In This Edition: Page Page  Dangerous Animals 2  Cyclone Yasi 18  International Day of Families 3  Do You Know The Rules? 19  Ford 4  Aust. Animal Health Lab. 20  The 6  Geelong’s Water Supply 22  Where Did TV Come From? 8  The 1861 Comet 24  “O, For the Good Old Days!” 9  Zoo Animals Word Search 25  Ned Kelly 10  Hera 26  Melbourne Cricket Ground 12  150 Years Ago 27  A.B. Banjo Paterson 14  Then… & Now 28  Origins of English Sayings 2 16

P A R T ONE

STONEFISH Maybe a Stonefish would never win a beauty contest, but it would definitely win the top prize for being “The World’s Most Venomous Fish”. Its venom causes such severe pain that some victims have asked for the affected limb to be amputated. It has been described as “the worst pain known to man.” The pain is accompanied with possible shock, paralysis, and tissue death. If not given medical attention quickly this Queensland fish can even be fatal to humans.

POISON DART FROG This frog is probably the most poisonous animal on earth. The 5cm long golden poison dart frog has enough venom to kill 10 adult humans or 20,000 mice. Only 2 micrograms of this lethal toxin (the amount that fits on the head of a pin) is capable of killing a human or other large mammal. They are called “dart frogs” because natives of South America make use of their toxic secretions to poison the tips of their blow-darts. These brightly coloured frogs keep their poison in their skin. Anyone who touches or eats them could become very ill or die.

2 May 15 This day highlights the importance of family. It aims at fostering equality, bring about a fuller sharing of domestic responsibilities and employment opportunities. The year 1994 was announced as the International Year of Families by the United Nations. The International Day of Families on May 15, is a juncture to ponder on the work started during 1994 and to rejoice in the significance of families, people, civilizations and cultures around the world. It has been held every year since 1995. In 2011 the theme will be “Confronting Family Poverty.” Do you see a need to focus a little more on doing things as a family? Here are a few handy hints for doing family things instead of just sitting around watching television—  Sit down at meal-time as a family and talk about your day.  Go to the park or the beach.  Do some domestic chores together.  Play a board game or a game of cards.  Read to your children.  Do something kind for another person.  Tell a family member how much you love them.

International Day of Families Emblem The representation of the International Day of Families consists of a dark green circle with a picture in red. The picture consists of elements of uncomplicated drawings of a heart and a house. This draws attention to the family as the hub of society that provides a steady and supporting home for people of all ages.

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On March 31, 1925, Ford announced that Geelong was to be the headquarters for their Australian expansion. The first Australian-built Ford was a Model T that came off an Henry Ford– improvised production line in a disused Geelong wool-store American founder of in June 1925, while work started on a factory in the nearby the Ford Motor Co. suburb of Norlane. In 1928 the factory switched to the Model A and was followed by the Ford V8 in 1932. The North American Ford Falcon was assembled in Australia in 1960. The Australian and American product lines separated during the mid 1960s when the US Ford product proved inconsistent with Australian desires and requirements—in fact, the initial Falcon required extensive re-engineering beyond standard Right Hand Drive adaptation for Australian conditions. Since its inception the Falcon Ford Model T– The first model made in has proven to be Ford Australia's most Geelong in 1925 popular car. Ford has manufactured over three million units since 1960. Key events for Ford Geelong: 1925 - Ford Australia founded in Geelong, Victoria, as an outpost of the car giant's North American operations. The Geelong plant started by assembling Model Ts. 1934 - Ford Australia invents the ute. The inventor was Ford Geelong engineer Lewis Bandt.* 1938 - During World War II, Ford Australia stops producing cars and *See the Jillong Pocket , February 2011 edition for Lewis Brandt’s story. Geelong Ford factory 1957 4

begins military production to The Ford oval trademark was first introduced in 1907. support the war The 1928 Model A was the first vehicle to sport an early effort. version of the Ford script in the oval badge. The dark 1945 - After World blue background of the oval is known to designers as War II, the plant Pantone 294C. The Ford script is credited to Childe r e c o m m e n c e s Harold Wills, Ford's first chief engineer and designer. He a s s e m b l y o f created a script in 1903 based on the one he used for imported Ford his business cards. Today, the oval has evolved into a models. perfect oval with a width-to-height ratio of 8:3. 1960 - Ford Australia begins producing the US version of the Falcon. 1972 - Falcon is adapted to Australian requirements and road conditions and becomes Ford's most well-known car in Australia. 1999 - Opening of the Ford Discovery Centre, an interactive showcase of Ford's manufacturing history in Australia. 2001 - Ford cuts 300 jobs at its Geelong and Broadmeadows plants due to reduced demand. 2004 - Ford begins production of the four-wheel drive Ford Territory, on the same production line as the Falcon. The Territory becomes the most popular 4WD drive in Australia since its release. 2004 - Ford Australia announces it will spend $20 million on a new product engineering and development centre in Geelong, to be built alongside its powertrain and stamping operations and to be completed in mid-2006. 2006 - Ford announces it will invest $1.8 billion to build a design centre and develop new projects at its Geelong and Broadmeadows plants. The federal and Victorian govern- ments give the company more than $100 million. 2006 - Ford announces it will cut 640 jobs at its Broadmeadows and Geelong plants due to falling sales of its larger vehicles. The sign beside Melbourne Road is well-known 2010 - Ford employs about 159,000 to Geelong residents, as well visitors going through our great city. people worldwide. 5

