Preliminary Assessment

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

APALACHICOLA NATIONAL FOREST FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY BURIAL SITE NO. 2

Prepared For:

United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service 1720 Peachtree Road, NW Suite 710W Atlanta, Georgia 30367-9102

FINAL - December 1, 1998

Prepared By:

BAT Associates, Inc. 704 South Illinois Avenue Suite C-202 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 BAT Associates, Inc. Preliminary Assessment - Apalachicola National Forest FSU Burial Site No. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iii

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION, OPERATIONAL HISTORY, AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS ...... 2

3.0 GROUND WATER PATHWAY ...... 7

4.0 SURFACE WATER PATHWAY ...... 11

5.0 SOIL EXPOSURE AND AIR PATHWAYS ...... 12

6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 13

7.0 REFERENCES ...... 14

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 6-1 Sampling Recommendations and Parameters ...... 13

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2-1 Site Location ...... 3

FIGURE 2-2 Site Sketch ...... 4

FIGURE 2-1 Typical Waste Pit and Existing Monitoring Well Details ...... 6

FIGURE 3-4 Regional Stratigraphy ...... 8

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - PA Score Sheets APPENDIX B - Copies of References

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The purpose of the PA is to differentiate sites that pose little or no potential threat to human health and the environment from sites that warrant further investigation. The PA also supports emergency response and removal activities, fulfills public information needs, and generally furnishes appropriate information about the site early in the site assessment process. The scope of the investigation included a review of available file information, a comprehensive target survey, and a site and environs reconnaissance that was conducted on December 9, 1997.

Florida State University (FSU) Burial Site No. 2 covers approximately 0.36 acres in a remote area in the Apalachicola National Forest. The site is a relatively flat area measuring 80 feet x 120 feet inside a 6-foot high chain-link security fence topped with barbed wire. Radioactive contaminated solids, containerized liquids, and animal remains were deposited in 26 pits between March 16, 1967 and June 14, 1979. Waste disposal activities were conducted on the southern-half area of the site. No disposals have been made since June 14, 1979. There is no record of this site being listed on the CERCLIS database.

The pits are 8 feet long by 7 feet wide, and are 8 feet deep. Waste was placed in the lower 4 foot depth of the pit by a backhoe, covered with approximately 4 inches of earth fill, and covered by a 4-inch concrete slab in pits 1 through 15. Each pit was then backfilled to grade with approximately 4 feet of soil. No concrete slab was installed in pits 16 - 26, only soil was used as backfill. The remaining pits, numbers 27 - 40, have not been used and are assumed to be empty and free of any disposed wastes as indicated in waste disposal records obtained from FSU.

Six groundwater monitoring wells have been installed along the perimeter of the site. Monitoring well samples taken over a period of fifteen years show an average activity of 15 dpm/ml. A release of hazardous substances to groundwater is suspected due to lack of containment, high soil permeability, heavy precipitation, and the presence of karst terrain. There is no information on whether the contamination has migrated beyond the monitoring wells. It is also unknown if any additional chemical analysis of the groundwater has been conducted in the past.

Although none of the pits have runoff control, there are no indications of a release from the site through the surface water pathway. It is possible that, because of the slope to the southwest of the central pits, precipitation could percolate through the landfill and later emerge into surface water.

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Potentially contaminated ground water may also discharge to surface water along these slopes. However, the high soil permeability should cause much of this flow to migrate downwards, minimizing this effect on surface water. No stressed vegetation or other evidence of contamination at the site or along the runoff path was found. Therefore, a release to surface water is considered possible, but not likely.

The soil exposure pathway does not appear to present a substantial risk at this site, because of the amount of soil and concrete covering the disposed material in the pits and current use of the property, which limits public access. A release through the air pathway is not suspected due to the soil and vegetation covering the pits, which prevent release of dust or gases.

Score sheets, developed by EPA, were used to evaluate a site disposition based on the site score. In general, sites that score 28.50 or greater receive a further action recommendation, while sites that score less than 28.50 receive no further recommended action. Based on existing information gathered and professional judgement, this site received a PA score of 38.16 (Appendix A).

