The Henley Index Q3 Update July 2019 Henley Passport Index

About the Henley Passport Index

The Henley Passport Index is the original ranking of destination, if no visa is required for passport holders, then all the world’s according to the number of a score of 1 is created for that passport. This also applies if destinations their holders can access without a prior passport holders can obtain a visa on arrival, a visitor’s permit, visa. The ranking is based on exclusive data from the or an electronic travel authority (ETA) upon entry. These visa International Air Transport Association (IATA), which types require no pre-departure government approval. maintains the world’s largest and most accurate database of travel information, and enhanced by continuous Where a visa is required, or where a passport holder must research by the Henley & Partners Research Department. obtain a government-approved electronic visa (e-Visa) before departure, a score of 0 is assigned. The same applies if they With expert commentary and historical data spanning 14 need pre-departure approval for a visa on arrival. Each years, the Henley Passport Index is an invaluable resource passport is scored on the total number of destinations that the for global citizens and the standard reference tool for holder can access visa-free. governments in this field. Visit henleypassportindex.com to access the Henley The index includes 199 passports and 227 travel destinations Passport Index. — including micro-states and territories. For each travel

View destinations you can access visa-free, with an electronic Compare your passport’s strength with View ways to improve your travel freedom by investing in alternative visa (e-Visa), with a visa on arrival, or with a normal visa. passports around the world. residence or citizenship from Henley & Partners.

2 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 3 Henley Passport Index

Rank Passport Score

1 189 13 176 36 Macao (SAR ) 139 60 86 82 62

Singapore 14 174 37 135

2 187 15 173 61 85

Germany 16 172 62 84 83 61 96 47

South Korea 38 134 63 83

3 186 17 170 39 133 64 82 84 60 Congo (Rep.)

Italy 18 169 40 132 Papua New 85 59

Luxembourg 41 131 65 80 86 58 97 46

4 185 19 168 42 130 66 78 98 45

Spain (SAR China) 43 129 67 77 Sao Tome and Principe

Sweden 20 167 87 57 99 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 42

5 184 44 126 68 76

Netherlands 69 75 88 Cote d'Ivoire 56 South

Portugal 21 166

Switzerland 22 164 45 124 70 74 89 55 100 41

6 183 23 158 46 123 71 73 Guinea 101 39

Canada 72 72

Greece 24 157 47 122

Ireland 25 Bahamas 153 73 71

Norway 48 121 74 China 70 90 54

United Kingdom 26 St. Kitts and Nevis 152 49 Micronesia 119 102 38

United States 27 150 75 69 91 Guinea-Bissau 53 103 37

7 182 50 Islands 118 Palestinian Territory

8 181 28 148 51 116 76 Gambia 68 92 52 Sudan

9 180 29 147 Russian Federation 104 33

Iceland 52 113 77 67 Comores Islands 105 31

Lithuania 30 (Chinese Taipei) 146 78 66 93 51 106 30

New Zealand 31 145 53 110 79 Islands 65 107 29

10 179 32 St. Lucia 144 54 99 108 27

Slovakia St. Vincent and the 55 98 80 64 94 50 109 25 Grenadines 56 Timor-Leste 94 33 143 11 178 57 91 95 49 34 141 58 90 81 63 35 140 12 177 59 87

4 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 5 Henley Passport Index

Asian Countries Dominate as US and UK Passport Power Declines

Moving into the third quarter of 2019, Japan and Pittsburgh respectively, have found that there is a direct link in 7th place with a visa-free or visa-on-arrival score of 182, hold onto the top spot on the Henley Passport Index, with between visa openness and progressive reform. Altundal just one spot behind the UK and the US. Cyprus retains a visa-free or visa-on-arrival score of 189. This latest result and Zarpli’s unique research shows that even short-term its 16th place on the index with a score of 172, while the marks the culmination of an 18-month-long winning streak travel mobility, which represents 85% of all cross-border Caribbean dual-island nation of Antigua and Barbuda is for both countries, after they unseated from its movements, can positively influence political liberalization now in 29th place with a score of 147, rising 11 places over long-held 1st position at the beginning of 2018. and democratization. the past decade.