The Chas Brownlow Trophy — better known as the Brownlow Medal is awarded to the "fairest and best" player in the Australian Football League during the regular season (not including finals matches) as determined by votes cast by the officiating field umpires after each game. It is the most prestigious award for individual players in the AFL. It is also widely acknowl- edged as the highest individual honour in the sport of Australian Rules Football. The medal was first awarded by the Victorian Football League (VFL) in 1924. It was created and named in honour of Charles Brownlow. (see box on opposite page) Although the award is generally spoken of as the "best and fairest", the award's specific criterion is "fairest and best", reflecting an emphasis on sportsmanship and fair play (which also explains the decision to have the votes cast by the umpires), as the letter sent to the first winner, Geelong’s Edward (Cargi) Greeves states. -see below

Mr. Edward Goodrich Greeves THE CHARLES BROWNLOW TROPHY Dear Sir, On behalf of the Victorian Football League, we desire to place on permanent record the appreciation of your excellent play during the Season 1924. You were selected as the fairest and best player and we have pleasure in presenting the accompanying Gold Medal in recognition of those sterling qualities. Trusting that you will be long spared to interest yourself in the advancement of the Game. We are, yours sincerely W. Baldwin Spencer (President), M.E. Green (Treasurer), E. L. Wilson (Secretary)

The first Brownlow Trophy winner was notified by letter 6 Charles "Chas" Brownlow But for the change of the July 25, 1861 – January 23, 1924 monogram from VFL to AFL in Brownlow was an Australian Rules 1990, the design, shape and size Football administrator in the Victorian of the medallion itself has Football League. He went to the Geelong remained virtually unchanged from College for his schooling. that of 1924. Before becoming an administrator, from 1880 to 1891 he played with the Geelong Voting Procedure Football Club in the VFA (before the To determine the best player, the formation of the VFL). During his career three field umpires (not the goal he was also the club secretary, beginning umpires or boundary umpires) from 1885 and ending in 1923. In confer after each home-and-away addition to this he was caretaker match and award 3 votes, 2 votes president of the VFL in 1918-19. and 1 vote to the players they In 1997, Brownlow was inducted as an regard as the best, second best administrator into the Australian Football and third best in the match Hall of Fame. respectively. On the awards night, the votes from each match are tallied, and the player or players with the highest number of votes is awarded the medal (as long as he has not been suspended during the season by the tribunal). Since the rules were changed in 1980, if two or more eligible players score the equal highest number of votes, each wins a Brownlow medal. Prior to 1980, if two or more players were tied, a single winner was chosen on a countback. In 1989, players who had tied on votes but lost on a countback were awarded retrospective medals.

Past Geelong Winners Gary Ablett 2009 2007 1989 Alistair Lord 1962 1951 Edward Greeves 1924

Interestingly, Geelong Football Club’s annual Best and Fairest Award is named after the first winner of the Brownlow medal— 2009 winner– Geelong’s Gary Ablett ‖Cargi‖ Greeves. 7

The invention of television came after about 100 years of experimenting with electronics and electrical devices, starting from the 1830’s. The inventor of what we would today call a television is disputed, but the best two machines that could lay claim to being the first were made by American, Charles Jenkins and British inventor, John Baird. Charles Jenkins invented a mechanical television system called radiovision and claimed to have trans- mitted the earliest moving silhouette images on June 14, 1923. Charles Jenkins publicly performed his first television broadcast transmission, from Anacosta, Charles Jenkin's Virginia to Washington in June, 1925. Radiovisor 1923 John Baird created the first televised pictures of objects in motion (1924), the first televised human face (1925) and a year later he televised the first moving object image at the Royal Institution in London. His 1928 trans-Atlantic transmission of the image of a human face was a broadcasting milestone. Colour television was also demonstrated by Baird in 1928. Other notable events in the history of modern television are: 1930 Charles Jenkins broadcasts the first TV commercial. The BBC begins regular TV transmissions.  1936 About 200 television sets are in use world-wide.