During the hazard scoring phase of this PA, the hazard ranking values for this site were estimated, and a number of uncertainties exist. These uncertainties, which contributed to the high site score, are:

• No data are available on how far contamination in the groundwater may have spread.

• No data are available on whether or not local wetlands and the Lost Creek receive water from groundwater filtering through the site.

• Very little data are available on what specific contaminants, other than radioisotopes, may be present, and therefore it is impossible to determine mobility factors.

Based on these and other potential uncertainties, the scoring was developed using a worst case scenario. It was assumed that the areas around the site are critical habitats and are used by endangered species identified by the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. It was also assumed that the groundwater contamination from the site is impacting local surface water resources and terrestrial habitats. These assumptions may or may not be valid, however only additional study and sampling will eliminate these uncertainties.

Based on the site score received, and the lack of additional waste information, it is recommended that additional groundwater and soil sampling be conducted at the site to identify and determine the presence of RCRA listed wastes (in addition to verifying low-level radiological contamination), and to indicate possible contamination migration in the groundwater and soil.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In accordance with the requirements of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986, BAT Associates, Inc. conducted a Preliminary Assessment (PA) of the FSU Burial Site No. 2 located in the Apalachicola National Forest, in Leon County west of Tallahassee, Florida. The purpose of this investigation was to collect information concerning conditions at the site sufficient to assess the threat posed to human health and the environment, and to determine the need for additional CERCLA/SARA activities or other appropriate actions. The scope of the investigation included a review of available file information, a comprehensive target survey, and a site and environs reconnaissance that was conducted on December 9, 1997.

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2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION, OPERATIONAL HISTORY, AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Location

The site is located in a remote area west of the city of Tallahassee in the Northwest Quarter of Section 27 Township-1-South; Range-3-West in the Apalachicola National Forest (Figure 2-1). The geographical coordinates are 30°22'07" N latitude, and 84°31'23" W longitude (Reference 3). To reach the site from State Road 20, take State Road 267 (Bloxham Cut-Off) south from State Road 20. Continue south on State Road 267 to the intersection of Forest Service Road No. 360. Turn left and proceed north approximately one mile on Forest Service Road No. 360 to the intersection of Forest Service Road 360F (non-paved road on the right). Turn right and proceed east on State Road No. 360F for approximately 0.35 miles to the intersection of the site access road (unmarked/non-paved road to the right). Turn right and proceed south on the access road approximately 0.25 miles to the site.

2.2 Climate

Tallahassee has a moderate climate. Summers are long, warm, and humid with average high temperatures of 90°F. The winter months are generally mild with average temperatures of 52° to 55°F. Mean annual precipitation is 56.86 inches (Reference 5, p. 92).

2.3 Site Description

The site covers approximately 0.36 acres in a remote area in the Apalachicola National Forest. The site is a relatively flat area measuring 80 feet x 120 feet inside a 6-foot chain-link security fence topped with barbed wire. A second 3-strand barbed wire fence (in disrepair) surrounds the perimeter of the site approximately 15 feet outside the security fence (Figure 2-2). There are no structures on the site. Waste disposal activities were conducted on the southern-half area of the site. There is no record of this site being listed on the CERCLIS database (References 9,10).

2.4 Operational History and Waste Characteristics

On June 14, 1966, FSU submitted a Special Use Application to the State of Florida (Reference 6) to use the property as a waste burial site for radioactive contaminated wastes generated at the University (Reference 7). On July 20, 1966, the Florida State Board of Health granted a Special Use Permit to FSU for that purpose. Radioactive contaminated solids, containerized liquids, and animal remains were deposited in 26 pits between March 16, 1967 and June 14, 1979 (Reference 7). Waste was in 55-gallon drums steel drums, 5-gallon cans, glass and plastic jars, wooden and

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cardboard boxes, and plastic bags. Some waste may have been buried without a container. Most radioactivity was from isotopes typical of biological experiments. However, trace amounts of transuranic isotopes are also assumed to be present based on FSU disposal records. It is not known if non-radioactive hazardous wastes were placed in the pits, or if the wastes should have been classified as mixed waste.

