Has Neoliberalism Defined Postmodernity?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Has Neoliberalism Defined Postmodernity? Page | 68 Has Neoliberalism defined Postmodernity? JULIA LETHBRIDGE MHIS375 Shock and Awe: A History of the Postmodern World While circulating since the 1940s, neoliberalism began to exert a heavy ideological influence from the late 1970s to become the defining aspect of postmodernity. Application of free market, individualist, small government principles has impacted not only economic and political policies but has also shaped social and cultural aspects of the postmodern age. The perceived failures of the modernist social state and the emergence of postmodern concepts of the individual and fragmented expression aided the adoption of neoliberal principles. Exported from the developed, capitalist Western nations, the influence of neoliberalism has been a global trend that has been adopted by influential international organisations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Evidence of neoliberal influence in social policy, cultural identity, development and globalisation indicates that it is the defining ideology of postmodernity. The late modern era was characterised by the Keynesian economic approach which sought to achieve a workable balance between capital, government and labour. In an attempt to promote a period of stability, growth and peace that had been lacking for much of the early 20th century, modernist concepts of rationality and order were applied on a national and international level through the structures established by the Bretton Woods agreements.1 The IMF and the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, later to morph into the World Bank), along with fixed exchange rates anchored by the US dollar, were established to facilitate the flow of trade, strike a balance between capital and labour, and promote stable international relations between the capitalist, democratic states of the Western world. While there were structural differences between these states, all had in common a state policy of full employment, economic growth and a focus on the welfare of national citizens; there was a consensus that state power should be deployed to 1 Daniel Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 25. Page | 69 intervene in market processes to ensure these goals were achieved.2 Ruggie dubbed this system ‘embedded liberalism’,3 as the system was based on liberal principles facilitating the open flow of trade while also embedding the market within the control of the state apparatus. These Keynesian-influenced economic policies sought to promote prosperity for all citizens through establishing a regulatory environment encircling the market and maintaining a class compromise through intervention in industry policy and setting of a social wage, in an attempt to keep the threat and destruction of war and revolution that had destabilised the previous decades at bay.4 By the 1970s, rising unemployment tied with inflationary pressures and limited economic growth (stagflation) across the revived Western nations led to the breakdown and criticism of embedded liberalism and its underlying theory.5 Fordist production based on Keynesian economic principles of compromise between capital, state and labour, striking a balance between the two great ideologies of the 20th century, capitalism and communism, was found to be failing. Attacks mounted on the increased size, scope and cost of governmental spending on social programs.6 With the unmaintainable system of fixed exchange rates crumbling and a dramatic spike in oil prices caused by the 1973 oil crisis, came the demise of the system and ‘handed free-market liberals their biggest soapbox in decades.’7 Neoliberalism had found a foothold as the dominant paradigm replacing the modernist concepts of embedded liberalism, made concrete by the 1979 election of Margaret Thatcher in Britain and 1980 election of Ronald Reagan in the United States.8 The neoliberals followed a creed that defence of the market was defence of freedom: if the market could function then so could freedom.9 Thatcher and Reagan led their countries and the world to follow this creed and embrace the neoliberal policies and practice that were clearly becoming the hegemonic ideology of postmodernity ‘to the point where it has 2 David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 10. 3 John Gerard Ruggie, ‘International Regimes, Transactions and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,’ International Organisation 36 (1982): p. 383. 4 Ruggie, ‘International Regimes, Transactions and Change,’ p. 388. 5 Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe, p. 215. 6 Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 141. 7 Michael Behrent, ‘Liberalism without Humanism: Michel Foucault and the Free-Market Creed 1976-1979,’ Modern Intellectual History 6 (2009): p. 555. 8 Rose, Powers of Freedom, p. 138. 