Seat Increase: BN’s ultimate weapon in GE14?
Dr Wong Chin Huat Fellow, Penang Institute Resource Person, BERSIH 2.0-Engage-DART Briefing for Parliamentarians, the Parliament 2014.03.31
BN’s 3 Magic Tools:
• Malapportionment –manipulation in electorate size • Gerrymandering –manipulation in electorate composition • Seat Increase – Manipulation of politicians’ judgement Seat Increase: More People, More Lawmakers?
3
Seat Increase: Closing Inter-state Malapportionment?
By Cheng Eng Aun 4 Why must we have more lawmakers?
The Growth of The Growth of Population and Population and Congress Parliament in US (1911-2013) in Malaysia (1965-2005)
US Congressmen US Population (M) Malaysian MPs Malaysian Population (M)
435 435 222
314 144
94 26 9.4
1911 2013 1965 2005 5 Malaysia Boleh --- Let’s have 26 more MPs than India in 75 years?
Projected Parliamentary Expansion in India and Malaysia 700
600 578 552 500 465 518 GE09-GE11: 417 400 374 GE07-GE09+14%!: 328 GE04-GE07: +8.5%! 300 288 +15%! 253 219 222 193 Projected Expansion Rate in 200 180 GE14 and after 192 177 +14% / 2 GEs 154 100
0
Number of Malaysian MPs and Projection (after GE13) Maximum Number of Indian MPs and Projection (after GE13) 6 Redelineation First, Seat Increase Later Peninsula and Sabah Sarawak Labuan Constituency Redelination 1st Notice of Display 2002.08.08 2002.08.08 2005.01.07 2nd Notice of Display 2003.01.16 2002.12.26 2005.04.22 EC report laid before Dewan 2003.04.03 2003.04.03 2005.06.23 Rakyat Draft Order passed by Dewan 2003.04.08 2003.04.08 2005.07.04 Rakyat Order Gazetted 2003.05.01 2003.05.01 2005.08.01 Seat Increase Amendment of Article 46 2003.06.19 2003.06.19 2005.09.29 passed by Dewan Rakyat Amendment of Article 46 2003.08.14 2003.08.14 2005.12.31 Gazetted
Acknowledgement: Parliamentary Library; The Malaysian Bar especially Dr Pathmavathy Satyamoorthy, Santhi Latha and Anusha Gopalan Krishnan; Lu Wei Hong; and Cheng Eng Aun Why the Confusions?
Issue Consideration Decision Maker
Pre-1962 Post-1973 2003 & 2005 (by design) Redelineation (in practice) Total Seats Effectiveness of Step 1: Step 1: Step 2: Parliament; Parliament Parliament Election Quality of (Article 46) (Article 46) Commission Representation; (Article 46) Interstate Electorate Size Step 2: Apportionment and Power of Election State Commission Districting Electorate Size (Article 116) Step 2: Step 1: and Local Ties Election Election Commission Commission (13th Schedule) (13th Schedule) How big should the Parliament be? • Consideration 1: effectiveness of Parliament • Consideration 2: quality of representation
2012
The Dewan Rakyat met for
560：58：00 An average MP spoke and was heard for
02：31：37
By Nicholas Chan Should we have MORE MPs so that each can speak LESS?
9 How may seat increase make GE14 outcome more predetermined? • Two standard methods in gerrymandering: – Packing (your opponents’ supporters so that they can only win few constituencies) – Cracking (your opponents’ supporters so that they cannot win marginal constituencies) • By packing opposition supporters in a new seat, – BN’s marginal seats can be saved – PR’s marginal seats can be cracked How may seat increase make GE14 outcome more predetermined?
• In GE13, BN won 52.45% of total votes but 100% of 4 Parliamentary Seats surrounding Johor Bahru. • With price hike, plane crash and other factors, BN support may fall in GE14 and it may lose 3 seats if there is a drop by 3% points. • Without new seats, helping one BN candidate may hurt another one.
P158 Tebrau Who should Gerry help? Khoo Soo Seng (MCA) 51.13%
P161 Pulai Nur Jazlan Mohamed (UMNO) 51.91%
P160 Johor Bahru P159 Pasir Gudang Shahrir Abdul Samad Normala Abdul Samad (UMNO) (UMNO) 56.46% 50.54% 11 How to gerrymander within these 4 constituencies?