The site has been closed to disposal activities since June 14, 1979. The pits are 8 feet long by 7 feet wide by 8 feet deep, and are arranged in a grid pattern across the site (Figure 2-2). Waste was placed in the lower 4 foot depth of the pit by a backhoe, covered with approximately 4 inches of earth fill, and covered by a 4-inch concrete slab in pits 1 through 15. Each pit was then backfilled to grade with approximately 4 feet of soil (Figure 2-3). Pits numbered 1 - 15 have a concrete slab directly over the buried waste approximately 4 feet below the surface. Pits 16 - 26 were backfilled with dirt with no concrete slab. The remaining pits, numbers 27 - 40, have not been used and are assumed to be empty and free of any disposed wastes as indicated in waste disposal records obtained from FSU (Reference 8).

Three groundwater monitoring wells (designated MW-A, MW-B and MW-C) were installed on an unknown date at the west side of the site. On June 30, 1980, three additional wells were installed at the south side (MW-D), east side (MW-E), and north side (MW-F) of the site (See Figure 2-3). From information gathered from FSU, groundwater is being monitored, at least annually, from these six wells. In addition to groundwater sampling, a radiological survey of the ground surface was conducted with no findings above natural background levels. The site is maintained by yearly mowing, and sign and fence maintenance (Reference 7).

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3.0 GROUND WATER PATHWAY

3.1 Hydrogeological Setting

The property, located to the west of Tallahassee in west-central Leon County, is in the Tallahassee Hills on the Northern Florida Highlands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. It is characterized by elevations higher and more dissected than the Coastal Plain areas. Locally, elevation ranges from over 200 feet MSL on nearby hilltops to below 50 feet MSL along the banks of Lake Talquin. The cause of the higher elevations are the presence of a heterogenous mixture of weakly-cemented clays, silts and sands (Hawthorn and Miccosukee Formations) that are relatively resistant to erosion, producing a fairly mature and dissected topography further modified by karst and solutional features (Reference 11).

Solution, or karst features, are common in the site area and readily identifiable from the topographic maps. The area encompassing the site, and in general, the Tallahassee Hills, is considered to be moderately karstified compared to the remainder of Leon County (Reference 12). The karst features include sinkholes (closed depressions), springs, stream sinks/swallow holes/swallets, karst valleys (poljes) and karst lakes (e.g., Lake Talquin). The karst features are developed equally on hilltops and on bottomlands with no apparent preferential localization. Some sinkholes are totally or partially water-filled, while others appear to be dry, depending whether the swallets are open or debris-choked. There were no sink holes observed in the vicinity of the site during the site visit.

3.2 Stratigraphy

There are four distinct strata beneath the site, which are correlatable to the regional stratigraphy (Figure 3-1). The upper 95 feet can be considered the upper unconsolidated clastics, or overburden, lying atop the carbonate bedrock. The uppermost 30 feet of this is composed of heterogenous, orange, greenish, reddish to buff-to-cream colored, clays, sandy clays, and argillaceous sands exhibiting deep lateritic weathering. The strata is correlatable with the Miocene "Red Beds; Miccosukee Formation". Below the Miccosukee Formation are quartz sands, argillaceous sands and sandy clays, phosphorites, and argillaceous limestone of the Hawthorn Formation (Miocene Age). The thickness of the Miocene formation below the site is estimated to be 65 feet.

Below the Hawthorn is the St. Mark's Formation (lower Miocene age), which is a dense, hard, sandy-to-silty, finely crystalline limestone. It comprises the uppermost bedrock unit and is approximately 290 feet thick. Below a distinctive lithologic break, a partially dolomitized fine-grained cryptocrystalline limestone is encountered, identified as the Suwanee Limestone of

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Oligocene Age. The distinctive lithologic change is considered an unconformity at the boundary

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of Oligocene and Miocene ages (Reference 11). Total estimated thickness is reported to be 204 feet in the Tallahassee area, and has no local surface exposure.

