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Some Effects of Clark Canyon Reservoir on the Limnology of the Beaverhead River in Montana by Kenneth Michael Smith a Thesis

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Some Effects of Clark Canyon Reservoir on the Limnology of the Beaverhead River in Montana by Kenneth Michael Smith a Thesis Some effects of Clark Canyon Reservoir on the limnology of the Beaverhead River in Montana by Kenneth Michael Smith A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Fish and Wildlife Management Montana State University © Copyright by Kenneth Michael Smith (1973) Abstract: A study to determine the effects of Clark Canyon Reservoir on the Beaverhead River was conducted during the summers 1971 and 1972 and intervening winter. Sampling stations were established on each of the two tributaries to the reservoir and on the Beaverhead River from the dam site to 43 km downstream. Discharge and water temperature were the most altered physical parameters. Postimpoundment flows for 24 km downstream from the dam were less than preimpoundment flows during the autumn and winter seasons and greater during spring and summer. Diel temperature fluctuations below the dam were negligible while fluctuations in the reservoir tributaries covered a ten degree (C) range. During August 1971, 1972 and September 1971, monthly mean temperatures were (3-4°C) higher immediately below the reservoir than in the major tributary to the reservoir. Mean dissolved oxygen levels in the tailwaters were well above saturation levels (108-148%) while the reservoir tributaries had mean saturation levels below or near saturation (89-99%). The pH increased slightly below the dam when compared to levels observed in the tributaries. Ammonia and nitrite increased while nitrate decreased in the tailwaters. Periphytic phytoplankton was greatly reduced while planktonic types of algae increased immediately below the reservoir. Forty-five kilometers below the dam the planktonic types were nearly nonexistent while most of the periphytic types were restored to levels similar to those observed in the reservoir tributaries. A substantial increase in zooplankton (Daphnia and Cyclops) was noted immediately below the dam but decreased considerably within 24 km downstream. Statement of Permission to Copy In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of. the requirements for, ah advanced degree at Montana State University,.I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection« I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, pr,; in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature Date /TMV 24 /9T3 SOME EFFECTS OF CLARK CANYON RESERVOIR ON THE LIMNOLOGY OF THE BEAVERHEAD RIVER IN MONTANA by KENNETH MICHAEL SMITH A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements'for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Fish and Wildlife Management ead3 Major TDepaftment- Chairman, Examining Committee MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana June, 1973 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to extend his appreciation to those who assisted him during the course of the investigation: Dr. Richard J. Graham directed the study and assisted in the preparation of the manuscript; Drs,'John C . Wright and Don C. Quimby critically read the manuscript; Dr, Richard E. Lund assisted with statistical analyses; Dr, Loren Bahls of the Montana Department of Environmental Quality identified the plankton; Rodney Berg aided in field work; the Montana Fish and Game Department loaned equipment and vehicles; the Bureau of Reclamation, East Bench Unit, Dillon, Montana, and the U. S, Geological Survey, Helena, Montana provided hydrologic data. To my wife, Judy, I wish to give special thanks for her support and encouragement. The investi­ gation was financed by the Montana Cooperative Fishery Unit. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA ............. .......................................... Ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... o • 0" O 6 iii « • • • • • • • 0 • ' ...... V LIST OF TABLES • 0 LIST OF FIGURES O- O O • • •’ • • • • ° • • 0 - ■vii « • 6 • ix „ . ... 6 O- OV 'e INTRODUCTION * • •• • • • ° • 0 « I 6 • O O O ’ -O- 6' DESCRIPTION OF STUDY-AREA « • •; • • • • • • 2 METHODS . = t' o' O O • • • .• • • 0 • ' 0 7 RESULTS ......... 6 O O- O o- ° • • 6 • * • '• « ° • 11 Physical Parameters . O O 11 Chemical Parameters . - « • O « O * O O O 0 o' O O O 22 Biological Parameters • • o' . O •- • • O • • * • ° ° 30 DISCUSSION . '. ... .- • • o' O • • . • • .38 Physical Parameters . O o o- 38 Chemical Parameters . -' e. O O o' o- O O O- O O 0 41 Biological Parameters • • . ° o' O O ° • 0 43 APPENDIX OOOO ff' 0060 • • . • « v ° O O • • • • • 45 LITERATURE CITED .' . „■ . 61 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page I- Elevations and capacities of Clark Canyon Reservoir and Dam oootto o OO'OOOOOO ooooo-eoeoooo 6 2. Maximum, mean and minimum monthly, temperatures (0C) for all stations during the study period ................. 17 3, Turbidity means (JTU) for the summer of 1971, 1972 and winter period c c. o o c c o o ccccooooooo coco 20 4c Maximum, mean and. minimum ammonia (ppm NH^-N) for the summer. 