Blue – BN >= 55% Light Blue – BN 50%-<55% By HY Magenta – PR 50%-<55% Red – PR > 55% Without additional seats
Seats GE 13 After Boundary Adjustment Voters Margin Voters Margin P158 Tebrau 90,482 1767 (BN) 95695 2587 P159 Pasir Gudang 101,041 935 (BN) 98936 1671 P160 Johor Bahru 96,321 10,134 (BN) 96955 6154 P161 Pulai 100,490 3226 (BN) 97748 2095 With 1 additional seat
Seats After Boundary Adjustment Voters Margin P158 Terbrau 78394 7187 (BN) P159 Pasir Gudang 73975 8324 (BN) P160 JB Timor 78807 -17029 (PR) P160A JB Barat 79034 10463 (BN) P161 Pulai 78124 3562 Without Adding Seats
No matter how much adjustment is made, only 1 seat (JB) can be made safe. Possibly, in total, PR 3: BN1, a PR’s net lead of 2. Add 1 Additional Seat
With addition of just 1 seat, 3 seat are super safe, and 1 winnable and PR get 1 super safe seat (JB Timor). Overall: BN 4: PR 1, a BN’s net lead of 3. Compared to the previous scenario, BN’s fortune turns from -2 to +3, a net gain of 5 seats! What about gerrymandering into neighbouring constituencies, without new seats?
By HY
Polling districts on the eastern front are heavily BN. Adding in these polling districts may result in the JB constituencies excessively larger than neighbouring rural constituencies (Kota Tinggi and Tenggara). Polling districts on the western front are quite pro-PR. Gerrymandering towards that direction will mean transfer out these polling districts, which will make Gelang Patah excessively large. Combining these two moves, BN may still be marginal in 1-2 constituencies in the middle. Possible Scenario in Selangor
• These 5 Parliamentary Constituencies have 460,315 voters (7x national average) • In GE13, BN won 2 marginally (2:3), a lead of 1 • In GE14, BN may lose Hulu Selangor all 5 (0:5), a net loss of 85.697 5 (BN: 50.89%) • If 1 seat can be added, it’s possible for BN to Kuala Selangor secure the 2 marginals 62,298 Selayang (BN: 50.42%) 101,236 Gombak and win the new seat (BN: 37.90%) 123,290 (3:3), an even. (BN 47.53%) • This would mean an improvement from a net loss of 5 to possibly an even, a net gain in 5.
Ampang 83,135 (BN 40.60%) Possible Scenario in Terengganu Setiu 67,280 (BN: 56.79%) • With 634,944 voters (10x national average), Terengganu can count
Kuala Nerus on increase up to 2 seats 76,238 • 1 seat can be added between Besut (BN: 49.55%) 72,566 Kuala Terengganu, Marang and (BN: 56.71%) Kuala Terengganu Setiu, to be won by UMNO. 94,406 (BN: 43.23%) • Kuala Nerus can be wrested in the process. Marang 90,795 • Another 1 seat can be added (BN 46.83%) between Dungun and Kemaman, which UMNO stands a good chance of winning. Hulu Terengganu Dungun 63,543 78,174 • With status quo, UMNO: PAS = (BN: 57.38%) (BN: 46.78%) 4: 4 (a net lead of 0) • With 2 new seats, it could well be UMNO: PAS = 6:4 (a net lead of 2) Kemaman or even 7:3 (a net lead of 4) 91,442 (BN: 57.81%) What about other states?
Seat increase will likely benefit BN in also • Kedah • Kelantan • Malacca • KL • Sabah • Sarawak • Pahang • Perak
Thank you Extra 1 Why You Just Cant Trust the EC Violation of the “1 Person, 1 Vote, 1 Value” Principle?
