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Economic History of Ekiti People in Nigeria, 1900-1960

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Economic History of Ekiti People in Nigeria, 1900-1960 i ECONOMIC HISTORY OF EKITI PEOPLE IN NIGERIA, 1900-1960 BY JUMOKE F. OLOIDI B.A., PGD, MPA, M.A. PG/Ph.D/99/27371 THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN ECONOMIC HISTORY. JUNE, 2011 ii CERTIFICATION Jumoke F. Oloidi, a postgraduate student in the Department of History and International Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, with registration number PG/Ph.D./99/27371 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the award of the degree of Ph.D. in Economic History. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any Diploma or Degree of any other University. ------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- PROFESSOR ONWUKA N. NJOKU PROFESSOR U.C. ANYANWU SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ---------------------------------------------- INTERNAL EXAMINER iii APPROVAL PAGE THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA BY --------------------------------------- --------------------------------- PROFESSOR ONWUKA N. NJOKU PROF. U.C. ANYANWU SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT --------------------------------------- -------------------------- EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER iv DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to my beloved and unforgettable late son, Kolawole Oloidi, whose prayer for the success of this research and whose unrelaxed moral support as well as the happy atmosphere he created for me, and the family, largely contributed to the completion of this work. His memory continues to give me the mandate to achieve higher goals. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my profound gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Professor Onwuka N. Njoku, whose painstaking and critical contextual, technical and editorial contributions have made this research what it is. I will continue to cherish his approachable, kind, tolerant and understanding dispositions that have naturally endeared him to his past and present postgraduate students. I sincerely thank the former Head of Department, Dr. P. Obi-Ani, whose encouragement and interest in my work gave me no room to relent from completing this work. I am greatly indebted to the present Head of Department, Professor U.C. Anyanwu, who not only supplied me some pertinent information but also helped to read some aspects of this research. I must also acknowledge the moral contributions of Professor J.O. Ijoma and Professor P.O. Esedebe, my former teachers, whose interest in my academics has never wavered. Other members of staff who gave me the needed encouragement include J.O. Ahazuem, C.C. Opata and A.A. Apeh. I am greatly indebted to my husband, Professor Ola Oloidi, the indispensable moral, intellectual and financial pillar in my research. He gave me the peaceful environment, the academic inspiration and strong research initiatives that made me unrelenting in my work. I thank my children, Olumide, Femi, Kemisola and the late Kolawole who were all the supporting instruments that produced this research. I cannot forget my mother, sisters, vi brothers and my in-laws whose spiritual efforts and their desire to see the quick completion of my research cannot be forgotten. I also thank Angela who typed the draft of the work and Emmanuel Olusola Oni who helped type its final corrections. I thank the Almighty God, who, crowned my effort with success. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE … … i CERTIFICATION … … ii APPROVAL PAGE … … iii DEDICATION … … iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … … v TABLE OF CONTENTS … … vii LIST OF TABLES … … xi LIST OF FIGURES … … xiii ABBREVIATIONS … … xv ABSTRACT … … xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION … 1 Background … … 1 Conceptual Framework … … 9 Statement of the Problem … … 12 Objectives … … 13 Significance … … 14 Scope … … 14 Literature Review … … 15 Sources and Methodology … … 23 Organisation … … 24 REFERENCES … … 25 CHAPTER TWO: EKITI SOCIETY AND ECONOMY BEFORE 1900 … … 29 Settlement … … 29 Religion … … 31 Education … … 32 Marriage … … 32 viii Government … … 33 Land Tenure … … 35 Agriculture … … 36 Art and Industry … … 40 Roads, Transportation and Trade … … 51 Slave Trade and Wars … … 54 REFERENCES … … 56 CHAPTER THREE: COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1900-1960 … 59 Administration … … 62 Transportation … … 77 Truck Transportation … … 78 Bicycle Transportation … … 84 Motor Transportation … … 88 Education … … 99 Medical Services … … 103 Road Construction … … 105 Currency and Banking … … 113 REFERENCES … … 124 CHAPTER FOUR: AGRICULTURE, 1900 TO 1960 … 131 Land Tenure … … 131 Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) … … 138 Method of Propagation … … 138 Tapping System … … 