1972 o © o © o o o c o- o © ©. © © © © © o © ©■© » © © 28 5. Relative abundance- (percent) for those algae which had 10% or more abundance at least once during the eight sampling dates, during the spring and summer 1972 © © © . 32 6©■ Phytoplankton which had five percent relative abundance or greater during the spring and summer of 1972 and the net number of times the relative abundance by genus at stations three and six were significantly different (p=0© 05) from the relative abundance for the same genus at stations one and two, (+ for greater than; - for less than; confidence interval) © © © ,. ©.©©©©©-©©. © © 35 7. Maximum, mean and minimum summer concentration (organisms/ liter) for Baphnia and Cyclops at all stations ,,,,,© 37 8. Sampling, schedule of turbidity, conductivity, water chemistry and plankton samples © © © © © © © ©©©.©© © ©■ 46 9. Turbidity (Jackson Turbidity Units) by sampling date for the summers 1971, '12 and intervening winter ©.©©©.© 47 10= Conductivity (ymhos @ 25°C) by sampling date and stations for the summers 1971, '72 and intervening winter © © ©. © © 48 11. pH values by sampling date and stations for the summers 1971, '72 and intervening winter- ©. © © © © © © , © . © ©. © 49 12© Dissolved oxygen (ppm) by sampling date and stations' for the summers 1971, '72 and intervening winter . © © © © © ©. 50 vi ' LIST OF TABLES (Continued)- ■ Table Page 13. Dissolved oxygen (percent saturation) b y •sampling: date ' and stations for the summers 1971, -72 and intervening winter . » . ... 51 ' 14. Total alkalinity (ppm CaCOg) by sampling: date and stations' for the summers 1971, '72 and intervening winter . , . ■ 52 15. Total hardness (ppm.CaCO3) by smnpling date and stations for the summers 1971, '72 and intervening winter . , . 53 16. Ammonia (ppm NH3-N) concentrations for the summer 1972 .. by sampling- date . .-. » . .■ . 54 . 17. Nitrate (ppm NO3-N) by sampling date for the winter. 1971- 72. and summer 1972 . ■ . ^ . .. .' . 55 18. Nitrite (ppm NO^-N) by sampling date for the winter 1971- 72 and summer 1972.. ... ... ® . «* . 56 19. Orthophosphate "(ppm PO5). by sampling date and stations for the summers 1971, '72 and intervening winter . .... 57 20. Classification of algae and.stations where observed during the spring and summer, of 1972 -. .•-... ... 58 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Map of the Beaverhead River, drainage area showing the location of .sampling stations . .. 4 Percent of total annual flow by month for Barretts (station five) and Dillon (station six) by pre- and postimpoundment periods and computed postimpoundment flows for the Beaver­ head River below the Barretts Diversion Dam for May and October 'ooooooooooaoooocoooooeoooo' 13 3. Percent of total annual flow by month on an annual basis for reservoir inflow and releases » „ „ » . « 15 4. Diel periodicity temperature for three consecutive days at station one, three and six during a warm (upper curve) and cold period (1971) ............................ 19 5. Conductivity maximum, mean and minimum at all stations for the combined summers and winter period ............... 21 6. pH maximum, mean and minimum at all stations for the summers of 1971 and 1972 combined and intervening winter 21 7. Dissolved oxygen percent saturation, by month at stations one,. two and three o■ o @ o o a a. a o * o o » o o* & * @ » 24 8,. Dissolved oxygen percent saturation maximum, mean, and minimum at all stations for the summers 1971, ’72 combined and winter 1971-72 ....................... - . ^ . 24 Total alkalinity maximum, mean and minimum at all stations for the combined summers data (1971, *72) and intervening winter OOOOOOOO' OSOOOO' O’ OS OOOOO 25 Total hardness (ppm CaCOg) by month for stations one, two and three # » o o o o, c » * o o o o o o * o o ■ o. o @ o o @ o 27 Total hardness maximum, mean and minimum at all stations for the combined summers data (1971, '72) and intervening Winter ooooooooo'o'oooooooaooooooo 27 12. Nitrate (ppm NO3-N) maximum, mean and minimum at all sta-^' tions for.the winter of 1971-72 and summer of 1972 . 29 viii LIST OF FIGURES .(Continueid) Figure Page 13 o Nitrite . (ppm NO2.-N) maximum, mean. and minimum at all stations for the winter of 1971-72 and .summer of 1972 e e 0 C o ' 0' 0 0 » 0 0 0 e o a ■ e o " o o' e o o o o' e 29 14. Orthophosphate (ppm PO^) maximum,, mean and minimum at all. .stations for. the combined summers data (1971, *72) and intervening winter . « e 0 0 0 0 0' 0 0' *o*o 0 c'o-o 31 Ix ABSTRACT A study to determine the effects of Clark Canyon Reservoir on the Beaverhead River was conducted during the summers 1971 and 1972 and intervening winter. Sampling stations were established.on each of the two tributaries to the reservoir and on the Beaverhead River from the dam site to 43 km downstream. Discharge and water temperature were the most altered physical parameters.. Postimpoundment flows for 24 km downstream, from the dam.were less than preimpoundment flows during the autumn and winter seasons and greater during spring and summer.
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