9 Eduardo Rosenzvaig and Ronaldo Munck, ‘Neoliberalism: Economic Philosophy of Postmodern Destruction,’ Latin American Perspectives 24 (1997): p. 57. Page | 70 become incorporated into the common sense way we interpret, live in and understand the world.’10 Deregulation, liberalisation of markets, and privatisation extended not only to industrial and financial policy but further into areas of social policy such as housing, health and education. To the point where the ‘ripple of deregulation would turn into a tidal wave that washed away controls from large segments of the economy in the last two decades of the twentieth century.’11 The ideologically neoliberal push of free market policies show clearly in a review of Margaret Thatcher’s approach to housing and urban issues. In 1979, twenty-five percent of the British population lived in public housing with a further five percent living in social or assisted housing schemes run by housing associations for low-income groups.12 To remove this large investment from the hands of government, and shift from the modernist emphasis of a social wage, Thatcher’s Right to Buy policy sought to address the issue of disadvantage through incentives, deregulation and the creation of opportunities for engagement in the private market for individuals. Under the scheme tenants were given the opportunity to purchase a home at a substantially reduced amount with no requirements for a deposit. Over two million homes were purchased through the policy. The reduced role for the state, central to neoliberalism, was epitomised by the privatisation of public housing in Britain, and represents a clear break from Keynesian past.13 The influence of the neoliberal belief in the superiority of free market solution is evident in The Right to Buy policy, ‘the first and most popular of the Thatcher government’s landmark privatisations.’14 The popularity of the scheme paved the way for a greater spread and acceptance of underlying neoliberal ideology amongst the public. Building on the traditional liberal and conservative belief in the importance of private property, neoliberal theory added an argument for great efficiency to this belief.15 The argument followed that the most efficient means of delivering better service and outcomes for the disadvantaged 10 David Harvey, ‘Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction,’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 610 (2007): p. 23. 11 Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe, p. 216. 12 Ibid., p. 275. 13 Sarah Glynn, ‘You Can’t Demolish Your Way Out of a Housing Crisis,’ City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 16 (2012): p. 657. 14 Stedman Jones, Masters of the Universe, p. 289. 15Ibid., p. 276. Page | 71 was not through the government provision of housing stock but rather through an individual’s engagement with and investment in the market encouraged through deregulation and tax relief. Introducing competition and private enterprise would allow individuals to prosper. The counter argument was that much of the best public housing was sold, and that which was left under government ownership fell into disrepair through a series of escalating cuts to funding.16 This popular push by the Thatcher government for a move to homeowner democracy introduced to the public a neoliberal concept of the supremacy of free markets, paving the way for continued and more controversial privatisations of other national industries. The continuing neoliberal emphasis entailed a progression from citizen democracy, to homeowner democracy, to shareholder democracy.17 The rigid structures of postwar Keynesianism were argued by neoliberals to be limiting flexibility and confining the market; Harvey states ‘the neoliberal project is to disembed capital from these restraints.’18 Neoliberal faith in the mechanisms of free market meant that deregulation was not only required from the government in relation to economic involvement, but could also be applied as ‘a principle of decipherment of social relations and individual behaviour.’19 The central assumption that through free markets an individual will be able to realise economic freedom and be guaranteed other freedoms, is the central feature of neoliberal ideology. Harvey dubs this state a ‘neoliberal state’ and argues, ‘the freedoms it embodies reflect the interests of private property owners, business, multinational corporations and financial capital.’ 20 Harvey presents the argument that neoliberalism is in fact an effort to restore the position of economic elites that had
Recommended publications
  • Topics in Applied Economics VII: Economic History
    Topics in Applied Economics VII: Economic History 2017-2018 Academic Year Master of Research in Economics, Finance and Management 1. Description of the subject Topics in Applied Economics VII Code: 32366 Total credits: 3 ECTS Workload: 75 hours Term: 3rd Type of subject: Optative Department of Economics and Business Teaching team: Claudia Rei (Vanderbilt University) Topics in Applied Economics VII 2. Teaching guide Introduction This course explores topics of interest to economic historians such as the long run international convergence/divergence pattern, institutions and property rights, the industrial revolution, population growth and migration, inequality, and cultural persistence. We focus mostly on the West and the specificities that allowed for its rise so to understand the region’s long-term economic success. To this end, we will first study historical changes in the medieval economy and then focus on the consequences of the industrial revolution. Students will have the opportunity of getting familiar with recent (and not so recent but classic) economic history research, understanding the methodology used in the economic analysis, and applying the economics concepts learned in Micro and Macro Theory Contents The reading list fully based on paper that can be accessed online through the university network. Every paper denoted by * will be discussed by the instructor during the class. Every paper denoted by # will be discussed in class by a student or a group of students. Non-marked papers are listed for interested students who would like to know more on a given topic. Every paper denoted by * or # can be covered in the final exam. THE FIELD OF ECONOMIC HISTORY Carlos, A.
