Towards a Convivial Economy

The Contribution of a Re-formed Community Diakonia in Europe Contents

Acknowledgements...... 1

Preface...... 2

Introduction...... 3

Part One: Conviviality & Economy...... 5 Vocation...... 5 Justice...... 6 Dignity...... 7 Two underlying questions...... 10

Part Two: Five Key Themes...... 11 Introduction...... 11 Work and welfare...... 11 Debt...... 15 Migration...... 18 Corruption and Transparency...... 21 Creation and the Environment...... 24

Part Three: Resources for Change...... 27 Introduction...... 27 Motivation:...... 27 Experience:...... 27 Relationships:...... 28 Faith and Spirituality:...... 28

Part Four: Steps towards a Convivial Economy...... 29 Introduction...... 29 Starting points...... 30 Seeking Conviviality...... 31 Seeking a Convivial Local Economy...... 32 Edited by: Tony Addy, interdiac, Seeking a Convivial Economy...... 35 on behalf of art ive onclusions the Lutheran World Federation P F : C ...... 41 Key Points for Local Church Life...... 41 Cover photo: Photo: Peter Szynka Key Points for local Diaconal Work on Issues of Work and Economy...... 41 Layout: LWF Communications Office Key Points for a Framework for a Convivial Economy.... 42

ppendix Published by: The Lutheran World Federation A 1 ummary of the eport – A Communion of Churches S R ...... 43 Department for Mission and ppendix Development A 2 accompaniment of the ollow up rocess Route de Ferney 150 LWF F - P : eeking onviviality e forming ommunity iakonia P. O. Box 2100 S C —R - C D ... 47 CH–1211 Geneva 2 Appendix 3 he anchester onsultation © The Lutheran World Federation T M C ...... 51

ppendix ISBN 978-2-940459-50-6 A 4 Manchester Consultation, Participant list...... 52 [email protected] Bibliography...... 53

2 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Acknowledgements

The production of this report is just one part of the overall process Towards Conviviality, Re-forming Community Diakonia in Europe. The participation of 28 people, most of whom are active in local diakonia gives a rich picture of the context and ideas for diaconal practice grounded in experience. We acknowledge the contribution of all the members of this Solidarity Group to the process and thank them for it This report is the result of the second stage of the working process of the Solidarity Group. Five sub groups worked on each of the five key themes and produced preliminary papers for the workshop that was held in Photo: Ulla Siirto Manchester in 2015. We would like to warmly thank our local host, Niall Coo- per, Director of the national organiza- The whole process of the Solidar- the main themes and for this report, tion Church Action on Poverty, which is ity Group is organized in collaboration as well as giving feedback on drafts based in Manchester. We appreciated with the International Academy for of the report. the commitment of Church Action on Diaconia and Social Action, central In terms of contributions to devel- Poverty and the five local organizations, and Eastern Europe (interdiac) and oping the process, we acknowledge which guided our contextual work in we acknowledge the contribution of the work of the LWF staff in the the city. We also acknowledge the the leading staff of the Academy to our Communications office for creating generous welcome we received from work together. Especially we would like the webpage and for other LWF staff the ecumenical theological college and to thank Janka Adameová, the Director for vital support and especially we resource center, Luther King House for inspiring the participatory approach, acknowledge the effective teamwork and especially Graham Sparkes their which we have used throughout. of the leading group, Eva-Sibylle Vogel- President. We would like to thank This report was written by Tony Mfato and more recently Ireneusz Bishop Martin Lind of the Lutheran Addy, the Head of Education at in- Lukas from LWF and Janka Adameová Church in Great Britain, for finding the terdiac with the active contribution of and Tony Addy from interdiac. time to journey from London to be with the Solidarity Group members who us in Manchester. provided the content and ideas for

Department for Mission and Development 1 Preface

The Report Towards a Convivial Economy is a result of the second phase of elaborat- ing and sharing concepts and practices of conviviality – the art and practice of living together in solidarity and making sustainable communities possible. This process of critical reflection about community diakonia in Europe started in 2011. It has been coordinated by the Lutheran World Federation Department for Mis- sion and Development – Europe Desk in cooperation with International Academy for Diaconia and Social Action (Interdiac) in Český Těšín, Czech Republic. Diaconal practitioners from all three LWF regions in Europe created Solidarity Group, con- ducted a series of workshops, shared Photo: LWF/S. Gallay their experiences and developed new models of diaconal ministry in the context of current social, political and economic crisis has been identified as a major impact on individuals and society are challenges. driver of change in Europe, affecting presented in the report around five The fruits of the earlier work of the the welfare of people and communities. themes: work and welfare, debt, mi- European Solidarity Group have been The Solidarity Group decided to deepen gration, corruption and transparency, presented in two publications: Seeking their reflection on convivial economy as creation and the environment. In each Conviviality. Re-forming Community they discovered that in every context of these topics the understanding of Diakonia in Europe (2013) and Con- the concrete developments of work and convivial approach as a signpost to vivial Life Together. Bible studies on economy are creating growing inequal- overcome problems is presented. Vocation, Dignity and Justice (2015). ity and injustice. In contrary to popular With the publication Towards a The reflections on convivial economy understanding where work is seen as Convivial Economy the Re-formed presented in this report are not only the a step to social integration, in many Community Diaconia in Europe process result of the five years long process but cases the structure of the formal labor links directly with the themes of the LWF they refer directly to the current situation market and unjust working conditions do Twelfth Assembly in Windhoek/Namibia in Europe and in the world. Multiple and not recognize the dignity of the person in May 2017: “Salvation – Not for Sale”, interacting crises, violent conflicts and and even become a source of mental “Human Beings – Not for Sale” and terrorist attacks, economic develop- ill health. “Creation – Not for Sale”. This report is ments and a wave of eroding solidarity in The value of this report lies not only commended as a valuable contribution Europe reaffirms the actuality and urgent in the fact that it precisely describes of European Churches to the global need of convivial initiatives. In the situ- mechanisms of social injustice related reflection on liberation by God’s grace ation where public authorities in many to the economy, but suggests concrete during the 500th anniversary of the European countries feel overwhelmed ways of overcoming them. Seeking a Lutheran Reformation with the hope in offering a welcoming environment, convivial economy presents the key that it will inspire and strengthen our social and health services for refugees concepts of vocation, justice and engagement in holistic mission. seeking asylum, Christian commitment dignity as “foundation stones for a to working towards a just and compas- positive economic paradigm to guide Rev. Dr. Fidon Mwombeki sionate society is indispensable. Already diaconal and social practice”. Analysis Director, LWF Department in the first report, the so-called financial of the current economic situation, its for Mission and Development

2 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Introduction

Conviviality is: is also faced in countries where there and engagement in all its richness and are disputes over national borders or diversity we were able to learn from …the art and practice of living together. where national minorities are discrimi- each other. Some stereotypical views Diakonia seeks to promote conviviality nated against. were broken down. Some ideas had In the European context, the con- to be given up and new ideas shared. The realities of life in Europe are chang- cept of conviviality points towards This is true also of local diakonia. ing rapidly with many negative impacts the fact that we should not withdraw Seeking conviviality is an interactive on people and communities. The Eu- into—or remain within our own cultural process by which we—and those we ropean Solidarity Group, which brings and even faith based circles. This may work with—are enabled to go beyond together people active in local diakonia be comfortable but there is a need to our borders and differences. With from across the region is exploring and go beyond the “passive toleration” of empathy, we begin to transcend the analyzing the changes. On the basis of difference to active engagement. Dia- “helper-helped” dichotomy and find their own experience they have begun konia implies sharing everyday life with the basis for common action. to reformulate an understanding of people, taking an approach of respect The Solidarity Group then began diakonia, which creates new perspec- and mutual learning. It is an active and to search for the components of a tives on the context and on experience. relational concept, which challenges all positive frame for our work and for The first phase of the work of the kinds of exclusivism and segregation. the future development of European Solidarity Group pinpointed the con- To put it theologically, if in all our societies. Three overarching concepts cept of conviviality as a creative new diversity, we are created in God’s were identified, to guide our thinking focus for understanding diakonia. This image, then the process of seeking about our work in context. They are all was elaborated in the first report of the conviviality is a process of entering linked to and are vital for conviviality. group, which was launched in Nurem- into the fullness of what God creatively From sharing our diverse life stories, berg in 2014.1 The group understands offers in all humankind. By having we came to the concepts of vocation, the term “conviviality” to mean “the an open, curious and receptive at- justice and dignity. These concepts art and practice of living together”, in titude we are all enriched. By working inform both the churches and their solidarity. The meaning is derived from with people, by sharing and learning diaconal work and our understanding the Spanish word convivencia and has together in common actions, borders of the needs of the wider context. been taken up by the Group because are gradually broken down. This may When the Solidarity Group re- it relates to the time of peaceful liv- start small scale and face-to-face, but viewed its work in 2014 we came to ing together of people with Christian, these ideas also influence the way we the conclusion that the concept of con- Jewish and Moslem faiths. But it also organize our life together and create viviality, linked to vocation, justice and resonates with the fact that in rap- or renew organizations and structures. dignity also formed a key to thinking idly changing times, the way we live and acting in the area of economy and together is a challenge to us in every work. These had emerged as central context. The challenge comes from the Conviviality is: issues in the production of the first growing diversity and plurality of differ- report and it was agreed to develop a ent communities due to migration, the … a relational concept with three workshop to explore the meaning and growing numbers of refugees and to main components: practice of “Convivial Economy.” cultural diversification. A big challenge • Vocation In every context, we could see that • Justice the concrete developments of work and 1 Seeking Conviviality—Re-forming Com- • Dignity economy are creating growing inequal- munity Diakonia in Europe, Addy, Tony, ity and injustice. These changes, in (ed.) 2013, Lutheran World Federation, The European Group used the word conjunction with other changes, negate Geneva Available in several languages “Solidarity” to identify the fact that the dignity of the person, especially from: www.lutheranworld.org/content/ resource-seeking-conviviality through sharing our own motivation those on the margins or who are unable

Department for Mission and Development 3 explored in the first phase of the work of the Solidarity Group. The aim of the Manchester workshop was to go more deeply into the pressing issues, which must be addressed if we want to aim Vocation for a more convivial economy and to outline passible actions towards such an economy. Basically it was seen that the neoliberal paradigm has negative consequences for many people and Seeking communities. As well as dealing with Conviviality these consequences, diakonia must struggle for a political and economic paradigm that does not have these Justice Dignity negative effects. The Solidarity Group divided into five working groups, each of which explored one theme and prepared the Manchester workshop. This report covers the main lines of the overview shared in Manchester and the outcomes of the working groups as they point toward the actions needed to support a convivial economy. We expressed the diagram below. The first part of the report that fol- to integrate into the formal labor market. Seeking a Convivial lows deepens the discussion about the Indeed the structure of the formal labor Economy link between the ideas of conviviality market was seen to be becoming more and of work and economy. The second unjust and work conditions often do From the perspective of diaconal prac- and central part deals with each of the not recognize the dignity of the person. tice, a number of issues were identified five key themes using the experience Actually, we also began to see how where blocks to the development of a and insights of participants and the workplace conditions are now becom- Convivial Economy were experienced. local partners in Manchester. We look ing a main source of mental ill health. These were: first at the context and then reflect on The former idea that work is a step to it in the light of our experience with a social integration becomes less and • Work and Welfare view to making a response that moves less of a reality as working life becomes • Debt in the direction of a convivial economy. fragmented. On top of that, more and • Migration The third part of the report looks for more people earn their poverty and • Corruption and Transparency the resources that we have to work on cannot survive unless they work exces- • Creation and the Environment these issues in terms of our motivation, sive hours or have two or more jobs! relationships and spirituality. Finally we A “Convivial Economy” would be The present economic and policy share some concrete ideas for follow- based on the key concepts of Vocation, framework is shaped by neoliberal ing up this work in local contexts and Justice and Dignity. These concepts ideas about ‘economy’ and related un- more widely. could provide the foundation stones derstandings of the person. This was for a positive economic paradigm to guide diaconal and social practice. Work and Welfare According to the first report of the Soli- From the Debt Towards a darity Group, the present economic Neo-liberal Migration Convivial paradigm (neo-liberalism) as it affects Economy Corruption & Transparency Economy work, welfare, health and education, Environment/Creation actually undermines conviviality

4 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Part One: Conviviality & Economy

Vocation

A convivial economy would be based on vocation In the first phase of the work of the Solidarity Group we focused on the diaconal vocation of the church and of Christians in everyday life. In our thinking and reflecting on convivial economy we broaden the concept of vocation. It stands for the calling of all Christians to work for the common good and the wellbeing of all people. In Christian thinking the concept has tended to be narrowed in two ways. First, traditionally vocation was often seen as a calling to Photo: Ulla Siirto be a pastor or priest or to be a deacon. The second use of the word has been to indicate the particular (secular) calling all. This is an extreme form of flexible 99 Employment (with or without an of a person, especially to a profession work contract. Furthermore, in real- employment contract, or as self- or career. But in fact, the idea of voca- ity a great deal of work is done other employed) tion relates to the understanding that than in an employment relationship. each person has gifts and talents with Think about the enormous amount of 99 Work (needed for our common life which to express love for the other and household work on which our common but not paid for) for creation. life—and our economy—depends. If we are seeking a convivial econ- There is also a huge amount of work 99 Activity (contributing to personal omy, we need many different con- done by volunteers and in associations. and social life but not essential tributions and we can analyze these Much of this is essential to well-being for survival needs, such as leisure under three different headings. When and security. It ranges from caring to pursuits) we think about vocation, as already fire fighting. This work, much of which mentioned, we usually focus on paid is done by women, is not counted in In the present context, the aim of public work which means employment or the formal economy. (Pietilä, H., 2007) policy is that as much work as possible self-employment. As we discovered, There still remains a lot of socially should become employment, yet we are in the European context, more and useful activity, which may lead to per- faced with a big challenge of unemploy- more people are also doing paid work sonal development or fulfillment and ment and under-employment with a without a formal employment contract to a better quality of life together. It variety of causes. This is devastating and many people are in insecure and may be making music or organizing a for many people and communities and badly remunerated self-employment. meal together or following a hobby or it is especially affecting young people, Furthermore, there is a growth of pre- sport. Normally such activities, whilst many of whom for the first time in gen- carious work, for example, so-called being useful and creative, are not erations also face worse employment “zero hours contracts,” where a person remunerated. prospects and often worse working has a job but does not know from From this analysis we can see the conditions than their parents. one day to the next how many hours field which we call “work” can be di- The process of industrialization they will work, or if they will work at vided into three sub categories: meant that more and more of the

Department for Mission and Development 5 has continued to increase and the gap In a convivial economy: equate basic income, see p. has arguably become much wider as 36 below) a result of competitive globalization, 99 Work would be recognized as the financialization of the economy important for the health of so- 99 No one have to work excessive which puts pressure on companies ciety and the pressure to turn hours or under bad conditions to produce a higher rate of return on work into employment would be simply to survive. investment. This effectively squeezes diminished wages and reduces the expenditure 99 Activity would be enhanced be- on research and development. The 99 Employment would be orga- cause time would be released for austerity policies, which were intro- nized within a framework which reciprocal activities, culture and duced in most European countries ensured a living wage (or would work, on which a convivial society were a follow on from the bail out of supplement an already ad- could be based banks and financial institutions after the 2008/9 financial crash. Austerity products and services we needed were control systems, which bear on their policies reduce expenditure on health, provided through paid employment. This workers. education and welfare and restructure process has been dramatically extended All these changes create stress and income support systems by reducing through the development of a consumer increase social and health costs. Other their scope and levels of payment. This driven service economy. More people, in related impacts include a reshaping of has been coupled with a reorganization total, than ever are employed worldwide educational priorities by linking educa- of welfare from insurance and entitle- in the primary sectors such as mining tion narrowly to instrumental goals. For ment to a system where people have and farming and the secondary sector example, by forcing students to pay for to follow prescribed actions in order to of manufacturing, but as is well known, education and cutting maintenance continue receiving payments. On top the location of production has changed grants, a debt burden is created and of this, the privatization of services of dramatically with more and more goods this forces students to think about general interest from water to education and services being produced outside the earning potential of a degree. The and health care to transport is making Europe. Nevertheless within this overall effect in the longer term is for many access to services more unequal and pattern there are also big differences in courses to be closed, if they do not reducing the value of the social wage Europe, with some countries still having have a link to a higher earning job. This as private company profits increase. a relatively large manufacturing sector. system also makes higher education These effects are well documented At the same time the introduction of less attractive to students from lower for Europe and the major industrial new digital systems has changed the income families who are likely to end economies in a wide range of stud- structure of employment and is set to up with higher debts than those from ies that have recently been brought reduce it even further than in previous higher earning families. together by the Organization for Eco- rounds of “automation.” As a result of A convivial economy would focus nomic Cooperation and Development in these structural changes and the conse- work and employment on activities that a major study, In It Together: Why Less quences of the financial crash of 2008, contribute to the well-being and wel- Inequality Benefits All (OECD, 2015). the level of unemployment is stubbornly fare of people and communities as well The report points out that the negative high, yet the pressure is on unemployed as the protection of the environment. economic impact of the high and ever people to find employment at all costs. increasing concentration of income and On top of this, the financialization wealth in the higher economic level in of the economy and the pressure for Justice society and the reduction of incomes an increasing return on capital by of the poorest. According to the OECD, investors is having an impact of the the whole economy suffers in this quality of work and the management A convivial economy would process. In terms of labor markets, of work life. The increasing stress is be based on justice the growth of precarious non-standard not restricted to the private sector One of the incontrovertible facts of work contracts, such as the previously because public employers and expert economic development is that income mentioned “zero hours contracts” and organizations such as universities and and wealth has become ever more growing labor market polarization as colleges increasingly use segregated concentrated in fewer hands. The in- well as persisting gaps between women employment structures and heavy equality within and between countries and men have the effect of reducing

