Special Libraries, April 1973

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1973 Special Libraries, 1970s

4-1-1973

Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, April 1973" (1973). Special Libraries, 1973. 4. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1973/4

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1970s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1973 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. special libraries

Contract Services

0 Library Cooperatives

0 Information Retrieval Services

Automated Reclassification

0 Teaching Bibliographic Reference F ttTATTLE-TAPE99"systems? There are at least five reasons. - - --.

We're "out of sight."Our easily concealed We're convenient. The full-circulating sys- metallic detection elements are small, thin tem requires no extra steps for patrons and and flexible. They enable a library to reduce no major changes in procedure for library the overall cost of a system by selectively staff. treating some books -and pe;iodicals to guard the entire And hard for We're reliable. The electron~ccomponents patrons to mutilate, desensitize or remove of 3M's "Tattle-Tape" Brand Book Detection detection elements they can't find. System keep false alarms and blind spots to a minimum. We're adaptable. Our by-pass, full-circulat- We back our systems with service. When ing or combination options fit almost any you buy our system, you're buying 3M Com- library's needs. Our detection elements pany's nationwtde service organization and adapt to books, periodicals, records and full instructions on the system for all your equipment. library's personnel.

3M s proven 'Tattle-Tape' system already guards over 10.000.000 books Fmd out what we can do tor yours Our comprehensive brochure brlngs Into perspective the role of hbrary detection systems Cali (612) 733-2851, or wrlte Detection Systems. 3M Company. Bldg 551, 3M Center. St Paul - -. "Babe" had a great year in 1922...... so did biology. Volume 1 of BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, in 1927. The broad spectrum of coverage and service for the was quite an achievement. It contained 14,506 abstracts life sciences has grown to mclude semi-annual indexes of biological literature and represent- I of abstracted and bibliographic ma- ed the start of what would become ter~al,a preview on magnetic tape the greatest information servlce In of forthcoming issues, special~zed the l~fesciences. custom search services based on com- puteraed storage of current and past Last year BIOLOGICAL AB- materials, and a whole new series STRACTS (and its companion publi- reaching highly specialized disciplines catmn BIO-RESEARCH INDEX) such as mycology, entomology, pol- reported on more than one-quarter lut~on, cancer, ecology, and drug million papers from publications or]- add~ction. ginating in over 90 countries. An Thls 1s what BlOSLS is all about excess of 680 subject sectlons cover- We collect, translate and abstract ing the wlde diversity of the life literature published in every corner sciences, comprlse each Issue. of the world. And combining pro- In sharp contrast to the modest fessional and technical skills with 0105's beginning of Volume I. in 1972 sophisticated equipment, we keep - sclentlsts ont ti nu ally informed. mlcrofilni edition offered 20,000 1 J BioSciences Information Service, abstracts on just one 4" microf~lmcartridge! Now rnore Professional Services Dept., 2100 Arch St., Phila., Pa. than 2.5 m~llionabstracts are in the nucrofiim collection. 19103 (phone) 215-LO-8-4016. Two of the World's Greatest Orchid Books

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OF MEXICO AND A detailed color brochure is available GUATEMALA upon request. London, E1837-18431.40 full colored orchid plates, each accompanied by a leaf of descriptive text Large folio (36 x 53 cm.) Available September 1973 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd. Highly valued by horticulturists, orchid- 85 O.Z. Voorburgwal, Amsterdam lovers, and book collectors alike, these two rare and beautiful volumes are now available in splendid full-color facsimile for the first time. The most advanced modern techniques have been used in the production Johnson Reprint Corporation of these facsimile editions to render 111 Fifth Avenue every shade and hue of the magnificent New York, N.Y. 10003 flowers with the same loving care and accuracy with which they were depicted by the original artists some 150 years ago. Both books are being published in a strictly limited edition of 1000 hand- numbered copies each for worldwide distribution. APRIL1973 special libraries VOLUME64, NUMBER

Letters 10~

Editorial 173

Contract Services in the Special Library 175 Herbert B. Landau

A Typology of Library Cooperatives 181 Michael P. Sinclair

Computer-Based Bibliographic Retrieval Services 187 Margaret K. Park

Automated Cataloging and Keclassification by ATS 193 Simon P. J. Chen

Kecent Activities of the Special Libraries Assn., Japan 198 Rokuzo Kato

Teaching Bibliographic Reference in a Keports Collection 203 Barbara A. Rice

SLA News

SLA Hall of Fame/1973 207 SLA and GPO 208

Chapters & Divisions 213

Vistas

, Reviews 215

Placement 18~ Index to Advertisers 20~

Advel-tking Sales: RALPHLESSI~L Cil c~ll~lion:FREDERICK BAUM

Sperial L.16rrrries is published by Speci.~l Libraries As5ociatio11, 23; Pnrk Atcnuc South, Sew York, N.Y. 10003. O 1'373 by Special Libraries Aasociation. \lonthly e\cept doublc isbuc for Aldy/J~in. Annual index 111 1kcrn1- bcr issuc. hlaterinl protcrted by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of schol:~r- ship or I cwnrc 11. Second

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The conciseness achieved by careful selection of essential data and the consistently physico- chemical approach result in a publication which will remain useful for many years. Comprehensive Ino~ganicChemistry fulfills the the needs of all research and teaching scientists for inorganic physicochemicd data, interpre- tative concepts, and key references. The non- chemist will find Comprehensive Inorganic Chem- istry easy to use.