• View 1: Malapportionment
By Cheng Eng Aun Violation of the “1 Person, 1 Vote, 1 Value” Principle? • View 2: Malapportionment + Gerrymandering
Violation of the “1 Person, 1 Vote, 1 Value” Principle? • View 2: Malapportionment + Gerrymandering
Seats-Votes Disproportionality in the Parliamentary Elections 2013 Vote % Seat % Relative Value
126.00% 109.00%
66.00% 59.91% 64.00% 47.38%
20.39% 17.12% 14.77% 15.71% 13.51% 9.46%
BN PKR DAP PAS Jika 1 undi = RM1, dan Harga 1kg sugar RM 1 如果一票=RM1， 而白糖每公斤RM1 If 1 Vote = RM1 and RM1 buys you 1kg sugar DAPAT 买到 BN RECEIVED 1.26KG
DAPAT 买到 PKR RECEIVED 0.66KG DAPAT 买到 DAP RECEIVED 1.09KG DAPAT 买到 PAS RECEIVED 0.64KG
Kerusi dalam Parlimen DAPAT 买到 国会议席 PR RECEIVED 0.79KG Seats in Parliament By Thomas Fann Bilangan undi pembangkang utama untuk melawan 1 undi Perikatan/Bn 与联盟/国阵一张选票等值，主要在野党所需赢得的选票数目 PRU Votes for Main Opposition Parties to match 1 Alliance/ BN vote 选举 Parti Pembangkang No 1 Parti Pembangkang No 2 Parti Pembangkang No 3 最大在野党 第二大在野党 第三大在野党 Elections Largest Opposition Party Second Largest Opposition Party Third Largest Opposition Party 1955 PN Infinity PAS 2.54 NAP Infinity 1959 PAS 2.34 Labour 2.31 PPP 2.25 1964 SF 12.25 PAS 2.47 UDP 6.65 1969 PAS 3.39 DAP 1.79 Gerakan 1.81 1974 DAP 4.52 SNAP 1.37 Pekemas 11.39 1978 DAP 2.72 PAS 7.03 Pekemas Infinity 1982 DAP 4.75 PAS 6.30 PSRM Infinity 1986 DAP 2.27 PAS 40.41 PSRM Infinity 1990 DAP 2.10 S46 4.48 PAS 2.28 1995 DAP 3.33 S46 4.22 PAS 2.59 1999 PAS 1.45 DAP 3.28 PKN 6.11 2004 PAS 8.15 DAP 2.58 PKR 26.08 2008 PKR 1.67 PAS 1.70 DAP 1.37 2013 PKR 1.91 PAS 1.98 DAP 1.19 Constitutional Provision Against Malapportionment Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(c) the number of electors within each constituency in a State ought to be approximately equal except that, having regard to the greater difficulty of reaching electors in the country districts and the other disadvantage facing rural constituencies, a measure of weightage for area ought to be given to such constituencies;
• Equal apportionment is rule, malapportionment has to be exceptional and justifiably pro-rural
27 Anti-rural and Unjustified Malapportionment Intra-State Malapportionment within the same state (Kedah) and the same Parliamentary Constituency (P103 Puchong)
Proposed Electorate at the 2003 Redelineation (2001 figure)
72,387 Is Baling a 56,007 Metropolis? Is Kinrara twice as backward as Sri Serdang? 36,989
19,304
P9 Alor Star P16 Baling N29 Sri Serdang N30 Kinrara
28 Constitutional Provision Against Gerrymandering Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(a) while having regard to the desirability of giving all electors reasonably convenient opportunities of going to the polls, constituencies ought to be delimited so that they do not cross State boundaries and regard ought to be had to the inconvenience of State constituencies crossing the boundaries of federal constituencies;
(b) regard ought to be to the administrative facilities available within the constituencies for the establishment of the necessary registration and polling machines;
(d) regard ought to be had to the inconveniences attendant on alterations of constituencies, and to the maintenance of local ties.
29 Gerrymandering Type 1: Crossing Municipal/District Boundaries
1 Parliamentary Constituency in 4 Local Authorities! 30 Gerrymandering Type 2: Arbitrary Combination of Communities (within the same Municipality/District)
The State Constituency of Selat Klang consists of two unconnected parts: urban settlement and islands. 31 Gerrymandering Type 3: Partitioning Neighbourhoods
N31 Subang Jaya N32 Seri Setia
32 One bed, two constituencies?
• Address：278-D, Kg Abdullah, 85000 Segamat. • Constituencies before 2003：P125 Segamat • Constituencies after 2003 – Mr Ong ： • P140 Segamat - N02 Jementah – Mrs Ong and other family members： • P141 Sekijang - N03 Pemanis
33 Gerrymandering Type 4: Teleporting Voters
Transfer of voters by way of electoral roll re-organisation after constituency redelineation.