 1937 The BBC begins broadcasts in London.  1948 Cable television is introduced in Pennsylvania USA, as a means of bringing television to rural areas. One million homes in the United States have television sets.  1956 Robert Adler invents the first practical remote control called the Zenith Space Commander.  1962 AT&T launches Telstar, the first satellite to carry TV broadcasts internationally.  1975 Colour television comes to Australia 1996 One billion TV sets are working worldwide John Baird’s face– as  transmitted by his own  2011 Over 3 billion TV sets are in use. invention. 8 At the last sale of town lots [in Geelong], quarter acre allotments sold as high as £26 [$52]. The Sydney Morning Herald December 6, 1847 p.2

The majority of the shopkeepers in Geelong wish to allow their assistants some chance of needful recreation by closing at 7 p.m., but there are three dissentients who hinder the act of grace, and against these the shopmen have appealed to the public. South Australian Register, November 13, 1847 p.3

One thing, however, is Some idea may be formed of the state of our roads in the interior, certain, that Geelong is a when we mention that two drays came into town, yesterday after- very clover-field for the noon, with average loads, each dray having fourteen bullocks yoked. residence of offenders The drivers informed us that, even with this unusual draught power, against the law. they experienced much difficulty in bringing their teams into town. The Argus May 21,1849 p.1 The cattle exhibited the appearance of having been drawing belly deep through mud and water. Geelong Advertiser July 27, 1849

There were some more disgraceful scenes enacted In the public streets [of Geelong] yesterday, arising out of the open-air preaching of the Beardies, or Wroeites*. Two open breaches of the peace were committed - one party getting a black eye, and the other a broken mouth. Dead rats, mud, and even stones, were thrown at the members of that sect, and a most disgusting Sunday broil resulted. The Argus July 8, 1863 p.6 *Zealous followers of self-proclaimed Yorkshire prophet John Wroe, who had died earlier in February 1863 in Melbourne. His followers still exist, calling themselves Christian Israelites.

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1855—1880 Edward (Ned) Kelly, was born in June 1855 at Beveridge, Victoria. He was the eldest son of John (Red) Kelly and his wife Ellen (nee Quinn)*. At eleven years of age Ned’s father died. Ellen Kelly and her seven children (aged 18 months to 13 years old) moved to a hut at Eleven Mile Creek, about half-way between Greta and Glenrowan in northern Victoria. Becoming well known to the police in the district, the Kellys, Quinns and other relatives, were suspected of stealing horses and cattle. In 1870 Ned, now aged 15, was convicted of a summary of offences and impris- oned for six months. Soon after release he was then sentenced to three years for receiving a stolen mare. After he was discharged from prison in 1874 Kelly worked for two years as a timber-cutter but in 1876 joined his new stepfather, George King, in stealing horses. Although the Kelly family saw themselves as victims of police persecution, the Kelly boys were undoubtedly affected by the lack of respect for authority shown by their mother, other relatives and criminal elements around them. Long-suffering honest members of their community became regular victims of Kelly misbehaviour. It was only a matter of time before further illegal activities brought the attention of the police. Ned’s brother Dan (1861-1880), was sentenced to three months imprison- ment in 1877 for damaging property, and soon after his release in 1878 a warrant was issued for his arrest for stealing horses. On April 15, 1878 a police trooper by the name of Fitzpatrick went to Mrs Kelly’s home to arrest Dan. Fitzpatrick then claimed that Ned Kelly shot him, although Ned was allegedly not there at the time. The true facts have never been satisfacto- rily established. Mrs Kelly, her son-in-law, William Skillion, and a neighbour, William Williamson, were arrested and charged with aiding and abetting the attempted murder of Fitzpatrick. The Kelly Gang Rewards of £100 were offered for the apprehension of Ned and Dan Kelly, who went into hiding in the Wombat Ranges near Mansfield. They were then joined by friends Joe Byrne and Steve Hart. On November 15, 1878 the Victorian govern- ment issued a Proclamation of Outlawry and offered rewards of £500 each for the members of the Kelly gang—dead or alive! On December 9, the Kelly gang stormed a sheep station at Faithfull’s Creek, about 6km out of Euroa, locking up 22 persons in a store-room. While Byrne guarded the captives, the other three went to Euroa and held up the National Bank, taking £2000 in notes and gold. The reward for their capture was doubled. *For Ellen Kelly’s life story see the Jillong Pocket: January 2011 edition, page 20. 10 On February 8, 1879, the gang struck again, but this time at Jerilderie, a town about 48km north of the Murray River. They locked up two policemen and took possession of the police station. Wearing the police uniforms, they held up the Bank of New South Wales for £2141 in notes and gold. The Glenrowan Shoot-out The Kelly Gang arrived in Glenrowan on June 27, 1879 equipped with armour that was tough enough to repel bullets. They forcibly took about seventy hostages at the Glenrowan Inn. The gang knew that a passenger train carrying a police detachment was on its way and ordered that the rail tracks be pulled up hoping to cause the train’s derailment. However, the attempt failed when schoolmaster Thomas Curnow convinced Ned to let him go. As soon as he was released he alerted the authorities. The police then stopped the train before it derailed and laid siege to the inn at dawn on June 28. Police testimony disagrees with that of Kelly as to who fired first. Superintendent Hare stated that at least 5 shots were fired at police before they returned fire. Kelly testified in court that he was dismounting from his horse when a bolt of his armour failed. While he was fixing the bolt the police fired two volleys into the inn. Kelly claimed that as he walked towards the inn the police fired a third volley with the result that one bullet hit him in the foot and another in the left arm. It was at that moment he claimed his gang began returning fire. Kelly now walked in what the police called a “lurching motion” towards them from 30 meters away. Because of the restrictions of his armour, and now being able to only hold his rifle in one hand, he had to hold the rifle at arm’s length to fire, and claimed he fired randomly, two shots to the front and two shots to the left. Consta- ble Arthur fired three times, hitting Ned once in the helmet and twice in his body, but despite staggering from the impacts he continued to advance. Constables Phillips and Healy then fired with similar effect. Kelly’s lower limbs were unpro- tected, and when 15 meters from the police line he was shot repeatedly in the legs. As he fell he was hit by a shotgun blast that had injured his hip and right hand. The End Despite strong agitation for a reprieve, Kelly was hanged at the Melbourne gaol on November 11, 1880. His mother came to see him before his execution. He met his end without fear. Reportedly, his final words were “Such is Life.” The Kelly Gang Armour All four suits consisted of a breast-plate, back-plate and a helmet. Joe Byrne’s suit was the only one without an apron to protect the groin and thighs, and as a result he died from a shot to the groin. Ned’s suit was the only one to have an apron at the back. All four men wore dustcoats over the armour. Each man’s armour weighed about 45 kg.