6 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy living standards. People, families and can regulate their activities and more- Dignity whole communities are forced into over, these regulatory and governing poverty and this also has a negative bodies have encouraged the growth impact on the economy as a whole. of inequality. Whilst much public dis- A convivial economy would Equally disturbing is the effect on social course after the various “economic support human dignity cohesion and on overall welfare. Whilst crises” and around financial misman- The relationship between the eco- in the Solidarity Group we have a pri- agement has focused on personal nomic order and human dignity is mary concern for people in poverty or “greed” or personal “morality” we need complex and not immediately apparent. on the margins, the report shows how also to recognize that the frameworks However the operation of the finance average and slightly below average for business, including taxation and markets affects every day work and income households have also suffered regulation have been systematically living conditions directly in ways that because of this growing inequality. The liberalized and this has had a powerful can undermine human dignity and in OECD recommends a range of different effect on the context. The possibility some cases the basic sustainability of policy changes and sees an important for re-locating income (personal and people, households and communities. role for stronger measures to redistrib- corporate) so it is not taxed or only The first point to emphasize is that ute income and wealth. minimally taxed is also a contribution to decisions about economic investment If we look at the wider context, growing inequality and poverty as well or disinvestment are made on the basis whilst many reports have signaled the as to reductions in income for health, of financial rate of return often in the growing percentage of the world popu- education and welfare budgets. short run, unless large scale fixed in- lation not living in extreme poverty, the vestment is needed. The rate of return measure for this is based on a rather governs the conventional viability of hypothetical criteria of an income of In a convivial economy… an economic asset and over the past $1.25 dollars a day which hardly puts a … a just and equitable distribution twenty years investors have demanded person into the “money economy” (UN, of income and wealth would provide a an ever-higher rate of return on the 2015). The newly launched sustainable basis for building trust and security in capital invested and consequently a development goals continue to have relationships at every level. This would higher percentage of the profit from the eradication of poverty (this time by create a platform for action to combat any given asset. This puts a squeeze on 2030) as a key goal (UN, 2016). This, all kinds of exclusion and marginaliza- the proportion of profit that is taken by however has to be seen in the context tion by removing the threat of poverty wage earners, allocated to research and of a worldwide growth in inequality, to and immiseration. A convivial economy development or to taxation. This pres- the obscene level where in 2015, just would create the foundation for sus- sure has resulted in a financially driven 62 individuals had the same wealth as tainable food production and would be economy and it led to the financial 3.6 billion people—the bottom half of less damaging to the environment. It crisis from which we are still suffering. humanity and the wealth of these 62 would also have the effect of stopping The well-known concept of “creative people has risen by 45% in the five forced economic migration and allow destruction” through which older sys- years since 2010, which is an increase free movement based on choice. At tems of production and indeed older of more than half a trillion dollars the moment people and households in product lines are destroyed and new ($542bn), to $1.76 trillion. Over the poverty are “forced to move or forced ones created, usually in new places has same period, the wealth of the bottom to stay!” In terms of everyday life, such inexorably speeded up (Schumpeter half fell by just over a trillion dollars—a economic security would also support 1987). This leads to whole communi- drop of 38% (Oxfam, 2016). people’s participation and give the ties becoming part of the “waste” of a Whilst we are focusing on individu- “space” for associational life. globalizing economy. (Bauman 2004) als and the unprecedented growth of personal fortunes and on extremely high incomes, we should not forget A convivial economy would. 99 Reduce the destruction of the that this disturbing trend is related to environment the power of institutions and permitted 99 Combat exclusion and margin- by the lack of action by governments alization 99 Prevent forced economic migration singly or together. Persons as well as economic organizations are embedded 99 Support sustainable food pro- 99 Support democratic participation in politically determined structures that duction and associational life

Department for Mission and Development 7 have no qualification or experience to carry out assessments. This stigmatizing of benefit recipients translates into everyday life experience where, for example, people with disabilities increasingly face verbal and even physical abuse on the street. These changes have a direct impact on the dignity and self-worth of people subjected to such disciplinary measures. The fourth impact on everyday life stems from the impact of a combination of large-scale structural economic change (privatization, relocation, results of the banking crisis) on levels of income, conditions of work and job se-

Photo: Solidarity Group curity. The economization of work has extended from shop floor manual and routine service workers to professional On top of this, as wages are being situation that particularly affects housing, workers including teachers, lecturers reduced in real terms for many people in care services, health and education. and social workers as well as workers Europe and other industrial economies The third effect is the restructuring in the health services. Workers who and as prices for goods and services (often called “reform”) of income main- were previously regarded as having rise, household debt is increased, ex- tenance systems such as support for a measure of professional autonomy acerbated by the rising cost for formerly unemployed, sick or disabled people. now have to quantify their engagement state financed or provided services such The concept of social insurance, which in systems that specify how much time as university education and social care. protects a person against risks for which may be spent on each activity. The link between debt and dignity has they cannot be personally held respon- Because of our interest in diaconal been explored in the first report,Seek - sible, provided amongst other things a social service and social care we inves- ing Conviviality and in the Bible studies guaranteed income as of right for people tigated this issue in Manchester. We included in the publication, “Convivial who had an employment record and found out that, for example in one typi- Life Together.” (LWF, 2015) who became unemployed because of cal case, a care worker is allocated 15 The second effect of the economic the closure or downsizing of a workplace. minutes to support a frail or sick elderly and political transformations of recent Gradually such benefits are being re- person living alone in getting washed, years has been the privatization of many structured and the recipients are subject dressed and fed in the morning. In public services and the breakdown of to specific disciplines and targets for many social work structures, a worker the social security systems, which guar- their behavior. The criteria for receiving is only allowed a limited set time per cli- anteed the basic economic security of benefits are tightened and private agen- ent regardless of how complex or needy people, families and communities. There cies are tasked with assessing people’s the situation is. Even more prevalent is are at least two consequences of this eligibility—for example in the case of the reduction of wages and conditions which impact on human dignity. The longer-term sickness or disability. Life for routine workers who, because of terminology which surrounds our use of experience is very different for people low pay, are forced to work excessive public services in Europe is now more in receipt of such support under this hours—having as many as three jobs, related to “markets” than to “citizenship.” regime of authoritarian liberalism than it to enable their families to survive. Users of services of general interest are was under the previous social insurance These developments place non-prof- now referred to as “customers” and the concept of financial support. In addition it service providers in direct (financial) privatized suppliers are seeking to seg- to the financial pressure such policies competition with private profit seeking ment the market and make profits, whilst impose and people and households, companies in the fields of health, educa- gaining state subsidies. This creates a there is the indignity of the process of tion and welfare, which forces them to situation where the quality of the services testing by people who are incentivized reduce costs and this very often means for poorer people tends to deteriorate, a to get people off benefits and who may reducing working conditions or quality.

8 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

Alternatively, service users, who may in favor of equality. On top of this the dignity. An originally European network have their own personal resources or standard of equal pay for work of equal has been developing these ideas with a who may rely on (diminishing) state value is still widely ignored. global perspective (Basic Income Earth support have their own care budget. In all these cases human dignity, Network). The research done by people, This gives the service user the freedom which is an essential attribute of each including many from church related to choose the provider according to person is denied and undermined organizations, has shown the feasibility their wishes or their means. Usually the and the attitudes in society become of such a system and that it would even service providers have to meet specified harsher to those on the margins. With save the money spent on administering standards, and especially so, when state the growth in working hours and flexible several welfare systems at the moment. financing is involved. These changes working times and conditions, there are What is more, it would release people also have an effect on working condi- also many hidden effects. Family life is and families from stress and create an tions in diaconal service organizations harder to maintain as each person has incentive for new economic activity. Of and therefore on the workers. a different time schedule and guaran- course the critical question is at what We witness a hierarchical splitting tees of a work free weekend or Sunday level the basic allowance is set and what of the experience of employment. are eroded. It also means that many vol- the mechanisms are for uprating it. Underneath the formal labor market untary activities including such things Such a development, if it was allied there is a growth of casual and infor- as voluntary community engagement to a quality education system that was mal work, often carried out by migrant and working for volunteer fire brigades geared to ‘learning for the whole of life’ and immigrant labor under conditions in rural areas become more difficult. would have the potential to lead to inno- of near slavery and with very poor pay vation and more balanced development, and oppressive management. This less geared to consumption. The focus is prevalent in the food industry and A convivial economy would… in education is increasingly narrowed agriculture but also in construction, … change the structures of income to skills for employment, especially as textiles and other branches. and employment to ensure that no one education is privatized. Higher education These are just snapshots of a world of in a society would have a lack of resourc- is becoming a product to be consumed, work where stress leads to illness (mental es for basic needs or be so over-worked which leads to a focus on a narrowing and physical) and where management in order to support a family that they had range of subjects and programs. The fact exerts ever tighter control. It is a far cry no time or possibility for family activity, that students usually have to go into debt from conditions experienced at higher lev- let alone community based activity. One to fund their education further narrows els of the economy. These changes have possibility for achieving this would be for the scope education and learning which had especially negative consequences all to have the right to a basic “citizen is not geared to economic priorities. on women for three reasons. Firstly, one income” or maybe better a citizen / Following the same line of reason- of the consequences of deindustrializa- denizen income which people could ing, the re-orientating of health and tion and technological change has been then build upon through employment, welfare services on the whole person the reduction of well-paid skilled jobs cooperative working or engagement and the return to services being pro- usually taken by men and a growth of in a social enterprise. Over the past vided as a right and not on a market in-person service sector jobs, which are 25 years this concept has been devel- based system would lead to more mostly taken by women. Most of these oped and it has the support of several equitable access to services and jobs are badly paid and many are part church groups. One advantage is that eradicate one of the major challenges time. Secondly, because of the squeeze it gives everybody a floor that prevents to the dignity of people who are ill or on household incomes, there has been pauperization and supports human who are living with a disability. a major growth in the number of women participating in the labor market, which In a convivial economy. 99 Everyone would have a wages or has boosted the numbers of women income that is sustainable and working in low paid jobs, often part time 99The structures of paid work allows a life in dignity and with little security or opportunity for would ensure that employment career advancement. Thirdly, in general supports human dignity, in terms 99 All denizens would have the right women are over represented in lower of what is produced, how it is to good quality health, education levels of the employment “hierarchy” and produced and the resource im- and welfare and to adequate continue to suffer discrimination when plications of production housing seek promotion regardless of legislation

Department for Mission and Development 9 Photo: Fritz Blanz/Leb-mit-Laden

All these changes would lead to the have time for creativity and participa- ducing instant pleasure, through the possibility for people to become more tion. The deepening of the connection consumption of goods and services. involved in the whole life of the place between time and money on the other If pleasure is based in the pursuit of where they live and to build up new hand is a cause of stress and ill health the “repetitive consumption of pleasur- forms of social action. It would also and even of social conflict. It would able experiences” we find ourselves release more time for involvement in be important for Christians to reflect caught up in an insatiable spiral! The the decisions that affect life together on the way in which giving time and items consumed have to become ever and so would strengthen democratic space for non-economic activities is more grandiose and the experience participation and civil society. one contribution the churches make ever more “exotic” yet the happiness to well-being. Empirical research and hardly increases. (Bauman, 2007) studies of subjective well-being show This should cause us to reflect, along Two underlying that active Christians score higher than with the reflection on the link between questions similar groups who are non-religious. time and money, on the link between (Myers, 2008) pleasurable experiences consumed In a capitalist system the process of It may be conventional wisdom to and happiness. Do we have in our development is based on the increas- link money and hence consumption to tradition other understandings of hap- ing monetization of time as more and happiness, but empirical studies show piness? May this not be linked to the more areas of life are transformed by that beyond a certain point, you need question of well-being? Is there a way the production and consumption of very large increases in income and/or in which we can bring these underlying marketable goods and services. When wealth to get a significant increase in issues into the public sphere? time is “monetized” it diminishes the happiness. The correlation between possibility for building human relation- money and happiness is not direct. ships, especially for people who have This is not to argue the virtues of pov- to work long hours for survival. Conviv- erty but rather to investigate why this ial life together is supported if people is so! Our economy is based on pro-

10 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Part Two: Five Key Themes

Introduction some of the insights and experiences Introduction related to the specific themes. Work and welfare are at the core The Solidarity Group members identi- of any thinking about a convivial fied five key issues that were seen to be economy and especially since the arenas through which we could share Work and welfare introduction of neo-liberal thinking experience and develop analysis of the to the field and the collapse of the present economy. The members of the formerly centrally planned economies, workshop prepared papers on the five We saw: the situation has become increasingly themes and these were shared in work- difficult for families and communities ing groups. Local visits to Manchester • the impact on everyday life of grow- that are in economically weak areas. neighborhoods; congregations and ing poverty and inequality and the The 2008 financial crisis gave a further projects provided a common mirror for lack of resources for social action negative impetus towards increasing deeper reflection in the groups. For two with marginalized people poverty and marginalization. Whilst days members of the group were “on the diakonia has a concern for the most way.” Walking through the streets, look- • loss of dignity because of the com- marginalized, we can see that the ing with people and sharing their life. We modifying of welfare present tendency affects many people saw sorrows and needs, injustice and who are in work and those who are inequality, which interrupted the usual • the gap between donors and ben- in low paid employment. The term way of life. We saw the wounded earth eficiaries, which creates degrading “precarity” typifies this development. and met people burdened by injustice hierarchies People are living on the margins and and exclusion. But we also discovered are vulnerable to quite small changes life, which was deeply impressive. Some Kyrie Eleison in circumstances. This situation is of these experiences were brought into set to worsen with the labor market our morning worship and each section of consequences of rapid digitalization this chapter starts with a prayer rooted in of employment. We already see this experience. Then we would like to share in the growth of service organizations which through the internet link service users and providers without providing any stable employment, health and social insurance or pension rights. The growth of self-employment has meant a rapid growth in self-exploitation in the labor market, which is set to get worse as firms implement more digital tools and systems. The group visited Church Action on Poverty, a UK ecumenical organization based in Manchester (CAP). CAP has taken a critical stand on the rise of unemployment and precarious work and is part of a campaign to pressure all employers (including the churches) to pay a living wage. They are also campaigning against precarious work-

Photo: Fritz Blanz/Action 1+1 ing conditions, such as the zero hours

Department for Mission and Development 11 organizations are called on to make up the care deficit. But the scale of need is such that this response is not enough! There is a need to redesign income support and to ensure adequate and effective social and health care.

The generational challenge Looking at the European context we see that the impact of economic pressure on people is felt most keenly by the under 30-year-old generation. In many countries more than a quarter of all young people are unemployed and many of them that have jobs are

Photo: Nicole Borisuk in insecure and low paid work, with little prospect for a career. On top of this, the restructuring of health, edu- contracts mentioned earlier, which do is undergoing processes of “reform and cation and welfare on neo-liberal lines not create a financial basis for support- innovation,” which means decreasing has drastically reduced the support ing a family. CAP has also campaigned state expenditure and the increase of for students and those who wish to on issues of fuel poverty and for a private provision as well as of private carry on in education post 16 or 18 sustainable food supply for everyone. responsibility for welfare. This can be years old. This means that a growing (Church Action on Poverty, 2016) contrasted with Ukraine where there is number of students enter a precarious The methods that CAP uses include still a process of building up a welfare labor market with a “debt hangover,” community organizing and training system but this is interrupted by the even if student loans are offered in a community leaders, building cam- conflict on the border regions and the special financial structure. Coupled paigns on key issues and supporting annexation of Crimea. This situation with changes in the housing market, so-called “Poverty Truth Commissions” has created new and unprecedented it also means that young people are which organize hearings about the challenges for welfare services and for less able to establish their own home life situation of people on the margins diakonia. Nevertheless a number of key or family for financial reasons. and use the results in lobbying and common issues were raised amongst campaigning. CAP also produces edu- which we mention three challenges: cational material and suggestions for The regional challenge worship and spirituality related to the In the Solidarity Group we were issue of poverty and inequality. The visit The demographic challenge able to explore the ways in which with CAP enabled group members to In most contexts, people are living different countries and regions have reflect on their own context in the light longer and the numbers of people sur- been affected by the banking crisis of the specific experience of the group. viving into their 90’s is expected to rise and responses to it and to other kinds to five times the present level in the next of regional crisis. twenty years. This will put big pressure Firstly, the countries which are part Context on health and welfare services, which of or are closely linked to the Euro zone In the working group the main focus are already under strain. The classic have suffered particular problems be- was on the impact of the changes in approach to funding income mainte- cause they are linked to the German the overall situation of social welfare on nance and services for the elderly are economy which at least in terms of the very different contexts of the group reaching a limit, especially in the time the production of manufactured goods, members. There are some common of austerity, which is an ideologically very successful. Of course, there has trends but it makes a large difference driven response to the banking crisis. been a price to pay for this success. which country you come from. In Ger- (Blyth, M., 2015) This situation is one in It has been gained on the back of a many, for example the welfare system which the church and other non-profit depression in wages and life-quality