To complete the Tertiary System below the Suwanee Limestone, in descending order are the Crystal River Formation of the Ocala Group (Upper Eocene), Avon Park, Tallahassee, and Lake City Limestones of the Clairborne Group (Eocene age), and the Paleocene Age Cedar Keys Formation (Reference 11).

3.3 Hydrogeological Framework

Water supplies for Tallahassee and Leon County are drawn from the Upper Floridan Aquifer, a regionally important and highly productive water-bearing formation. The depth to groundwater in the area of the site is estimated to be 6- to 11-feet. The Floridan Aquifer is a vertically continuous sequence of carbonate bedrock of generally high permeability of several orders of magnitude greater than the rocks that bound the system above and below it. The aquifer system consists of highly permeable zones caused by solution-karstification, fracturing, or by digenesis through dolomitization. The cavity systems are found near the top of the St. Mark's Formation, and impose a secondary permeability on a very low primary permeability. Cavernous systems are found also in the Suwanee Limestone, distributed near the top of the formation and sporadically throughout it (Reference 11). Lower formations (Lower Floridan Aquifer) are rarely utilized for drinking water because of the available shallower water supplies and the greater amount of mineralization associated with the deeper water supplies.

Local water supplies are derived from the upper carbonates (St. Mark's Formation and the Suwanee Limestone) of the Upper Floridan Aquifer. Some authors (Reference 11) describe a surficial or water table aquifer located in the sand stringers of the upper unconsolidated formations (Hawthorn and Miccosukee). However, the units are perched, isolated, with limited water production and variable thickness, are sensitive to contamination, and few wells are located in these formations. The function of the upper unconsolidated clastic units is as the confining unit. Because of the regional extent, thickness, and relative imperviousness of the overlying clastic units, ground water is produced under confining conditions.

From published information, regional ground water flow in Leon County and Tallahassee is generally in a north-south direction with some variations due to differential transmissivity, and other factors such as the presence of unmapped faults.

The site, as well as Leon County, is located in the regional recharge area to the Floridan aquifer. Recharge occurs primarily through rainfall on outcrop areas, particularly in extreme northern Leon County and further south in the Woodville Karst Plain (Reference 11). The overlying clastics also recharge the Floridan Aquifer. Recharge also occurs through sinkholes, and through the abundant solution lakes. The absence of a developed river system indicates that surface drainage

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has been captured by the subsurface.

3.4 Ground Water Targets

The population within Leon County obtains drinking water from three sources; City of Tallahassee water wells, Talquin Electric water wells, and private water wells. The City of Tallahassee operates 21 wells located in Leon County, and is a blended system (Reference 15). However, none of these wells are within a 4-mile radius of this site. There are approximately 367 private wells within a 4-mile radius and there are no wells within a 1-mile radius of the site. Talquin Electric operates 4 wells that are located along Highway 20 approximately 5 miles from the site. A total of 442 persons obtain drinking water within the 4-mile radius (Reference 18). None of these residents within a 4-mile radius obtain water from Talquin Electric wells (Reference 13). The majority of these residents obtain drinking water from individual private wells which only serve single family households.

3.5 Ground Water Conclusions

A release of hazardous substances to groundwater is suspected due to lack of containment, high soil permeability, heavy precipitation, and the presence of karst terrain. Annual analysis of groundwater from monitoring wells at the site has shown that low level radioactivity has reached the perimeter of the site. Monitoring well samples taken over a period of time from December 1966 to June 1980 from wells MW-A, MW-B, and MW-C indicated an average activity of 31.5 dpm/ml. On June 30, 1980 wells MW-D, MW-E, and MW-F were installed. The average activity for all six wells from that date to June 19, 1984 was 15 dpm/ml (References 7, 8). There is no information on whether the contamination has migrated beyond the monitoring wells. It is unknown if any additional chemical analysis of the groundwater has been conducted in the past. Since the surficial groundwater is believed to flow to the south, the one domestic well located off Highway 267 is considered a primary target. This is a well supplying water to a single household estimated at 3 persons and is located approximately 1.5 miles from the site (Reference 18).