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The Early Days Founded in November 1838 the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) initially played at a number of different sites around Melbourne. One site was ear- marked for Botanical Gardens, another was subject to regular flooding from the Yarra River, and a third was abandoned after being claimed for a railway expansion. Finally, in 1853 the MCC selected the current site after Governor La Trobe offered it to them as one of three choices. Before being taken over by the MCC, Yarra Park as it is called, was used by the aborigi- nes up until 1835. From 1835 until 1853 it was used as a paddock to MCG in 1864 feed trooper horses. Grandstanding The first grandstand at the MCG was the original wooden members stand built in 1854, while the first public grandstand was a 200m long 6000-seat temporary structure built in 1861. Another grandstand seating 2000 and facing one The highest attendance at way to the cricket ground and the other way the MCG was around to the park where football was played, was built in 1876 for the 1877 visit of the English 130,000 for a Billy Graham cricket team. It was during this tour that the evangelistic crusade in first Ashes Test Match was played. In 1881 1959, followed by 121,696 the original members stand was sold to the for the 1970 VFL Grand Richmond Cricket Club for £55. A new brick Final when Carlton stand, considered at the time to be the world’s finest cricket facility, was built in its defeated Collingwood. 12

place. It was also in 1881 that a telephone was installed at the ground, and the wickets and goal posts were changed from an east- west orientation to north-south. In 1882 a scoreboard was built which showed details of the batsman's name and how he was dismissed.

In 1927 the second brick members The famous Bay 13 stand was replaced at a cost of £60,000. The Southern Stand was then added in 1937. It was in this stand that the famous Bay 13 was located. The MCG became home to Australia’s first full colour video scoreboard in 1982. In 1985 light towers were installed at the ground, allowing for night football and day-night cricket games In 1988 inspections of the old The MCG holds the world record Southern Stand found concrete for the highest light towers at any cancer and thus needed to be sporting venue. replaced. The new Great Southern Stand was completed in 1992 at a final cost of $150 million. The 1928 Members' stand, as well as the 1956 Olympic stand and the 1968 Ponsford stand were demolished one by one between late 2003 to 2005. They were replaced in time for Melbourne to host the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Redevelopments have now limited the maximum seating capacity to just over 100,000. This makes it the tenth largest stadium in the world.

The MCG and Australian Rules Football Although the Melbourne Cricket Club members were instrumental in founding Australian football, there were understandable concerns in the early days about the damage that might be done to the playing surface if football was allowed to be played at the MCG - after all it was a cricket ground. Therefore, football games were often played in the parklands next to the cricket ground. It wasn’t until 1869 that football was played on the MCG proper, even though it was only a trial game involving a police team. It was not for another 10 years, in 1879, after the formation of the Victorian Football Association, that the first official match was played on the MCG and the cricket ground itself became a regular venue for football. Night matches were even played that year using specially erected light towers. The first of nearly 2200 Victorian Football League/Australian Football League games to be played at the MCG was on May 15, 1897 with Melbourne 9.10.64 defeating Geelong 3.1.19.

