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AMERICAN WEST CENTER Occasional Papers GREATER UTAH, THE MORMONS, ET AL.: the Region and the Record By S. Lyman Tyler No.18 University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 1981 GREATER UTAH, THE MORMONS, ET AL.: the Region and the Record OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 18 by s. Lyman Tyler American West Center University of Utah Salt Lake City 1981 To Students of Utah and the West for their Reading and Research Guidance TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THE REGION, THE EARLY PEOPLE, AND THE RECORD l Before the Mormons 5 Manuscript Records Concerning Greater Utah and the Mormons 20 A "GATHERING" OF BOOKS ABOUT GREATER UTAH, THE MORMONS, ET AL. 28 Migration Westward 31 Exploration and Settlement 39 Territory and State: Historical 45 Territory and State: Biographical 54 Territory and State: Economic and Social 56 Territory and State: Travelers' Accounts 60 Territory and State: Culture and Tradition 63 The Arts 63 Folklore 63 Education 65 Newspapers 65 Literature 66 The Historical Record and the Sesquicentennial 68 OTHER PUBLISHED MATERIAL CONCERNING GREATER UTAH, THE MORMONS, ET AL. 72 Bibliographies and General Reference Works 78 Indexes Prepared for Publication at Brigham Young University Library 87 Representative Newspapers at BYU Library 89 Entries on Mormonism, the Mormons, and Utah, as Listed in Sabin 94 Utah, the Mormons, and the West: Mainly Publications since 1930 180 Archaeological Supplement 210 THE REGION, THE EARLY PEOPLE, AND THE RECORD The human occupants of the "Greater Utah" region have tended to set boundaries according to their relationships with neighboring peoples. Boundaries based on these rela­ tionships have included mountain, plateau, and basin, within a regional framework, during the aboriginal, the fur trade, the exploration and early settlement, and the more recent periods. There have always been connections reaching beyond the region. During the aboriginal, Spanish, and American ex­ ploration periods, these connections ran northward to include trade with the Shoshone; eastward into the plains; south­ eastward to a periodic trade with the Jicarilla Apache, Pueblo Indians, and Spaniards; and southward to trade with Navajo, Hopi, and Yuman Indians contacted by Ute, Paiute, and Chemehuevi Indians along the San Juan and the Colorado rivers. During the fur trade era c·ontacts with New Mexico con­ tinued; contacts southwestward and westward through the basin area int6 California were probably strengthened some­ what; contacts northwestward into the Oregon country were almost certainly strengthened as a result of the work of the Hudson's Bay Company trappers; and contacts to the north, northeast, and east were likely regularized as a result of 2 the work of the trappers and mountain men operating out of St. Louis. After the arrival of the Mormons, these contacts con­ tinued in all directions, with a strengthening of ties to the east, and with the eventual lengthening and strengthen­ ing of corridors through Arizona into Mexico, through Cali­ fornia to ~he islands of the Pacific, and through Idaho into western Canada. Today there is fairly regular cormnun­ ication from Utah to a continually enlarging portion of the world. The record that has been created to tell the story of man in the Greater Utah region includes art and artifacts, recorded and transcribed oral traditions, diaries, journals, letters, hand-written reports and other manuscript materials, along with a great variety of published materials. If you feel the need of perspective for reading par­ ticular books included in the following pages, it may be helpful to consult one or more history books: Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Utah, 1540-1887 (San Francisco: The History Company, Publishers, 1890), begins with the first references to the region known to writers in the 1880s, and ends with the status of settlements, agriculture, industry, commerce, transportation and communication at the time of completion of writing in 1887. Andrew Love Neff, History of Utah, 1847 to 1869 (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1940), was written as a 3 college-level text and for the use of the general reader by Professor Neff, University of·Utah historian, prior to his death. It was edited and annotated in preparation for pub­ lication by Leland Hargrave Creer, then associate professor of history and political science at the University of Utah. S. George Ellsworth, Utah's Heritage (Santa Barbara and Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, Inc., 1972), is much more inclusive and comprehensive than might be expected of a school text, and is the work of· a single scholar who spent a number of years maturing his knowledge of the subject matter before he presented his material for publication. Utah's Histort (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1978), Richard D. Poll, general editor, and Thomas G. Alexander, Eugene E. Campbell and David E. Miller, asso­ ciate editors, was conceived and nurtured by Dr. ~iller for a number of years, for use as a college text. With the chapters and the accompanying bibliographic essays supplied by selected scholars, the work has the.advantages and dis­ advantages of such a cooperative effort. The standard bibliography for published materials re­ lating to the Mormons until 1930 is Chad Flake, editor, A Mormon Bibliography, 1830-1930. Books,- Pamphlets, Periodicals, and Broadsides Relating to the First Century of Mormonism (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1978). Mormon diaries exist in many forms in various libraries, and an essential tool for reference to these is Davis Bitton, 4 Guide to Mormon Diaries & Autobiographies (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1977). The two works mentioned above include information con­ cerning the location of materials listed in the Guide or Bibliography. Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Publishing Co., 1941), includes information about wards, stakes, and places significant to the history of Utah and the Mormons; and Utah, A Guide to the State, a volume of the American Guide Series (New York: .Hastings House, 1941) , which was "Compiled by Workers of the Writer's Program of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Utah," under the direction of Dale L. Morgan, State Supervisor, includes information concerning Utah's background, her cities, tours to be taken along her highways, and her parks and primitive areas, along with a wealth of other factual data. The Utah Historical Quarterly (UHQ), which began pub­ lication in 1928, is a rich source of information made accessible by two general indexes. James B. Allen and Glen M.. Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1976), is a recently completed history, with an extensive and use­ ful bibliography, that brings the story of the Mormons into the 1970s. 5 Before the Mormons To place the story of man in the Greater Utah region in perspective, we must remind ourselves that more than 10,000 years ago there were people in the Great Basin living off the land much as the Western Shoshone, Paiute, and Gosiute were doing when European-Americans came into the area. Even after the arrival of Spaniards, the Ute Indians moved rather freely within whatever boundaries the Spanish conceived to mark the northern extension of their territory. ,,,. After the Adams-Onis or Transcontinental Treaty of 1819-21 when Spain accepted the 42nd parallel as their northern limits from the Colorado Rockie~ to the Pacific Ocean, still no Spaniards or Mexicans came among the Utes, Paiutes, or Shoshones to in any way limit their use of the land or its resources. The explorers, traders, and mountain men came, but they also departed. No Eurqpean-American threatened Ute, Paiute, and Shoshone claims on the land until the arrival of the Mormons. Within the Great Basin, there are different elevations and climatic conditions. Plant and animal life could be found on the mountainsides, on tablelands, and by streams that flowed from the higher elevations. The resident peoples learned to make use of these plants and animals for food, clothing, shelter, and for medicinal purposes. The Western Shoshone tell us that their land was "rich enough to provide for all their needs until the white man destroyed its resources." 6 More than four hundred years ago the first Spaniards arrived in what is now Arizona and New Mexico, stayed for a time among the Pueblo Indians in the Bernalillo and Pecos areas, and learned that Indians from the north and northeast had been coming to trade hides for products available from the Pueblo Indians since time immemorial, as the jurists say. Shortly after 1600, when Spaniards had come to New Mexico to stay, a period of irregular to more regular con­ tacts between Ute Indians and Spaniards began. This contin­ ued for some two hundred years before fur traders and Mormons arrived in the Mountain-Basin region from the United States. It becomes apparent then that the first European­ American contacts with the Ute peoples was by way of the Spaniards and the Mexicans. The first treaty between the Utes and the United States was made in 1849 by the Superin­ tendent of Indian Affairs for the newly-proclaimed Territory of New Mexico. General Studies There are a number of general works concerning the Greater Utah region that include material useful for the period "Before the Mormons~' : David E. Miller, The Utah History Atlas (Salt Lake City, 1977); Carl I. Wheat, 1540- 1861, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 5 vols. in 6 {San Francisco, 1957-63); and Robert L. Layton, "Utah: The Physical Setting," plus the maps at the end of the work, Utah's History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 7 1978), should be reviewed for the geography of the area. Henry R. Wagner, The Plains and the Rockies: A Bibliography of Original Narratives of Travel and Adventure, 1800-1865, revised by Charles L.

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