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4.0 SURFACE WATER PATHWAY

4.1 Hydrological Setting

The site is located outside of the 500-year floodplain (Reference 19), and is situated on an upland elevation of approximately 125 feet MSL. Surface drainage from the central area of the site tends to flow to the south/southwest. There is a small berm on the west and south sides of the site.

Runoff from precipitation would tend to flow to the south of the site toward State Road 267. Surface water flows into Lost Creek, which is a small creek approximately 1 mile from the site that meanders south through several wetland areas. The majority of these wetlands fall into the Palustrine ecological system as forested, deciduous and evergreen vegetation units. The 15 mile downstream distance of the stream includes 10 miles through several wetlands, 1 mile west of Cow Swamp, and 4 miles to Cypress Pond (Reference 20).

4.2 Surface Water Targets

There are no drinking water intakes located within 15 downstream miles of the site. All residents of Leon County obtain drinking water from public or private wells. There are numerous wetlands located near the site and within 15 downstream miles. The nearest wetland is located 2000 feet south of the site along the runoff path, and is approximately one mile long. Other wetlands along the surface water path include the entire 15-mile downstream distance of Lost Creek.

Endangered species likely to exist within the 4-mile radius include the bald eagle as evidence by three known nests located near Highway 20 and Lake Talquin (References 22, 23, 24).

4.3 Surface Water Pathway Conclusions

Although none of the pits have runoff control, there are no indications of a release from the site through the surface water pathway. The area of the site tends to slope toward the southeast corner of the site, and possibly increasing the amount of runoff that passes over the pits. Some of the pits are covered with four feet of soil and four inches of concrete, which should limit exposure of buried material to runoff. It is possible that, because of the slope to the southwest of the central pits, precipitation could percolate through the landfill and later emerge into surface water. Potentially contaminated ground water may also discharge to surface water along these slopes. However, the high soil permeability should cause much of this flow to migrate downwards, minimizing this effect on surface water. No stressed vegetation or other evidence of contamination at the site or along the runoff path was found. Therefore, a release to surface water is considered possible, but not likely.

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5.0 SOIL EXPOSURE AND AIR PATHWAYS

5.1 Physical Conditions

Waste in some of the pits are believed to be covered with a four inch concrete slab, four feet of soil on top of the slab, and covered with vegetation (Figure 2-3). The area of the pits are secured by an existing six foot high chain-link fence with barbwire. The area around the site is presently vacant land and there are no structures near the site.

5.2 Soil and Air Targets

The FSU Burial Site No. 2 is located in a remote area of the Apalachicola National Forest. There are no persons residing within a 0.5- or a 1-mile radius of the site. The nearest residence is approximately 1.5 miles to the south. The total population within a 4-mile radius of the site is 442 persons, as determined by the Digital Map Database calculated by the Census Geography Division (Reference 21).

The nearest sensitive environment is an approximate 650-acre wetland located about 2000 feet south of the site. There are many other wetlands within four miles of the site, including Lost Creek to the southeast, and wetlands associated with intermittent streams to the west and southwest (Reference 20).

5.3 Soil and Air Pathway Conclusions

The soil exposure pathway does not appear to present a substantial threat at this site because of the amount of soil and concrete covering the pits, and current use of the property which limits public access. A release through the air pathway is not suspected due to the soil and vegetation covering the material in the pits which prevent release of dust or gases. In addition, during the site reconnaissance, no odors, stressed vegetation, or wind erosion were observed.