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Presenting material of lasting value to specialists in fields ranging from cardiology to psychiatry, the B.M.J. publications include: BRITISH HEART JOURNAL. The Official Journal of the British Cardiac Society. Publishes original work on the heart and circulation-anatomical, physiological and pathological. Monthly. Annual Subscription $3 1.25. CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH-published in association with the British Car- diac Society. A journal mainly for the publication of basic research. The subjects covered include physiological, pathological, pharmacological, biochemical, biophysical, haemodynamic, surgical and similar advances in the study of the heart and circulation. Annual Subscription (six issues a year), $21.00. (Combined subscription to Brit. Heart J. and Cardiovasc. Res. $47.50. ) PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE. A journal mainly for the publication of original research in clinical psychiatry and the basic sciences related to it. Quarterly. Annual Sub- scription $16.00.

The B.M.J. publishes also the following journals: Gut Archives of Disease in Childhood British Journal of Ophthalmology 0 Ophthalmic Literature 0 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases a British Journal of Industrial Medicine Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Thorax British Journal of Medical Education 0 Journal of Clinical Pathology 0 British Journal of Venereal Diseases 0 Journal of Medical Genetics 0 British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine 0 Medical & Bio- logical Illustration.

All subscriptions to the United States can be ordered from the BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 1172 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass. 02134. Subscriptions for all other countries should be ordered from the Subscription Manager, BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, B.M.A. House, Tavistock Square, London, WCIH 9JR, England, or through any leading subscription agent or bookseller. UP-TO-DATE BOOKS FROM NOYES DATA

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Hardcover Books Published Spring 1973

EDIBLE COATINGS AND SOLUBLE PACKAGING by R. Daniels: The use of edible and soluble packing materials has been growing very rapidly. Describes numerous processes for producing these new materials. ISBN: 0-8155-0475-6; 360 pp.; illus.; $36

EUROPEAN INSURANCE COMPANIES: Describes in detail over 1,200 of the major insurance companies in 19 countries of Western Europe. Includes such information as names of executives, premium income, types of insurance, subsidiaries, associates, etc. ISBN: 0-8155-0473-X; 250 pp.; $24

FLUXES, SOLDERS AND WELDING ALLOYS by L.F. Martin: Describes over 170 different processes relating to solders, brazing and welding alloys, and suitable fluxes. ISBN: 0-8155-0472-1; 280 pp.; $36

HAIR DYES by J.C. Johnson: Describes recent developments in the rapidly changing technology for manufacturing hair color preparations. ISBN: 0-8155-0477-2; 368 pp.; $36

LUBRICANT ADDITIVES by M.W. Ranney: This book describes the recent research activity carried out during the past few years with emphasis on practical applications, and high performance demands being placed on lubricants. ISBN : 0-8155-0471 -3; 336 pp.; $36

POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY by H.R. Jones: Watzr pollution problems caused by the textile industry are quite complex. Shows techniques that can be utilized to clean up and eliminate textile mill wastes. ISBN: 0-8155-0470-5; 323 pp.; illus.; $36

PRACTICE OF DESALINATION edited by R. Bakish: A practical book for plant operators, engineers, and management, reflecting the present state of the art of the desalination industry. ISBN: 0-8155-0478-0; 273 pp.; illus.; $18

PREPARED SNACK FOODS by M. Gutcho: Describes numerous manufacturing processes for producing snacks such as potato chips, corn chips, popcorn, expanded products, nut products, french fries, etc. ISBN: 0-8155-0474-8; 289 pp.; illus.; $36

RECLAIMING RUBBER AND OTHER POLYMERS by J.A. Szilard: Describes numerous processes for reclaiming rubber by devulcanization and depolymerization, and for recovering plastics materials; many processes are designed to reduce air and water pollution. ISBN: 0-8155-0476-4; 310 pp.; illus.; $36