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1864—1941 Andrew Barton ―Banjo‖ Paterson was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author. He wrote many ballads and poems about Australian life, focusing particularly on the rural and outback areas, including the district around Binalong, New South Wales where he spent much of his childhood. Paterson’s more notable poems include ―Waltzing Matilda,‖ ―The Man from Snowy River‖ and ―Clancy of the Overflow.‖ The Early Years Banjo Paterson was born at the property ―Narrambla,‖ near Orange, New South Wales. He was the eldest son of Andrew Bogle Paterson, a Scottish immigrant from Lanarkshire and Australian-born Rose Isabella Barton, related to the future inaugural Prime Minister of Australia Edmund Barton. The family moved to the isolated Buckinbah Station in the Monaro District until his father lost his wool clip in a flood and was forced to sell up. Then, when Paterson’s uncle died, his family took over the uncle’s farm in Illalong, located 5km (3 miles) from Binalong and close to the main route (Hume Highway) between Melbourne and Sydney. Bullock teams, Cobb and Co. coaches and drovers were famil- iar sights to the young, impressionable Paterson. He also witnessed horsemen from the Murrumbidgee River and Snowy Mountains country take part in picnic races and polo matches, which led to his fondness of horses and inspired his writings. Paterson’s early education came from a governess, but at age 5 when he was able to ride a pony, he was taught at the bush Primary School at Binalong. Five years later in 1874 he was sent to Sydney Grammar School, performing well both as a student and a sportsman. At this time, he lived with his grandmother in the suburb of Gladesville. A Solicitor and Poet Binalong After completing school at 16, Paterson started work for a Sydney firm of solicitors, Spain and Salway. He was admitted as a Binalong is located 37km solicitor in 1886 and formed the legal partner- north-west of Yass in NSW. 14 Why is Paterson’s nickname ―Banjo‖? ship, Street and Paterson. It was a name Paterson chose for himself. In During these years Paterson 1885, Paterson began publishing his poetry in began publishing verse in the Sydney edition of The Bulletin under the the Bulletin and Sydney pseudonym of "The Banjo", the name of a Mail. Paterson’s poems favourite horse. mostly presented a highly romantic view of rural Australia. His work is often compared to the prose of Henry Lawson, a contemporary of Paterson’s. Popular poems ―The Man from Snowy River,‖ (which inspired a movie in 1982 and a TV series in the 1990s), and ―Clancy of the Overflow,‖ (the tale of a Queensland drover) were pub- lished in the 1880’s. Banjo Paterson’s poem ―Waltzing Matilda,‖ was published in 1895 and later set to music. It has became one of Australia’s most famous songs. In 1905 he published a collection of bush ballads entitled Old Bush Songs. Copies sold out quickly. In fact, in his heyday at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, Paterson was second only to Rudyard Kipling in popularity among living poets writing in English. In 1902 Banjo left the legal profession, and sought work as a journalist and war correspondent. All this time, he continued to write poetry. In 1903 he married Alice Walker in Tenterfield. Their first home was in Woollahra, Sydney. The Patersons had two children, Grace born in 1904 and Hugh born in 1906. In Later Years During World War I Paterson sailed to Europe hoping for an appointment as war correspondent. Instead, during the course of the war he was attached as an ambulance driver to the Australian Voluntary Hospital in France and was commissioned to the 2nd Remount Unit of the AIF. He was eventually promoted to Major. At the end of the war he returned to journalism, finally retiring in 1930. Paterson died of a heart attack in Sydney on February 5, 1941 aged 76. Paterson’s grave, along with that of his wife, is in the Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens and Crematorium, Sydney. Banjo Paterson’s reputation as an Australian icon is celebrated on the Australian $10 note. 15

SAVING/LOSING FACE The noble ladies and gentlemen of the late 1700s wore much makeup to impress each other. Since they rarely bathed, the makeup would get thicker and thicker. If they sat too close to the heat of the fireplace, the makeup would start to melt. If that happened, a servant would move the screen in front of the fireplace to block the heat, so they wouldn't "lose face."

COLD ENOUGH TO FREEZE THE BALLS OFF A BRASS MONKEY On war ships the cannon balls were of iron and the plate they were stacked on beside the cannon was made of brass, the plate was known as a monkey. In extreme cold the two metals would contract differently and the iron balls would fall off the monkey.

DEAD AS A DOOR NAIL Nails were once hand-tooled and costly. When someone tore down an aging cabin or barn he would salvage the nails so he could re-use them in later construction. When building a door, however, carpen- ters often drove the nail through then bent it over on the other end so it couldn't work its way out. When it came time to salvage, these bent "door nails" were considered useless or "dead."

GETTING NAILED A few centuries ago in Britain, 'justice' was meted out mostly by hanging or flogging. However there were some crimes for which you could be 'nailed' for. For these crimes you would be taken to the hangman's gibbet and nailed through the earlobe until night. You had two options: you could either stand all day, nailed to the scaffold or else tear your ear from the nail. Women could also be nailed through the tongue for spreading malicious gossip.

*For more “Origins of English Sayings” see the website: www.goodwords.com/sayings 16 IN THE LIMELIGHT In the 1800s/early 1900s the spot lights used in theatres were created by burning lime in an oil or gas flame. The colour of this light (of course) was a little green. People who were getting a lot of attention were said to be “in the Lime-light.”

SAVED BY THE BELL When our ancestors realized that they were burying a great deal of people before their time had actually come, they came up with a solution. They tied a string onto the "dead" person's hand, buried them, and tied the other end of the string to a bell and then tied it to nearby tree branch. If the person revived enough to ring the bell, people would rush out and dig them up. Hence... "saved by the bell" This is also the origin of the term “Graveyard Shift.” The person from the mortuary who was assigned the task of sitting at the new gravesite to listen for the bell to ring was said to be “working the Graveyard Shift.”

