Claude Jutra Biographie

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Claude Jutra Biographie Yves Lever Claude Jutra Biographie Boréal Les Éditions du Boréal 4447, rue Saint-Denis Montréal (Québec) h2j 2l2 www.editionsboreal.qc.ca Claude Jutra du même auteur Cinéma et société québécoise, Éditions du Jour, 1972. Cinémas canadien et québécois (en collaboration avec Pierre Pageau), Cégep Ahuntsic, 1977. Réédition et mise à jour en 2006 sous le titre Chronologie du cinéma au Québec, Les 400 coups. Histoire générale du cinéma au Québec, Boréal, 1988, édition refondue et mise à jour, 1995. L’Analyse filmique, Boréal, 1992. Le Cinéma de la Révolution tranquille, de Panoramique à Valérie, Yves Lever, 1991. Les 100 films québécois qu’il faut voir, Nuit blanche, 1995. Dictionnaire de la censure au Québec. Littérature et cinéma (en collaboration avec Pierre Hébert et Kenneth Landry), Fides, 2006. J. A. DeSève, diffuseur d’images, Michel Brûlé, 2008. Anastasie ou la censure du cinéma au Québec, Septentrion, 2008. Pierre Juneau. Maître des communications au Canada, Septentrion, 2012. Yves Lever Claude Jutra biographie Boréal © Les Éditions du Boréal 2016 Dépôt légal: 1er trimestre 2016 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec Diffusion au Canada: Dimedia Diffusion et distribution en Europe: Volumen Catalogage avant publication de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec et de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Lever, Yves, 1942- Claude Jutra Comprend des références bibliographiques et un index. isbn 978-2-7646-2417-3 1. Jutra, Claude, 1930-1986. 2. Producteurs et réalisateurs de cinéma – Québec (Province) – Biogra- phies. I. Titre. pn1998.3.j88l48 2016 791.4302’33092 c2015-942670-7 isbn papier 978-2-7646-2417-3 isbn pdf 978-2-7646-3417-2 isbn epub 978-2-7646-4417-1 Sous l’histoire, la mémoire et l’oubli. Sous la mémoire et l’oubli, la vie. Mais écrire la vie est une autre histoire. Inachèvement. paul ricœur, La Mémoire, l’Histoire, l’Oubli avant-propos 9 Avant-propos Je ne veux rien oublier. Je ne cherche au fond qu’à enrichir ou varier mes souvenirs. Et je demande en grâce qu’on se souvienne un peu (au moins) de moi, mais surtout pendant longtemps. claude jutra, 1957 n se souvient encore de Claude Jutra. Il demeure bien présent dans la mémoire vive de centaines de personnes. Chaque O hiver depuis 1999, le gala télévisé nommé «soirée des Jutra» attribue des prix d’excellence aux artisans du cinéma québécois. C’est l’occasion de rappeler ce que Jutra a représenté dans la ciné- matographie nationale. Sait-on vraiment qui était Claude Jutra? Un mythe est savamment entretenu à son sujet, non seulement par ceux qui l’ont aimé mais aussi par tous ceux qui veulent com- prendre la genèse du cinéma québécois et se donner des «pères fon- dateurs» en cinématographie. Chez ceux qui l’ont bien connu, les mêmes expressions fusent: un poète, un rêveur un peu fou, un élec- tron libre, une boule d’énergie sous pression, un touche-à-tout génial, un être excessif en tout, très souvent en représentation de lui-même et plus ou moins accessible, opaque. On se souvient de sa timidité vaincue par la volonté de plaire, de son charme qui lui faisait obtenir tout ce qu’il voulait, de son esprit toujours en train de mijo- 10 claude jutra ter des projets. On se souvient de celui qui comprenait tout et excu- sait tout, un homme charmant qui ne se fâchait jamais, qui avait beaucoup d’humour, mais qui était parfois facétieux jusqu’à la grossièreté. Le «mythe Jutra» s’élabore et s’enracine très tôt. Enfant, Claude Jutras joue au théâtre et dans des feuilletons radiophoniques. On parle d’un petit prodige. À seize ans, il publie déjà des critiques de films dans Le Quartier latin, journal des étudiants de l’Université de Montréal. Il n’a que vingt ans quand Mouvement perpétuel rem- porte le Canadian Film Award (aujourd’hui prix Écrans canadiens) du meilleur film amateur. À vingt-deux ans, il termine avec brio des études de médecine pour aussitôt annoncer qu’il ne la pratiquera jamais et qu’il consacrera plutôt sa vie au monde des arts. Son entrée dans le cinéma professionnel se fait lentement, mais il jouit rapide- ment d’une notoriété certaine, difficile à expliquer. Dès la fin des années 1950, il est une source d’inspiration pour ses collègues à l’Of- fice national du film (ONF). Dans une entrevue pourLe Nouveau Journal (3 mars 1962), Michel Brûlé souligne le paradoxe: «Pour- tant Jutra n’a encore rien fait qui justifie le personnage Jutra. Non, ce n’est pas moi qui suis méchant. Jutra est le premier, disons le second, à l’avouer. Lui-même se demande un peu à quoi tient sa popularité.» Il n’a encore réalisé que quelques courts métrages (dont il ne s’enorgueillit pas, d’ailleurs) et une courte série pour la télé- vision, mais il est déjà une figure emblématique du libertaire dans la création, de