12 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy for many average workers and their access the first labor market and to support could ever be adequate, to families. But because of the common support them in their work. The sec- secure sufficient quality and coverage, currency (Euro) and the lack of any ond form is to create an enterprise that because members of the group had balancing mechanism, the largest cost provides goods and services directly doubts on the basis of other national has been faced by the weakest econo- on the open market and the most typi- experiences. Welfare provision should mies. This is a very well-known feature cal kind of business is catering. Jobs be a redistributive activity, which en- of currency unions and one problem- are created and a service provided for ables those with lower incomes also atic factor is that a country that gets which people pay. The third stream to enjoy high quality services. Most into difficulty cannot devalue its cur- is to establish social or educational analysis of the ways out of social ex- rency. In the case of the Euro-zone, services that are open to people in clusion emphasize this redistributive countries are obliged to follow strict a locality, low threshold or for those aspect. Thirdly, social enterprise and rules that are very often inappropriate who are in need of a specific service. open procurement processes can be to the situation—especially in some In this case different elements can be simply a means for private interests to peripheral countries. (Blyth, 2013; Va- combined—services, employment of generate profits from welfare spending roufakis, 2016) There are other factors people who could not find a job in the or to offer paid for services to welfare that also affect work life and welfare in first labor market and also space for providers in order that they can com- different regions. Notable are the dif- social and developmental activities. pete in the market ferent disputed borders that in some In some countries, notably Ger- cases have led to the destruction of many, there is significant state sup- infrastructure and productive capacity, port for social enterprise and this has Community Based Initiatives on top of the human suffering and the generated new activity, sometimes Whilst social enterprises repre- displacement of people and communi- co-designed and co-produced by sent one contextual innovation, the ties and this paralyzes the economy,. and with the service users who are or church in other contexts has built Other regions have been affected by would be the intended beneficiaries. up its engagement on the basis of growing numbers of refugees fleeing This development raises a number of local congregations and communi- from war and civil conflict. questions. The first question is about ties. These may include an element the concept of social enterprise itself, of “social enterprise” or initiatives that because it mixes two categories of or- have the structure of a non-profit/non- Reflection and Response ganization—those that are profit mak- governmental organization. In the soli- Then the group explored the ways ing and those that are ‘not for profit’ darity group we have very significant in which the different diaconal organi- and which may enjoy tax exemptions. examples of local diaconal action. For zations have been responding to these The second question is whether this example, to create a specific diaconal crises. Here we can identify three main types of response, which are related to the transformation of the social state:

Social Enterprise Several members of the group have been involved in creating social enterprises as a novel form of diaconal response to the worsening funding situation. Social enterprises are a form of business that combines social and economic objectives. They may take the traditional form of “sheltered workshops” where people with (for example) learning difficulties do some basic work as a sub-contracted part of a normal business. The “social” part is to offer a job to people who cannot Photo: Peter Szynka

Department for Mission and Development 13 “Now, when the churches and Large Scale Service Providers based organizations there may also be schools are provided with Whilst these are not present in funding or other difficulties because of God’s Word, it must also be every context, in many places the the attitudes taken over from previous borne in mind that the right churches run large welfare organiza- governments, which may have been fruits are also driven by God’s tions and they also face some special hostile to the church and religious word; For the kingdom of God challenges at the moment. The fund- groups in general. These attitudes may is not in words, but in the fact ing situations in each country and still affect decisions whether or not to that we accept the poor as region may be different. In some cases support diaconal efforts, although in warmly as Christ has received church health and welfare services are some contexts trust has been rebuilt us.” Stralsund Chest Arrange- part of a national or regional pattern and although financial support is not ment (1525) of provision and it may be that the adequate or guaranteed, the church service is no longer simply financed is recognized as a valuable partner in congregation which does not see itself directly but that, following for instance, social and in some cases health care. as an “agency” offering social services the European Union rules on procure- The impact of welfare reform in but as a congregation sharing in the ment, the church finds itself in com- some countries and the lack of wel- local community life and creating ac- petition with private providers. This fare in others as well as the growing tions together. This means that the transforms the economic base and inequality across Europe and between congregation itself is to a greater or puts a premium on unit costs. In other countries is a major challenge. Where- lesser extent made up of people who cases the church has large non-profit as, as churches, we feel that we should are normally the recipients of diaconal organizations and they have been collaborate with civic authorities when services or who may receive some funded continually also, even if not a they are fulfilling their function, nev- financial support from diakonia. This part of the state services and they are ertheless we should also advocate for approach was described in the first now worryingly also being put into a change when policies lead directly to report of the Solidarity Group. (LWF, “competitive market place.” In some poverty and social exclusion, working 2013) countries, church diaconal organiza- with and on behalf of those affected. The advantage of this approach tions are in receipt of grants where the This is a real task for the churches, is that it starts near to everyday life tightening conditions of funding restrict which was already recognized in the and does not divide people into dif- the level and quality of service over a reformation time. ferent categories of need as the way period of time. to access diaconal work. People may The transformation of welfare states “The soul quickens and ani- be ‘givers and receivers’ and there is also has an impact in countries where mates not only this or that part, built in reciprocity. Such local diaconal the church has not normally run large but the entire body; thus the initiatives can often combine working welfare institutions and now it is “invit- magistrate may never disregard with people but also entering into com- ed” to bid to take over sometimes quite a portion of his governance. mon projects with social movements, large welfare organizations. The ques- Those who only fancy the non-profit organizations and local tion is, whether to operate services as a wealthy and despise the poor government. Political action with and sub-contractor to the local or regional are like those doctors who are on behalf of different groups can also government is an appropriate role for not concerned about healing be integrated into a community-based local churches or whether they end the hands or the feet because initiative especially if it is part of a wider up being compromised as the annual they are at some distance from network (such as a campaign against resources are reduced and needs are the heart.” Jean Luis Vives cuts in benefits or services). increasing. For church related or faith (1525)

14 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

Debt

We saw:

• how debt changes the life of families, when they may lose everything

• people oppressed by the demand to repay the money they cannot pay back

• the result coming out of the debt crisis: the hunger and suffering of people, the restriction of social work by financial reductions and whole

countries led deeper into crisis Photo: Ulla Siirto

Kyrie Eleison because the social security system did glimpse of everyday life. We visited not work effectively or in time to give the local shopping center and could Introduction them the resources for everyday life see what was on offer there and how Indebtedness has become a cen- such as food and energy. Food banks shops were geared to providing items tral issue in national, European and have mushroomed in the UK, which on high cost credit for poor families. even global policy. It is one of the is the world’s sixth largest economy The combination of this situation with main consequences of the financial and churches are at the forefront of the fact that poor families have to pay crisis that started in the United States this movement. In one national net- more for their energy (being forced to in 2008 with the collapse of a number work alone there are 500 food banks use pre-payment meters which have of financial institutions. Developments in England, whereas a few years ago a higher tariff) drives people into debt. since then have shown how the inter- they were almost non-existent. The This extra charge for people already national financial economy reaches Trussell Trust reports that the main living in poverty is called “the poverty deep into the everyday life of people reasons people have to use a food premium.” It is a paradox that the and communities. So, in this way the bank is problems with the benefit poorer the household, the more they financial crisis has become a social payments, low pay and debt, which have to pay for the same service than crisis and even a political crisis—a actually are often inter-related. (see: do more affluent households. crisis of democracy. Our starting point www.trusselltrust.org) is at the level of people, families and For households facing this situation communities and sharing experience it is very difficult to get an unsecured Meeting the Challenge in the Solidarity Group. The visit of loan at a reasonable rate of interest. our group in Manchester explored the Banks do not find it interesting to lend actual impact of debt in everyday life. to people on the margins and therefore Local Financial Initiatives the poorest people are forced to buy The group met with one of the pio- on credit at very high rates of interest neers of the Manchester Credit Union, Context or to borrow from lenders who special- which aims to tackle this situation in a Families on the margins who have ize in small, unsecured loans. Usually a very insecure and low income may the interest rates in these cases are ex- need to borrow money to deal with a tremely high, some short-term lenders “Give us this day our daily life crisis or, for example to replace an have been known to charge 4,000%. bread and forgive us our debts oven, which is worn out. It might just We visited a neighborhood of Man- as we also have forgiven those be some new clothes for children. They chester where many people who are who are in debt to us…” Mt. 6 may need to borrow money simply in living in debt and could get a small v.11-12

Department for Mission and Development 15 • on the level of the nation, where Luther’s Response to Poverty and Indebtedness indebtedness may lead to austerity Under the rubrics of justice and love to the neighbor, Luther moved… in alliance with policies which make the first two local governments to establish new social welfare policies and legislation. The first major effort was the Wittenberg Church Order of 1522, which established a “com- issues even more intractable mon chest” for welfare work. Initially funded by medieval ecclesiastical endowments and later supplemented by taxes, the Wittenberg Order prohibited begging; provided The context of the visit was a local interest-free loans to artisans, who were to repay them whenever possible; provided economy which had collapsed and for poor orphans, the children of poor people, and poor maidens who needed an ap- which was set in a relatively thriving city. propriate dowry for marriage; provided refinancing of high-interest loans at 4% annual It showed how the economic activity in interest for burdened citizens; and supported the education or vocational training of poor children. To the objection that this was open to abuse, Luther replied, “He who the city had not resulted in the regen- has nothing to live on should be aided. If he deceives us, what then? He must be eration of the community and many aided again.” Lindberg, C., (1987) see also Szynka, P., (2016) people remained trapped in unemployment or low paid, precarious or casual practical way through a well-structured the informal lenders, however, there employment. Meanwhile they are living local savings and loan organization. is no real regulation and quite often in a consumer society, which is generat- Members save small amounts, which violence is involved in debt collecting ing ever more ‘desires’, which also lead earn interest and can then borrow at by these operators. Indebted people people into debt. In fact because of a reasonable rate of interest. The idea often find themselves in a personal debt falling incomes, people who previously is also to use this as a way to build up crisis—they are paying money back but could live without indebtedness have trustworthy relationships between peo- the amount owed goes up every week now developed debt problems that are ple. The credit union has grown from and this also needs emergency finan- exacerbated by the pressure of con- small neighborhood beginnings into an cial support to break the spiral. (Church sumerism and the availability of credit. organization active across the region. Action on Poverty, 2013) The campaign This growing debt burden amongst (See: www.manchestercreditunion. achieved some success in persuading people in work—even those in relatively co.uk) Local groups, churches and companies to change their policies and middle class jobs—is a function of the faith communities started the credit also for a change in the rules governing pressure on labor markets driven by the union, as they wanted to tackle this unsecured loans, which was achieved financialization of the economy. problem in a practical way that would in 2014. (www.church-poverty.org.uk) On the national level—and even also strengthen their local community. On top of this there was a commitment the international level—the banking by some of the national churches to crisis has led to restrictions on social support the work of credit unions and spending and also on social secu- Campaigning encourage congregations and parishes rity and income maintenance. More This is not enough and the second to get involved. conditions are introduced and there action was to tackle the problem of is an increasingly punitive attitude to organized firms who exploited the people in poverty. The reductions in situation by charging exorbitant inter- Reflection state expenditure aim to reduce state est rates on small loans. This includes On the basis of this visit and the indebtedness and these policies are so called ‘pay-day lenders’ who lend experience of the group members, often accompanied by the privatiza- small amounts at very high interest we could summarize the interlinked tion of state assets. This produces a rates to help people to survive until the nature of debt: short-term gain and on the other hand next pay day or benefit check arrives. cuts off a future revenue stream. In the On top of this poor households face the • on the level of people and families UK, assets that in some cases took high interest rates charged by those in poverty, personal debt traps and over 150 years to build up, such as who provide domestic appliances a vicious circle of indebtedness, municipal water supply systems, were (such as ovens or washing machines) which may result in homelessness sold off at a low price leading to huge on rental purchase using slot meters. gains for the investors. A double strategy of directly meeting • on the level of the village, com- It is important to recognize that and challenging the owners and man- munity or city where indebtedness a market economy actually depends agers of the companies and also press- of the local government may lead on the ability to obtain credit, the oping for new legislation was adopted and to failing services or collapsing posite of which is debt of course! Debt this has achieved some successes. For infrastructure can be a tool in development for the

16 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy business sector but it may also have In this discussion it is not only later on. But when the state goes into a role in developing the ways out of a important to see the link between in- debt it buys goods and services which vicious circle for a national economy. debtedness on different levels but also increases economic activity and may The present policy of attempting to to notice that debt is not ‘one thing’! lead to more income in the future (in reduce debt by cutting public invest- If a person or household is in debt case we think economic growth is a ment, social security and taxation for it may be for the purpose of buying positive achievement!). Simply put, the relatively rich all at the same time goods or services that eventually lose our economic system will not func- has the perverse effect of creating their value (for example a car)—in tion on the present model, without greater poverty, rising inequality and the case of a house it may result in indebtedness. in most cases does not reduce the asset appreciation and in the case of debt. (Blyth, M., 2015) education perhaps a higher income

Photo: Solidarity Group

Department for Mission and Development 17 Migration

We saw:

• radicalism acting against the presence of asylum seekers

• the exclusion of black and minority ethnic minority groups

• prejudice in ourselves, as we looked to the ‘foreigner’

Kyrie Eleison

Photo: Solidarity Group Introduction The issue of migration is not new to Europe, neither is the experience These various dimensions of mi- supportive organizations. Boaz was of groups with different backgrounds gration, mobility and being an asylum founded by one person, who realized living together in the same cities and seeker or refugee have meant that the Christian imperative is to support regions. What has changed the situa- local communities, towns and cities marginalized people, who arrive in the tion is the different context of migration are becoming more diverse. Members country as refugees and have little in the light of globalization. Furthermore, of the solidarity group with experience support. It is especially important for the different conflicts in Europe and of working in communities with very those who have few immediate pos- other world regions and the environ- diverse populations brought together sibilities, especially if their claim for mental challenges have put great pres- their direct experience and different refugee status has been rejected. sure on people to move as migrants or church positions on this. forcing them to move as refugees. Whilst in Manchester we visited “You shall not oppress a resi- Another aspect is the fact that the Boaz Trust, which is a Christian dent alien; you know the heart within Europe the possibility for visa organization dedicated to working with of an alien, for you were aliens free travel and the mobility of people asylum seekers in Greater Manchester. in the land of Egypt.” Ex 43 v.9 seeking work has meant that more The Trust provides accommodation, as people are on the move. This is es- well as food and other essentials, to Context pecially so concerning the citizens of those who are unable to access sup- From the experience of local work countries that were formally centrally port from anywhere else. It also pro- and indeed from their own life experi- planned economies. People are on vides advocacy and pastoral support, ence, members of the group shared the move for many different reasons, and campaigns on a local and national the burning issues, which need to be positive and negative and this theme is level for justice in asylum legislation. addressed. very important for all European coun- Their most challenging work is with First, of course is the need to un- tries and institutions. The mobility of people whose claim for refugee status derstand the complexity of migration people who are EU citizens within the has been refused. In a year they can background and the different legisla- EU is a right established in law, just as deal with up to 100 new people who tive frameworks that govern the pro- is the right for the free market in goods, maybe need basic supplies for every- cess. For countries that are members services and the mobility of finance is day life, accommodation, some social of the European Union, their citizens guaranteed. As well as that, anyone activity and most often support with have right to free movement and this with the right to enter one of the continuing the claim for asylum in the has gradually given people from the countries that is part of the so-called country. Boaz is a small organization so-called new member states the right Schengen agreement can also freely but it is embedded in a network of to move and to live and work in any move to another member country. active volunteers, churches and other other member state. This may seem to

18 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy be uncontroversial but has led to very and this has led to a growing Roma there was a growing experience that diverse outcomes. The most obvious diaspora in Europe and the need to immigrant/migrant and refugee groups one is that younger people or highly work with people on the move who are forming their own self-organized or skilled people move to the northern are outside the regular labor market. informal groups, or groups related to a and western countries in search of Looking at the issue from another specific religious community. This may work or work and education. Another viewpoint, Northern European coun- provide some security and a feeling of group is recruited or freely moves to tries are demographically aging and being at home in an environment that take up jobs in mid-life, which are immigration is important to replace may be hostile. open to them. For example a bus the older labor force, which is retir- The so-called host community is company in the UK recruits drivers ing. Finland, for example needs about also challenged because if we speak from Poland and has even established 35,000 new workers to fill this gap! about integration it means change for a drivers’ school there. On the other The demographic background is also them too! In the solidarity group we hand there are many who come to important, that with an ageing popula- have distinguished between integra- the western countries organized by tion some countries would experience tion and assimilation—the latter as- so-called gang masters to do very a fall in population without in-migration. suming the immigrants and refugees low paid or seasonal jobs and often It is also clear that many seasonal and should assimilate themselves to local the living and working conditions are low paid jobs are taken by workers culture, which is a more or less impos- extremely exploitative. moving from poorer regions of the sible goal. Integration is therefore a We should, however, also take European Union and beyond. This has challenge and the working concept of into account the fact that when large an impact on the western economies conviviality provides a positive vision numbers of adults move and their by lowering food prices for example. for creating contexts where people families are left behind there may be It has also been claimed that much can live together without becoming serious problems for the communities of the economic growth in the UK in separated or even segregated. In some of the “left behind.” This can lead, for recent years is because of population situations where there is apparent seg- example to the grandparent generation growth due to migration. This has an regation, the host community can form being responsible for day to day care impact because migrant or mobile hate pictures, which motivate anger for the children, to a lack of qualified workers consume much of what they and even violence against immigrants people on the spot to do work which earn and contribute to taxation income and refugees. On the other hand some is available and also to a disruption of directly and indirectly. younger generation immigrants are be- normal family roles. For example Ser- coming radicalized especially but not bia, which is not yet a member of the only as a result of the severe conflicts European Union, already experiences Reception and Integration and wars in the Middle East. a loss of 35,000 people per year to The experiences of migrant labor Putting together the experience migration and 20% of this number and of refugees and asylum seekers of the group and of the Boaz Trust are highly educated workers. There in Europe are therefore very diverse in Manchester, we notice that for is a consequent “brain drain” effect and diakonia has to be aware of the refugees and asylum seekers there as well as the previously mentioned various nuances. For example diakonia are particular problems related to the splitting of families. This situation is in one Swedish parish, represented in various legislative frameworks that compounded by two further problems: the solidarity group, has been focused govern their lives. This is even more migrants are often returned to Serbia on the issue of work with refugees and when their right to work permit ends immigrants for over 20 years. Over “Let mutual love continue. Do and the total number of returnees these years the groups arriving have not neglect to show hospitality could reach 100,000 in the next ten been from different backgrounds to strangers, for by doing that years. On top of that, Serbia is a transit and for diverse reasons. For example, some have entertained angels country for refugees fleeing from the refugees from Somalia, later from without knowing it. Remember Middle East and as they transit the Afghanistan, later still Iraq and Syria. those who are in prison, as country they are placed in emergency Very often social and diaconal workers though you were in prison with camps, which are in place. get into difficulties because they do them; those who are being A further dimension of migration not differentiate between the needs tortured, as though you your- and mobility is the possibility for and priorities of these different groups. selves were being tortured.” Roma, who are EU citizens, to migrate Furthermore, in the solidarity group Heb 13 v.1-3