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6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Florida State University disposed of low-level radioactive contaminated soils, containerized liquids, and animal remains in 26 pits at the site between March 1967 and June 1979. Waste disposal records document the known radiological contaminated wastes. However the specific waste-types are unknown. As a result of site conditions during this period, low-level radioactive contamination in the surficial groundwater has reached at least to the perimeter of the site. No information is available on any spread of contamination beyond the site or into deeper aquifers. Although no information is available as to the possible contamination of a private drinking water supply well located 1.5 miles south of the site, such contamination is unlikely. There does not appear to be a high potential for surface water contamination, due to the amount of cover (i.e., concrete slab and soil) over the buried waste. A release through soil or air exposure is expected to be minimal, due to condition of cover at the site, limited access, and lack of reported odors or wind erosion.

It is recommended that additional groundwater and soil sampling be conducted at the site to determine the presence of any RCRA listed wastes, and to determine whether contamination has moved beyond the site periphery. Recommendations for sampling are presented in the following table.

TABLE 6-1 Sampling Recommendations and Parameters

SAMPLING TYPE LOCATION REASONING PARAMETERS1

Groundwater Existing 6 wells Determine presence VOC, SVOC, of groundwater Pesticide/PCB, Total contamination Metals, radiological analytes

Soil (hand auger) Within area of pits Determine VOC, SVOC, 1-26 and outside the contamination from Pesticides/PCB, Total perimeter of the leakage Metals, radiological security fence analytes

1VOC - Volatile organic compounds (EPA Method 8260) SVOC - Semi-volatile organic compounds (EPA Method 8270) Pesticide/PCB - Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (EPA Method 8880) Total Metals - Total Metals (EPA 6000 and 7000 Series)

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REFERENCES

1. U.S. Geological Survey, 7.5-Minute Topographic Maps: Lake Talquin, SE, Florida, 1972.

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Standard Operating Procedure to Determine Site Latitude and Longitude Coordinates", 1991.

3. Calculation Worksheet for FSU Burial Site No. 2.

4. Craig M. Aurin, BAT Associates, Inc., Photo Documentation Log, December 9, 1998.

5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, "Soil Survey of Leon County Florida", 1981.

6. Special Use Permit Application, State of Florida, June 14, 1966.

7. Special Use Permit, State of Florida, July 20, 1966.

8. Letter from Frances M. Harley, Re: Apalachicola Nation Forest, Low-level Radioactive Waste Burial Site for Florida State University, July 11, 1997.

9. Telephone Conservation with Charlene Wakefield, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IV, January 8, 1998.

10. Telephone Conservation with Carol Jackson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IV, January 29, 1998.

11. Charles W. Hendry Jr. and Charles R. Sproul, "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Leon County, Florida", 1966.

12. Northwest Florida Water Management District, Water Resources Special Report 92-8, "Characterization of Karst Development in Leon County, Florida, for the Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas".

13. Telephone Conservation with Neil Gray, Talquin Electric, January 8, 1998.

14. Richard H. Johnson and James A. Miller, "The Geology of North America", Volume 0-2 Hydrogeology, 1988.

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15. Telephone Conversation with Keith Starbuck, City of Tallahassee, January 29, 1998.

16. List of Tallahassee Water Wells, City of Tallahassee, 1998.

17. Telephone Conversation with Sandra Barrett, NW Florida Water Management District, February 2, 1998.

18. List of Private Wells; NW Florida Water Management District, February 2, 1998.

19. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance Rate Map, Tallahassee, Florida, 1986.

20. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Wetlands Inventory Map, Lafayette and Tallahassee, Florida, 1972.

21. U.S. Department of Census, Geography Division, Digital Population Map Database, February 5, 1998.

22. Telephone Conversation with Jim Rule, USFS, February 3, 1998.

23. Telephone Conversation with Doug Carl, Florida Game and Fish Commission, February 3, 1998.

24. Letter from Barbara A. Cerauskis, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, March 12, 1998.

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APPENDIX A

PA SCORE SHEETS

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BAT Associates, Inc. Preliminary Assessment - Apalachicola National Forest FSU Burial Site No. 2

APPENDIX B

COPIES OF REFERENCES

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