SCREW (PRISON GUARD) In Britain it is a prison term for a guard. Around a century ago it was common to give convicts pointless tasks like smashing rocks, digging holes and then filling them in or walking on treadmills. One ingenious device was a handle attached to a wheel with cups around the edge. As the handle was turned, the cups would scoop sand from the bottom and tip out back at the top. In many prisons each cell had one on the wall. The machine had a counter and each prisoner was given a set number of revolutions to complete per day. If a prison guard wanted to make life hard for a prisoner, he would use a key to turn a screw on the machine which increased the drag of the wheel. In time these prison officers became known as screws.

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FACTS: Category - 5  Cyclone eye: 35km across  Main body: 500km across  Associated weather: 2000km Maximum wind speed - 290kmph  Yasi began as a tropical low off Fiji, 3,500 kilometres east of Australia in late January 2011, and intensified to a severe Tropical Cyclone as it swept across the Coral Sea.  Yasi became the most powerful cyclone to hit Australia in a century.  The cyclone caused coastal storm surges of more than six metres.  Yasi hit the Australian coast at around midnight on Wednesday, February 3, 2011 at Mission Beach, between the cities of Innisfail and Cardwell in Queensland.

Tropical Cyclone Winds Typical effects Strongest gust Negligible house damage. Damage to Category 1 some crops, trees and caravans. Craft less than 125 km/h may drag moorings. Minor house damage. Significant dam- Strongest gust age to signs, trees and caravans. Heavy Category 2 damage to some crops. Risk of power 125 - 170 km/h failure. Small craft may break moorings. Strongest gust Some roof and structural damage. Category 3 Some caravans destroyed. Power 170 - 225 km/h failure likely. Significant roofing loss and structural Strongest gust Category 4 damage. Many caravans destroyed and 225 - 280 km/h blown away. Dangerous airborne debris. Widespread power failure. Strongest gust Category 5 Extremely dangerous with widespread More than 280 km/h destruction. 18 So, you think you know the rules of Australian Rules Football? Our questions on the rules published in the June edition of Jillong Pocket last year created much heated debate... so let’s do it again! How would you answer: 1. Apart from the blood rule, does a field umpire have authority to order a player off the field? 2. What does an umpire do if a player refuses to leave the field when requested? 3. Due to a variety of reasons play may have to be suspended and players leave the field until it is safe to return and continue the game. If play is unable to recommence within 30 minutes of being stopped no further play is permit- ted and the game is concluded. What happens if the game stops (a) before half-time? (b) after half-time? 4. After a behind has been scored a defender kicks the ball back into play from the goal square. Is he allowed to put his foot on the chalk line as he kicks the ball? 5. As the defender is about to kick-in after a behind has been scored, is an official from any team allowed

inside the 50m arc at that same end of the ground?

square. centre the of end back the from side opposing

official (e.g. Team Runners) inside the arc will incur a free kick being awarded to the the to awarded being kick free a incur will arc the inside Runners) Team (e.g. official

ball is being kicked back into play after a behind has been scored. Any other team team other Any scored. been has behind a after play into back kicked being is ball

Only medical staff attending an injured player are allowed inside the 50m arc if the the if arc 50m the inside allowed are player injured an attending staff medical Only 5.

square. goal the define that lines the of any behind completely be must foot His No. 4.

averages. for/against percentage calculate to used be will

the scoreboard is deemed the winner. In both cases any points scored by the teams teams the by scored points any cases both In winner. the deemed is scoreboard the

time the team that is in front on on front in is that team the time - half after suspended is match the If (b) sides. both

time the match is drawn and the points shared by by shared points the and drawn is match the time - half before stops game the If (a) 3.

side. opposing

misconduct; the match immediately ends and his team forfeits the match to the the to match the forfeits team his and ends immediately match the misconduct;

he continues to ignore the instruction to leave the ground he is to be reported for for reported be to is he ground the leave to instruction the ignore to continues he

refuses a free kick is awarded to the opposing team where the warning was given. If If given. was warning the where team opposing the to awarded is kick free a refuses

and that he may be reported if he does not leave the ground immediately. If he still still he If immediately. ground the leave not does he if reported be may he that and

The field umpire warns the player that a free kick will be awarded against his team team his against awarded be will kick free a that player the warns umpire field The 2.

removed. been has item offending the after field the onto back

unapproved item. An interchange player can replace him and the player can come come can player the and him replace can player interchange An item. unapproved

A field umpire can order from the field any player wearing jewellery or any other other any or jewellery wearing player any field the from order can umpire field A 1.

Answers

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The Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), located on Portarlington Road in Moolap opened in 1985 at a cost of $185 million dollars. Operated by the CSIRO*, the AAHL is a front line defence – helping to protect Australia from the threat of exotic and emerging animal diseases. AAHL plays a vital role in maintaining the health of Australia's livestock, aquaculture species and wildlife and ensuring the competitiveness of Australian agriculture and trade. AAHL plays a vital role in maintaining Australia's capability to quickly diagnose AAHL has produced new exotic and emerging animal diseases, diagnostic tests, vaccines collectively known as emergency animal and treatments for both diseases. exotic and endemic animal diseases AAHL also undertakes research to develop new diagnostic tests, vaccines and treatments for both exotic and endemic animal diseases of national importance. Major diseases of livestock, aquaculture animals, and wildlife, are all studied. The facility is funded by the Australian Federal Government, via CSIRO and the Australian Federal Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. It is also generates revenue from industry organisations and commercial companies. *The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

20 The facility has seven national responsibilities:  Diagnosis of emergency animal diseases, which includes index case confirmation, national emergency response capability and use of accredited and validated tests.  Research and development.  Supporting national surveillance activities to improve animal disease risk management strate- gies.  Providing technical advice and support to the Australian Federal Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and other stakeholders, both nationally and internationally.  Training and education in support of pre-border, border and post- border quarantine.  Providing technological support to national and international networks of veterinary laboratories, including quality assurance.  Providing expert biosafety and biosecurity advice.