Department for Mission and Development 19 acute for people who have been represent refugee situation in northern those whose everyday work is in this fused refugee status and are awaiting Europe, that European conditions field, there is a recognition that the appeal outcomes or whose route for are generally good compared to the “borders run through everybody.” This appeal is closed. The kinds of services situation facing displaced people in understanding demands a constant and support needed have to be ap- the Middle East or Africa, where the fight with the feelings inherited from propriate to their situation. As well as numbers are also much larger and the the majority community—the feeling marginalization and unemployment resources much less. of call to engagement and the desire (they may be prevented from working to show respect require a daily struggle by law), they often have to deal with with prejudice and weakness. In the the results of traumatic experiences Reflection Solidarity Group members give wit- of war or during their flight. There are Honest reflection in the group ness to the complexity of the situation inadequate services for this escalating revealed how difficult it is to deal with where the worker and sometimes the situation and it presents new chal- prejudices and racism. There is good church or congregation is living ‘be- lenges for the churches to collaborate will to work to build relationships and tween different worlds’. The conviviality in providing health and social services a sense of belonging and to cross approach aims to work on this issue as well as support groups for people the boundaries. Some members had through supporting new relationships who basically are sometimes living their own experience of migration, and solidarities. (LWF, 2013) ‘outside the law’. Nevertheless, it has being forced to move or of being in to be remembered, concerning the exile but in every case, even among

Photo: Nicole Borisuk

20 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

Corruption and Transparency

We saw:

• victims whose lives are so involved in the “corruption system” that they cannot step out.

• that corruption leads to threatening life itself, for example by blocking medical care to needy people

• corruption of decision makers is eating up financial resources that

are needed to build good lives and Photo: Peter Szynka convivial communities

Kyrie Eleison ruption, where resources meant for the Context public good or the good of the church The first context to consider is that of community are diverted to individual the members of the Solidarity Group who Introduction gain. These are the fields that the group were exploring this issue. The majority are When the Solidarity Group was de- working on corruption and transparency from Russia and the formerly centrally ciding on the key themes for the work explored. The evidence points to the fact planned economies. In many of these we wanted to do on the economy, it that corruption also is a major factor in countries corruption is endemic and it was very clear that an important prior- creating a lack of trust in society and affects many aspects of everyday life. If ity to focus on could be corruption. In in the economy. This not only imposes you want to get health care, maybe you some contexts it is a part of everyday extra (hidden) costs on transactions it have to pay a premium directly to the doc- life and affects both public and private not only produces a society that is less tor or if you need documentation to buy a organizations. This is linked in practice equal and less healthy, it is a block on house maybe the local government offi- to the question of the ‘transparency’ of conviviality. cer needs an extra payment. These kinds political decision-making and account- Normally discussions about corrup- of situation occur in many contexts and it ability. The reason for the connection is tion divide into two main streams: the means vital services are only available for clear—in a corrupt situation, political one that focuses on the individual agent those who can, or those who are willing, decision makers may be manipulated and the other that focuses on the fact to pay. But it is important to notice that and financed by part of what we could the whole structure or system is corrupt corruption can be an issue in any context call the “corruption system.” The ques- and tacitly supports corrupt behavior. In and not to relate it just to one specific tions of small-scale local corruption and fact corruption is also both structural (it group of countries. What is more accurate wider systemic corruption are interlinked. may be embedded) and relational—de- to focus on is the fact that corruption If low-level officials engage individually or pending on differential power. It is very tends to be more of an issue in countries in small groups in small-scale corrup- important to focus on this issue, which with a large and growing gap between tion, it very often operates in contexts by destroying trust, also prevents the rich and poor (in terms of both income where there is major or systemic cor- emergence of conviviality and a convivial and wealth). It is also an issue where one ruption, which forms a tacit normative economy! By linking it to the reformation party has more or less monopoly power environment (everybody does it). In the anniversary, we remember that it was and especially if civil society is not well work of the group, adequate testimony an issue that was very much in Martin developed to perform a “watchdog” role. was given to the concrete impacts of Luther’s mind, concerning the opera- Furthermore, one of the most important corruption in local communities. It was tion of church and business, especially correlations is between the level of trust pointed out that even local churches finance—and even in organizing support in a society and the prevalence of cor- might become part of a chain of cor- for poor people in his day! (Szynka, 2016) ruption. This can be determined from

Department for Mission and Development 21 The latest initiative is a so-called “poverty truth commission” which is supported by the churches and the city council and it aims to give voice to people living in poverty in an affluent city and society.

Reflection Corruption is a factor in personal life and in the life of organizations— even of the churches. When we reflected on it we realized that in the Biblical witness there is evidence of corruption which seen as a sign of re- bellion against God. The Hebrew Bible contains many warnings against cor-

Photo: Peter Szynka ruption in all the main traditions—the most frequent attacks and commen- taries being in the prophetic tradition the annual corruption perception index which has areas of deep and long and in the wisdom literature. (Tamez, produced by Transparency International standing poverty and social exclusion. 2014) One of the central issues that is (See: www.transparency.org) Historically the city council has had an confronted in the prophetic literature This should not blind us to the fact overwhelming majority of representa- is the corruption amongst the rulers that in almost every context, corruption tives from one party and this led to local and the rich people of the day. The is an issue. The connections between level instances of corruption and a lack corruption even spread into the pro- the worlds of business and finance and of transparency. After a long process of phetic movement, in so far as some government at local, regional and national campaigning, the city council culture prophets were paid by the rich. The levels can facilitate deals that are orga- was changed and a new understanding main argument of the prophets was nized so that specific business interests of the need for participation has devel- that the leaders, those with power or or individual enterprises benefit. It can oped. The key to this is an active civil so- influence pursued their own interests be via a change in policy or the law to ciety and the visited project is specifically and broke the laws in order to obtain benefit an interest where considerations geared to enabling local residents to con- benefits for themselves. The desire discussed in private, or through lobbying, tinue to have the tools to participate in for money often is seen to lead to cor- privilege those interests over the com- the decisions that affect their lives and to ruption and the people who suffer are mon good. There are also instances of organize their own activities in their own those living in poverty. The rebuke is corruption in contracts even in countries interests. One of the main initiatives has very sharp and includes lying, decep- with relatively high standing in the Trans- been to develop “schools of participation” tion, bribery and a lack of integrity. In parency International index. On the local for particular groups who are normally everyday life the scales are fixed and level, individuals and groups can benefit excluded from decision-making, includ- in legal processes the judges accept from such corrupt decisions, for instance ing those with long-term mental health bribes. In fact there is a corrupt net- by finding work, even though the larger problems, people with disabilities and work, which supports this behavior. benefits from a contract accrue to deci- ex-offenders. The group of ex-offenders, The prophets claim this not only to be sion makers and related entrepreneurs. for example, is now established as the Furthermore, corruption causes extra project “Positive Changes.” The Salford “The leaders give verdicts for costs for the whole system that affects project also works with local residents’ presents, the priests take a fee everyone, so whilst single enterprises or groups, enabling people to make a dif- for their rulings, the prophets persons may gain the common good suf- ference and to press for change. Another divine for money and yet they fers and especially poor and marginalized related project is “The Salford Appren- rely on the Lord! ‘Isn’t the Lord people and communities are the ‘losers’. tice” which supports local community among us?’ they say, ‘No disas- The group in the Manchester work- members who are leaders, or want to ter will overtake us’.” Micah 3 shop visited Salford, the adjoining city, be leaders of community organizations. v.11

22 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

ruption in the present situation and a grand scale. Luther identified the “If in a province the poor are recognize that very often we are invited corruption of merchants in price fixing, oppressed, fair judgement and to think of it simply as the unjust or in trading in futures and the growth justice are violated, do not be non-transparent behavior of one per- of debt. He also challenged the way surprised, because over every son. What both the prophetic literature in which the church had become official there watches a higher and the wisdom literature point out is part of the market system, selling of official, and over these, higher that although there may be corrupt the forgiveness of sins (indulgences) officials still… The lover of individuals, usually they are embed- and other economic practices. In money will not be satisfied with ded in a system or web of corruption, this context he advises sharing and money; nor the lover of wealth, which supports and legitimizes cor- lending and for buying and selling in with gain. This also is vanity.” rupt behavior as in everyone’s interest. a market in cash or kind. He is very Eccl. 5 v.8 & 10 Nevertheless the prophets were seek- suspicious of the financial system ing for changes in personal behavior and indebtedness, critical of financial unjust and illegal but also to be against among the leaders of their day. speculation and trade and also of the cause of people in poverty and to In the New Testament, Paul points international trade. Luther can be criti- call forth the judgment of God. out that the problem is even deeper, cized from the perspective of living in The prophets, in their context ex- calling this systemic power ‘sin’ which a pre-capitalist economy and working pected a change in the situation—re- encourages human greed. (Tamez, within a mercantilist framework. Nev- pentance and renewal—and they 2014) Paul gives a whole catalogue of ertheless he points us to the dangers presented the challenge in very graphic the greed and rotten behavior, which inherent in such a system, which are terms, anticipating the fall of the nation if he characterizes as sin. It is clear that magnified in the present globalized there was no change among the leaders. sin is pervasive; it is not just a question and financially driven global economy, In another context, that of the wisdom of an individual wrongdoing and the where the scope for corruption is even literature, there was no expectation of ‘law’ makes the reality of sin visible and greater. Indeed the logic of the present an immediate change but the writer of is a bulwark against sin. But it is not system produces limitless greed and a Ecclesiastes recognized the absurdity of enough! The reason is linked to motiva- situation where corruption permeates a world where values had been turned tion—simply following the law does not our institutional life and even personal upside down. In this situation of ‘work depend on our own decision, except relationships are affected. and wait’ there was still a sharp under- to try to follow the law and also it does standing of the network of corruption not necessarily change consciousness. that causes oppression. The writer of In addition to the realty that people will “First—The merchants have Ecclesiastes is pleads for caution and try to evade the law, there is the fact among themselves one com- recognizes that the powerful have spies that people so often don’t do what they mon rule, which is their chief everywhere. He advises that people want to do, but do what they theoreti- maxim and the basis of all should not work in isolation and con- cally hate. Hence Paul insists on the their sharp practices. They say: versely that even in the present tough primacy of grace—the grace of God I may sell my goods as dear situation life should also have moments and living by common grace. This as I can. This they think their of enjoyment! The situation depicted is points to the need to change from the right. Lo, that is giving place to that of people facing an unknown future following of law to the letter but living avarice and opening every door and when it is impossible to imagine a re- according to a different logic, which and window to hell. What does turn to some past golden age. It sounds actually transforms the law in the it mean? Only this: “I care noth- rather prudent, conservative even, but service of life. It points to the fact that ing about my neighbor; so long it is not quiescent and the writers look without this change the propensity to as I have my profit and satisfy to a better future. They have a sharp greed and injustice is ever present in my greed, what affair is it of eye to the web of corruption, which has the logic of the human condition. mine if it does my neighbor ten been constructed around them and If we look at this situation through injuries at once?” There you its consequences, and look for a time the lens of the Reformation Anniver- see how shamelessly this max- when, thanks to the grace of God there sary, we can see that Martin Luther im flies squarely in the face not will be change. and the reformers were living at a only of Christian love, but of On the basis of these reflections time when the logic of the developing natural law.” Martin Luther, On we can return to the analysis of cor- market was leading to corruption on Trading and Usury 1524

Department for Mission and Development 23 Creation and the cities in the world to be industrialized. people aimed to improve the quality of Environment In fact it was the heart of the global life and create a better environment. textile industry in the nineteenth cen- The pride that formed the culture of tury and therefore has experienced these movements has somehow been We saw: all the environmentally damaging lost. On the other hand the state has effects of the industrial system. The invested a large amount of money in in- • the increasing pollution, which Manchester region was rich in coal frastructure and also in new up-market destroys the quality of life and the and the power for the factory system housing. The infrastructure spending fruitfulness of the earth and the domestic heating and power supports sport (a new stadium and a were largely derived from coal burning. velodrome), leisure and shopping and • the slow development of the aware- On top if this there was a large metal the costs of using these facilities are ness of the integrity of creation producing and chemical industry all beyond people on low income. Much of which produced toxic effects in the of the housing is also priced at levels • how easily we forget that we are atmosphere and on the ground. Since out of reach of the lower income com- included in Gods creation the rapid deindustrialization of the city, munity members. To some it looked millions of pounds have been spent on like a kind of “re-colonization of the Kyrie Eleison cleaning up the environment, but the city.” On the other hand the invest- impact on life and health over genera- ment in public transport was seen as tions cannot easily be undone. a positive aspect. Manchester was a Introduction Walking through one of the former city that generated great wealth but the The link between ecology and industrial areas that were constructed population of the “left behind” are not economy is clear and it is also clear in the nineteenth century, the housing benefitting from this. that the environment is a key factor being adjacent to the factories, was an One point that is clear is that the affecting the quality of life in cities and experience that left many impressions. industrial economy in Europe, under villages. On top of this, many people The poor quality of the housing, even different government regimes, created are affected by the changes in their including some of the newer housing huge environmental problems, which working environment, due to changes was tangible. The general neglect at different speeds are still being in technology and the use of more of the common open spaces led to worked on. We can see that the im- hazardous substances. Members of people having no respect for the area mediate local impacts of industrial so- the solidarity group brought diverse in which they live. Visiting the People’s ciety have disappeared in many ways, experiences to the topic ranging from History Museum revealed the rich but similar production still goes on in personal engagement in ecological history of associational life, by which other parts of the world, where local gardening and the production of food in local communities to a commitment to political action for climate justice. The group was enriched by having one young person from India, involved in the LWF young reformers’ network commitment to climate justice. Another participant was a pastor working in a regional context where there are many ecological problems stemming from the former centrally planned economy and the transformation processes. These personal commitments formed the background to the work of the group.