http://www.pasukanp140.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/map-kg-abdullah-1024x887.png 34 Extra 2
How you can fight the EC in redelineation: The DART way
National Launch of DART on 9th March 2014, Menara PKNS, PJ
EC informing PM The Constituency Delineation Process according and Speaker of to Part 2, Schedule 13, Federal Constitution Dewan Rakyat Mandatory Can proceed to repeat after 2nd revision once EC make EC submit REVISION REPORT to PM
Objections Objections accepted rejected EC publishing a PM to lay report NOTICE in INQUIRY before the Dewan Gazette and Rakyat with a No DRAFT ORDER Newspaper(s) Objections objections about the effect fulfilling or not (with or without conditions modifications to of recommended fulfilling conditions recommendations) boundaries and 30 Days to make venues of maps OBJECTIONS – display. Yes 1. State Dewan Rakyat to YANG DI-
governments approve the draft PERTUAN
2. Local order on a AGONG to
authorities SIMPLE MAJORITY make the
3. Group of Order No 100+
affected PM to AMEND the
voters. draft order. By Dr Wong Chin Huat 2003 – 2003 – 2005 – Objections Classified Peninsula and Sabah Sarawak Labuan FIRST DISPLAY Objections not fulfilling conditions 142 38 13
Objections fulfilling Conditions
By State or local governments 5 By 100 or more affected voters 138 28 13
TOTAL 285 66 26 SECOND DISPLAY Objections not fulfilling conditions 36 14 2
Objections fulfilling Conditions
By State or local governments By 100 or more affected voters 11 2 8
TOTAL 47 16 10
3 Untuk meningkatkan BILANGAN bantahan. To increase the QUANTITY of objections. Untuk meningkatkan MUTU bantahan. To raise the QUALITY of objections.
Membuat BANTAHAN berkesan berdasarkan peruntukan Perlembagaan Senarai Semak Make effective OBJECTIONS based on the Constitutional provisions Check List Membuat HUJAH berkesan dalam Siasatan Tempatan Sempadan Alternatif Make effective CASES in Inquiries Alternative Boundaries
Pasukan Tindakan & Kajian Persempadan) It stands for Delineation Action & Research Team. Inisiatif persempadanan oleh rakyat. A Citizens’ Constituency Re-delineation Exercise. Di reka untuk orang biasa – senang guna tapi berkesan It is designed with the ordinary citizen in mind – easy to use but powerful. Usaha bersame Bersih 2.0 dan ENGAGE It was developed by ENGAGE and endorsed by BERSIH 2.0. Percuma dan boleh di muat turun. It is FREE and FREELY available. Untuk MELATIH dan MELENGKAPKAN pengundi terjejas untuk membantah apa-apa persempadanan yang tidak adil oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya.
To TRAIN and EQUIP affected voters to object to any UNFAIR or UNCONSTITUTIONAL delineation by the EC. BANTAHAN YG KUKUH
LEGALLY-SOUND CHALLENGE
Current +-15% - Based on
boundaries urban/semi- Federal
Parliament, urban Constitution
DUN and DM -33% - rural Deals with
MAPS Roads, rivers, Voters in malapportion rail tracks each Polling - ment & Districts DATA Districts gerrymander-
Municipali-ties Problematic CHECKLIST ing PETA / PETA Google Maps voters list / Easy
SENARAI SEMAK SEMAK SENARAI language
TRAIN TRAIN / SUPPORTLAT
LATIHAN & BANTUAN LATIHAN Build Build up ground from
for citizens citizens for citizens by PERLEMBAGAAN PERSEKUTUAN / FEDERAL CONSTITUTION JADUAL 13, SEK 2 / 3TH SCHEDULE, PART 1, SEC 2
PEMBAHAGIAN TIDAK SEKATA Malapportionment
PERSEMPADANAN TIDAK ADIL Gerrymandering