Equine Influenza* An outbreak of equine influenza (EI) occurred in Australia in August 2007. EI is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly spreading outbreaks of respiratory distress in horses, donkeys, mules and other equine species. The disease is not generally fatal to horses, however fatalities may occur in old or infirm horses or young foals. Equine influenza poses no threat to people, however it can be spread from horse to horse via contaminated people and clothing. If EI were to become established in Australia it would have a major, ongoing impact on the country’s multi-billion dollar horse racing and recreational industry. When discovered here in 2007 EI was an exotic disease to Australia, meaning it had never been present here before. It proved to be the largest exotic animal disease event in Australian history. The AAHL played a central role in helping to eradicate it from the country. On June 30, 2008, Australia was able to declare itself officially free from the disease because no new cases had been found in six months. *Commonly called ‘horse flu’. 21

In the 1830s, when Europeans first settled in the Geelong region, the Barwon River was identified as a possible source of drinking water. Unfortunately, its quality was poor. The river was influenced by tidal activity and was brackish and muddy upstream as far as Buckley Falls. The situation improved when the breakwater was built by convict labour in 1841. However, as a result of the growing population, the Barwon River, as well as Corio Bay became polluted by industrial and domestic sewage by the 1850s. Geelong's first reticulated (grid or network) water supply came on-stream on September 11, 1873, from Stony Creek Reservoir in the Brisbane Ranges. In 1929 Geelong's water resources were greatly enhanced when the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission began supplying the Bellarine Peninsula with water from the Barwon River. The system incorporated an earthen channel from the Barwon River near Forrest to a new storage reservoir at Wurdee Boluc and an earthen channel to Waurn Ponds. Wurdee Boluc Reservoir was enlarged in 1956 and a new reservoir, West Barwon, was built near Forrest in 1964. The Wurdee Boluc water treatment plant was commissioned in 1990 and the reservoir enlarged to 40,000 million litres. Currently, plans are underway for a pipeline connecting Geelong's water supply grid with Melbourne's, thus linking Geelong with the new desalination plant being built at Wonthaggi which will supply 150 billion litres of water to Victorian users every year.

Geelong's first permanent water source, the Lower Stony Creek reservoir, in 1873 22

Black Rock Sewerage Treatment Plant

In 1908, the Victorian Government handed over its water supply role to the Geelong Municipal Waterworks Trust for £265,000. Two years later, the Trust's role expanded to include the collection and disposal of sewage and the Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust was formed. In 1916 the first home was connected to the sewerage system, and the system commenced operation in 1917. In 1923, the Colac Sewerage Authority was established and Colac became the first Victorian country town to be sewered in 1927. In 1964, the first trade waste agreements were signed that meant factories were no longer allowed to discharge waste into the Barwon River. In 1968, machines were built at Black Rock to break up sewage before discharge to sea. However, swimmers and surfers at nearby 13th beach constantly complained of swimming among raw sewerage with terrible odour. Finally, In 1989 the shoreline outfall at Black Rock was replaced by a screening plant and ocean outfall. The Black Rock sewage treatment plant was significantly upgraded in 1996 to include biological treatment of sewage, and the first agreement to provide recycled water (to a flower farm) was signed in 1997. In 2005 preliminary work began on a new plant adjacent the Black Rock facility to treat and recycle biosolids; a valuable by- product of sewage treatment. Currently, the biosolids drying plant is undergoing final commissioning of equipment and should be operating fully within the next few months. Dried biosolids make excellent fertiliser Source: http://www.barwonwater.vic.gov.au/about/corporate/history 23

“The comet has been visible here for the last few nights.” The Geelong Advertiser, June 5, 1861 What is a comet? A comet is a ball of mostly ice The Great Comet of 1861 was a long-period that moves around the sun in a comet that was visible to the naked eye for huge elliptical orbit. A comet's approximately 3 months. It was categorized as tail does not trail behind it, but a Great Comet, one of eight sighted in the 19th points directly away from the Century. Sun, because it is blown by the It was discovered by John Tebbutt of Windsor, solar wind. New South Wales, Australia, on May 13, 1861, a month before it reached its nearest point to the sun (June 11). It was not visible in the Northern Hemisphere until June 29. The comet of 1861 interacted with the Earth in an almost unprecedented way. For two days, when the comet was at its closest (0.1326 AU*), the Earth was actually within the comet's tail, and streams of cometary material converg- ing towards the distant nucleus could be seen. By day the comet's gas and dust even obscured the Sun. By the middle of August the comet was no longer visible to the naked eye, but it was visible in telescopes until May 1862. An elliptical orbit with a period of about 400 years was calculated, which would indicate a previous appearance about the middle of the 15th century, and a return in the 23rd century. As of 1992 this Great Comet had travelled more than 100 AU from the Sun, making it even further away than dwarf planet Eris. It will reach its furthest point from our sun in 2063.