    [Show full text]
  • On Israel's "Hyperinflation"
    SAE./No.127/September 2018 Studies in Applied Economics ON ISRAEL'S "HYPERINFLATION" Tal Boger Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise On Israel's \Hyperinflation” Tal Boger∗ Johns Hopkins University Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise. September 2018. Abstract Affected by the worldwide ”Stagflation” of the 1970s caused by sharp oil price rises in 1973 and 1979, Israel experienced elevated inflation rates in the 1970s. These inflation rates not only continued but also accelerated into the 1980s, as Israel saw its inflation hit triple digits at the turn of the decade. This inflation worsened, and peaked in 1984 and 1985. Noticing the sharply rising in- flation rates in Israel, many journalists and academics dubbed Israel's bout of inflation a hyperinflation, and have questioned its exclusion from the Hanke-Krus World Hyperinfla- tion Table. However, an analysis of Israel's CPI data - as reported by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics - shows that Israel's inflation rates fell short of hyperinflation by a sizable margin. Analyzing Israel's primary CPI data, we find conclusive evidence that Israel did not hyperinflate in the 1980s, despite many credible analyses to the contrary. Keywords: Hyperinflation, Israeli inflation 1. Introduction On October 14, 1984, Hobart Rowen wrote an article for The Washington Post titled \Israel's Hyperinflation: Ravaged State of Economy a Threat to Israel's Survival." In the article, Rowen writes that \[Israel] now must deal with the reality of a hyperinflation that is running over 400 percent, and in a few days may be measured at the incomprehensible level ∗Tal Boger is a senior at Beth Tfiloh Dahan Community High School.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics.Pdf
    Economics 1 ECONOMICS Anne B Royalty Associate Professor G Bryan School of Business and Economics Martin Sparre Andersen Dora GichevaG 462 Bryan Building Christopher Aaron SwannG 336-256-1010 Martijn Van HasseltG http://economics.uncg.edu Assistant Professor Anne Royalty, Department Head Nir Eilam Dora Gicheva, Graduate Program Director Marie C. HullG Sebastian Laumer Mission Timothy Ryan Moreland G The Department of Economics supports the teaching, research, and Matthew Arnold Schaffer service missions of the university and the Bryan School of Business and Senior Lecturer Economics. The department’s undergraduate courses and programs G Jeff K. Sarbaum prepare students for the competitive global marketplace, career and professional development, and graduate education. Its innovative Lecturer graduate programs, the M.A. in Applied Economics and the Ph.D. in Eric S Howard Economics with a focus on applied microeconomics, provide students with a mastery of advanced empirical and analytical methods so they can G Graduate-level faculty conduct high-quality research and contribute to the knowledge base in business, government, nonprofit, and research settings. The department • Economics, B.A. (https://catalog.uncg.edu/business-economics/ conducts high-quality nationally recognized research that supports its economics/economics-ba/) academic programs, promotes economic understanding, and fosters • Economics, B.S. (https://catalog.uncg.edu/business-economics/ economic development in the Triad and in the State. economics/economics-bs/) • Economics Undergraduate Minor (https://catalog.uncg.edu/business- Undergraduate economics/economics/economics-minor/) Economics is a discipline concerned with the choices made by people, • Applied Economics, M.A. (https://catalog.uncg.edu/business- firms, and governments and with public policies that affect those economics/economics/applied-economics-ma/) choices including protection of the environment, the quality and cost of health care, business productivity, inflation and unemployment, poverty, • Economics, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • (BAECON) Option in Applied Economics (61 Semester Units) Catalog Fall 2016 Major Catalog Date
    Bachelors of Arts in Economics (BAECON) Option in Applied Economics (61 Semester Units) Catalog Fall 2016 Major Catalog Date: Name CIN Last First MI Email Phone Term Admitted Adviser's Signature Date Student's Signature Date SEMESTER - LOWER DIVISION ECON CORE COURSES (15 Units) Prerequisites Completed? ACCT 2100 Principles of Financial Accounting 3 CIS 1200 Business Computer Systems 3 ECON 2010 Principles of Economics I: Microeconomics 3 ECON 2020 Principles of Economics II: Macroeconomics 3 ECON 2010 ECON 2090 Applied Business and Economic Statistics I 3 MATH 0930 or completion of GE B4 SEMESTER - UPPER DIVISION ECON CORE COURSES (15 Units) Prerequisites Completed? BUS1 3050 Business Communication (wi) 3 ECON 3030 Money, Banking, and the Economy 3 ECON 2020 ECON 3090 Applied Business and Economic Statistics II 3 ECON 2090 ECON 4030 Macroeconomics 3 ECON 2020 2 ECON 4910 Data Analysis, Reporting and Presentation 3 See Note 2 Note 1: BUS 3050 is designated as a Writing Intensive (wi) course. A grade of "C" or better is required to satisfy the Graduation Writing Assessment Requirement (GWAR). Note 2: ECON 4910 is the capstone course for the program. Students must take ECON 4910 after they have completed all other required upper division option courses. SEMESTER - OPTION: Applied Economics (31 Units) Semester - Required Lower Division Course (4 units): Prerequisites Completed? MATH 2110 Calculus I 4 MATH 1040 or 1081 & 1083 with C or better grade Semester - Required Upper Division Courses (12 units): Prerequisites Completed? ECON 4010 Mathematical
