fa for adventure active sports Support clubs. for newandexistingyouth Support mmended that a detailed action plan a detailedaction that mmended estivals. eflecting localandinternational eflecting oster andcelebrate forms oflocal all lwn t eieaini is llowing itsdeliberation it ci ci cr lities/female participation in lities/female participation lities through tourism ainletranetfacilities. eational/entertainment 11 14Pooe mlmnainHeacyadRsucs100 100 98 Proposed Implementation Hierarchy andResources 11.4 ofPartnership and Wider Community Participation Development 11.3. Somegeneral Issuesfor Consideration Effective Implementation ofStrategy: 11.2. Introduction 11.1. T C ofPartnership and Wider Development he Actions Requiredhe Actions ommunity Participation: 98 97 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 98 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 11 T C ofPartnership and Wider Development boundaries of the areas. Many of the Many of the areas. boundaries of relates tothe The first tothis. aspects re this isimplemented need which basis forthe structures within someof therational However, been maintained. prior tothistime have well development were operationsthat development sector certain Anexceptionthat is mid-1990s. the inIrelandthinking andactivity since hasdominatedpolicy development co areas ascurrently local development is areconsiderationthe structure of of Thefirst shouldbeaddressed. that issues C policyfor and North West development the specificsof or even decideon In advanceto implement ofattempting for Consideration S Effective Implementation of the the strategy. co andwider ofpartnership development the Second is proposed strategy. the isimplementation of First issues. two This chapterisconcerned with Introduction 7 N r,there are anumberofmore general ork, rtg:SomeGeneralIssues trategy: he Actions Requiredhe Actions ommunity Participation: c siue.Area ratherthan sector nstituted. mmunity participation in relation to inrelation mmunity participation ESC (1994) nieain hr r tlattwo least There are at onsideration. 11.2. 11.1. New Approaches to RuralNew Approaches Development. uln NationalEconomic andSocial Council. Dublin: L which policyisimplemented. at unit av theissueshouldbe that mean not thisdifficulty does However, the other. undermining itsrationalityterms of in these variablesto oneof without agency’sterms ofreference withrespect to identify an maybeimpossible it to achieve andinmanybalance instances Thisisadifficult based approaches. to excludethe useofsector be allowed area-based the approach shouldnot that was emphatic TheNESC characteristics. c approach arisefrom itsusein theadvantagesthis of that noted (1994) NESC to development, approach hoc may have beenlaiddownonafairly ad that place withinlinesofdemarcation taketo appears Againactivity through. c area programmes basisandsector is and implementing programmes onan r c be asbadinCork asinmany other a r Thisproblem isalso development. identify cohesive areas for accident are usually locatedbyhistorical that r There isnoprior inCork. Charleville isnot natural hinterland ofMitchelstownor the muchof For example, boundaries. definition –ofcounty andCEB the coincidencegood example –by is A basis ofpre-existing area definitions. these areas havethe beenidentified on of some that Asecond issueis attention. region requirea particular equal all areas of not After all, optimal manner. the appliedin efforts are not that mean can necessarily asource ofdisputebut Thisisnot and County Enterprise Boards. for example Leader groups boundaries, agencieshave overlapping development elationship betweenformulating policy elevant in the caseofmany Leader in areas elevant county boundaries that to expect eason ocal knowledgeis essential for local ombination withotherorganisational thought befully omplex andmaynot ounties. lthough the problem does not seem to seem the problemlthough doesnot oided. A third and related issue refers tothe h eodisei htthe that The second issueis ai.Inadvocating anarea-based basis. 7 re suburbs asaneconomic drain on f many areas However, the local area. in their incomea reasonable of proportion if residentstravel can to workandspend aproblem for anarea isnot employment thepresence oflocal example, For presently available isrequired. than is patterns andeconomic activity greater knowledgeonlocal expenditure much the consultantsthat to indicated Views expressed initiative isarea based. the where particularly development, na rawt ihqaiyo ie This in anarea withahighquality oflife. wishto live willing totravel to work but peopleare andincreasingly, In general, inareas whereopportunities people live. ke The areas more created. opportunities circlespending powercreating avirtuous theyfollow Thus, are. opportunities jobs willfollowthe best where and economic activity that is The fact policy. utilisedindevelopment often not too isall dynamic ofeconomic activity and opportunities. the geographical area of suchproblems impossible for the agencies to identify a in the However, problem. greatest va tothe ability to capture the this threat are available, opportunities employment Even where local well away inCork City. co Theirmain their majorcompetitors. local businessesdoseeeachotheras T C ofPartnership and Wider Development ear the influence of the Corkthe influenceof City ear sneo ealdifraini is bsence ofdetailedinformation it v he Actions Requiredhe Actions lue generatedthe the Area is in y tothis circle is to provide spending mpetitors are the unknownbusinesses mpetitors are