2016 Joint International Conference on Service Science, Management and Engineering (SSME 2016) and International Conference on Information Science and Technology (IST 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-379-3

The Study on the Management Characteristics of Riding and Archery Education in the ’s Eight- Banner Official School Xiang-Chuan SONG 1,a 1Physical Education Institute, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China [email protected]

Keywords: The Qing Dynasty, The Eight-Banner Official School, Riding and Archering.

Abstract. Qing Dynasty rulers for political and social needs of the consideration, in the school tried to maintain the horsemanship and archery education, and to develop the important management measures to maintain the effective operation of the horsemanship and archery education. These management features include: the specialized management institutions and experienced management personnel; the strict examination for horsemanship and archery education, and rewards and punishments; object of rewards and punishments include the students, and teacher.

Introduction The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of the feudal society, which was established by the minority nationality—Manchu. In the early days of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of Qing Dynasty have recognized it very importance for education, for the political and social factors are taken into account, set up a variety of the eight-banner official school for teaching object. Compared with other ordinary school, a prominent feature in the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners official education always emphasized strengthening maintain its national martial arts customs. Since the beginning of the educational institutions of the eight banners was establish, the Qing government stipulate the riding and archering as one of the main contents of the Eight Banners education, for in all, have clear regulation. [1] From Emperor Shunzhi to the early years of Emperor Guangxu, the riding and archering education of eight banners official school have lasted for more than 200 years. One of the important reasons to ensure orderly for riding and archering education, the reason is the strict management regime.

The Education of Riding and Archering for Eight- Banner Official School Has Special Management Organization and Management Personnel "Manchu and ride" is the fundamental of the Qing Dynasty, since the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty have paid much attention to the riding and archering. That the rulers "The equitation and toxophily is the most important thing for Eight Banners, the arts of war were prized above the arts of peace", The establishment of the Qing Dynasty and maintenance also need rely on the powerful force. Therefore, in the Eight- Banner official school, the spirit of the founding was strongly maintained. The all levels of the Eight Banners official school was established and it was organized by the special organization of the teaching management, to maintain the order of teaching in normal. Such as “the Royal Clan Education and gioroi tacikU is affiliated with Imperial Clan Court, Jingshan, Xian'an palace School is affiliated to imperial household department ", [2] the Eight Banners official school under the management of the Imperial College. Historical records, the students of Eight Banners official school "every ten days went to the Imperial College for exam, every five days to play archering in the spring and autumn". [3] The rules of Eight Banners official school was formulate by , associated with riding and shooting was clear in the record "everyday, Mongolian bow teachers passed on two kinds of archery method ,upon horse or no" in addition to practice archery in schools, the regulations also require "bow teachers and assistant led the students to practice archery outside the city in once a month", that is, to the field of practice. The choice of relevant management personnel have specific requirements, such as on the Royal Clan Education management "selected four members of imperial clansman for president, Imperial Clan Court selected 16 human for vice-president, as is the president missing out, namely selective vice-presidential fill granted, ask you to take turns on duty, from time to time exhortation to teach learning etiquette. An examination of every month, on the basis of studies and riding and archering, the students was differentiated three types, good, ordinary, less than, respectively, ranking to declare the registration. In the spring and autumn every year, the imperial Clan Courtpro test excellent person in academic advantages and outstanding archery". [4] These managers are from banners inside the rich experience, decency, sober, and has very high status, they for the meaning of "riding and archering" has a full understanding, they understand that riding and shooting in the maintenance of the position and role of the national rule. Therefore, their existence, has important significance to effectively carry out the "riding and archering" of education in eight-schools.