Context The Solidarity Group met in Man- chester, which was one of the first Photo: Peter Szynka/Soziale Wohnraumhilfe, Hannover

24 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

and gas—as a group, we can see the need for a profound change. Peaceful and equitable co-existence is being threatened already by climate change, which leads to drought or flooding and is behind regional wars and the displacement of whole communities. The driver of this accelerating process is the dominant finance driven, globalized economy, which feeds and feeds off the increasing consumer desires of people especially in the global north. In our group we examined the consequences in different contexts and we could see that there is still scope for the European nations to set

Photo: Peter Szynka different frameworks which constrain the economy and which support the change away from a carbon economy, workers and populations pay the price darity group, we should look at the to take one key issue. Therefore we once more. It is even more dangerous issues through a consideration of should not be totally pessimistic, now because as a consumer you are the difference a “convivial economy” but the overall context demands a shielded from the day-to-day working would make to the environment. But fundamental change. The dominant conditions and the environmental one starting point is the assertion of paradigm is built on belief in the costs because you are far away from the process towards the Reformation beneficial effects of economic growth the hazards of production. anniversary, “Creation is not for sale” (usually measured by GDP growth) and The ubiquitous electronics and com- which focuses on creation care. This therefore on growing consumer mar- munication systems rely on minerals, is based on the understanding that kets and private provision of services. which are hazardous to mine and on human beings should not plunder Yet growth is leading us further into production systems, which are danger- the earth and that its rich resources the spiral of irreversible environmen- ous for health. On the other hand new should not be exploited for profit, es- tal change due to pollution and the damaging environmental problems pecially when they are the basis of well- exhaustion of natural resources. are becoming more serious such as being (for example water). (Burghardt, From the point of view of the Soli- exhaust emissions from cars and the ed., 2015). The other angle from which darity Group, we have to think out a emissions from power stations depend- to reflect on this theme is to evaluate new approach to economy and create ing on carbon fuels. The air may look how far the present economy supports a positive vision of the ‘good life for all’ cleaner—there is no longer industrial conviviality and how far it undermines to supplant the present vision of good smog—but it contains dangerous par- our ability to live together in peace and life through consumption. Or to put it ticles and carries a growing threat from with justice, without destroying nature. another way, to restore the primacy the changing balance of gases, such as In our visit to Manchester and in of being over having. (Illich, 1973) the growing concentration of carbon discussions among participants, the We should foster the re-examination emissions. This is linked to long-term question of environmental degradation, of our relationship to each other and effects such as climate change, which the over exploitation of nature and to nature and this is exactly what the have an impact on many communities, the impact of industrial society, with concept of conviviality invites us to do on food production and on survival. growing inequality and food poverty and moreover it gives a direction to has on life together and on human the way we should do it. This working dignity were apparent. The trends are group extended the concept of con- Reflection not auspicious and when we factor in viviality from “the art and practice of In reflecting on the experiences the larger scale changes—for example living together” to include the way we of Manchester and the background climate change and the use of invasive live with creation. This means we can experiences of members of the soli- techniques to extract ever more oil start locally with dialogical processes

Department for Mission and Development 25 but also that we cannot neglect the what we could call a “utopia,” which As wages stagnate or reduce, so that political framework and the need for acts as a provisional guide to a process basic needs are not covered and un- political action. We are in the process of change. On the local level church employment especially aiming young of developing new forms of practical, communities have the possibility of people is at record high levels, there peaceful and political interaction with becoming directly involved with many is a space to ask, “What constitutes people across diverse boundaries. other religious communities and secu- the good life?” and to see the value of One of the central contributions the lar associations in building up a web conviviality as an end in itself. Christian faith and the churches can of concrete local initiatives and at the So much of the construction of make is to be peacemakers on the same time joining and promoting a our societies especially in Europe micro level and beyond, but also we societal debate about the basic eco- and the global north depends on the could envisage making “peace with nomic paradigm. There are many signs existing culture of accumulation and nature.” In the Hebrew Bible and the of such possibilities and initiatives in growth that we need to change our New Testament it is surprising how which churches are often involved so understanding of the place of work often the well-being of people is linked this does not mean starting from a and employment as well as social to the fruitfulness of the land. If the “blank sheet.” The process we are en- security and income. This will need a exploitation of people and the over visaging will also deal with the change reflection our basic ideas of a fulfilled exploitation of the land is prevented, of self-understanding which the gospel life based on consumer desires. Fur- people and nature flourish. The vision implies, of implementing an economy thermore, a limit on the ability to amass of the future realm of God is moreover, based on grace rather than merit and limitless income and wealth coupled imagined as a city—a New Jerusalem, on convivial relationships rather than with a minimum income would also a city of peace with justice. So we are pure competition. create a society which would foster not just thinking of rural contexts but The economy based on growth coexistence through resource sharing also of the city. and accumulation, therefore of grow- rather than producing marginalization If we start with the understanding inequality seems to be reaching and poverty amidst affluence. For ing of conviviality, it is clear that we its environmental limits but people example the much discussed idea of have to think about how to work on have put their hopes in continued reducing working time and introducing our self-understanding as well as the growth—hoping for a ‘better’ future a citizen’s income would free more concrete issues and challenges from in material terms. This has become time for associational life (civil society) the bottom up, from our own context. a proxy for a fulfilled life. We now can and for social innovation whilst being There is no ready-made blueprint and see the beginnings of what happens less resource intensive. This would in any case, the history of ready-made when limits are reached and when be a contribution to conviviality and blueprints in Europe causes us some high growth rates also seem to elude to the renewal of democracy. (Breg- skepticism. But we do need a vision or the so-called advanced economies. man, 2016)

26 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Part Three: Resources for Change

Introduction

We often are concerned about the resources we need to address the situations of marginalization and injustice, both in terms of direct working with people affected and also in lobbying, advocacy and campaigning for change. Facing this we noticed in our sharing that the most important resource we have is ourselves and the colleagues and congregations and churches we work with. On the other hand we also want to affirm our understanding that the people themselves (who are often termed “beneficiaries”—a word which tends to keep them in their place!) Photo: Ulla Siirto also possess resources and are a resource for change. In this section we want to summarize and present some as key actors for care and in the work people and their environment. Simi- resources that we found in our group. for sustainable change. This means larly we see the people with whom we We have no doubt they can be found starting with face-to-face relationships work diaconally as also shaped by their more widely and can be encouraged and group work and building up the relationships and their environment. and built up. confidence to tackle the issues both in They also have their own inherent everyday life and practice and in terms dignity, experience and capacity to of political change. In this respect the act as subjects in their own life. The Motivation: motivation of people engaged in diako- implication of this insight is that the nia can be a critical factor in supporting view of the person as an individual- From our perspective, we see people people in their local context, knowing ized consumer and isolated decision and communities suffering and we are that this builds the motivation to go fur- maker does not correspond to reality motivated by their presence and by our ther. A convivial society and economy and should be replaced with a view of faith to act with them. Very often we find continually strengthens people’s moti- the person as relational. In our work that others also share this motivation. vation because they also see the results with people and in the development of Sometimes we can identify that, as of their activity. diaconal action, reflection on experi- diaconal workers, we have more re- ence gives us, and those with whom sources of time or more training which we work, a valuable resource for future is an important contribution. But we Experience: praxis. The experience we have of should not allow this to mask the fact being people in relation and acting for that people who may have few material From our faith perspective, we under- care and change provides the basis resources and whose time is consumed stand that persons are “relational” and for one key assumption in our work with survival also have their own motiva- not formed as isolated self-sufficient for seeking conviviality. tion and their own faith as well as other individuals. Whilst each person has assets. One key aim of diakonia should their own identity and dignity as cre- be to build up the strengths of people ated in the image of God, they develop who are marginalized and to see them this personhood in relation to other

Department for Mission and Development 27 Relationships: ideas of conviviality. The starting point recipient. Human dignity concerns the is the view of the person in relationship recognition of the equal worth of each The core of our work in the Solidarity to other people and this is already a person and a convivial economy would Group has focused on developing the break with the dominant view taken ensure respect and the resources to concept of conviviality as the art and in economic thought. Far from being participate in the society at large. On practice of living together. A convivial an isolated individual, seeking rational the other hand the conviviality per- society is built on inclusive relation- economic maximization as the route to spective on dignity gives a new impe- ships and strengthens the capacity fulfillment and happiness, the exciting tus to Christians and the churches to to act. One of the negative effects challenge of creating conviviality can reach beyond themselves and to cre- of competitive globalization, which is be implemented in contexts with very ate relationships with forgotten people exacerbated by new communication few resources as well as in more re- in forgotten places—with people who technologies, is to leave people iso- source rich contexts. The development are normally not visible in the church lated. We can see the consequences of life together creates new resources community. This challenge is espe- of this in the rising incidence of mental and new possibilities. cially acute in relation to the refugee illness in many European countries. A The three themes that underpin movements in Europe as well as in focus on convivial relationships is a conviviality—vocation, justice and relation to areas of civil conflict and war. counter-cultural move, which already dignity cast light on the negative Justice is the third dimension of provides an alternative to the individu- economic developments of the last conviviality, which is rooted in the wit- alistic view of the person as a consum- decades. The evidence from the work ness of the Old Testament prophets as er. When have a sense of belonging, of the group is that the pressures of well as in the ministry of Jesus. This it leads us to be critical of the divided employment or the mal-distribution gives a solid basis for the recognition and divisive economic and politics of of work have denied many people and that conviviality is denied by economic neo-liberalism. This leads to practical even whole communities the possibil- and political structures and processes and political action. This aspect is very ity of a fulfilling vocation where good that marginalize and exclude people. important politically because many work is a valued contribution to the In our work on conviviality, we have people in “majority communities” in well-being of all. On the other hand, a sought to give relevance to this in European countries feel disconnected new perspective on the diaconal voca- relation to both the growing inequality from a sustaining narrative and that tion of the church is being developed and immiseration following on from the political and economic decision mak- which has also brought new energy financial crisis as well as from political ers have “forgotten them.” The result and resources into local contexts. The system change and the environmental is a fragmentation of identity because rooting of the Solidarity Group’s life challenge which is a result of the same it is no longer provided by (relatively) in the biographies and contextual financially driven economy. stable structures and roles and which realities of its members has created a In this way, we have seen how is threatened by the arrival of people grounded spirituality and a recognition faith and spirituality are an important who are different. In this situation of the need for people and communi- resource for seeking conviviality, but the danger is of scapegoating those ties to develop moments of reflection on the other hand we notice that the who are different and seeing them (in and worship which are grounded in opposite is true! Seeking conviviality person) as the cause of the negative the struggle for conviviality. in practice is a tremendous resource, developments. Building relationships The concept of human dignity strengthening yet challenging faith and and achieving change are ways of ad- with its basis in Christian thought, enriching spirituality and the under- dressing this situation. reinforced by the insights of Lutheran standings of diaconal service. understandings of grace and the fact that ‘people are not for sale’ has led Faith and Spirituality: us to a sharp critique of the injustices in the present context. This includes The journey of the Solidarity Group is many dimensions of life and care also a journey to discover new ways of and in particular, the fact that people reflecting on diaconal work and new suffering from ill health, disability or ways of seeing resources and possibili- trauma are not able to access care or ties. The particular focus on convivial the care given is not supportive of the economy brings to the front the core dignity of either the care giver or the

28 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Part Four: Steps towards a Convivial Economy

Introduction towards a convivial economy. For sure such a shaping force on most countries, we cannot work on this alone and it will whether or not they are members. We In the first part of this report we have need networking and collaboration at are also aware that the pressures to focused on the implications of taking every level across the boundaries of consume increasingly mold people’s the concept of conviviality seriously faith and spirituality and with social lives and expectations and that this not as the basis for examining what is movements and civic associations. only affects political decisions, it drives happening to work and economic life. The people who are suffering most economic growth. We can see that the We have seen that there are many from the negative effects of the pres- development of the consumer and fi- negative developments, which com- ent context will be our most important nance driven economy has very negative bine together to produce societies partners in working for transformation. effects on community and society. We marked by poverty and people and When we think about steps and strat- have documented some of these effects communities that feel forgotten. When egies we are starting with the local in this report, especially as they affect marginalized people and communities. However the impact of the changes in the economy are being experienced even in more affluent contexts, where we are witnessing rising rates of anxiety Society and clinical depression, increases of substance abuse and heavy drinking and a decline in morale in working life. This is also linked to a loss of trust in society, social isolation and loneliness as well as a lack of participation in politics. The Conviviality growing inequality and the privatization of public services as well as the reduction in earned incomes especially at the Economy Church lower end of the labor market all have an impact on this. (Jackson, 2009) Even rich societies do not seem to optimize human flourishing. It seems therefore that change must be sought both from the point of view of human dignity and flourishing but also to deal with the very important issues of the environment that we examined the situation through our places because our concern is to work we have discussed in Chapter 3. The own working experience and through through community diakonia in the implications of these issues, which affect the experience of the groups visited direction of conviviality. whole societies, forms a link this to the in Manchester we could also see that Of course, we are also very aware of the conviviality approach underlay the need for structural change, includ- “So then you are no longer the positive action we witnessed. ing changes in policies of governments strangers and aliens, but you Therefore in this last chapter we would and of international political structures. are citizens with the saints and like to share some positive reflections In Europe, this has to include the poli- also members of the house- about the possible steps we could take cies of the European Union, which have hold of God.” (Eph. 2 v.19)

Department for Mission and Development 29 concept of conviviality and underpin its people are encouraged to be suspi- munities. The fact that is that many importance. A convivial economy would cious of each other and especially of people are unable to meet their not only be of benefit to marginalized the different “other.” The increasingly basic daily needs for food, warmth, people and communities but to the ruthless treatment, in some countries, energy or housing and also to ac- whole society and the environment. of people who are excluded or living cess the essential services such In this chapter we would like to with disabilities and long term illness is as health care and this is a strong move from the critique of our present justified at the same time as a minor- imperative for action. reality and look more constructively ity becomes ever more affluent and to the future convivial economy. The wealthy. Our positive steps forward • The second starting point is also members of our group are all engaged have to deal with these fundamental related to the context and this has in local contexts, which roots them in issues in a way that is appropriate for two dimensions. First, we face the the present reality, particularly as it local diakonia and work on a wider global environmental challenges affects “forgotten people in forgotten regional and international level. resulting from highly developed places.” The tone has been predomi- This implies that in order to develop consumer markets that demand nantly critical and it is appropriate to our work we need to create our guiding more and more production and our task. But we also found positive vision rooted in kingdom values and yet reduced cost of the basics for examples of local initiatives that point in seeking conviviality. The key points everyday life. There is no need for us in a different direction. Christianity of this guiding vision should act as a further elaboration of this point, is an incarnational religion and Chris- lodestar for our action. which results in rapid resource tians are called to be with marginalized depletion and also intolerable people and communities in a struggle working conditions in many pro- to overcome injustice, support partici- Starting points ducer countries. In terms of food pation and work for peace. From a faith security and sustainability, the point of view it is clear that whilst we We have three different starting points global production systems are a most of us are “citizens of a country” for developing perspectives for action: challenge because they create food we are also conscious that our citizen- insecurity in many areas where ag- ship is elsewhere, in the kingdom of • The first and most obvious is that riculture us orientated on supplying God. Our kingdom values function as a for many of the members of our food—even luxury food—to high utopia, which is in sharp contradiction group, the urgent priority for the income countries. One of the prime to the core values expressed through people with whom they work is the causes is the fact that land used for the present economy. We are also sheer fact of economic survival in local food production is turned over aware that neo-liberalism functions hard-pressed urban and rural com- to intensive production for export. as a kind of utopia for some, even if in our experience it has dystopian consequences. The most dangerous aspect of this is that we live in a time when horizons of hope in Europe—at least as we often experience it—have been diminished. Institutions, including institutions of government and leading economic actors shape our options, but we seem to be caught between rampant consumerism, the politics of austerity and the rise of a dangerous strand of nationalism. Resurgent nationalism is accompanied by increasing aggression against minorities and in some cases war and civil conflict. The present society and economy seems to lead in the direction where Photo: Peter Szynka

30 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

• The third starting point is related to stream economy? We dealt with this practical engagement, it is an impor- the fact that the consumer market issue in the first phase of our work tant foundation for it! In our learning and the competitive labor market but there is a need to deepen the processes from work with children and conspire to create shaping condi- reflection in terms of economy and young people through to adults we tions for values and goals that are local economy. (LWF, 2013) can prioritize what we might call the damaging for personal, family and “education of desire.” (Levitas, 2013) social life. • Secondly how can we use our We could imagine a curriculum that Biblical and theological resources is built on a Biblical and theological In the next section we explore the to reflect on the way in which our background, which begins to address ways forward from the perspective of life perspective and even our deep- this issue from childhood through to these starting points. We understand est motivating desires are formed adulthood and continuing. For ex- that conviviality, as a core concept and re-formed by expensive and ample, on a very basic level we often is a challenge to everyday practice intrusive advertising? The media ask children to imagine themselves personally as well as in our diaconal saturated context in which we live is when they are “grown up.” This can be engagement and it is important that it constantly shaping and reshaping in terms of relationships and work as is grounded local church life. There- our desires so that they reflect the well as social, family and community fore we will begin with the ways in offerings to consume in different life. In adult education and worship, which we can develop this approach market places. Through this process, the concrete and shaping realities of to create a fruitful context for working many of our desires are formed by work and economy are not usual top- on economic and social issues (Seek- consumer priorities, yet we know ics for reflection. We very often mirror ing Conviviality), building on the first from faith and experience that the standard expectations of the wider report from our process. Then we will increasing consumption does not society, which actually cause exclusion. explore the local possibilities for con- itself bring happiness and fulfillment. Furthermore, in very marginalized crete action towards a convivial local In fact consumption transforms the situations, or for people facing special economy (Seeking a Convivial Local idea of happiness into the transient challenges these standard expecta- Economy). Finally we will look at the pleasure of consuming, whether it tions are meaningless in concrete necessary changes in terms of national be the things we need for everyday terms. Economic inclusion in Euro- and international contexts (Seeking a life, survival, housing or, for example pean societies depends on meritoc- Convivial Economy). holidays. The implicit offer is that if racy and performance and this leads we have more financial resources we to inevitable exclusion for those who can consume more and have more for whatever reason cannot “perform” Seeking Conviviality pleasurable moments that will add or who face barriers of different kinds. up to happiness. (Bauman, 2007) The more we engage in real communi- If we go to the roots of our thinking This, we believe to be a false pro- cation with the diversity of society, we about conviviality as the ‘art and prac- spectus because according to the come to see how limited and limiting tice of living together’ we can find point- Christian tradition, happiness and consuming desires may be. ers to some very practical approaches fulfillment are to be found elsewhere. We are constantly engaging in tell- to engaging with the issue of work life Consumer led desire is restless and ing and retelling the story of our life, and the economy. We are concerned endless, as well as being costly to the who we were, who we are and who we with local diaconal practice and before environment. This is one of the root might become. Empathy is built on this we even begin to engage in developing issues in our culture and it means ability to see ourselves and others in a practical action and working for change, that as well as working on projects different way! Our story is constantly we have to reflect on two aspects: and for change in the direction of under revision and this is true for justice and inclusion, we need to everyone else. But the reflection on • First of all, in our local congregations work on our core beliefs and values this is missing especially in terms of and diaconal organizations, how can as well as visions for the future. In our work and economy. Furthermore it is a we model different ways of relating actions we should seek to embody very difficult process for marginalized to each other as well as to those in this perspective. groups, who are under daily pressure our local context? How can we cre- to survive. Not only that, they very ate processes and structures that This process of reflection on everyday often are forced to conform to rules of are more inclusive than in the main- life is therefore not an “add-on” to behavior, which in many cases are felt

