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Common Grazing Lands and Bāthāns in Nalbari, India

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Common Grazing Lands and Bāthāns in Nalbari, India On the verge of disappearing? Common grazing lands and bāth āns in Nalbari, India Dinamani Bhagawati Introduction: Land is an important natural resource, which provides food, fibre, biomass and perform functions that are important for sustaining biodiversity. Population pressure and technological advances have led to significant changes in the pattern of land use and the nature of land cover in recent decades (Sikka, 2002). This modification of land cover by human activity has been identified as a prominent contributing factor to global environmental changes in multiple realms (Turner et. al. 1997). Flint (2002) has worked out the changes in land use and land cover in the Gangetic plain over the last century wherein, high input technologies had to be introduced to increase food production to meet the demand of an exponentially growing population. As a result, in the Gangetic valley there have been significant changes in land use and associated biophysical and socio-economic elements (Abrol et. al. 2002). Such changes have not occurred everywhere in the world with the same intensity. Land use in long settled areas has been a primary concern for the degree of sustainability of land use changes (Li et. al. 1999). Though land use pattern and its consequences on natural ecosystem has been a matter of global concern, it has become most alarming in developing countries like India (Kurma et. al. 2000). The rapid changes of land cover due to rapid population growth have ultimately degraded soil quality, which is the ‘stomach of the plant’, and due to the degradation of soil quality, the productivity of land also decreases (Venkateswarlu, 1997). As a result, the study of the land use/land cover changes has been the matter of concern for social scientists all over in the world. Ioffe et. al. (2001) made a study of the land use changes in the environs of Moscow and examined the effect of the urbanization in the Moscow area on changes in the spatial pattern of agriculture. The rapid growth of population has resulted in the fragmentation of forests. Species loss as a result of tropical forest fragmentation has been described as the greatest single threat to biodiversity (Myers, 1989; Turner, 1996). In a region of particularly high population density, where settlements commenced at an early date, the degree of association of the various woodland structure is very high (Backes,1999). Such areas have suffered significant losses, not only in terms of trees species diversity and density of the various vegetation structures- the agro-biological diversity of crop cultivation, but also in another important way in that the accompanying species also are reduced (Backes,1997). Land use- land cover changes are often adversely affected in diverse high population density contexts and how these unfold in the Nalbari district in India is the focus of this paper. 2 The Area: Extending between 26 010 ΄N and 26 0 47 ΄N latitudes and 90 015 ΄E and 91 038 ΄E longitudes, the Nalbari district is bounded by Bhutan on the north, Kamrup district on the south and east and Barpeta district on the west. The district has a geographical area of 2031.76 sq km with a total population of 11,38,148 (2001 census) living in 803 villages and only in two urban centers. 3 Population Density in Nalbari District: Nalbari district has a total population of 11,48,824 as per 2001 Census with a density of 562 per km 2 much higher than the state average. This indicates the high pressure of the rural population in the district since 1971 as also currently. 4 Population Density in Nalbari District, 1971-2001 Year Nalbari district Assam 1971 342 187 1991 497 286 2001 562 340 Source: Census of India, 2001 Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cultivated Land (PPPC): The computation of a proportionate pressure of population has been used as a handy indicator to measure population pressure on agricultural land resources in an area (Chetri, 2000). It is particularly meaningful in an area like Nalbari district, where almost 98.00 per cent of the population is rural and predominantly based on agriculture. The proportionate pressure of population on cultivated land (PPPC) is defined as Where Pi = Population in each unit Pi Pt = Total population of all units x100 Pt CLi= Cultivated land in each unit PPPC = CLt= Total cultivated land of all units CLi x100 Population pressure on cultivated land increases CLt as per capita land availability decreases. This relation seems to exist in the study area and pressure of population is very high in the Pub-Nalbari, Barbhag and Paschim Nalbari blocks. The proportionate pressure is much higher in these blocks, which varies from 1.51 to 1.71. The per capita share of cultivated land is also poor with 0.06 and 0.07 hectares only. Barkhetri and Madhupur blocks show high proportionate pressure of 1.26 and 1.18, which are above the average. The scenario of cultivated land in the Barkhetri block is rapidly changing. It has already been shown that, the fast growing population in the Barkhetri block has caused a large area of marshy lands being brought under cultivation. Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cultivated Land in Nalbari District, 2001 C.D. Populati Are Cultiv Cultiv Populati Cultiv Prop. Rema Perca Block/Dist/ on a ated ated on (% of ated Pressur rks pita State (census (hec area land the land e of share 2001) t) (hect) (%) total) (% to populati of the on on cultiva total) cultivate ted d land land Pub - 11285 1247 725 58.13 10.06 5.88 1.71 Very 0.06 Nalbari 8 2 0* high Barbhag 58613 7365 412 55.97 5.23 3.34 1.56 Very 0.07 2 high Paschim 11292 1366 823 60.29 10.07 6.68 1.51 Very 0.07 Nalbari 8 6 9 high 5 Barkhetri 16318 3244 142 43.89 14.55 11.55 1.26 High 0.09 8 8 40 Madhupur 45968 7386 429 58.19 4.10 3.48 1.18 High 0.09 8 Barigog - 94654 1549 968 62.47 8.44 7.85 1.08 Normal 0.10 banbhag 8 1 Tihu 58402 9604 704 73.40 5.21 5.72 0.91 Normal 0.12 9 Tamulpu r 12632 2613 164 63.05 11.27 13.36 0.84 Normal 0.13 9 0 74 Baska 10347 2416 1438 59.52 9.23 11.66 0.79 Low 0.14 9 0 0 Dhamdha 81062 1916 1940 59.50 7.23 9.25 0.78 Low 0.14 ma 4 3 Tihu - 75384 1466 1192 81.32 6.72 9.67 0.70 Low 0.16 Barama 7 7 Nagrijuli 88473 2047 1426 69.68 7.89 11.57 0.68 Low 0.16 7 9 District - 112133 2030 1233 60.74 100.00 100.0 1.00 Normal 0.11 Nalbari 8 37 32 0 Source: Census of India and Office of Dy. Director, Economics & Statistic Department, Nalbari. • Excluding the extended area of Nalbari Development Authority (NDA). The proportionate pressure of population in Barigog-Banbhag, Tihu and Tamulpur are almost normal (close to 1.0). The per capita cultivated lands are 0.10 to 0.13 hectare in these blocks. Apart from Tamulpur, all the blocks located in the northernmost part of the district show a low proportionate pressure of population. The Baska and Dhamdhama block have 0.79 and 0.78 pressure respectively and per capita cultivated land is relatively good at 0.14 hectares each. The Tihu-Barama and Nagrijuli blocks fare best with per capita cultivated land of 0.16 hectare each, compared to the district average of 0.11hectare. As a result, the pressure is also lower in these two blocks with 0.70 and 0.68 respectively. The relationship between population and cultivated area have been established by fitting three types of regression equations namely- a) the linear model of arithmetic relationship as y= a+bx b) the power function regression model of extreme variability as y= ax b, and c) the exponential regression model of extreme variability in one variable in relation to arithmetic change in another y= a.e bx 6 Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cultivated Land By Linear Regression Model y = -10.123x + 2.2145 R2 = 0.9457 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 Population Pressure of Pressure 0.40 Proportionate 0.20 - - 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Per Capita Share of Cultivated Land (in Hectares) Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cultivated Land y = 2.9322e -9.3501x 2 By Exponential Regression Model R = 0.9862 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 Population Pressure of Pressure 0.20 Proportionate - - 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 Per Capita Share of Cultivated Land (in Hectares) Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cutivated Land Expon. (Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cutivated Land) It is clear from the established relationship between the variables under consideration that, the power function regression model provides the best fit among all the models used in this study in explaining areal variability of the share of per capita cultivated land (Y) in relation to proportionate pressure of population on this category represented by the variable (X). 7 Proportionate Pressure of Population on Cultivated Land -1 By Power Function Regression Model y = 0.11x R2 = 1 2.00 1.50 1.00 Pressure Pressure 0.50 - ProportionatePopulation - 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 Per Capita share of Cultivated Land (in hectare) Though all the models have some explanatory capacity, the linear regression model has the least capacity to explain the situation with an R 2 value of 0.9457.
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