    [Show full text]
  • Changing the Dominant Paradigm in Economics: How to Understand & Confront Critical Aspects of Economic Globalization
    CADMUS, Volume 2, No.5, October 2015, 119-133 Changing the Dominant Paradigm in Economics: How to understand & confront critical aspects of Economic Globalization Maria de Lourdes Rollemberg Mollo* Associate Fellow, World Academy of Art & Science; Professor, Department of Economics, University of Brasília, Brazil Abstract This article addresses the discussion proposed by the World Academy of Art & Science (WAAS) about the need to build a new paradigm to confront the challenges of the global society and to move across to a New Society discussing specific problems related to economic globalization and proposing changes. The ways in which economic orthodoxy and heterodoxy analyze the role of the State and the question of sustainability of development and the problems of environmental sustainability depend on their different views or theoretical arguments about the role of the market. The article contrasts the mainstream economics arguments to support the free market context of globalization with Post-Keynesian and Marxist’s skeptical or critical views. Finally, it proposes some strategies to face the critical aspects analyzed making suggestions to move to another dominant economic paradigm. 1. Introduction This article seeks to address the discussion proposed by WAAS about the need to build a new paradigm to confront the challenges of the global society (Jacobs, 2014) and to transit to a New Society (Šlaus, 2014), discussing specific problems related to economic globalization and proposing changes. In order to circumscribe the contribution of this article, it is necessary, first, to define what economic globalization means, highlighting the critical aspects to be discussed, while recognizing the benefits and challenges of globalization itself.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Theroleofincomeinmoneydemandduringhyper-inflation: the case of Yugoslavia 1 ZORICA MLADENOVIC´ 2 Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade BENT NIELSEN 3 Department of Economics, University of Oxford 27 March 2009 Abstract: During extreme hyper-inflations productivity tends to fall dramatically. Yet, in models of money demand in hyper-inflation variables such as real income has been given a somewhat passive role, either assuming it exogenous or to have a negligible role. In this paper we use an empirical methodology based on cointegrated vector autoregressions to analyse data from the extreme Yugoslavian episode to investigate the role of income. The analysis suggests that even in extreme hyper-inflation the monetary variables and real income are simultaneously determined. The methodology enables a description of the short term adjustment of the variables considered. Keywords: Cointegration, hyper-inflation, income, money-demand 1Introduction During extreme hyper-inflations productivity tends to fall dramatically. A 50% fall was observed for the German episode of the 1920s and a 70% fall was observed for the Yugosla- vian episode of the 1990s. Yet, in models of money demand in hyper-inflation variables such as real income has been given a somewhat passive role. This has come about in various ways. One strand of the literature has followed the work of Cagan (1956), who assumed a money demand relation involving real money and inflation only, while the effect of real income is negligible. Another strand of literature lead by Calvo and Leiderman (1992) work with a utility maximising model in which the budget constraint involves in- come as an exogenous variable. In that kind of the model a money demand is derived from micro assumptions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Critique of Real Abstraction: from the Critical Theory of Society to the Critique of Political Economy and Back Again