PEMINDAHAN PELIK (sama alamat, lain kawasan pilihanraya) Teleportation (same address, different constituencies) Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Jadual ke-13, Bahagian 1, Seksyen 2 (c) bilangan pemilih di dalam setiap bahagian pilihan raya di dalam sesuatu Negeri patut lah lebih kurang sama banyak kecuali bahawa, dengan mengambil kira kesulitan yang lebih besar untuk sampai kepada pemilih di dalam daerah desa dan kesukaran lain yang dihadapi oleh bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya di luar bandar, ukuran pewajaran bagi kawasan patutlah diberikan kepada bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya; Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2 (c) the number of electors within each constituency in a State ought to be approximately equal except that, having regard to the greater difficulty of reaching electors in the country districts and the other disadvantages facing rural constituencies, a measure of weightage for area ought to be given to such constituencies; Skima klasifikasi SPR – bandaraya, bandar, separa bandar, separa desa, desa – tidak berasas dari sisi Perlembagaan The EC’s classification scheme – metropolis, urban, semi urban, semi rural and rural – has no constitutional basis. Semua kawasan pilihanraya dalam negeri sama patutlah “lebih kurang sama banyak”, dalam ringkungan +-15% (piawaian 1957) daripada purata negeri All constituencies within the same state should have “approximately equal” electorate size, within the range of +-15% from the state average (the 1957 standard) Kekecualian dibenarkan untuk kawasan desa dan pedalaman sampai -33.33% (piawaian 1955) daripada purata negeri Exceptions are allowed for rural and inland constituencies, up to -33.33% from the state average (the 1955 standard) Kawasan pilihanraya dalam Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan/Daerah terpencil mungkin mempunyai saiz lebih kecil daripada piawaian di atas jika keadaan ini perlu untuk menghormati sempadan PBT/Daerah Constituencies in remote Local Authorities/Administrative Districts may have even smaller sizes from the above standard if this is necessary to respect the LA/AD boundary Jumlah Pengundi/Electorate = 1,040,522; Kerusi/Seats = 15; Purata/Average = 69,368; Biasa/General = +/-15%; Max = 79,773; Min = 58,963 Kecualian /Exception = -33% = 46,477
Kerusi Parlimen Pengundi P010 KUALA KEDAH 95,328 P015 SUNGAI PETANI 93,176 P016 BALING 93,168 Too P014 MERBOK 85,908 big +15% P008 POKOK SENA 80,714 P012 JERAI 74,410 P017 PADANG SERAI 73,549 P011 PENDANG 70,135 P009 ALOR STAR -15% 69,009 P006 KUBANG PASU 65,550 -33% -15% P018 KULIM-BANDAR BAHARU 60,910 P005 JERLUN 52,383 Too small -33% P013 SIK 46,786 P007 PADANG TERAP 41,960 Kes Istimewa? P004 LANGKAWI 37,536 Special Case? Jumlah Pengundi/Electorate = 1,040,522; Kerusi/Seats = 36; Purata/Average = 28,903; Biasa/General = +/-15%; Max = 33,239; Min = 24,568 Kecualian/Exception = -33% = 19,365
N25 BUKIT SELAMBAU 49,087 N32 KUALA KETIL 28,087 N34 LUNAS 40,498 N09 BUKIT LADA 27,593 N20 SUNGAI LIMAU
N26 TANJONG DAWAI 36,821 27,287
N06 JITRA 36,322 N11 DERGA 26,695
N19 SUNGAI TIANG 35,512 N36 BANDAR BAHARU 26,506
Besar
N28 BAKAR ARANG 34,743 N10 BUKIT PINANG 26,426 N18 TOKAI 34,623 N22 GURUN 26,037
N30 BAYU 34,570 N24 JENERI 25,586 Too big Too Terlalu N16 KUBANG ROTAN 34,559 N14 ALOR MENGKUDU 25,357 N35 KULIM 34,404 N29 SIDAM 25,151 -15% +15% N27 PANTAI MERDEKA 33,282 N03 KOTA SIPUTEH 22,816 N07 KUALA NERANG 21,651 N33 MERBAU PULAS 33,051
N17 PENGKALAN KUNDOR 31,788 N23 BELANTEK 21,200 Kecil
N31 KUPANG 30,511 N21 GUAR CHEMPEDAK 21,086 N04 AYER HITAM 29,567 N08 PEDU 20,309
N05 BUKIT KAYU HITAM 29,228 N01 AYER HANGAT Kes Istimewa? 20,130 Too small Too Special Case? Terlalu N15 ANAK BUKIT 28,981 N02 KUAH 17,406 -33% N12 BAKAR BATA 28,186 N13 KOTA DARUL AMAN 15,466 Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Jadual ke- 13, Bahagian 1, Seksyen 2 Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(a)...bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya patutlah disempadankan supaya tidak merentasi sempadan Negeri dan patutlah juga diberikan perhatian kepada kesulitan bahagian pilihan raya Negeri merentasi sempadan bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya persekutuan;