Falling from the 1st-place spot it shared with Japan and Conversely, countries moving towards nationalist Dr. Juerg Steffen, CEO of Henley & Partners, says, Singapore last quarter, now sits in 2nd place on isolationism and away from policies that encourage visa “Citizenship- and residence-by-investment programs are the index along with Finland and Germany, with citizens of openness are likely to drop in the Henley Passport Index increasingly popular, and these latest results make it easy all three countries able to access 187 destinations around the rankings and incur geopolitical consequences for themselves to see why. For wealthy investors, the acquisition of an world without a prior visa. Denmark, , and and their neighbors. Altundal and Zarpli note that visa additional passport that dramatically expands global mobility sit jointly in 3rd place on the index, each with a visa-free or liberalization appears to be a vital pre-condition not only is life-changing, and for host countries, the foreign direct visa-on-arrival score of 186, while France, , and for economic growth but also for social integration and investment secured through these programs creates both are in joint 4th place, each with a score of 185. progressive political change. With nationalism on the rise, sovereign and societal value. Debt-free liquidity is injected and global powerhouses like the UK and the US embracing into the economy, resulting in additional capital flows both to The UK and the US now sit in 6th place, with a visa-free or policies that limit freedom of movement, this new research the public sector — encouraging fiscal autonomy, diversifying visa-on-arrival score of 183 — the lowest position either indicates that associated impacts on political rights, rule of the economy, and creating employment opportunities — and country has held since 2010 and a significant drop from law, security, and democracy could be profound. the private sector, in the form of investments in existing their 1st-place spot in 2014. Afghanistan remains at the enterprises, infrastructure, start-ups, and real estate.” bottom of the global mobility spectrum, with its citizens Commenting on these developments, Dr. Christian H. able to access only 25 destinations worldwide without a Kaelin, Chairman of Henley & Partners and the creator prior visa. of concept, says, “With a few notable exceptions, the latest rankings from the Henley Passport The link between visa openness and Index show that countries around the world increasingly democracy view visa openness as crucial to economic and social progress. This latest research appears to confirm something Throughout most of the index’s 14-year history, the UK that many of us already know: that increased passport has held one of the top five places in the ranking. However, power and mobility benefits the entire global community, with its exit from the EU now imminent, the UK’s once- not just the strongest countries.” strong position looks increasingly uncertain. The Brexit process has not yet had a direct impact on the UK’s Investment migration countries secure ranking, but new research using exclusive historical data strong positions from the Henley Passport Index indicates that this could change, with consequences that extend beyond a decline Countries with citizenship-by-investment programs in passport power. continue to perform strongly on the Henley Passport Index and demonstrate a similar connection between passport Political science researchers Uğur Altundal and Ömer power and economic and social progress. Moving up from Zarpli, of Syracuse University and the University of the 8th-place spot it held last quarter, Malta now sits alone

6 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 7 Henley Passport Index

Strongest Passports in Q3 2019 Weakest Passports in Q3 2019

Moving into the third quarter of 2019, Japan and Singapore 1st 105th hold onto the top spot on the Henley Passport Index, with a visa-free or visa-on-arrival score of 189. Falling from the Visa-free access to Visa-free access to 1st-place spot it held with Japan and Singapore last quarter, 189 destinations Japan Singapore 31 destinations Somalia South Korea now sits in 2nd place on the index along with Finland and Germany, with citizens of those countries able to access 187 destinations around the world without a 2nd 106th prior visa. Afghanistan remains at the bottom of the global mobility spectrum, now in 109th place, with a visa-free or Visa-free access to Visa-free access to visa-on-arrival score of just 25. 187 destinations Finland Germany South Korea 30 destinations Pakistan

3rd 107th

Visa-free access to Visa-free access to 186 destinations Denmark Italy Luxembourg 29 destinations Syria

4th 108th

Visa-free access to Visa-free access to 185 destinations France Spain Sweden 27 destinations Iraq

5th 109th

Visa-free access to Visa-free access to 184 destinations Austria 25 destinations Afghanistan

This infographic shows the countries that occupy the highest and lowest ranks on the Henley Passport Index. In certain cases, a rank is shared by multiple countries if these countries all have the same level of visa-free or visa-on-arrival access.

8 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 9 Henley Passport Index

Passport Power Worldwide

This map shows the differences in relative passport power on a global scale, with light gray used to indicate the passports with the lowest visa-free or visa-on-arrival score and dark blue used to indicate the passports with the highest score.

Accessible destinations

150–199

100–149

50–99

0–49

10 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 11 Henley Passport Index

Biggest Climbers and Fallers on the Henley Passport Index: 2009 to 2019

This graph shows the countries that have climbed the highest up the Henley Passport Index rankings over the past decade, as well as those that have fallen most sharply over that period.

