Appendix A: Historical Timeline

1973 Juan Perón returns to Argentina from exile and is elected to his third term as president with his wife, Isabel Perón as vice president. His support was founded in populous and youth movements including the Montoneros and the Peronist Youth. 1974 Perón dies and Isabel Perón becomes president. She takes harsh action against the growing social imbalance by supporting military and police action against the groups that had supported Juan Perón’s initial return. She aligned with the Triple A (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance—Alianza Argentina Anticommunista). 1976 March 24, a military coup (including the army, navy, and air force) overthrows Isabel Perón and begins the seven year dictatorship. 1977 The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo are founded. Rodolfo Walsh writes his Open Letter from a Writer to the Military Junta and is abducted and brought to ESMA. Aldolfo Astiz infiltrates the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and identifies three founders who are among the twelve women abducted from the Santa Cruz Church. 1979 Center for Social and Legal Studies (CELS) is founded. 1982 Argentina initiates the Malvinas/Falkland War against Great Britain. Ultimately, Argentina loses and

 doi: 10.1057/9781137367501 Appendix A: Historical Timeline 

this creates additional tension and divisions within the Argentine military. 1983 The military steps down from power in Argentina. Raul Alfonsin is elected president. 1984 The CONADEP truth commission investigates disappearances and publishes Nunca Más. 1985 The Trial of the Juntas sentences nine high ranking military officers to prison; 5 were sentenced but 4 were acquitted. 1986 The first amnesty law, the Full Stop Law, is sanctioned, giving courts 60 days to bring charges against human rights violators. 1987 The Due Obedience law is sanctioned, pardoning crimes that were committed while following orders. 1989 Carlos Menem is elected to the first of two consecutive terms as president. First set of pard. 1990 Menem pardons the remaining imprisoned military officers. A French court sentences Astiz in absentia for crimes committed against French citizens. 1995 HIJOS is founded and begin escraches: demonstrations against human rights violators who remain unpunished. Scilingo con- fesses to crimes against humanity committed at ESMA, most notably, the practice of death flights. Truth trials begin. 2001 Federal Argentine judge, Gabriel Cavallo, rules amnesty laws unconstitutional. 2002 Institute of Space for Memory (IEM) is founded. 2003 Nestor Kirchner is elected president. Congress declared the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws null and void. 2005 Supreme Court declares amnesty laws null and void. Trials and investigations that were closed in 1986 by the amnesty laws are reopened. Additional investigations commence. 2007 Under the direction of the IEM, ESMA opens to the public as a space for memory. 2009 December 11, the first audience of Mega Cause I in which eighteen Naval officers are accused of committing crimes against humanity at the ESMA clandestine detention center. 2011 October 26, the verdict of Mega Cause I is decided and sixteen of the defendants are sentenced to prison. 2012 November 28, Mega Cause II is scheduled to begin.

doi: 10.1057/9781137367501 Appendix B: Participants in Mega Cause I

Judges

Ricardo Farías, Daniel Obligado, and German Castelli

District Attorney

Mirna Goransky and Pablo Ouviña

Defendants

Life Sentence Jorge Eduardo Acosta: Navy Captain, Officer in Command of Task Force 3.3 in ESMA from 1976–1979. Testimonies A, B, and C. Alfredo Ignacio Astiz: Navy Captain. Infiltrated the Madres and families of the disappeared in Santa Cruz Church. Testimonies A, B, and C. Ricardo Miguel Cavallo: Navy Captain. Testimony A. Julio César Coronel: Defended by his son. Testimonies B and C. Adolfo Miguel Donda: Testimony A. Alberto Eduardo González: Testimony B. Oscar Antonio Montes: Testimonies A and B. Antonio Perías: Testimonies A, B, and C. Jorge Carlos Radice: Testimonies B and C.

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Néstor Omar Savio: Testimony B. Raúl Enrique Scheller: Testimonies A and B. Ernesto Frimon Weber: Testimonies B and C.