139 Palm Produce … … 141 Palm Kernel … … 142 Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis) … … 144 Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) … … 146 The Development of Cocoa Production in Ekiti … 149 ix Kola (Cola Nitida or Cola Acuminata) … … 152 Timber … … 156 Fruit Trees … … 158 Subsidiary Crops in Ekiti (Tobacco, Rice and Cotton) … 162 Staple Food Production … … 168 Livestock … … 177 REFERENCES … … 186 CHAPTER FIVE: ART AND CRAFT INDUSTRY, 1900-1960 191 Wood Carving … … 191 Textile Production … … 207 Embroidery … … 213 Dyeing … … 214 Pottery … … 217 Mat Weaving … … 219 Basketry … … 221 Blacksmithing … … 224 REFERENCES … … 227 CHAPTER SIX: TRADE FROM 1900 TO 1960 … 231 Market Systems … … 232 Market Functions … … 232 Periodic Market … … 233 Types of Market … … 234 Market Organization … … 237 DOMESTIC TRADE … … 240 Petty Traders … … 240 Market Traders … … 241 Shop Keepers … … 243 Off-Market Traders … … 244 Long Distance Trade … … 245 Organization of Trade … … 253 Trade Technique … … 257 x Trade Organizations and Trade Control … … 259 Funding … … 261 EXTERNAL TRADE … … 265 External Trade and European Imperialism … 265 Trade Commodities … … 268 Export Commodity Buyers, Evacuation and Trade Control 273 REFERENCES … … 304 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION: THE ECONOMIC BALANCE SHEET OF COLONIAL RULE … … 313 Education … … 314 Land Tenure … … 316 Acquisition of Land at Ado-Ekiti, for the Establishment of a Textile Centre … … 318 Agriculture … … 319 Transport … … 324 Trade … … 327 Art and Craft Industry … … 335 Cumulative Impact of Economic Development … 338 Summary … … 344 REFERENCES … … 346 BIBLIOGRAPHY … … 349 xi LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 3.1 Supervising British Officials in Charge of Ekiti, 1897-1900 63 3.2 Travelling Commissioners in Charge of Ekiti, 1899-1905 64 3.3 Distribution of the Nigerian Police in Ondo Province, 1949. 71 3.4 Primary Schools Built Through Communal Efforts in Ekiti between 1949 and 1950 and Grants from Government 100 3.5 Primary Schools Built Through Communal Efforts and Government Support in Ekiti in 1951. … 101 3.6 Coin Denominations in English and Yoruba … 117 3.7 Arithmetical Money in Farthings and Pence … 118 3.8 Arithmetical Money in Pence and Shillings, etc. 118 3.9 Arithmetical Money in Shillings and Pounds, etc. 119 3.10 Sterling Money … … 119 4.1 Annual Report of Rubber Production in Ekiti, 1940-1944 141 4.2 Cooperative Societies and Membership in 1950 150 4.3 Cost of Permit for Cutting Timber in Ekiti, 1932 158 4.4 Location and Number of Fruit Trees in Ado-Ekiti, 1934 160 4.5 “Origin” of Fruit Trees Planted in Ado in Between 1930 and 1934 … … 161 4.6 Number of Fruit Trees (Citrus) Found in Ekiti, 1950 162 4.7 Root Crop Production and Locations, July 1950 174 6.1 Names of some Hausa Kolanut Buyers in Ekiti 1945-1960 252 6.2 Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board Application Form for Admission as Buying Agent Under the Cocoa Marketing Scheme … … 279 6.3 Evacuation of Ekiti Cocoa from Station to Lagos 283 6.4 Cocoa Price per Ton Before 1960 at Point of Exportation 285 6.5 Cocoa Price Per Ton for Standard Weight in the Approved Ekiti Division and Ondo Province Buying Stations in the Early 1950s in Pounds and Shillings … 286 6.6 Price Schedule for Palm Oil in Ondo Province in 1943. 287 6.7 Kernels Buying Stations and Prices Per Bag in Ekiti in 1944. 292 xii 6.8 Offences Prosecuted Under Forestry Ordinance in Ondo Province in 1949 … … 296 6.9 Constituted Reserves in Ondo Province. … 297 6.10 Cotton Exportation from Some Ekiti Districts, 1920 to 1921. 299 xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1.1 Map of Ekiti Division, Showing key Towns in the Colonial Period 2 1.2 Map of Ekiti Division, Ondo Province, in the Colonial Period 3 1.3 Trade Routes, Major Towns and Roads in Colonial Ekiti 4 2.1 (a) House Posts carved by Agunna of Ijero-Ekiti before 1920 41 (b) House Post by Agbonbiofe at the Palace of Efon- Alaiye-Ekiti … 41 (c) House Post by Olowe at the Palace of the king of Ise- Ekiti, C. 1925 … … 41 2.2 Wooden Carved Figures by Bangboye of Odo-Owa in the Colonial Period … … 42 2.3 Arowogun of Osi-Ekiti, a Carver with some of his works in the Colonial Period … … 43 2.4 A Yoruba Cloth Dyer at Work … 47 2.5 Products of Ekiti Local Pottery Industry in the Colonial Period 48 2.6 Heavily Beaded Crown of a King … 50 2.7 Beaded Crown of a King … … 51 3.1 Replica of Truck with 4 car tyres used by foreign Companies to transport goods in Ado-Ekiti in the 1940s 79 3.2 Truck (Omolanke) with 2 Car Tyres used for transportation in Ado-Ekiti Township in the 1950s … 81 3.3 Truck (Omolanke) with 2 Wood Tyres used in Ekiti for transport. 81 3.4 Bicycle, a Status Symbol in the Colonial Ekiti … 88 3.5 Sketch of Akure-Ikere Road by Miss C. Mathews, May, 1926 109 4.1 Cocoa seedlings … … 150 4.2 A Heavy fruiting Cocoa Tree … 154 4.3 Farming
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