+41

+24 +24 +21 +21 +19 +19 -25 -25 -25 -25 -29 -28 -31

United Arab Albania Taiwan (Chinese Bosnia and Serbia Timor-Leste Colombia Nigeria Sierra Bangladesh Syria Mali Niger Senegal Emirates Taipei) Herzegovina Leone

2019 20 52 30 51 41 56 45 2009 67 53 73 82 65 65 64

2009 61 76 54 72 62 75 64 2019 98 82 101 107 90 90 89

Rank Rank

Biggest Climbers Since 2009 Biggest Fallers Since 2009

12 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 13 Henley Passport Index

Expert Commentary and Insight

The prospect of visa-waiver Uğur Altundal and Ömer agreements with the European Union Zarpli: Visa freedom and Ryan Cummings: Africa Dr. Diego Acosta: Americas democratic diffusion has encouraged neighboring countries Director at Signal Risk and independent consultant to Leading expert on international migration law. His latest Ugur Altundal is a researcher in Political Science and a to adopt important reforms in areas international news outlets, publications, and think tanks book, published by Cambridge University Press in 2018, PhD candidate at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and such as civil and political rights, rule of is entitled The National versus the Foreigner in South Public Affairs at Syracuse University. Ömer Zarpli is a PhD “While African citizens on average still require visas to travel America: 200 Years of Migration and Citizenship Law. candidate in Political Science at the University of Pittsburgh. law, and security. Most recently, Turkey to more than half of Africa’s countries, evidence indicates has announced a justice reform package that the continent is moving in the right direction in easing “Since 17 June 2019, Americans, Australians, Canadians, and “Countries that have strong trade, finance, transportation, freedom of movement. Data garnered by the African Japanese willing to enter Brazil for the purposes of tourism or and information linkages not only transfer economic largely in the hopes of gaining visa-free Development Bank and African Union since 2016 suggests business for periods not exceeding 90 days can do so without policies but they also influence each other’s political culture. access to the Schengen area. that, on average, African countries are becoming more open a visa. Brazilians, however, will continue to require a visa to Visa liberalization can facilitate political change through to each other, either through waiving visa requirements or travel to those four countries, thus ending a long Brazilian strengthening the social linkages between countries. Uğur Altundal and Ömer Zarpli amending existing regulations to ease cross-border travel.” tradition of demanding reciprocity. The reasons why the Visa waivers enable cross border movements of travelers, new far-right Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro took this international students, temporal and permanent migrants, unprecedented step, without the intervention of parliament, and diaspora communities. As a result of these social cannot be found in the decree he used to adopt it in March. interactions and networks, people learn multiple aspects of Rather, one needs to look at declarations by members of the democracy and the rule of law. They are more likely to have government pointing at the possible increase of tourists, democratic attitudes, and they tend to advocate for better Froilan Malit: Middle East and North mostly Americans, who constitute the second largest number democratic institutions in their home countries.” Africa (MENA) of foreigners visiting Brazil. The willingness to assure a close Visiting Scholar at Zayed University, Associate at the Gulf relationship with President Donald Trump might also be Labour Markets and Migration and Population Program, mentioned, since indeed the decree was published coinciding and Research Fellow at the Centre International de with Bolsonaro’s official visit to the US in March.” Formation des Autorités et Leaders Prof. Simone Bertoli: Visa freedom and economic growth “A high HPI ranking (often linked with high regional trade investments or partnerships) is a vital vision and objective Professor of Economics at Université Clermont Auvergne of most Gulf states’ foreign policy models, as part of their (CERDI) and junior member of the Insitut Universitaire efforts to boost their image as stable and strategic investment de France partners at regional and global levels. By building more robust regional trade partnerships and collaborations, Gulf “There is strong empirical evidence that over and above the and other MENA states have not only enjoyed stronger access direct boost they provide to tourist flows, visa waivers are to African markets but also obtained regional mobility across positively associated with growing economic exchanges, the African continent.” including an increase in incoming foreign direct investments and trade flows, as human mobility is often necessary for establishing the mutual knowledge and confidence that underpins economic transactions.”

14 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 15 Henley Passport Index

Major Global Mobility Shifts on the Henley Passport Index: 2009 to 2019

Using historical data from the Henley Passport Index, between the UAE’s and Nigeria’s rankings on the index — this graph shows year-on-year changes in ranking for the countries were placed 61st and 67th, respectively. Ten four countries since 2009: Albania, Bangladesh, Nigeria, years later, that gap has widened significantly, with the and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It illustrates the UAE ranked 78 places above Nigeria. Similarly, Albania is dramatic changes in passport power that citizens of these now ranked 49 places above Bangladesh, whereas in 2009, four countries have experienced over the past decade. In the two countries were separated by just three places on 2009, for instance, there was relatively little difference the ranking.

20

United Arab Emirates

52 Albania

61

67

73 76

Nigeria

98 101 Bangladesh

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

16 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 17 Henley Passport Index

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18 The information provided here reflects the 2019 Henley Passport Index ranking on 2 July 2019. 19