    The Critique of Real Abstraction: from the Critical Theory of Society to the Critique of Political Economy and Back Again Chris O’Kane John Jay, CUNY [email protected] There has been a renewed engagement with the idea of real abstraction in recent years. Scholars associated with the New Reading of Marx, such as Moishe Postone, Chris Arthur, Michael Heinrich, Patrick Murray, Riccardo Bellofiore and others,1 have employed the idea in their important reconstructions of Marx’s critique of political economy. Alberto Toscano, Endnotes, Jason W. Moore and others have utilized and extended these theorizations to concieve of race, gender, and nature as real abstractions. Both the New Reading and these new theories of real abstraction have provided invaluable work; the former in systematizing Marx’s inconsistent and unfinished theory of value as a theory of the abstract social domination of capital accumulation and reproduction; the latter in supplementing such a theory. Yet their exclusive focus on real abstraction in relation to the critique of political economy means that the critical marxian theories of real abstraction -- developed by Alfred Sohn- Rethel, Theodor W. Adorno and Henri Lefebvre -- have been mostly bypassed by the latter and have largely served as the object of trenchant criticism for their insufficient grasp of Marx’s theory of value by the former. Consequently these new readings and new theories of real abstraction elide important aspects of Sohn-Rethel, Adorno and Lefebvre’s critiques of real abstraction; which sought to develop Marx’s critique of political economy into objective-subjective critical theories of the reproduction of capitalist society.2 However, two recent works by 1 Moishe Postone’s interpretation of real abstraction will be discussed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples, Marxism and Late Capitalism
    New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry Vol. 5, No. 1 (November 2011) Pp. 6-9 Introduction Indigenous Peoples, Marxism and Late Capitalism Scott Simon University of Ottawa he relationship between indigenous peoples and proletariat. The expansion of this system alters indig- Marxism has long been ambiguous. Marx him- enous communities, creating elite groups and new Tself, as a 19th century philosopher influenced by social identities in its wake, with the result of accelerat- Darwinism, assumed that “tribal” peoples represented ing the entire process of capitalist incorporation. simple forms of productive relations and were des- Canadian geographer and ecological philosopher tined to disappear (Marx 1887:51). For him, tribal William T. Hipwell argues that socialism and capi- peoples represented the beginning of social evolution, talism alike destroy the environment and the human as expressed in The German Ideology: “The first form spirit in an overarching system he calls “Industria” of ownership is tribal [Stammeigentum] ownership. (Hipwell 2004:370). Regardless of what one may It corresponds to the undeveloped stage of produc- think of Marxism as a political project, however, the tion, at which a people lives by hunting and fishing, intellectual contribution of Marxism to the anthro- by the rearing of beasts or, in the highest stage, agri- pological study of capitalism remains relevant. If we culture” (Marx and Engels 1965:33). Indigenous use Marxist concepts as part of a larger set of meth- people have sometimes been equally dismissive of odological tools, rather than Marxism as a blueprint Marx. Native American author Leslie Marmon Silko, to yet another form of industrial society, our studies for example, thought that Marxism and indigenous may contribute to even wider goals of social justice.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sense of Unending: Apocalypse and Post-Apocalypse in Novels of Late Capitalism" (2019)
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2019 A Sense of Unending: Apocalypse and Post- Apocalypse in Novels of Late Capitalism Brent Linsley University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the American Literature Commons, Literature in English, North America Commons, and the Modern Literature Commons Recommended Citation Linsley, Brent, "A Sense of Unending: Apocalypse and Post-Apocalypse in Novels of Late Capitalism" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 3341. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3341 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Sense of Unending: Apocalypse and Post-Apocalypse in Novels of Late Capitalism A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Brent Linsley Henderson State University Bachelor of Arts in English, 2000 Henderson State University Master of Liberal Arts in English, 2005 August 2019 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _____________________________________ M. Keith Booker, Ph.D. Dissertation Director _____________________________________ ______________________________________ Robert Cochran, Ph.D. Susan Marren, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Abstract From Frank Kermode to Norman Cohn to John Hall, scholars agree that apocalypse historically has represented times of radical change to social and political systems as older orders are wiped away and replaced by a realignment of respective norms. This paradigm is predicated upon an understanding of apocalypse that emphasizes the rebuilding of communities after catastrophe has occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • The Applied-Ethical Structural Synthesis of International Development 1
