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Environmental Flows and the Mekong Region

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Environmental Flows and the Mekong Region Ͳ&ůŽǁƐŝŶƚŚĞ EĂŵ^ŽŶŐŬŚƌĂŵZŝǀĞƌĂƐŝŶ David J.H. Blake with .hďŽůƌĂƩĂŶĂ^ƵŶƚŚŽƌŶƌĂƚĂŶĂ.ƵĂƉƵŶWƌŽŵƉŚĂŬƉŝŶŐ. .^ƵŬŚĂǀŝƚƵĂƉŚƵĂŶ.:ƵŚĂ^ĂƌŬŬƵůĂ.DĂƫ<ƵŵŵƵ. .DŽŶŐŬŚŽŶdĂͲŽƵŶ.WĂƩĂƌĂƉŽƌŶtĂůĞĞƚŽƌŶĐŚĞĞƉƐĂǁĂƚ. .^ĂŶƐŽŶƚŚŝŽŽŶLJŽƚŚĂLJĂŶ.ZĞďĞĐĐĂdŚĂƌŵĞ. .DĂƌŝĂKƐďĞĐŬ.^ƵƉĂƌĞƌŬ:ĂŶƉƌĂƐĂƌƚ. Plate 1: ǀŝůůĂŐĞƌƉĂĚĚůĞƐŽƵƚƚŽƐĞƚŐŝůůŶĞƚƐŽǀĞƌŶŝŐŚƚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƋƵĂƚŝĐƉŚĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂŶŶƵĂů͞ĨůŽŽĚ ƉƵůƐĞ͟ĂƚĂŶ<ŚĂŵŚŝŽŶƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞEĂŵ^ŽŶŐŬŚƌĂŵ͕ƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĨůŽǁƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĂŝŶLJƐĞĂƐŽŶďĞŝŶŐĂ period of relative plenty in terms of aquatic food items. Photo: David J.H. Blake E-Flows in the Nam Songkhram River Basin David J.H. Blake with Ubolrattana Sunthornratana, Buapun Promphakping, Sukhavit Buaphuan, Juha Sarkkula, Matti Kummu, Mongkhon Ta-oun, Pattaraporn Waleetorncheepsawat, Sansonthi Boonyothayan, Rebecca Tharme, Maria Osbeck, Suparerk Janprasart Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Acronyms & Abbreviations (Selected) ........................................................................................... 3 List of authors and contributors.................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... 6 This report ................................................................................................................................ 7 Section 1: Environmental Flows and the Mekong Region ............................................................... 9 Introduction and Background of Study ...................................................................................... 9 What are Environmental Flows?.............................................................................................. 10 Box 1 What are E-Flows? ............................................................................................................... 11 Box 2 E-flows are critical to ecosystem health .............................................................................. 12 Water Resources in the Mekong ............................................................................................. 12 Box 3 Holistic view of river systems .............................................................................................. 13 Section 2. Introduction to the Nam Songkhram Basin .................................................................. 14 Box 4 The Flood Pulse .................................................................................................................... 15 Section 3: Environmental Flows in the Nam Songkhram River Basin ............................................ 17 Approach and Objectives ........................................................................................................ 17 Guiding principles ................................................................................................................... 17 Main Objectives...................................................................................................................... 18 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 19 Site Selection .......................................................................................................................... 21 Outputs .................................................................................................................................. 23 Box 5 The principal outputs of the E-Flows process ...................................................................... 23 Section 4: Field Study Findings ................................................................................................... 24 1. Hydrology ........................................................................................................................... 24 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 24 Dominance of Mekong mainstream on floodplain water levels ................................................... 26 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 27 2. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources .......................................................................................... 27 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 27 The Nam Songkhram Basin-Mekong connectivity ......................................................................... 27 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 30 3. Land use and Agriculture ..................................................................................................... 31 Background .................................................................................................................................... 31 Major land use changes in the Nam Songkhram river basin in recent years ................................ 33 Vegetable cultivation in dry season or cash crops after rice harvest ............................................ 35 Problems of saline soil ................................................................................................................... 36 Migration of agricultural labor ...................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion: Agricultural land usage priorities in the Nam Songkhram River Basin ...................... 37 i 4. Wetlands Vegetation .......................................................................................................... 37 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 37 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 40 5. Socio-economic aspects ...................................................................................................... 40 Background .................................................................................................................................... 40 Institutional dimensions ......................................................................................................... 42 Land and property rights ............................................................................................................... 42 Resource user groups .................................................................................................................... 45 Conclusions: Re-negotiating for the future ................................................................................... 47 Section 5: Scenarios Workshop ................................................................................................... 49 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 49 Future Scenarios Examined ..................................................................................................... 49 Summary of Development Scenarios: Implications for Hydrology and Ecology ........................... 52 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 55 Section 6: Multi-Stakeholder Meeting ........................................................................................ 58 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 58 Objectives of the Multi-stakeholder Meeting .......................................................................... 58 Beyond E-Flows: Development suggestions for the Nam Songkhram River Basin ....................... 58 Conclusions of the Meeting ........................................................................................................... 60 Section 7: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................ 62 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 67 Section 8: Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 70 Annexes Annex 1 ʹ Geomorphological zonation of the river system at 3 study sites Annex 2 ʹ Hydrology Site 1 Ban Cham Chi Annex 3 ʹ Hydrology Site 2 Ban Tha Bo Annex 4 ʹ Hydrology Site 3 Ban Na Pho Annex 5 ʹ Impact of tributaries on flooding Annex 6 ʹ Institutional analysis Annex 7 ʹ List of plant species found at survey sites Annex 8 ʹ List of fish species Annex 9 ʹ Soil-Ecology relationships of Giant Mekong Catfish (GMC) feeding habitat ii Summary Environmental flows (E-Flows) are broadly defined as the provision of water for freshwater dependent ecosystems to maintain their integrity, productivity, services and benefits ʹ particularly in cases when such ecosystems are subject to flow regulation and competition from multiple water users. Simply stated, E-&ůŽǁƐĐŽƵůĚďĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŽĨĂƐ͞ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǁĂƚĞƌĚĞŵĂŶĚ͟ƚŚĂƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞ regarded
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