Department for Mission and Development 31 to be oppressive, in order to receive a manufacturing and financial organi- tive economic initiatives, we have to meager income from work or social zations has been developed coop- work carefully on change ourselves benefits. Rooting our work in convivial- eratively, to become one of Spain’s and with those with whom we work, ity gives us an approach to deal with biggest enterprises. However, it is very so that we become ‘subjects’ who in this issue. It would be possible to work important to recognize is that the deep turn can create and support change. with people to envision an alternative roots of this co-operative are to be We often encounter ‘apathy’ and try set of desires and satisfactions and found in the 15 years of pastoral work to deal with it by moralizing, but this is this may lead to practical action and and education, led by the local priest. counter-productive especially if people will certainly support it. This preceded the creation of the first have no experience that they can make This can be described as pastoral initiative (Mondragón, 2016). We draw a difference (or even do not reflect or diaconal work, or as educational attention to this example because, that they in fact do make a difference). work. The process of imagining our although the Mondragón corporation Without experience and reflection, it future selves and communities as has its limitations, it shows the impor- is very difficult to create and sustain otherwise than they are is an es- tance of a long-term perspective with motivation. Such changes rarely hap- sential foundation for transforming a strategy for personal and community pen quickly and involve thinking about local communities and economies. formation as well as for actions in the how to remake our situation and how However, in the context of continu- present moment, which also can be to transform the everyday ‘realism’ of ous and disruptive imposed change informed by that strategy. those around us. In some of the exam- and uncertainty, it is very difficult for Convivial communities create a ples we saw in Manchester it became people and communities to build up a space where these kinds of reflections clear that this kind of process, although positive developmental story. Continu- and the consequent practices can not elaborated, was implied and that ous disruption and seemingly arbitrary take root and people can flourish. In smaller actions built up into larger and imposed change as well as the a convivial community people do not processes. Good examples we saw in lack of political engagement with treat others as objects or as means to Manchester include the ex-offenders’ marginalized communities are some an end. The ability to develop convivial- group in Salford and the Manchester of the mainsprings of the switch to the ity requires openness and vulnerability credit unions. We could see that action, support of authoritarian leadership in rather than certitude and fixed view- if carried out with creativity and vision politics. People expect that a “strong point. In a context where individuals creates possibilities! These small-scale father figure” as a political leader will are valued mainly—or even only—in interventions are vital in many contexts create a stable “national family” and terms of their contribution to economic because of people have lost confidence a coherent framework for life. We are life, conviviality seeks the contribution in their possibility of changing anything dealing here with the intersection be- of all to social organization. Grace is a for the better. tween local stories and relationships key concept—all have something to and the wider forces of economic give and the gift is unearned and often and political change. The tools that unexpected. The relations between Seeking a Convivial we have are rooted in our Christian people are based not on the idea that Local Economy tradition but can also be enriched by we are all “the same” but that there are diverse contributions from other tradi- differences, which are not always easily As people involved in local practice, we tions. The support and enhancement bridged, and contributions that may not have to start with local action, even if of a different discourse along with immediately be recognized. Conviviality we are well aware that there is a need experience of positive change is a most as a basic concept for diakonia engages for wider structural change in the urgent task if we are to avoid resurgent with this diversity with a vision for the economy. This is important not only for nationalism and xenophobia in Europe. future founded on dignity and human marginalized and financially very poor Moralizing is not an effective strategy equality. It implies continually reaching communities but also for the wider for change in this context! out from who and what we are to what society. If we take conviviality as the art To shed some concrete light on we might become and it requires the and practice of living together, as a way these thoughts we could look at the development of a capacity for critical of implementing love of neighbor, then Spanish experience of the Mondragón analysis and creative action. our approach to the local economy will co-operative complex. Analysts of this We can summarize this section with be first of all relational. A relational ap- organization nowadays see how an the recognition that in order to create proach does not start with goals and elaborated structure of educational, change, even to create local alterna- action plans but with the complexity

32 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

Photo: Nicole Borisuk of the local situations and the different skills and competences which people initiatives, starting close to people’s perspectives and interests of diverse already have. These may be formally felt needs and without coercion. This groups. This is quite a challenge to the recognized or be the result of practice approach embodies an understanding model of local diakonia which is based and experience. Furthermore it is of human dignity and is inherently trust on a church or agency defining needs important to recognize the different building and transparent. In this kind and establishing a service to meet routes to expertise in a group. Some of process the gospel can emerge as those needs (even if it is “voluntary people are “experts by experience”— a surprise, as a gift from the work with service”). With an orientation on the for example a long-term homeless people, rather than as a message that different “life worlds” present in a person or a refugee may have valuable is delivered. With this diaconal ap- locality, where the congregation may expertise about their situation and how proach the church organization can, also be made up of different groups, to handle it, which will incorporate with others build up a platform for it is important to have a starting point differences compared to the expertise sustainable local economic projects. which respects this diversity and works of a professional worker. To find a Coupled with this approach rooted with it rather than round it! relational approach which recognizes in everyday life, it is also important to Linked to this is the tendency for and affirms this is very important for discover the strengths and resources diakonia to start with a so-called “defi- empowerment. The approach may of local informal organizations, volun- cit model” which focuses on the needs be called “starting from strengths” or tary organizations and also municipal and deficiencies in the locality (and “use your talents” and links to further and other organizations that hold often by implication of “other” people steps in analyzing and defining the resources. Actions may involve these and communities). This is not a very needs and issues which need to be ad- resources or working for changes in motivating basis for action. Therefore dressed. Integrated with this approach policy, practice and resource allocation apart from the general approach are processes of local analysis and to support local development, as we outlined in our first report, we would vision building. (O’Leary, 2011) Then have seen in the Solidarity Group and like to focus local economic action on small concrete steps can be designed in the visited projects in Manchester. methods that start with the knowledge, with people to create new economic From a conviviality perspective, the

Department for Mission and Development 33 • Food: In some areas it is possible to increase the production and sale of food and to bring disused land back into use. Another important development is to link up groups in urban areas with local small farm- ers to create new local distribution systems or to create farm shops/ markets in the town.

• Education and Welfare: In localities where there is a lack of facilities church related organizations and churches can pioneer new services, for example in working with children, young people and

Photo: Solidarity Group families.

• Services: Local economic develop- most important resources in a locality development of these ideas is ment can provide new services and are the people and then come environ- the creation of local currencies, prevent the loss of existing services, mental resources and organizational which circulate within one area. for example providing a post office, resources. This is not the place to start As people trade with the local general store or transport. a thorough discussion of the kinds of currency, the value remains local local processes and concrete actions and fosters relationships and well- • New enterprises: Building on the that could be the result of these de- being. Another variant is to create talents of people in the locality, new velopments but building on the expe- local time banks through which enterprises can be developed. rience of the Solidarity Group we can people can trade their different skill identify at least the following: (Kennedy et. al., 2012). In these • Property and land: In many places systems, either the local currency there is unused property and va- • Money and currency: It is important or the time can be combined with cant land, including church owned to understand the nature of money transferrable currency, for example property and land, which could be and its importance to community the Euro or a national currency. used for new initiatives and the pro- well-being. All localities have an duction of food. In some countries income and there is a possibility • Energy and Water: Locally con- it is possible for land and property to foster economic development by trolled development also has im- to be acquired by local economic ensuring that as much money as plications for the environment, for development groups and this also possible that comes into a locality example a locally owned decen- creates new locally controlled tan- circulates in the locality and adds tralized heating system or other gible assets. value, so creating jobs. This has energy production can be both implications for the organization more sustainable and contribute to • New forms of ownership: Com- of consumption. For example, if the local economy. The retro-fitting munity enterprises can develop people use pay for local services of buildings to be more ecological under new democratic structures as rather than buying in services from and the production of new passive community enterprises, community large companies based externally it buildings can also make a contribu- development trusts or co-operatives. will in most cases have more local tion. As part of this the churches impact than if money leaks out! can also be certified as eco- (For resources see: Centre for Inter- In terms of finance, in our visit in friendly, for example the Church cultural Communication; Evangelical Manchester we saw how a local of Finland has been implementing Lutheran Church of Finland; Felber, savings and loan organization can and environmental diploma for 2012, 2015; Hopkins, 2011; New help households survive. A further churches since 2001. Economics Foundation)

34 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

As well as these kinds of concrete eco- Seeking a Convivial Employment Time nomic, social and cultural initiatives Economy and Income working towards a convivial economy First of all, we would like to see a can include opening up local munici- Our focus as a Solidarity Group was new relationship between employment, pal decision making, for example on on local actions, which can create time and income. There is a rapid the model of participatory budgeting, conviviality, but we also recognized change in the labor markets in Europe so local people can make a direct input that localities are embedded in na- and with the technological change to decision making and the decisions tional and international structures. more jobs will disappear in their pres- made by municipalities are open to Thus, whilst there is scope for many ent form. On the other hand in many scrutiny. This was pioneered in Britain local economic initiatives, the shaping countries people are working exces- by Church Action on Poverty and is in conditions can enable or undermine sively long hours with very precarious operation in Salford and many other convivial local economies. In the pre- working conditions, including time places. (Participatory Budgeting Net- vious section we set forth some sug- flexibility. This all has a large negative work). The possibilities for developing gestions for local convivial economies impact on family and community life as democratic decision making extend and we recognized that there are many well as on health, happiness and well- beyond normal representative politi- links between such local initiatives, being. Unemployment on the other cal structures and the development of which can be mobilized to change hand is becoming increasingly precari- more participatory forms will revitalize the external conditions and lead to a ous because in some cases there is local democracy. convivial economy on a wider scale. no financial support and in others the From the perspective of our visits We cannot touch on all aspects of conditions surrounding receipt of the in Manchester we could also experi- policy but here we want to give some low level of support is very coercive. If ence the possibilities for local church main lines for further reflection and we also factor in environmental ques- related groups and projects to influ- action. The churches represent an tions we can see that the present drive ence national level political decisions. important space for the development for growth and consumption coupled For example, the work of local Church of new thinking, which is based on with labor market stress do not create Action on Poverty groups, working lived experience of the impact of the a sustainable economy or support hu- with people in debt and in a national present economic and political poli- man flourishing. network, brought pressure to bear on cies and priorities. We witness this in In our work on the local economy companies engaged in lending to poor our group and also in the Manchester we can see at least some seeds of a people at excessive rates of interest visits. If we want to support moves to- more meaningful economy that con- and produced not only changes in their wards a convivial economy the present tributes to a greater sense of well-being practice but a change in legislation on practices and policies in five key areas and fulfillment for both the producers the national level. Work on the local will need to change. and consumers. In such community level has also pressured churches, municipalities and private companies to pay a living wage (which is higher than the state minimum wage) to all their employees. Local actions can pioneer new solutions to economic issues and develop new ways of relating income, work and time as well as developing more environmentally sustainable communities. Linked together these initiatives support change processes on the national and international level. (Felber, 2012, 2015; Hopkins, 2011;)

Photo: Peter Szynka

Department for Mission and Development 35 Photo: Peter Szynka based or social enterprises, local ener- the diminution of this undermines the This presents an opportunity to reduce gy projects, food co-operatives and so quality of the output. (Jackson, 2009) once again the working hours, improve on as well as in a wealth of mutual aid The expansion and quality improve- working conditions and maintain a organizations people learn new skills ment of these services would support stable income, especially if we are and inter-relatedness is supported. the human flourishing by creating not focused on economic growth as a They are already standing in contra- satisfying work and quality services. main goal. This has been pioneered in diction to the time poor, materialistic Such services are not normally inter- Sweden and in France, although there economy in which most of us spend nationally traded and therefore for the is pressure to reverse the development most of our lives. (McKibbon, 2007) conventional pressure for increased in France. Research shows that with On top of this there is a growing productivity to maintain competive- a shorter working week, workers are need in European societies for in- ness does not apply (assuming we more productive in fact and more person services in the personal and accept a conventional economic satisfied with their work, take less social services, social care and health argument which emphasizes global time off due to illness and maintain fields. This sector represents work competition as a driver). better health. which is both needed and which with Looking at employment in other These changes work best in econo- the right conditions provides fulfilling sectors, we have seen that productiv- mies where the inequality is not so work for people. On top of that it does ity gains lead to structural unemploy- great and where the education and not make heavy demands on the en- ment and with the increasing use of training system can ensure a ready vironment. Yet such work if it is not in new technologies more jobs will be supply of suitably qualified workers. the profit making market is regarded destroyed. The total hours required This implies the need for a more as “worthless” because it does not in the national economy will gradually strongly redistributive tax and social add value and the productivity level (maybe suddenly) fall and the result is security system, or the establish- is not growing. In fact as we saw in usually unemployment. Paradoxically, ment of such a system where it does Manchester, the search for cost reduc- at the moment working hours in many not exist. A logical extension of this tion and productivity produces work, contexts have been increasing and approach would be to implement a which is low paid, stressful and does labor productivity in Europe has not basic or citizen’s income, which would not achieve the social care objectives been rising as fast as previously. But accrue to each citizen or denizen of a in a dignified way. These services the introduction of more self-operating particular country and would be set depend on human interaction and systems will increase the pressure. at a level which would enable normal

36 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy participation in society. This would banks would not be needed if the sys- creation of debt by both domestic and require a change in the taxation struc- tem of basic income was introduced investment banks. A mixture of legisla- ture but has been costed and there and time would be released for other tion and taxation, using for example, are ongoing pilot projects to text the forms of associational life. All manner the idea if a transaction tax on interna- feasibility of such a system. (Basic of such initiatives already exist and tional currency movements to dampen Income Earth Network, Levitas 2013) are well documented, if not exactly speculative short-term investments, Such a basic income approach would headline news! (Hopkins, R., 2011, could be applied to implement controls need to be matched with improved or Transition Network) on the financial sector. This would be a well-functioning public services, par- During the last four hundred years ‘top-down’ change, which would bring ticularly in the fields of health, educa- we have witnessed a growing commodi- a more ethical perspective into bank- tion and welfare and would be a less fication, first of food and clothing and ing and finance. A financial system punitive and coercive way of handling later of many other goods and services. with a convertible currency is needed the rapid labor market changes we are This abundance has been possible to deal with international transactions experiencing in Europe. Basic income because of the work of people, which and we also need a national financial at an adequate level would represent converts time into money and thence system but this should be balanced a gain for human dignity, give the pos- purchasing power. This development with local financial institutions and sibility for everyone to participate and now encompasses culture (in its broad- even local currencies, which balance develop and give opportunities for gift est sense), learning and leisure. the dependency on national currency and grace. Without such a possibility Our societies also marked by the denominated transactions. Such a we face either the indignity of enforced fact that for many people to survive policy shift could be complemented idleness or the compulsion to work in they have to work more and more by creating a more supportive frame undignified conditions. hours, as we have seen this leads to a for local financial institutions such Changing the relationship between reduction in health and personal and as ethical banks and credit unions, employment-based work, income and social well-being. In the Judeo- Chris- enabling them also to support local time would lead to less stress, less tian tradition there is an emphasis on social and economic initiatives as well resource consumption and would en- the need for human and creational as providing a savings and loan facility able social relations and associational rest. This gives us a basis to reflect which would be of great benefit for the life to flourish. More inclusive and on the contemporary meaning of people with lower incomes. convivial relationships can be enabled Sabbath. Time is a social construct by providing income security, a more and maybe Sabbath can be seen an egalitarian framework and re-evalua- act of defiance against the dominant Recreating the Commons tion of the place of care in the widest culture and its relentless productivity. Coupled with these changes in the sense and education in its inclusive (Brueggeman, 2016) financial system, there is also a need to (less instrumental) sense. Time and reflect further on what has been called economic security would provide the “the commons.” The allusion here is to basis for the re-creation of a vibrant Financial Institutions the per-industrial society where there civil society—the creation of a context Secondly, as we have seen, debt is was a measure of common land and that is beyond the intimate family and a major problem at the personal and common equipment, which all people not part of a market relationship. We community level as well as in many could use. The most typical example catch a glimpse of this in the choices cases at the state level. This is an issue is common land, which still exists in some young professionals already with profound Biblical and theological some places. This land was available make to forego income and spend time roots (LWF, 2015). A very important for all people to enable food for every- working in the local community and structural change would be to re- day life to be supplied. The industrial with their family. Another glimpse is in regulate the banking system so that system was built on the fact that the the lives of people who already have debt would be controlled and created enclosure and privatization of the com- an income more or less guaranteed in the interests of the common good mon land forced people to work in the through their pension and who work rather than creating debt as means of emerging factory system or to emigrate. in local food systems, provide support making money from money. (Block et. The “new commons” are the services for refugees and asylum seekers and al., 2016) This would entail a splitting on which we depend for everyday life do other valuable social tasks. Some of domestic private banking from in- including transport, energy and water of these tasks such as working in food vestment banking and controls on the for example. The assets these services

Department for Mission and Development 37 are built on were very often publicly transport) and deny services to many state. The gaps are filled, if at all, by provided through local government or on marginal incomes. On top of that associational and co-operative ventures by subscription. In recent years the they claim state subsidies to maintain such as community transport. Rather privatization of these assets has in services of general interest such as than continuing with this discriminatory many cases allowed quasi monopolies transport and postal services. In this model, services of general interest (“the to be built up which, by using accepted way the former public service systems modern commons”) should operate in market models, remove services from now operate as private profitable busi- the interest of the common good and non-profitable areas (such as rural nesses with public support from the should be returned to some form of public ownership, which recognizes their basic nature. In this way they could also dovetail with locally provided services in the same field. There are examples of this in the field of energy supply where the major provider is a municipal company (with the goal of reducing dependence on fossil fuels) complemented by small local providers of heat and power, for example in rural areas and urban neighborhoods. In this way the strengths of decentralized systems and an overall network could be maintained for the common good of all. In other areas we can see the emergence of common goods—for example in publishing the Creative Commons initiative enables the publishing and use of material which has a copyright assigned to it and which enables the use of the content according to specified rules. This is a different approach to that of conventional publishing, which uses copyright rules to prevent access and sharing. In other fields such as computing a similar development is taking place through the promotion of open source software of which Linux is the best-known example.