l’auteur qui ne fait pas de concessions, du dandy cultivé, de l’explorateur de toutes les formes de cinéma, de l’artiste complet. Doué d’une mémoire encyclopédique, il donne l’impression de tout savoir de l’histoire du cinéma. Il a trente ans et ne comprend pas encore que «c’est un poids bien pesant qu’un nom trop tôt fameux» (Voltaire). J’évoquais ce mythe avec un collègue lors des Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois en 2013. Nous convenions alors qu’il était temps d’écrire une biographie de Claude Jutra pour cerner au plus près l’artiste unique qu’il fut et sa place dans l’histoire du cinéma au Québec. Le fait que je me lance dans ce projet peut en étonner cer- tains: je n’ai jamais été un admirateur inconditionnel ni du cinéaste avant-propos 11 ni de son cinéma (ses films, mais aussi comme dans l’expres- sion «faire son cinéma»). Je savais aussi que certains de ses amis s’avouaient des «fans finis» du cinéaste sans beaucoup apprécier ses films. Écrire sur Jutra constituait alors un défi des plus intéressants. Si je connaissais bien son œuvre, sauf la série réalisée en anglais à Toronto et à Vancouver entre 1976 et 1980, je n’ai pas connu person- nellement l’auteur. Je n’avais échangé avec lui que les salutations d’usage à l’occasion de rencontres à la Cinémathèque québécoise. Mon intention n’était pas de légitimer ni de remettre en question le mythe, et encore moins de l’invalider, mais simplement d’en exami- ner la genèse et le développement afin de mieux saisir les liens entre le créateur et son œuvre. En langage de cinéma, disons que j’ai voulu éclairer le hors-champ, montrer ce qui était resté dans l’ombre. Car les mythes débordent toujours de la réalité et s’accordent avant tout à un idéal; ils ont une fonction pédagogique. Déjà, certaines repré- sentations m’apparaissaient douteuses: Claude, premier de classe partout? Le succès international de certains de ses films? Ses amitiés avec les cinéastes de la Nouvelle Vague? Les nombreuses offres de tournage de Hollywood? Fallait-il déterrer certaines vérités qui ris- quaient d’ébranler la foi aveugle suscitée par le mythe? Depuis la mort de Jutra, en 1986, plusieurs documents ont traité de l’homme et du cinéaste. En 1987, sous la direction de Pierre Jutras, la Cinémathèque a rassemblé les témoignages d’une vingtaine de collaborateurs à ses diverses réalisations dans la revue Copie zéro. Les textes, thuriféraires avant tout, révèlent néanmoins beaucoup de traits de la personnalité du réalisateur et attestent l’admiration qu’il a suscitée1. En 1993, la collection «Célébrités canadiennes» lui a consacré un de ses numéros, sous la plume de Daniel Carrière. Ce travail journalistique, intitulé simplement Claude Jutra, demeure intéressant, notamment pour les entrevues avec les intimes du cinéaste et les photos, mais il n’offre que des banalités sur son œuvre et contient beaucoup d’erreurs de faits. En 1999, Jim Leach a livré 1. Ce numéro de la revue est téléchargeable sur le site de la Cinémathèque québécoise. 12 claude jutra avec Claude Jutra, Filmmaker une bonne analyse de la carrière du cinéaste, mais il n’a pas tenté de découvrir l’être humain derrière le créateur. En 2002, Paule Baillargeon a présenté Claude Jutra, por- trait sur film, un documentaire de création émouvant qui réussit bien le «portrait» du cinéaste, comme l’annonce le titre, mais qui n’est pas encore une biographie. Enfin, des centaines d’articles et de nombreuses thèses universitaires ont traité de multiples aspects de son œuvre. Tous ces documents livrent des connaissances essentielles sur le personnage de Jutra. Toutefois, pour entrer véritablement dans l’uni- vers du cinéaste, il faut surtout voir et revoir l’ensemble de son œuvre. Non seulement les films où il se met directement en scène, comme dans À tout prendre, mais aussi tous les autres, car l’apho- risme bien connu de Paul Valéry s’applique parfaitement à lui: «Tout ce que tu dis parle de toi. Singulièrement quand tu parles d’un autre.» Nous en constaterons l’évidence dans l’analyse de plu- sieurs films. Jutra eût-il connu cette phrase de Gustave Flaubert – «L’auteur dans son œuvre doit être comme Dieu dans l’univers, présent partout et visible nulle part» – qu’il n’aurait été que partiel- lement d’accord, car je crois qu’il tenait à être visible partout. Je me suis demandé si cette omniprésence du personnage ne détournait pas parfois le spectateur du cœur de l’œuvre. En plus de ses films, il convenait de dépouiller exhaustivement ses archives personnelles, déposées par Jutra lui-même, en 1984, dans deux grands fonds, l’un à la Cinémathèque québécoise, l’autre à l’Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), auxquelles se sont ajoutés le fonds Albert-Jutras à l’Université de Montréal et le fonds Mimi-Jutras à la Cinémathèque québécoise.
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