25 Year Sentence Juan Carlos Fontea Dineri: Testimonies B and C. Manuel Jacinto Garcia Tallada: Testimonies A and B.

20 Year Sentence Carlos Octavio Capdevila: Testimony A.

18 Year Sentence Juan Antonio Azic: Testimony A.

Absolved Pablo Eduardo Garcia Velazco: Testimony C. Juan Carlos Rolón: Testimony B and C. Source: IEM, 2012 Diario de la Memoria “ESMA” La hora de la justicia

Victims/Cases

Testimony A Alberto Ahumada, Alejandra Margarita Lepido, Alejandro Monforte, Alfredo Julio Margari, Alicia Elisa Tokar, Ana María Isabel Testa, Ana María Martí, Andrés Ramón Castillo, Angel Strazzeri, Ariel Aisemberg, Arnaldo Rodolfo Gremico, Arturo Osvaldo Barros, Carlos A. García, Carlos Eduardo Figueredo Ríos, Carlos Gregorio Lordkipanidse, Carlos Muñoz, Carlos Oscar Loza, Daniel Marcelo Schappira, Edmundo Ramón Landín, Enrique Mario Fukman, Felisa Violeta María Wagner de Galli, Francisco Jalics, Graciela Alcira Fidalgo, Graciela Beatriz Daleo, Guillermo Olivieri, Héctor Guelfi, Hugo César Bogarin, Jorge Caffati, José María Salgado, Josefa Prada de Olivieri, Lázaro Jaime Gladstein, Lila Victoria Pastoriza, Lisandro Raúl Cubas, Luis Alberto Vázquez, Luis Daniel Aisemberg, Marcelo Camilo Hernández, María Alicia Milia de Pirles, María Amelia Larralde, María Cristina Lennie, María Elisa Hachamann de Landín, María Eva Bernst de Hansen, María Ines

doi: 10.1057/9781137367501  Appendix B: Participants in Mega Cause I

Imaz de Allende, María Laura Tacca de Ahumada, Marianela Galli, Mario Guillermo Enrique Galli, Martín Tomás Gras, Nilda Noemí Actis Goretta, Nilva Zucarino de Lennie, Orlando Virgilio Yorio, Oscar Alberto Repossi, Osvaldo Rubén Cheula, Patricia Teresa Flynn, Ricardo Héctor Coquet, Rodolfo Luis Picheni, Sandra Lennie de Osuna, Santiago Lennie, Sara Solarz de Osatinsky, Silvia Labayrú de Lennie,Silvia Wikinsky, Susana Beatriz Leiracha de Barros, Thelma Jara de Cabezas, Víctor Anibal Fatala, Víctor Melchor Basterra

Cases corresponding with Adolfo Miguel Donda Elsa Martínez de Villaflor, Enrique Ardetti, Enrique Mario Fuckman, Fernando Brodsky, Graciela Alberti, José Luis Hazan, Josefina Villaflor, Juan Carlos Anzorena, Juan Carlos Chiaravale, Raimundo Anibal Villaflor, Susana Beatriz Leiracha de Barros, Thelma D. Jara de Cabezas, Víctor Melchor Basterra Oscar Antonio Montes Sergio Martín Bejerman, Laura Alicia Reboratti Carlos Antonio Capdevilla Thelma Doroty Jara de Cabezas

Testimony B Alicia Ana María Juana Domon, Angela Aguad, Azucena Villaflor de De Vicenti, Eduardo Gabriel Horane, Horacio Aníbal Elbert, José Julio Fondevilla, María Esther Ballestrino de Careaga, María Eugenia Ponce de Bianco, Patricia Cristina Oviedo, Raquel Bullit, Remo Carlos Berardo, Reneé Leonnie Duquet

Testimony C Rodolfo Walsh Source: CELS, 2012 cels.org.ar/wpblogs

doi: 10.1057/9781137367501 Appendix C: Interviewed Participants

Years of Interview Name Age Gender Profession Experience Order

Agustin s Male Public Prosecutor-District   Attorney’s Office Sofia s Female Public Prosecutor-District   Attorney’s Office Javier s Male Psychologist-Ulloa Center   Maria s Female Public Prosecutor-   Human Rights Secretariat Natalia s Female Public Prosecutor-District   Attorney’s Office Daniel s Male Private Lawyer-CELS   Carolina s Female IEM Representative  

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doi: 10.1057/9781137367501 Index

Acosta, Jorge, 3, 4, 10, 14, 21, Garzon, Judge Baltasar, 10, 18 52, 61, 72 genocide, 25, 51, 58, 66, 69, Agustin, interviewee, 39, 54, 76, 77 58, 75 Grandmothers of the Plaza de Alfonsin, Raul, 7, 8, 21, 71 Mayo, The, ix, 8, 9, 12, 13, amnesty laws, 3, 7–10, 15, 16, 14, 36, 59, 70 23, 32, 53, 57, 66, 68, 71 Due Obedience Law, 8–10, 71 HIJOS, ix, 8, 12, 13, 23, 54, 71 Full Stop Law, 8, 9, 71 Human Rights Secretariat, 5, Astiz, Alfredo, 4, 10, 21, 59, 63, 11, 12, 19, 23–25, 28, 30, 32, 70, 71, 72 36, 38, 45, 50, 55, 65

