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Effects of Different Times and Intensities of Fructification Pruning in Camu-Camu Plants Emphasis on Agronomical Management of the Culture, in Production De Fruits

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Effects of Different Times and Intensities of Fructification Pruning in Camu-Camu Plants Emphasis on Agronomical Management of the Culture, in Production De Fruits 72 Fruits (2), 109–118 | ISSN 0248-1294 print, 1625-967X online | https://doi.org/10.17660/th.2017/72.2.7 | © ISHS 2017 Original article Effects of different times and intensities of fructification 2, P. Cardoso Chagas3 3 and pruning in camu-camu1,a4 plants 1 C. Abanto Rodríguez , E. Alves Chagas , D. del Castillo Torres , R.T. Sakazaki J.P.1 Mathews Delgado 2 Researchs Institute of the Peruvian Amazon – IIAP, Programa PROBOSQUES, Carretera Federico Basadre Km 12,400, Yarinacocha, Ucayali, Peru 3 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, BR 174, Km 08, Distrito Industrial, CEP: 69301-970, Boa Vista-Roraima, Brasil. Productivity Research Scholarship - CNPq. 4 Federal University of Roraima – UFRR, Avenida Capitão Ene Garcez, 2413 Aeroporto Boa Vista, RR, 69310-000, Roraima, Brazil National Institute for Amazonian Research – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936 Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil Summary Significance of this study Introduction – In order to generate more accurate What is already known on this subject? agronomic management practices for the cultivation • of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), a study was the process of domestication. conducted to measure the effects of different timings Camu-camu is a native fruit of the Peruvian Amazon in and intensities of the plant fructification pruning. What are the new findings? Materials and methods – The study was conducted • following a complete randomized block design in split plot arrangement with four repetitions seasonPruning it of was camu-camu performed. plants Long at pruning a long height (at the proved top) composed of four plants per experimental unit by to make fructification in less time regardless the treatment. The plots were constituted of 4 pruning times (April, May, June and July of 2014) and the fruiton camu-camu production, plants whereas stimulated pruning the at growththe basis and or dethe- sub-plots by the following pruning intensities: short velopment of fruitful branches, and allowed a yearly at 80 cm, medium at 120 cm, and long at 180 cm in height. The shoot number (SN) and shoot length (SL), Whatmiddle is the of expected the plants impact significantly on horticulture? delayed fruiting. the numbers of flowering buds (NFB), of small fruits • (NSF) and harvested fruits (NHF) were measured. The evolution of some phenological characteristics was The adequate fruit pruning technique transferred to also recorded over time. Results and discussion – Short- the producers of camu-camu will allow them to obtain pruned trees had smaller numbers of shoots but crops every year. greater shoot lengths, thus delaying flowering and significantly reducing fruit production. Independently Introduction – Cette étude a été menée dans le but of the pruning season, the camu-camu plants de générer des innovations en gestion agronomique submitted to long pruning or tip removal presented de la culture du camu camu, en particulier pour a greater number of shoots, of flowering buds, small déterminer les effets de différentes époques et fruits and harvested fruits. Conclusion – Long pruning intensités de taille de mise à fruit des plantes. in camu-camu plants allowed fructification in less Matériel et méthodes – L’étude a été conduite selon un time regardless of in which month it was performed modèle expérimental en blocs aléatoires de parcelles and pruning on camu-camu plants stimulated the divisées en split plot à quatre répétitions, composées growth and development of fruitful branches, thus de quatre plantes par traitement. Les traitements contributing to a sustainable fruit production every parcellaires ont été constitués de 4 époques de taille year. (avril, mai, juin et juillet 2014) et les sous-parcelles par les intensités de taille suivantes: courte à 80 cm, Keywords moyenne à 120 cm et longue à 180 cm de hauteur. On Myrciaria dubia a évalué le nombre de pousses (SN) et la longueur des harvesting date, tree crop management pousses (SL), le nombre de bourgeons fleuris (NFB), Peru, Amazon, camu-camu, , fruit quality, de petits fruits (NSF) et de fruits récoltés (NHF). Les Résumé caractéristiques phénologiques du comportement des plantes traitées ont été enregistrées sur la durée de l’étude. Résultats et discussion – Les arbres taillés court ont présenté un nombre de pousses inférieur, Effets de l’époque et de l’intensité de la taille de mais des longueurs de pousses supérieures, retardant mise à fruit chez le camu camu. ainsi la floraison et réduisant significativement la a Corresponding author: [email protected]. Volume 72 | Issue 2 | March/April 2017 109 et al Abanto Rodríguez . | Effects of different times and intensities of fructification pruning in camu-camu plants emphasis on agronomical management of the culture, in production de fruits. Indépendamment de la saison de taille, les plants de