    Problemas del desarrollo ISSN: 0301-7036 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas The Applied-Ethical Structural Synthesis of International Development 1 Astroulakis, Nikos 1 The Applied-Ethical Structural Synthesis of International Development Problemas del desarrollo, vol. 50, no. 197, 2019 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=11860882004 DOI: 10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2019.197.65856 PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Artícles e Applied-Ethical Structural Synthesis of International Development 1 La síntesis estructural ética-aplicada del desarrollo internacional Nikos Astroulakis b [email protected] Hellenic Open University, Greece Abstract: e paper challenges the mainstream stance in the study of applied ethics in international development. Applied ethics is positioned at the macro-social level of global ethics while a specific codification is attempted by formulating international development based on its structural synthesis, in a threefold level: First, the structural synthesis -associated with the framework of existing international development policy- can be found in the 'market relations'. Second, the analysis specifies the policies applied at the national level and the role of nation-state policy. ird, the paper criticizes the Problemas del desarrollo, vol. 50, no. 197, international development institutions' policies. In each of the levels mentioned above, 2019 the analysis reveals the fundamental policy theory issues of neoclassical economics, as the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de intellectual defender of free market economics. México, Instituto de Investigaciones Key Words: applied ethics, international development, neo-classical economics, Económicas freemarket economy, Nation-State policy, neo-liberal institutionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • “Modern” Economics: Engineering and Ideology
    Working Paper No. 62/01 The formation of “Modern” Economics: Engineering and Ideology Mary Morgan © Mary Morgan Department of Economic History London School of Economics May 2001 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0)20 7955 7081 Fax: +44 (0)20 7955 7730 Additional copies of this working paper are available at a cost of £2.50. Cheques should be made payable to ‘Department of Economic History, LSE’ and sent to the Economic History Department Secretary. LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK. 2 The Formation of “Modern” Economics: Engineering and Ideology Mary S. Morgan* Economics has always had two connected faces in its Western tradition. In Adam Smith's eighteenth century, as in John Stuart Mill's nineteenth, these might be described as the science of political economy and the art of economic governance. The former aimed to describe the workings of the economy and reveal its governing laws while the latter was concerned with using that knowledge to fashion economic policy. In the twentieth century these two aspects have more often been contrasted as positive and normative economics. The continuity of these dual interests masks differences in the way that economics has been both constituted and practiced in the twentieth century when these two aspects of economics became integrated in a particular way. Originally a verbally expressed body of scientific law-like doctrines and associated policy arts, in the twentieth century these two wings of economics became conjoined by a set of technologies routinely and widely used within the practice of economics in both its scientific and policy domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Wage Labour and the Transition to Capitalism a Critique of Pentland Allan Greer
    Document generated on 09/28/2021 10:15 p.m. Labour/Le Travailleur Wage Labour and the Transition to Capitalism A Critique of Pentland Allan Greer Volume 15, 1985 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/llt15art01 See table of contents Publisher(s) Canadian Committee on Labour History ISSN 0700-3862 (print) 1911-4842 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Greer, A. (1985). Wage Labour and the Transition to Capitalism: A Critique of Pentland. Labour/Le Travailleur, 15, 7–14. All rights reserved © Canadian Committee on Labour History, 1985 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ ARTICLES Wage Labour and the Transition to Capitalism: A Critique of Pentland Allan Greer THE GROWTH OF Canadian labour history in the last decade has been truly phenomenal. Researchers have uncovered a great deal about the experiences and struggles of working women and men in the factory, at home, in the political arena, and on the baseball diamond. Most of this work has naturally focused on the period since about the middle of the nineteenth century when Canada entered the capitalist age and waged labour came to dominate society. When turning to earlier times however, labour historians have been ill-served by a historiography preoccupied with politics, conquests, and agricultural crises, and that seemed to have little to say about the predecessors of the industrial proletariat.
    [Show full text]