ommunity Participation: ne soecnatexpressed it, Asonecontact enue. nte su sta theinherent that Another issueis the this issuescrops Again up in decisions. to optimally influence centralisedunable initiatives – are and the ability totarget who havethe required local information thelocal groups – that the result with thesemaybe inadequate, that perception to bea thereareas wouldappear some In the centre. the local levels and strong communications vertical between localisation arethere reduced are unless theadvantages of that mean is does it what However, disadvantageous. suchdevelopments are inany way that think Thereto isnoreason will emerge. hierarchies inplace, structures are put r decisionswillinevitably important some However, well recognised. approach over acentralised approach is the advantagedecade and this of the past in localise rural development c There hasbeen the local level. to brought which decisionmaking iscentralised or much more sustainable employment. then local expenditure willmake for make anarea anattractiveto live, place are theservices providedto however, If, they are lowvalueunless employment. tosustain may makethose jobsdifficult r wa isadifficult while undoubtedlypositive, jobsinto anarea, Importing process. the emerges strongly in ange ofcompetitiveness related factors mi etaie n,where local emain centralised and, onsiderable progressto inattempting oapoc h rbe,since a y to approach the problem, A final issue relates to the degree to the degree A finalto issue relates F uture Search findings. coun sub- at purposes implementation module for area "delivery" important c areas should localelectoral that isrecommended It omprise an omprise F uture Search ty level. 11 99 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 100 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 11 T C ofPartnership and Wider Development implementing goals. role in can playanimportant which farming(particularly andfishing), groups havetheir ownlocal organisations stakeholder important level, sector At from avarietyother supports ofagencies. the co-ordinatorslevel as offundingand local at plansinplacecanact local action their own put Communities that strategy. the support projects that development local inundertaking supported C the self-defined local community. each electoral area. c Cork should therefore recommendedthat is It term. the longer either area in to benefit isunlikely geographically, areas culturally and different two very Macroom electoral areas, c andmore socially attained inasmaller betterinteraction could be measures, andstrategicdelivery oflocalservices number ofarea committees. smaller counties propose asimilar much other, that shouldbenoted It units. successfullyaslocal deliveryto function too large theseareas maybe themselves, ofthe electoral areas and the extent c c These latterareas broadly encompass byelectoraldissected area boundaries. whichinsomecasesare economic areas, socio- the different understanding of these areas shouldbeinformedwithin by Delivery delivery. approachto local service expanded area committees apartnership throughmandate andare building level. sub-county at implementation purposes "delivery" modulefor area areas shouldcomprise animportant It Wi Development ofPartnership and onsider operating anarea committee for Pairing ofBandonwith ohesive unit. mite.Given the size of the county ommittees. ohesive geographical andsocial entities. ommunities shouldbeencouraged and he Actions Requiredhe Actions ommunity Participation: srcmeddta localelectoral is recommendedthat Another key implementation area is C der Community Participation ork has ten expandedarea ork has These areas have ademocratic 11.3. In terms of In terms liaison. and Board level for policydevelopment County Development andat purposes locallevel for implementation both at T such groups. approvedsupporting initiatives from liaison withlocalcommunity groups and to shouldextend function secretariat The the secretariat. of day management should have forto the day responsibility who Officer, through adedicatedProject Committee,the Steering to should report secretariat The Plan onaday-to day basis. the to agencies implement development national and relevant local authorities shouldbeseconded fromthe secretariat re re proposed sub-committee ofelected the to GroupSteering shouldreport This and for implementation. monitoring re should have role inexecuting aprimary agencies, national andlocaldevelopment the Council andrepresentativesof of comprising officials Committee, Steering A take overall forthe Plan. responsibility r includinga representatives, elected c political level should besought. re is it Therefore, than the Council. the Plan, to broadly basedcommitment implementation wouldrequire amore R re C c instancethis must Inthe first objectives. re proposed strategythe and r the Plan Successful implementation of Hierarchy andResources Proposed Implementation equires political commitment to the to equires political commitment lvn oenetMinistershould Government elevant onsidered that a sub-committee a of that onsidered ome from locally elected Members of the ome from Membersof locally elected erivleetshouldbeencouraged heir involvement pr isfartheir reaching and eport ouncil. However, the scope of the thescope of However, ouncil. c c c co is it Finally, presentatives. co meddta upr from national support ommended that ommendations containedthis in to attainits ommendations proposed mne htasal dedicated a small, mmended that mmendations containedthe Plan in 11.4 tis It