(a) ..constituencies ought to be delimited so that they do not cross State boundaries and regard ought to be had to the inconveniences of State constituencies crossing the boundaries of federal constituencies; Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Jadual ke-13, Bahagian 1, Seksyen 2 Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(d) perhatian patutlah diberikan kepada kesulitan yang akan timbul dengan perubahan bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya, dan kepada pemeliharaan hubungan tempatan
(d) regard ought to be had to the inconveniences attendant on alterations of constituencies, and to the maintenance of local ties. Jika kawasan Parlimen tidak boleh merentasi sempadan negeri, dan kawasan DUN tidak harus merentasi sempadan kawasan parlimen (PP/J13/P1/S2b), maka kawasan DUN juga tidak harus merentasi sempadan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan/Daerah. If Parliamentary constituencies cannot cross State boundaries dan state constituencies should not cross boundaries of parliamentary constituencies (FC/13S/P1/S2b), then state constituencies also should not cross boundaries of Local Authorities/Administrative Districts X X X! Setiap kawasan DUN mesti terletak dalam 1PBT/Daerah* sahaja Every state constituency must fall within 1 Local Authority/Administrative District* Setiap kawasan Parlimen boleh merangkumi paling banyak kawasan 2 PBT/Daerah sahaja, jika tidak dapat berada dalam PBT/Daerah* yang sama Every parliamentary constituency must not span across more than 2 Local Authorities/Administrative Districts* if it cannot fall within 1. * mana yang berkenaan / whichever relevant
Apakah sempadan pilihanraya memecahbelahkan komuniti tempatan? Do electoral boundaries break up local communities?
22 “Pemindahan Pelik” Pengundi (alamat sama, kawasan pilihanraya berlainan) secara langsung memecahkan hubungan tempatan. “Teleportation” (same address, different constituencies) directly breaks up local ties. Ini harus dikesan dan diperbetulkan dalam proses persempadanan This should be discovered and corrected during redelineation
23
Bilangan Bilangan Bilangan ADUN Pengundi Ahli Parlimen No of State Electorate % No of MPs Assemblypersons
Selangor 2,048,828 22 56
MPSJ 214,068 10.45% 2 6 ? ? ?
?
Selangor State Constituency Average: 36,586; max 42,074 (+15%); min 31,098 (-15%); rural min 24,003 (-33%)
Subang- Kinrara Sunway 35,947 30,108 Seri Kembangan 29,893 ?
USJ 42,967 Seri ? Serdang Bandar 27,684 Puchong ? 42,853 ? Selangor Parliamentary Constituency Average: 93,129; max 107,098 (+15%); min 79,159 (-15%); rural min 62,117 (-33%)
Serdang Subang 93,524 Jaya 115,928 ?
KESAS?
LDP ? Peralatan Tools: 1. Google Earth 2. Excel
Apa yang perlu dilakukan?
DART Membentukan JAWATANKUASA TERAS P158 Kenali sempadan anda KINI
Semakan SENARAI BAGI BANTAHAN (sebagai amalan sahaja) 100+ pengundi sah Sediakan sempadan PILIHAN anda Buat BANTAHAN BERSIHKAN senarai pengundi pada SPR yang kotor SPR menerbitkan persempadan baru – 30 hari bermula
Semakan Salin dan tampal BANDING SENARAI dari TEMPLATE peta SPR BAGI SURAT BANTAHAN dgn peta BANTAHAN anda What to do? DART Form a CORE committee of community leaders,lawyers,analyst,activists P158 Get to know your CURRENT boundaries
Go thru CHECKLIST of Grounds for Objections (as a practice) 100+ voters CREATE the preferred delineation for your constituency CHALLENGE EC’s recommendations CLEAN-UP dirty electoral roll EC presents new delineation 30 DAYS BEGIN
COPY & PASTE Go thru COMPARE from Legal CHECKLIST EC’s map Template of GOs with yours DART Nasional
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Affected Voters