*AU—Astronomical Unit. 1 AU = 150 million kilometres, the distance from Earth to the sun. 24 Zoo Animals Word Search

X D Z L A J M O N K E Y C S Z C H Z Y E U P N I O S K A P Q X I F X V N W J L M L A D V G Z D M I F D K L S V Z A Z S Y E N D W I D U G H A K E K A N G A R O O M Y Q R R H C I W U U A O N T V A E X E A I F L A Y I F M Z B U Q P X S Q R W C C Y N Y F Z U P K J A G Q M K F N O I L F C L D F L I B P Y C D J X N R L A H U B E A H E P W L U O U Y F N E A F M K J E J E S K B K B M Z F R U S T R X T I E T S S C R N M B A D A K U P E M T X B E A Q R B E A R X R L E L E P H A N T P M B E O O S T X R B O C A E V C D I A V O E B X T H U L O E I Z N G K C I B O A L A U U X R G D N Z D G V I R G L I G Q C T I G E R N Y X R U I D N D N L Q L G F I O S O L A T F I V G P H O I O Q R Y W O V A C J R N N N O B D S S Y Q K P K A X T A O Q O M K A D O L P H I N O K J C R L V D W B W T U K N C Q J T M V Z Z D

 APE  GOAT  PENGUIN  ARMADILLO  HIPPO  SEAL  BAT  HORSE  SNAKE  BEAR  KANGAROO  SPIDER  CAMEL  LION  TIGER  DOLPHIN  LIZARD  ZEBRA  ELEPHANT  MONKEY  GIRAFFE  ORANGUTAN 25 Hera was the wife and one of three sisters of Zeus in the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology. She was described as the most beautiful of the goddesses. Her chief function was as the goddess of women and marriage. In Roman mythology, Juno was the equivalent mythical character. Hera’s mother was Rhea and her father, Cronus. Her symbol was the peacock. The legitimate offspring of her union with Zeus are Ares (the god of war), Hebe (the goddess of youth), Eris (the goddess of discord) and Eileithyia (goddess of childbirth). Enyo, a war goddess responsible for the destruction of cities, is also mentioned as a daughter of Zeus and Hera. Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature, most notably against Zeus’s lovers and offspring, but also against mortals who crossed her. For example, Paris offended her by choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess, earning Hera’s hatred. Hera also hated the great hero Heracles since he was the son of her husband Zeus and a mortal woman. When he was still an infant, she sent snakes to attack him in his crib. Later she stirred up the Amazons against him when he was on one of his quests. On the other hand, Hera aided the hero Jason, who would never have retrieved the Golden Fleece without her sponsorship. Hera was worshipped throughout Greece, and her importance in early Greek mythology is attested to by the large building projects undertaken in her honour. The temples of Hera in the two main centres of her cult, the Heraion of Samos and the Heraion of Argos, were the very earliest monumental Greek temples constructed, in the 8th century BCE. At Olympia, Hera’s seated cult figure was older than the warrior figure of Zeus that accompanied it. Zeus is often called Zeus Heraios ―Zeus, (consort) of Hera.‖ This Goddess continued to be worshipped in some form down into historical times. Her worship is sometimes described as a ―fertility cult.‖

26 Geelong– 150 years ago this month I know “The crime of perjury is becoming I did it! terribly frequent at the police-office, and the magistrates should certainly exert to the utmost any authority that they may possess to check it. Week after week—sometimes day after day— the most reckless swearing is indulged in; and as no attempt is ever made by the Bench to check it, those parties who feel inclined to sacrifice their oaths seem to begin to view false swearing as a very ordinary and commonplace affair. Their consciences being very easily appeased, and no punishment being ever inflicted It wasn’t for the offence, their proneness to me, Your shield themselves or their friends Honour! at the expense of the truth is indulged in to the fullest extent.

(The Argus: Thursday, May 9, 1861 p.7)

During the last summer, ... meat had been sold freely at Geelong, of the best quality, at 3½d. and 4d. per lb., while in Melbourne and Ballarat it had reached as high as 6d. and 7d.*

(The Argus: Wednesday, May 29, 1861 p.7) *Today 3½d/lb. = approximately 8c/kg while 7d/lb. = 16c/kg.

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future brochures within the Geelong area please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000

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1866

E. de Balk. Alfred Deakin Prime Ministerial Library Malop Street The modernisation of Geelong’s retail sector is clearly seen with the comparison of these two photographs. The recently completed Westfield Shopping Centre now dominates the street scene providing air-conditioned comfort for shoppers instead of the dusty streets of 145 years ago.

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