The Strict Examination System of “Riding and Archering”Education in eight-Banners Official School In any one time, examinations are an important driving force for people to study hard. The Qing government is very strict to examine the riding and archering of eight banners official school, it is the inevitable requirement of Qing govermeng rulers to maintain the national characteristics and the maintenance of the rule. Qing Dynasty Shunzhi year (1645),the eight-banners official school was established "The Manchuria children was required to learn by emperor, reading in four places respectively, every place has ten people accompany them to read, with teaching and learning. Every ten days went to the Imperial College for exam, every five days to play archering in the spring and autumn. In order to cultivate the talents of well-educated and trained in military exercises." In addition to the daily examination, eight-bannera official school exam in every month and each season has specific requirements for archery. More strict, if the Eight Banners children want to take part in imperial examinations, his riding and archering must be qualified, and then to take the test, if the horsemanship and archery are not up to standard, they was cancelled qualification of examination. Eight-banners official school regulations clearly documented the requirements for students to test in every month test: "In addition to the normal class, students was tested once a month, the students write an article who learn the Confucian culture, ignorant child recite an article, the test content of the Manchu and Mongolia students is to translate an article. Bow teachers and assistant led the students to practice archery outside the city in once a month." For the cases of royal clan school student members similar to the eight-banners official school, but focuses on the proposed "An examination of every month, on the basis of studies and riding and archering, the students was differentiated three types, good, ordinary, less than, respectively, ranking to declare the registration. In the spring and autumn every year, the imperial Clan Courtpro test excellent person in academic advantages and outstanding archery." [4] The eight-banners official school have many content to test, but the “riding and archering” is becoming increasingly important, horsemanship and archery superior will be tested again, and he will be recommended if his ability is really outstanding . The eight-banners official school regulations record the exam in each season about riding and shooting" The students riding and archering skill was tested in the spring and autumn period. First, teaching assistant register students who learn horse archery or step archery. To the examination date, every flag assistant led the flag students to fire garden, officials personally presided over the examination, the assistant present register and roll call, first examine horse archery and than examine step archery, examiner decides excellent and inferior, excellent person were given reward, People who are not good at skills are being scolded." [5] Jueluo school have similar provisions “to make the tube of the princes, etc., in the two seasons of spring and autumn Meinian personally test, respectively ranking informing house registration files, such as the book and horsemanship and archery club was, playing introduce Zhuoyong Ming”. Concern with social peace and tranquility in the course of time, more and more bannermen lost interest in practice riding and archery, which have caused the rulers, "bannermen especially in armament is anxious, Xiwen fear of commitment that armament laxness", [6] "or by riding and shooting Shu". In order to further urge the Eight Banners school students to practice archery, the Qing rulers prescribed bannermen in expedition must try riding and shooting, "26 year of Kangxi, Chao with various Chinese test, search customization. The township, try horse arrow, but should give 1583 qualified. The chambers and the permanent system of military might." [7] Qishe qualified people to in imperial examinations, so that Goodwin she become a important part of the Eight Banners children take part in the expedition. Emperor Kangxi 28 years, further emphasized "obtain Jinshi lifts, horsemanship and archery, if will be unbearable to take in and arrow prison officer and Chinese people together with impunity." Kangxi 29 years to further expand the scope of eight candidates, "strict examination of the Eight Banners in horse archery, where the bannermen read history of the Han Dynasty who, by the children admitted Licentiates, still shoot horse arrow, per manifester may record admission." Thirty years of Emperor Kangxi, will participate in the imperial examination must test horsemanship and archery expanded to eight banners of Mongolia and Han eight banners "thirty years and regarded Tianfu Manchuria, Mongolia, Han admitted Licentiates who, first test shoot horse arrow, according to the national capital eight banners, no admission to, make Fengtian general vice system test, the mighty quasi examination." [6] the second reigns of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, also do similar provisions, no longer tautology, fully reflects the emperor of the Qing Dynasty emphasis on horsemanship and archery.

Strict Rewards and Punishment Measures Rulers of the Qing Dynasty in addition to formulate the strict examination system of horsemanship and archery, and associated with reward and punishment measures to mobilize bannermen practice riding and archery the enthusiasm. History is contained: "twelve years Yongzheng proposed quasi, Xian'an Palace Guanxue Zhu Sheng, the subsequent five years an exam, in addition to gradually backward students are not candidates, not ordered by the examination, the should be admitted students, order management, Imperial officer found to send test. According to the test results, the students are divided into one or two, three, etc.. One or two students and three students accepted, still studying study, even by the school leather back. Similar incentives applies not only to students and the corresponding educational and teaching learning the same: "Han learning to teach for a period of three years, was shot in the horse, then teach Xi five year expires, during the teaching, if" professor with all your heart and with all your soul, solid training class, walking and handling those, to be up place names "," the training class equals three years period still stay for three years ", and" less than leather retreat ". In addition, the selection those dedicated to Professor, punishment. So since " at the same time, the rewards and punishment was implement, reward is very rich, students must be very excited and motivated to learning riding and archery, and the instructor did not have hasty and careless in his teaching" [4].

Summary Anyway, the ruler of the Qing Dynasty based on consideration of the social, political and military purposes, they pay attention to the riding and archery teaching of eight-banners school particularly, and enact strict rules and regulations to ensure the effective operation of the horsemanship and archery education of eight-banners official. The choice of administrative organization, administrative personnel, teachers have clear and strict requirements; and enact a more detailed daily learning and examination regulations; and according to the examination results ,the eight-banners official school students and teachers was rewarded and punished; riding and archery skills was closely integrated with the imperial examinations and title, and other personal interests; these measures have a positive effect to promote eight-banners school archery education and national traditions. But in view of the limitations of the rulers, the riding and archery education is limited to the eight-banners school. References [1] Wang Kanxuan. Try to talk about the Qing dynasty’s eight- banner official school. Journal of Liaoning University, 2015(9):174–180. [2] History of Qing Dynasty·106 volume·chronicles 81·election one. [3] Hai Damei. School education in Qing Dynasty eight-Banners. Journal of Liaoning Normal University, 1996(2):73--75. [4] The eight-banners general records was made by imperial order·97 volume. [5] The regulations of Imperial College was made by imperial order·37 volume. The modern Chinese historical collections·Third series. Taibei, wenhai publishing house, 1983. [6] General investigations of Qing dynasty document·64 volume·school 2. [7] History of Qing Dynasty·108 volume·chronicles 83·election 3.