Renewing and Extending Democracy Earlier in this report we dealt ex- tensively with the problem of corruption. In this chapter we would like to explore the forms of governance and political participation, which would be implied by a more sustainable and transparent economy. As workers involved in local diakonia we see the results of the way in which political

Photo: Peter Szynka decision makers shape the dominant

38 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy economic ideas. The deregulation of the finance system which privileges financial transactions that enable financial institutions to make money from money rather than investing for the common good is one case in point. Governments, acting in the interests of private investors, have promoted the privatization of the commons (water, energy etc.) Taxation systems have been increasingly skewed away from redistribution towards a reduction of taxes on corporate income, higher earners and those with large amounts of unearned income and wealth. This has been enabled by the decisions of formally elected democratic governments, which are closely tied to the interests of large enterprises and major investors. There is a kind of revolving door between political and economic elites and the power of economic lob- bies combined with the exchange of elites facilitates a consensus that has increasingly ignored the common good of all. (Felber, 2012, 2015) We also witness the power of media linked to this system, which promotes the same ideas. This is one side of the problem. The other side is the corruption of political decision making on a high level but also in local communities in various contexts. This points us in the direction of the need for a change in democratic structures and processes. This is needed both for transparency and for the redirect- ing of economic decisions so that they support equity rather than exacerbat- ing divisions and that they underpin sustainable local economic development rather than benefitting disruptive Photo: Peter Szynka placeless capital. As already mentioned, in our visit to Manchester we saw one example of a of local governments making public the limit democratic participation and in small initiative aiming to create a shift, concrete decisions about local econo- general terms the participation in po- albeit small, in the decision making mies (including the terms of contracts litical parties in Europe has declined process through participatory budget- for goods and services) so that they dramatically, with few exceptions. ing. Such instruments are a school for can be scrutinized. However, the pres- The paradox is that as a result of economic management. Other small ent democratic system is, through the disillusion and insecurity, the tendency initiatives include the emerging practice electoral process, designed rather to has rather been in the direction of pro-

Department for Mission and Development 39 test led by apparently strong populist contribute to human flourishing and will also continue but under criteria and authoritarian leaders. On the other community development. Through our linked to environmental and social hand there is, as we have seen, a huge engagement we create and recreate sustainability. For example, construc- number of local initiatives seeking to the social world and find our place in tion must prioritize refurbishment and create new forms of social, cultural it but we recognize that there are eco- upgrading of existing buildings where and economic action which also have logical limits, which should be placed possible as well as the construction a political goal, but which only episodi- on human activity. These have to be of new buildings that are sustainable cally achieve public attention. informed by what we have learnt about and repairable. These findings lead us to ques- the ecology of the planet and various Financial intermediation is nec- tion the limitations of the present threats caused by human activity and essary but it will be organized in a democratic structures and processes sheer population growth. Limits should more stable, long-term framework and to think through the meaning of be embedded in all the working prin- less dependent on monetary expan- basing democracy on conviviality. This ciples of the economy and included in sion. (Jackson, 2009) Investment would not totally supplant classical legislative frameworks at appropriate will be geared to increasing energy democracy but would envisage a more levels of governance. The production efficiency and the reduction of the open participatory form of decision- of goods and services should make use of natural resources, increasing making that could be allied with an a contribution to human flourishing use of low carbon technology and elaborated form of direct democracy and conviviality and should have a low the creation and support of public such as exists in some European coun- material and energy consumption and assets and local organized services tries, regions and localities. Such a throughput. It goes without saying that (a renewed commons). This would be process could be complemented by people and households should have a a significant shift in financial strategy a more democratic structure for the decent livelihood and access to qual- away from ever increasing short-term management of enterprises so that ity services of general interest. As we returns on capital deployed towards all stakeholders could be represented. have seen it is not only the question of longer-term commitments to a sustain- what is produced and the sustainable able economy. Crucial transformations use of resources it also concerns the would be in investment in activities Economy for Sustainability form of work organization and the re- that are ecologically sustainable and The final topic that we need to ad- lationship between work, income and more locally rooted service-based dress is that of sustainability, which is time. Human interaction or conviviality activity, which is more labor intensive. embedded in the discussions about is at the heart of enterprises whether work, income and time as well as they are socially and cooperatively the financial system and democratic owned or privately owned and oper- participation. Nevertheless, we would ated. Local community economies like to highlight some key points. We will become more important but in- participate in the life of society through dustrial activities such as construction, employment, work and activity, which manufacturing and food production

40 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Part Five: Conclusions

In this conclusion we would like to summarize some of the main points, which are important for local action towards a convivial economy. We have not produced a blueprint but would like to give some directions. The report has examined a number of concrete issues that are relevant to the field according to the experience in different contexts and working fields. We described and elaborated these concerns in Chapter Three. The main direction of our work has been to identify approaches to local diakonia which address the key challenges and which can be used in many contexts. The starting point for our reflection is the local church and local diaconal ac- Photo: Edgars Pohevics tors and building on the report Seeking Conviviality (The Lutheran World Federa- tion, 2013) we have produced a check9 9 Retelling the story of the congrega- strengths of people in the locality. In list out of our work on diakonia and the tion in the place so that it becomes other words to start with capabilities local economy: a resource for change in a time rather than deficits! Furthermore, we when people sense disruption and should not lose sight of the fact that discontinuity in many contexts the churches are Key Points for Local still the owners of appreciable assets, Church Life 99 Using the rhythm of congregational not only finance, but buildings in the life to build a convivial community midst of communities and also invest- 99 Develop congregational life as a through sharing life, food, reflec- ments in land a property. The church model for a new pattern of inclusive tion and celebration itself can make a large contribution to relationships as a counterpoint to ex- conviviality by creatively using its re- isting economically driven institutions 99 Optimizing the use of church land sources to support local ventures and and property to support convivial meet local needs. For example land 99 Using traditional symbols and ac- living and a convivial economy. can be made available for food pro- tions, for example in the Eucharist, duction or buildings for offering hous- to demonstrate a sharing, grace The second check list concerns working to homeless people or refugees. filled economy ing specifically on local initiatives to create a sustainable economy. It nec- 99 Creating learning programmes essarily focuses on basic needs but Key Points for local which are focused on “educating incorporates ideas about methodology Diaconal Work the deepest desires” of people as and about the kinds of concrete local on Issues of Work a counter to the education of desire initiatives already underway or which and Economy by the consumer market could be envisaged. The Bibliography lists some sources for this work, which 99 Instead of starting with goals, plans, 99 Changing the culture of the congre- can be used to inspire local ideas, but projects and resources start with gation so that it becomes an open the main direction is to work with a relationship building and work and accepting space for others process grounded in the talents and inductively

Department for Mission and Development 41 99 Change the “service model” away framework that governs the economy, of long term support for local and from the church or congregation work and the environment. This is a wider sustainable initiatives and as a provider of services to working huge field and we have just extricated away from disruptive speculation collaboratively as a partner, using some key issues from our work in the the resources of the people and Solidarity Group. The important point 99 Reclaim “the commons” so that the groups in the locality (starting is not to separate working on these services such as energy and from strengths) issues from local action. As we know transport on which a convivial life from our work and as we discovered in depends are provided on the basis 99 Place the emphasis in diaconal Manchester, local action can influence if need and access and that quality work on participation, trust building national and even international policies. is maintained and controlled and transparency The factors of networking and using different organizational resources and 99 Renew and extend democratic 99 Create small scale actions which strategies are also important. How- processes and structures on local gradually build confidence on the ever, if our focus is on local economic regional and national levels and en- basis of people’s knowledge, skills empowerment and conviviality, the sure the democratic development and interests connecting of local groups is a vital of international structures which dimension. shape economic conditions 99 Step by step create a new vision for the local economy through lo- 99Test all policies in the fields of cal initiatives and collaboration in Key Points for a economy, land use and work for a variety of sectors: food, energy, Framework for a their environmental and social im- water, finance, transport, care, etc. Convivial Economy pact and press for the orientation of financial, planning and taxation 99 Challenge local decision makers 99 Support a new division of work policy to support sustainability and to join in the process and to open (employment), time and income protect the environment. up economic decision making to so that work conditions support participation and challenge unjust conviviality and all have a livable 99 Ensure that the church is a living practices in the local economy income wage employer and has good working conditions and that it uses 99 Out of the working process create 99 Create a supportive legislative its resources, including land and a convivial community with new framework for new forms of local property to support a convivial visions for the future so overcoming economic, social and financial economy. apathy and resignation initiatives

The third check list is related to the 99 Work to change the framework of need to press for a change in the financial institutions in the direction

42 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Appendix 1 Summary of the Report

Introduction

In this Chapter, the link between economy and the idea of conviviality is explored and the structure of the report is explained. The report is based on the three sub themes of the conviviality concept: Vocation, Justice and Dignity and the five working group themes: Work and Welfare, Debt, Mi- gration, Corruption and Transparency and Environment and Creation

Part One: Conviviality and Economy

Photo: Ulla Siirto In this Chapter we explore the three dimensions of conviviality in relation to work and the economy: Justice Working long and irregular hours The gap between rich and poor in for poverty pay is an increasing phe- terms of both income and wealth is in- nomenon that prevents conviviality Vocation creasing. Inequality as we experience it and often leads to mental or physical This refers to the calling of people today has a negative economic impact. illness. to work for the common good and the A high level of inequality affects A convivial economy would ensure welfare of people. social welfare and undermines con- basic needs are met and that people Work can be divided into employ- viviality. would not have to overwork to support ment or other work, which is done for A convivial economy would prevent a family. A so-called basic income payment, the work we need to survive marginalization, reduce environmental would provide a floor for every one everyday which is without payment degradation and support sustainable resident in each country. and activities that contribute to enjoy- food production. It would also help Each person would also have ac- ment and social life. prevent forced migration and support cess to good quality health education The division has changed over time associational life and welfare. and more and more work has become employment. A convivial economy would ensure Dignity Part Two: Five that the quality of employment and The present economic system Key Themes relationships in the workplace as well is leading to more stressful working as what is produced would contribute conditions for many and wages are In this Chapter we examine the themes to welfare and conviviality as well as being depressed to increase profit- the group identified as critical for work, the protection of the environment ability especially among middle and welfare and economy in Europe: low income groups.

Department for Mission and Development 43 Work and welfare which links up into national and even in decision-making and therefore to The welfare system faces three international action. create a more participatory approach major challenges—a demographic to governance is an important key in challenge due to aging populations in the fight against corruption. What we Europe; A generational challenge, be- Migration see from experience and can find also cause the under 30 year old population Migration is not a new phenom- in the Bible is that small-scale local experiences high levels of unemploy- enon but it is increasing and has corruption only really thrives when it ment and worse working conditions complex and diverse causes. The is legitimized by large-scale systemic than the previous generation; A regional framework of migration is different for corruption. challenge because the different regions citizens of the European Union, within Corruption destroys trust, which is of Europe have suffered because of the the European Union and for those both a basis and outcome of convivial- banking crisis, increasing debt and the from outside. People from outside the ity. The problem was identified in the problems faced by formerly centrally European Union may migrate for eco- Biblical narrative and was a dominant planned economies. nomic reasons or to join other family issue in Martin Luther’s time. To work The responses to these challenges members as well as because environ- for a convivial economy means creat- include the creation of social enter- mental change or pollution affects their ing transparent structures in church, prises and community based initiatives life and work. Asylum seekers and society and the economy so that it that build on people’s participation. refugees arrive in Europe as the result corruption cannot flourish. Large scale service providers have of uprootedness because of war, civil also responded to the challenge and conflict or similar phenomena, where face particular problems of financing people fear for their survival. Europe Creation and the Environment services in the changing economic has faced new movements of uprooted The link between ecology and econ- framework, which is more market and displaced people in the last 10 omy is clear and the quality of life and oriented. years as well as increasing migration even longevity are adversely affected flows. But actually Europe has an ag- by unsustainable economic activities, ing population and requires migration not least of which is the use of carbon Debt in the coming years. fuels. The impact of industrialization Indebtedness destroys conviviality Conviviality as the art and practice on the environment was very clear in but we have to distinguish between of living together offers an approach the visit in Manchester and the group different kinds of debt, ranging from to working with people who have focused on what could be done to work short-term survival debt, which is migrated, who maybe have arrived in towards a convivial economy with less often a trap for poor people, debt countries as asylum seekers, eventu- negative environmental impact. for purchasing a house or consumer ally to become refugees. Processes of One key entry point is the creation goods and the debts of public bodies, integration, where both traditional resi- and enforcement of new frameworks which may underpin future economic dents and new immigrants are ready for environmental protection but the development. These different kinds to share, perhaps even to change are underlying need is also to create a of debt have serious outcomes for a very important. positive vision of the ‘good life for all’ households, communities and whole to supplant the present vision of a nations. Indebtedness on the state good life through consuming more level (perhaps as a result of the finan- Corruption & Transparency and more. cial crisis) has led to austerity policies, Corruption is part of everyday life which tend to make matters worse! for many communities represented in The response to this problem in- the solidarity group. It affects people Part Three: Resources cludes organizing local savings and and communities in smaller or larger for Change loan systems, campaigning for fair ways and it also is a feature of some conditions for borrowers and politically large economic and political structures In this Chapter we identify the resourc- advocating a different approach to aus- which may also be corrupted and take es for change, recognizing that the terity which does not involve cut backs money from or allocate money to il- most important resource for change in welfare and other services. Pursuing legitimate projects. is people and local communities, these solutions involves working to- Corruption is most successful congregations and churches as well gether and seeking conviviality locally, where there is a lack of transparency as associations.

44 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy

Four aspects can be identified:

• Motivation to respond to the suffering of people and communities as well as to the degradation of the environment

• Experience of working with people on the basis of affirming human dignity and by creating new initiatives which transcend the idea of a person as a consumer

• Relationships between people, based on trust and transparency are an import resource for con-

viviality and for working for change Photo: Ulla Siirto

• Faith and Spirituality is expressed in the work of groups engaged in Addressing Personal systems, energy and water supply, action towards a convivial economy and Societal Values food, property and land. represent an important resource However, the most important un- for change and on the other hand derlying issue is the question of the • Seeking a Convivial Economy seeking conviviality enriches spiri- way in which the consumer market implies the linking of local actions tuality and the understanding of shapes personal and societal values into a wider network which ad- diaconal service and goals, which are actually damag- dress some of the key issues such ing for personal, family and social life. as employment, time and income, finance and debt and recreating Part Four: Steps the idea of the commons as a pub- Towards a Convivial Action towards a lic sphere of important resources Economy Convivial Economy which all should be able to access. We identify steps that have to be This also implies renewing and ex- In this Chapter we outline the starting taken on three levels: tending democracy and working on points for working towards a convivial the disconnection between people economy are different for the diverse • Seeking Conviviality—reflecting and the processes and structures European context: on everyday life and using Biblical of government. and theological resources to develop alternatives to the narrative Entry Points of successful consumerism. This Part Five: Conclusions For some people and communi- is an agenda for diaconal, educa- ties, the sheer fact of daily economic tional and pastoral work In this Chapter the main points towards survival is uppermost but for others a convivial economy are summarised the global environmental challenges, • Seeking a Convivial Local Econ- in action points for: which maybe expressed through lo- omy—using an approach that cal issues, are the most critical entry starts from the local people hav- • Local church and congregational points. This also includes issues of ing resources of skills, knowledge life, food security and sustainability as and competence that are rooted well as of the production of goods in the reality of everyday life. Then • Local diaconal work and and services. concrete actions can be developed, focusing on key issues local initia- • The creation of a new framework tives in such areas as local financial for a convivial economy

Department for Mission and Development 45 Photo: Solidarity Group

46 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Appendix 2 LWF accompaniment of the Follow-up Process: Seeking Conviviality— Re-forming Community Diakonia

1. The European vocacy on HIV and AIDS, climate and 2013, participants from the European Diaconal Process is ecological justice, sustainable liveli- Diaconal Process contributed to the part of the Department hood, advocacy and peace building. Global Virtual Conference on Diakonia for Mission and The experience and knowledge held under the theme “Stand up and Development Capacity available in the existing networks in Walk (Mk 2)”, with two activities: a for Diakonia Program the member churches and diaconal workshop on Life Together—Diakonia institutions are an important resource for communities, using the material The LWF makes use of its unique for the program. From that knowledge, from the Diaconal Process; and a the- position both reaching deep to the training materials will be developed on matic forum on Training Volunteers for grassroots and having representation aspects like climate justice, overcom- Diakonia. The resources from virtual in global policy making forums. ing poverty and HIV and AIDS. As part conferences are available on line on The Capacity for Diakonia program of this program the LWF will support the LWF website: http://lwfconference. seeks to accompany and strengthen the follow-up process of the work lutheranworld.org member churches in developing developed by the Solidarity Group of capacities and mechanisms to advo- the European Diaconal Process. The cate against structural and systemic focal themes of the process: vocation 3. The Process violence. Processes of mutual accom- for transforming service, community, contributes to the paniment enable member churches to dignity and justice enrich the values development of a develop capacities for prophetic diako- and strategic directions of the LWF. theological and nia and contribute towards affirming Furthermore, the process will also pedagogical basis for and defending dignity. The promotion gain from connection to the learning capacity development of human rights increases awareness and good practice of the global com- in the LWF and empowers actions for responsible munion. citizenship in societies. The statement, “Growing together in The Capacity for Diakonia program capacity for holistic mission—a theo- aims at accompanying and empower- 2. The European logical framework for LWF communion ing the LWF member churches by Diaconal Process learning” was approved by the LWF facilitating different kinds of training, contributes to capacity Council in June 2013. It underlines promoting mutual learning as well building for diakonia participatory and empowering meth- as collaborative exchanges between in the global Lutheran ods of learning, drawing from concepts churches, networks, and related communion and good practice in Africa, Latin diaconal organizations. This allows America, and in Europe, including member churches to enhance the The LWF enhances sharing of learning from the “bottom up” working method quality and effectiveness of their dia- and good practice in diakonia among used in the European Diaconal Pro- conal interventions on issues related to the LWF regions. One instrument for cess. At the LWF Council in 2013, the human rights, gender and child rights, global exchange is the concept of glob- General Secretary expressed his ap- access to income, awareness and ad- al virtual conferences on diakonia. In preciation of what he sees developing