camu camu soumis à une taille the product, produce large volumes at low cost and have a longue ou à l’enlèvement des bourgeons ont présenté order to obtain greater fruit yield, improve the quality of un plus grand nombre de pousses, de boutons fleuris, de petits fruits et de fruits à la récolte. Conclusion – La product availability that generates confidence in the market. taille longue des plants de camu camu a permis une environmentalThe production factors of the andcamu-camu management is linked of the to crop. its flowering mise à fruits plus rapide quelle que soit l’époque à and fructification, which may vary as a result of genetic and laquelle elle a été effectuée et a stimulé la croissance et le développement de branches fructifères, Existing plantations of the camu-camu in the region of contribuant ainsi à une production fruitière annuelle Ucayali that are more than 15 years old, are characterized durable. 2by × an 2 m) excess and theof vegetativelack of appropriate growth, agronomicdue to the managementhigh density seeding plants (3 × 3 m; 3 × 2 m; 2.0 × 1.5 m; 1.0 × 1.5 m; Mots-clés traits such as size and color and soluble solids of the fruit, Myrciaria dubia which has caused the decrease of overall yields, quality Pérou, Amazone, camu camu, , qualité et al and has caused the increase of pests and diseases (Abanto fruitière, date de récolte, gestion du verger ., 2014b; Flore and Layne, 1999). Fructification (or Introduction fruitproduction) tree, consists pruning, of theone ordered of the eliminationadequate techniques of the aerial to Fruit culture represents a large part of global agricultural structuresbalance the of vegetative the plant to activity control and vegetative the reproduction growth, improve of the production and contributes in a significantMyrciaria waydubia to the luminosity and aeration, and stimulate theet formation al of new generation of employment and economic income in rural fruiting branches in the crown (Navarro and Ramírez, 2010). areas (FAO, 2015). Camu-camu ( HBK According to studies done by Abanto . (2011, 2014), McVaugh) is a native species of the Amazon and distinguishes camu-camu responds very well to out-of-season fructification itself as a source of antioxidants due-1 to its high concentration pruning, permitting the agriculturalist to make well-defined theof vitaminbest prospects C (3,571 on themg national 100 g and pulp), international which presently markets two harvests in 15 months, and this way commercialize the representset althe Amazonian agro-biodiversityet al resource with product in the inter-harvest period and at more attractive prices. Notwithstanding the fact that the camu-camu is a (Abanto ., 2015, 2014a; Rodrigues ., 2001). fruit-bearing tree which has been cultivated for around 30 From the social and environmental point of view, camu- oryears, level there of pruning is still acuts lack to of get investigative fruit production works and that high indicate fruit camu is very important because small-scale producers, who which is the most appropriate time of the year and intensity in the vast majority utilize family labor, cultivate it, thus generating employment in the rural setting. On the other quality every year. hand, as this crop culture is developed on flooding soils, it Inappropriate interventionPsidium may guajava provoke L. acrop decrease (Gonzalez in the avoids deforestation of primary and secondary forests. fruit production and alter etthe al productive cycle in the following Due to globalization, camu-camu producers need to years, as occurs in the cope with the requirements and demands of the national and Sourd, 1982; Singh ., 2001), where inappropriate and international market. To this end it is necessary to place fructification pruning negatively affected production. UCAYALI Figure 1. Location of the study-Pucallpa, Ucayali-Peru. IGURE F110 1. International Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture Location of the study-Pucallpa, Ucayali-Peru. 400.0 Precipitation Temperature 29 28.5 350.0 28 300.0 27.5 27 250.0 26.5 200.0 26 25.5 150.0 25 Precipitation (mm) Temperature ((°C) 100.0 24.5 24 50.0 23.5 0.0 23 Jul Jul Apr Oct Apr Oct Jan Jun Jan Jun Mar Mar Feb Feb Aug Sep Nov Dec Aug Sep May May Months/2014-2015 FIGURE 2. Pluvial precipitation and average temperature during the months of January to December (2014) and from January to October (2015), Yarinacocha, Ucayali, 2014. Source: Pucallpa Meteorological Station 000449- SENAMHI, 2014–2015. 14 UCAYALI et al FIGURE 1. Abanto Rodríguez . | Effects of different times and intensities of fructification pruning in camu-camu plants Location of the study-Pucallpa, Ucayali-Peru. 400.0 Precipitation Temperature 29 Materials and methods 28.5 350.0 28 Location of the study 300.0 27.5 27 250.0 26.5 The present study was done during two fruiting seasons 200.0 26 (2014–2015), on a 5-year old camu-camu plantation located 25.5 at the Dale E. Bandy Research Center of the Institute of 150.0 25 Precipitation (mm) Temperature ((°C) Research of the Peruvian Amazon – IIAP, located at 12.4 km of 100.0 24.5 the Federico Basadre Highway, Yarinacocha District, Coronel 24 50.0 Portillo Province, Ucayali Region, Peru, situated at 8°22’31’’S 23.5 and 74°34’35’’W, at an altitude of 154 m a.s.l.
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