Careaga, Ana Maria, 5 IACHR Carolina, interviewee, 11, 29, Inter-American Commission 40, 56–59, 75 of Human Rights, ix, 9, 10, Castresana, Carlos, 10, 18 39, 64 Cavallo, Gabriel, 9, 21, 71, 72 IEM, ix, 3, 5, 6, 11–14, 19, 23, 24, CELS, ix, 4–6, 9–12, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28–30, 54, 56, 58, 71, 73 24, 30, 31, 36, 37, 42, 44, 49, 52, 53, 59, 70 Javier, interviewee, 11, 26–29, CONADEP, ix, 7, 30, 37, 54, 71 37, 51, 52, 56, 57, 75

Daniel, interviewee, 11, 30, 34, Kirchner, Nestor, 2, 9, 23, 71 49, 59, 75 death flights, 3, 4, 9, 40, 43, 44, Maria, interviewee, 5, 11, 24, 51, 71 25, 28, 41, 45, 50, 52, 55–57, disappeared, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12–14, 59, 75 19, 20, 30, 32, 39, 40, 50, Massera, Emillio, 3 55, 57–59, 60, 64, 67, 72, 79 Mega Cause I, 2–7, 11, 14, 17–20, 23–43, 45–47, ESMA, ix, 2–6, 8, 9, 11–14, 20, 49–60, 63–68, 71, 72 24, 29, 30, 34, 36, 38, 40, challenge, 5–7, 12, 19, 24, 26, 43, 44, 49, 51–55, 58, 60, 32, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45–47, 68–73 49, 64, 65, 67–69

 doi: 10.1057/9781137367501 Index 

success, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 19, 32, 34, 35, 37, Sosti, Gabriela, 23 38, 46, 47, 49, 60, 63–69 South African Truth and Mega Cause II, 7, 12, 19, 20, 24, 25, 27, Reconciliation Commission, 16 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 41–44, 47, 50, 51, state terrorism, 2–5, 7, 8, 12, 17, 19, 20, 63, 65, 69, 71 24, 25, 28–32, 37, 38, 44, 45, 50, 53, memory, 2, 6, 7, 12–14, 17–20, 24, 29, 55, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 69 47, 49, 50, 52-57, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, justice for, 2, 5–10, 12, 14–16, 18–20, 68, 69, 71, 80 26, 28–31, 36, 38, 39, 44–47, 49, 50, Menem, Carlos Saul, 8, 29, 71 54, 56–61, 63, 65–69 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, ix, 4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 21, 24, 31, 36, 40, 58, 70 transitional justice, 2, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 38, 45–47, 63, 66–68 Natalia, interviewee, 11, 34, 39, 40–47, defined, 14 58, 75 trials Nunca Más, 7, 71 Club Atletico, Banco and Olympico, Nuremberg Trials, 7 13, 43 Stealing of Children, The, 13 Obligado, Judge Daniel, 4, 42, 72 Trial of the Juntas, 7, 15, 17, 37, 53, 54, 68, 71 post-transitional justice, 5, 14, 17–20, truth, 2, 6, 7, 9, 14–20, 29, 30, 37, 47, 23, 31, 34, 37, 39, 46, 47, 49, 60, 63, 49–51, 53–61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 67–69 71, 76 defined, 17 truth commissions, 16, 77 reconciliation, 2, 6, 14–20, 29, 47, 49, Ulloa Center, x, 5, 11, 12, 19, 23–28, 32, 50, 57–61, 63, 65, 68, 69 38, 65 Rousseaux, Fabiana, 26 Santa Cruz Church, 4, 5, 9, 23–25, 31, 40, 51, 52, 70–74 victim-witness, 25, 27, 28, 38, 43, 65 French nuns, 4, 9, 10, 24 Videla, Jorge Rafael, 2, 8, 9, 14, 43, 59 Scilingo, Adolfo, 8–10, 61, 71 Sofia, interviewee, 11, 23, 40, 49, 54, 75 Walsh, Rodolfo, 2, 4, 13, 25, 31, 70, 74

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