Department for Mission and Development 47 into the “pedagogy of the communion:” • Identified member churches and/or gender justice, child rights, climate “If the LWF is really to move to become related diakonia organizations are and ecological justice, HIV and a polycentric communion, we need to supported and equipped to engage AIDS and engaged on activities do something about the ‘pedagogy of in new initiatives around migration around the SDGs. the communion.’ How is it that we in- and increase their capacity for tend to teach and learn, to accompany implementing the SDG agenda. • Diaconal workers are able to link and admonish, to mutually support their on-going work to the SDGs us towards increased maturity as we • The LWF member churches are and access relevant related re- continue journeying together?” and equipped with contemporary ad- sources, including funding, net- he continues, underlining that the vocacy skills on the protection and works and material. participatory concept reflected in the promotion of human rights focused Seeking Conviviality document “pro- on gender justice, child rights, vides an important foundation for the climate and ecological justice as 5. Methodology task of developing pedagogical models active agents of change through for the LWF communion of churches.” local and global mechanisms. The results and achievements of the European Diaconal Process (2013- Expected results in the next phase 2016) will be presented to church 4. Program plans ahead 2017 and 2018: leadership and assembly delegates at the LWF European Pre-Assembly According to the LWF Department for • Member churches’ leaders in dif- and Reformation Anniversary in Höör, Mission and Development program ferent capacities as well as diakonia Sweden in February 2017. Printed plans for 2017-2018, approved by the practitioners are applying/multiply- materials will be disseminated and LWF Council in June 2016 the following insights gained through mutual a workshop session on conviviality ing goals and results are anticipated: learning on themes such as migra- will be offered to all Pre-Assembly tion, HIV and AIDS, climate justice participants. An evaluative report on • LWF member churches diaconal and poverty. the European Diaconal process will networks are strengthened and be published in early spring 2017. A platforms are provided on various • At least 50 member churches and workshop on conviviality as diaconal thematic areas of engagement to related diakonia organizations par- practice will be organized as a side facilitate mutual learning, sharing ticipate in capacity development event (at the Omatala space) during of knowledge and experiences initiatives; with special focus on the LWF Twelfth Assembly in Namibia. across the communion. promoting human rights advocacy, In the second half of 2017 an international group of multipliers will be identified. A workshop on convivial theology and migration will be organized.

6. Connection to the Reformation Anniversary

The period from 2015-2017 is the core time for commemorating the 500th Anniversary of the Reformation and the year 2017 has a special importance throughout the global Lutheran communion. The focal points of the commemoration in 2017 are regional Pre-Assemblies, the LWF Assembly

Photo: Ulla Siirto in Namibia in May and the Reforma-

48 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy tion Day, which most of the Lutheran • Human beings—not for sale, which Czech Republic, many church lead- churches are celebrating on 31 October. emphasizes the uniqueness of ers consider this outcome paper to However the main idea is not just to each person created in God’s im- be a stimulus for actions around the have a one-day celebration but to build age and therefore all must be fully Reformation Anniversary and beyond. up to the celebration with activities on respected in dignity and integrity. The first report on Re-forming Com- every level across the communion. The This relates to some of the key munity Diakonia, Seeking Convivial- European Diaconal Solidarity Group is themes about economic and so- ity, been translated and published in seeking to ensure that the activities cial policy and diaconal practice different languages (most recently in started in previous years are sustain- covered in this report, including 2016 into Polish) and is being actively able into the future. policies that increase poverty and used in various contexts. A handbook The main LWF Assembly theme homelessness as well as such is- with six Bible studies has been pub- proposed is “Liberated by God’s sues as trafficking and bad working lished on line as part of the work of the Grace” and this is intended to lead conditions. group. The Solidarity Group hopes that to an exploration of themes includ- the work reported in that first report ing the idea that Christians are free • Creation—not for sale, which and this paper on Conviviality and to serve their neighbor, that they are focuses on creation care and the Economy will be further developed responsible citizens in the world and understanding that human beings and that the convivial re-formation of stewards of creation. The central idea should not plunder the earth and community diakonia will become one of grace contrasts sharply with the idea that its rich resources should not of the central elements in the celebra- that nowadays “everything is for sale!” be exploited for profit especially tion in 2017 and its follow up! Three key sub themes are proposed, when they are the basis of well- which link into the themes developed being (for example water). by the Solidarity Group: Having introduced the draft first report • Salvation—not for sale, which on Re-forming Community Diakonia handles the doctrine of justification to the 2012 LWF European Church and freedom to serve the neighbor Leader’s Consultation, held in Ostrava,

Department for Mission and Development 49 Photo: Peter Szynka

50 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Appendix 3 The Manchester Consultation

Collaborative actions actions Collaborative good of & sharing Networking practice Resolution/Statement

• • • Fri., Fri., March 6 PRACTICE Coffee break Morning devotion Francis Matumba Session 9 Agreements Lunch Departures Session 10 What we bring home Feedback ahead plans Programme / Outlook Blessing travel for 6, 2015 Breakfast

–

invite

, ,

combining combining

itz Blanz party critique of the

, , good practice Fr

from visits, host – of

aims, goals, collaborators, collaborators, goals, aims,

–

guests reflection & introduction to to & introduction reflection

xhibition Thurs., March 5 Thurs., March REFLECTION Bibl. the theme Maria Halldén overall overall model, alternatives? Morning devotion Session 5 theological, groups: Thematic components theme ethical Session 6 overall The Introduction: Short background model economic Groups Work: Mixed groups from all 5 themes – Lunch Coffee break Session 8 continued, Groups Plenary: Common issues Evening devotion E Session 7 How move to groups: Regional ahead etc. Coffee break local organisations Dinner Breakfast Manchester, Britain, Great March 2

, Maria

Siirto

Ulla ork:

ransparency:

–

/environment:

plenary:

hematic working groups: , , Migration: Morning devotion Wed., March 4 March Wed., ANALYSIS Free time Free Kulju 1.Debt: 2.Corruption 3.Welfare & W Finnish team team Finnish Session Introductions: & theme 5 the venue, Participants, themes sub Short introduction: Convivial Economy Session 2 Five t 5. Creation Lunch Session 3 continued, groups Working and proposals formulated analysis developed Coffee break Session 4 Bringing together the groups’ and proposals analysis Bishop Martin Lind Dinner Breakfast Coffee break Evening devotion 4.

10:30 14:00 15:30 16:00 17:45 11:00 12:15 18:15

8:15 – – – – – – – –

–

8:30

09:00 09:00 10:30 11:00 12:30 14:00 15:30 16:00 18:00 18.45 7:30 7:30

European Diaconal Process: Workshop on ConvivialEconomy

18.45

9.00 Introduction to Visits CooperNiall Visit Manchester to neighbourhoods and projects Lunch at projects 15.00 Pump House Museum 16.00 Reflections on visits; the Implications for ‘Seeking Conviviality to LKH Taxi 17.15 20.00 Lounge Social evening with intercultural snacks MANCHESTER Tues., March 3 ENCOUNTERING Dinner Breakfast

of the the of

(arrived Welcomes and Welcomes

Mon., March 2 PREPARATIONS Meeting team Dinner 19.30 Introduction Sunday, March 1) of Arrival participants

Department for Mission and Development 51 Appendix 4 Manchester Consultation, Participant list

Title Name Organization Country Ms ADAMEOVÁ Janka International Academy for Diaconia and Social Action Czech Republic Rev ADDY Tony International Academy for Diaconia and Social Action Czech Republic/Austria Ms BISWASI Pranita (LWF Youth) Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church India Mr BLANZ Fritz Diakonisches Werk Bayern/Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria Germany Ms BORISUK Nicole Living Hope NGO Ukraine Mrs CLAESSON Gunnel Church of Sweden Sweden Rev ERAKER Steinar The Church City Mission in Norway / Church of Norway Norway Mrs GALIMOVA Luba German Evangelical-Lutheran Church in the Ukraine Ukraine Ms HALLDÉN Maria Church of Norway Norway Ms KULJU Maria Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Finland Mr LIN David The Lutheran Church in Great Britain Great Britain Bishop LIND Martin The Lutheran Church in Great Britain Great Britain Ms LUKKARINEN Marjut Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Sweden Ms MATTSSON Matilda Church of Sweden Sweden Mr MATUMBA Francis Diakonhjemet University College, Norway Malawi/Norway Mr NEUMANN Petr Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren Czech Republic Ms PARNICKY Marija Ecumenical Humanitarian Organization, Novi Sad/Slovak Evangelical Church of the Serbia Augsburg Confession in Serbia Mr SAKETA Abebe Yohannes The Lutheran World Federation Switzerland Ms SELIVERSTOVA Aleksandra The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria in Russia Russia Ms SIIRTO Ulla Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland/ Diaconia University of Applied Sciences, Finland Finland Rev SZABO Szilard The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hungary Dr SZYNKA Peter Evangelisch Lutherische Kirche in Oldenburg Germany Diakonisches Werk Rev ÜPRUS Avo Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church Estonia Rev URDZE Martin Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia Latvia Rev VOGEL-MFATO Eva The Lutheran World Federation Switzerland Rev VOJNIC Svetlana Ecumenical Humanitarian Organization, Novi Sad/Slovak Evangelical Church of the Serbia Augsburg Confession in Serbia Rev WEINFURTER Jiri Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren Czech Republic Ms ZACHRAJ Marta Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland Poland

52 The Lutheran World Federation Towards a Convivial Economy Bibliography

Basic Income Earth Network. For aca- Postwachstumsgesselschaft, Frankfurt, LWF (2015), Convivial Life Together—Bible demic and other literature to support Fischer Verlag Studies on Vocation, Justice and Dignity, this proposal see: Global Network: www. Geneva, The Lutheran World Federation. basicincome.org For Europe, download: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, Download: www.lutheranworld.org/con- http://basicincome-europe.org/ubie (Ac- Environment Diploma Download from: tent/resource-convivial-life-together cessed 20.02.2016) http://evl.fi/EVLen.nsf/Documents/811 CE782EC80734CC2257C2D005304F McKibben, B., (2007) The Wealth of Com- Bauman, Z., (2004), Wasted Lives—Mo- 0?openDocument&lang=EN (Accessed munities and the Durable Future, New York, dernity and its Outcasts, Cambridge, Polity 20.02.2016) Henry Holt Press Felber, C., (2015), Change Everything— Mondragón, (2016), Mondragón 1956- Bauman, Z., (2007), Consuming Life creating and economy for the common 2016—a review of the milestones in the Cambridge, Polity Press good, London, Zed Books (Translated co-operative groups history. Downloaded from: Felber, C., (2012), Gemeinwohl 1.10.2016 from: www.mondragon-corpo- Block, P., Brueggemann, W. & McKnight, Ökonomie, Wien, Paul Zsolnay Verlag) ration.com J., (2106), Another Kingdom—Departing the Consumer Culture, Hoboken, N.J., Gilroy, P., (2004), After Empire—Mel- Myers, D., (2008) ‘Religion and Human John Wiley ancholia or Convivial Culture?, London, Flourishing’ in Eid, M. and Larsen, R.J., Routledge (eds), The Science of Subjective Well- Blyth, M., (2103), Austerity, the history of a Being, New York, Guilford Press dangerous idea, Oxford, Oxford University Hopkins, R., (2011), The Transition Com- Press panion: Making Your Community More New Economics Foundation, Web site Resilient in Uncertain Times, Cambridge, on local economic action: www.plug- Bregamn, R., (2016), Utopia for Realists, Green Books gingtheleaks.org/index.htm (accessed: Amsterdam, The Correspondent 12.09.2016) Illich, I., (1973), Tools for Conviviality, New Burghardt, A., (ed), (2015), Creation Not York, Harper Northcott; M. S., (2014), A Political Theol- For Sale, Geneva, The Lutheran World ogy of Climate Change, London, SPCK Federation Jackson, T., (2009), Prosperity Without Growth, Economics for a Finite Planet, OECD (2015), In It Together: Why Less Centre for Intercultural Communication, Oxford, Earthscan Inequality Benefits All, Organisation web site on Use Your Talents: www.sik. for Economic Cooperation and De- no/project?50&lang=en (accessed: Kennedy, M et. al., (2012), People Mon- velopment Publishing, Paris. Down- 12.09.2016) ey—the promise of regional currencies, loaded 20.6.2016 here: http://dx.doi. Axminster, Triarchy Press org/10.1787/9789264235120-en Church Action on Poverty (2013), Drown- Summaries available in over 20 lan- ing in Debt. Download: www.church- Levitas, R., (2013), Utopia as a Method— guages here: www.oecd.org/social/in-it- poverty.org.uk/foodfuelfinance/drown- the imaginary reconstruction of society, together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all- ingindebt (Accessed 20.02.2016) Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan 9789264235120-en.htm

Church Action on Poverty (2016), The Lindberg, C., (1987), Luther and the use O’Leary, T. et. al., (2011), Appreciating reality that doesn’t make it on TV—Annual of Money, Worcester, PA, Christian History, Assets, Fife, The Carnegie Trust & The Review, 2015, Download: www.church- Issue 14 International Association for Community poverty.org.uk/about-us/about-us/annu- Development. Downloaded 20.6.2016 alreviews/annualreview2015 (Accessed Luther, M., (1524), On Trading and from: www.iacdglobal.org/files/Carnegie_ 20.02.2016) Usury. Download: www.lutherdansk.dk/ UK_Trust_-_Appreciating_Assets_FI- Martin%20Luther%20-%20On%20trad- NAL-1.pdf Church of Sweden Bishop’s Conference, ing%20and%20usury%201524/ON%20 (2014), A Bishop’s Letter About the Climate, TRADING%20AND%20USURY%20 Oxfam (2016), An Economy For the 1%— Uppsala, Church of Sweden -%20backup%20020306.htm#_ How privilege and power in the economy Toc129069595 (Accessed: 11.07.2016) drive extreme inequality and how this can Convivialist Manifesto, A declaration of be stopped, Oxfam, Oxford. Download: interdependence, Global Dialogues 3, LWF (2013), Seeking Conviviality—Re- www.oxfam.org/en/research/economy-1 (2014), Duisburg Käte Hamburger Kolleg/ forming Community Diakonia in Europe, (Accessed 1.10.2016) Centre for Global Cooperation Research Geneva, The Lutheran World Federation. (KHK/GCR21). Download: www.lutheranworld.org/con- Participatory Budgeting Network, Web tent/resource-seeking-conviviality site: www.pbnetwork.org.uk (Accessed Diefenbacher, H., et.al. (2016), Zwischen 1.10.2016) deb Arbeitswelten—der Übergang in die

Department for Mission and Development 53 Pietilä, H., (2007), Basic Elements of Hu- Szynka, P., (2016), “The Common Chest— goals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%20 man Economy. Downloaded from: www. An Inspiration for the 21st Century?” in 2015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf hilkkapietila.net (Accessed: 1.10,2016) Diaconia, Journal for the Study of Christian Social Practice, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Göttingen, UN (2016), Sustainable Development Rowe, T.S., (2016), “Grace and Climate Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Goals, United Nations, New York. Down- Change, The Free Gift in Capitalism and load: www.undp.org/content/undp/en/ Protestantism” in Dahill, E.L. & Martin- Tamez, E., (2014), “Corruption in the home/sdgoverview.html Schramm, J.B. (eds), (2016), Eco-Refor- Prophetic and Wisdom Traditions,” in mation, Grace and Hope for a Planet in Concilium, International Journal of Theol- Varoufakis, Y., (2106) And the weak suf- Peril, Oregon, Cascade Books ogy, 2014/5, London, SCM Press fer what they must?, London, The Bodley Head Schumpeter, J., (1987), Capitalism, Social- Transition Network, Web site: www.tran- ism and Democracy. London, Unwin sitionnetwork.org (Accessed 1.10.2016) Vives, J. L., (1526) De Subventione Paupe- rum Sive de Humanis Necessitatibus, (On Sprengler-Ruppenthal, A., (2004) Gesam- UN (2015), Report on the Millennium Assistance to the Poor) Bruges Published melte Aufsatze: Zu Den Kirchenordnungen Development Goals, United Nations, New in: Matheeussen, C., et.al., (eds), (2002) Des 16. Jahrhunderts (Jus Ecclesiasticum), York. Download: www.un.org/millennium- Selected Works of Juan Luis Vives, 4., Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck Leiden, Brill

54 The Lutheran World Federation

The European Solidarity Group came to the conclusion that the concept of conviviality, linked to vocation, justice and dignity, forms a key to thinking and acting in the area of economy and work. These issues had emerged as central issues affecting every context as we worked on the production of the text Seeking Conviviality. The Group agreed that in the present situation, our priority is to explore the meaning and practice of “Convivial Economy.” This report is the first result of this process “Towards a Convivial Economy”.

ISBN 978-2-940459-50-6

International Academy for Diaconia and Social Action, Central and Eastern Europe, o.p.s