NOYES DATA CORPORATION ndc Noyes Building, Park Ridge, N.J. 07656 LETTERS WANT TO LOWER YOUR BUDGET PRESSURE? Management Graphics Rmkited TRY US RESEARCH SERVICES The most important comment on my pa- CORPORATION per "Information/Library Statistics as a Management Aid: A Graphic Presentation- Alternative Solutions" [Special Libraries 63 One-Source For BOOKS and/or PERIODICALS Any Title-Any Publisher-World-Wide (no.10): 443-447 (Oct 1972)] in Peter Hoey's We SAVE our clients Hundreds, letter [Special Libraries 64 (no.3): 7A even Thousands of Dollars Each Year. (Mar 1973)l is "I am not convinced . . . the linking lines are at all helpful . . . there is Discounts UP to 15% on Scientific Books no unique viewing block for each service as No Fees or Service Charges on Periodicals they are in a different position each year," Unique Corporate-Wide Plans since it indicates that the "initial visual im- Immediate Reports by Professional Staff One Payment for Dozens, Even Hundreds pact" I aimed at did not have (as far as one of Orders viewer at least is concerned) the force I intended. The fault may lie in the size of let- WRITE OR CALL US TODAY tering used for the alphabetic notation, as Free Literature, Order Forms, Envelopes, and More, Many More Details the blocks are stacked in the same order each year. It may also have been preferable to use different patterns for each block (as is used RESEARCH SERVICES in geological columnsl). His comment em- CORPORATION phasizes again the need to keep the viewer in mind, since the success of a presentation World-Wide Headquarters 5280 Trail Lake Dnve depends in the ultimate not upon the un- ~ortWorth, Texas 78133 deistanding of the compiler bu; on the ap- (81 7) 2924270 preciation of the viewer. The two papers and subsequent corre- spondence will be of value, irrespective of the merits of the solutions proposed, if librarians and others concerned with the prep- IONIZING RADIATION : aration of graphical presentations have been LEVELS AND EFFECTS alerted to the pitfalls they may encounter. They would be advised to try their methods out bn other unenlightened-individuals before submitting them to their managers! This report contains a remarkable The weightings assigned in my paper were compendium of data, and con- necessarily arbitrary ones chosen for illustra- sensus of interpretation of that tion only, and I indicated in practice others data, on levels of contamination could be used. I do not agree that it is funda- of the environment from the mentally wrong to base weightings on in- peaceful uses of nuclear energy ternal criteria or that user-estimated weight- and other forms of radiation. ings are necessarily more valid. The choice of weights depends on the proposition being defended; it would be proper to use com- Vols. and each $ 7.00 1 2 plexity and staff-evaluated relative impor- Both volumes $12.50 tance of functions if changes in staffing or allocation of financial resources were being considered, while user-developed weightings would be more appropriate if the value to the organization were being argued. (Paren- thetically, it would be interesting to know whether- these weightings prove to be com- UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIONS parable, as a means of assessing whether the Room LX-2300, New York, N.Y. 1001 7 staff's evaluation of the services provided by or the library matches that of the clientele.) Palais des Nations, 121 1 Geneva 10 Switzerland My statement that all phases of operations declined in 1969 was too sweeping, as Peter Hoey points out, and for this I apologize. low the public to deal with bookstores, My estimates of the volume of operations which would be supplied by the GPO in based on his figure (Table 1) show that five much the same manner that commercial pub- functions declined, three increased and one lishers deal with private bookstores. ~ndeed, remained static in 1969, compared with 1968. Random House considers libraries as indi- The slopes of the lines of Hoey's original vidual customers, and will not extend credit figure confirm this, but only after very care- to them. Librarians could ask for an interli- ful perusal. brary loan if the bookstore were unable to I accept his statement that growth only, supply a given publication. and not the more complex operations are Inasmuch as the Federal budget is a major emphasized. There was -an unwritten infer- domestic issue, I am sending a copy of this ence (which should have been stated ex- letter to Sen. Pete V. Domenici (R., NM). plicitly) that numerically smaller operations are usually the more complex, expensive and Jean E. Dulaff generally of more value to users, and that by Albuquerque, N.M. 87109 implication growth in these areas involves greater growth in the resources required and Copying Discovery the value of the library to the parent organization. Some time ago, we noted that forms repro- Finally, I agree that the derived graph duced on our Xerox 2400 copier did not (Figure 1) and the component-bar graph "take" typewriter ink well. On inquiry, Xerox based on weighted totals (Figure 3) illustrate revealed that a thin film of oil is deposited relative and not absolute growth. I make no on every sheet run through their copier to apology for this since I believe that com- reduce the likelihood of paper jams. A sam- parison of relative change is more useful ple of this effect is as follows: than that of absolute change, and ultimately will be more valuable as a tool for convinc- This sample was typed on a blank sheet of bond paper first run ing managers of the importance of the li- throug:? a Xerox 2400 copier. Xote that in>.in? fro? carbon ribbon (Tech 111) is oeak and uneven. brary and information services to their organizations. George J. Snowball We recently tried the same thing with our Sir George Williams University Library IBM copier with the following results: Montreal, P.Q.

This sample was typed on a blank sheet of bond paper first run through an IBM copier. Note that inking from carbon ribbon 111) dark Streamlining GPO? (Tech is and even.

If I may, I would like to add my 84 worth Perhaps your readers will be interested in to what [Ms] Smith reported about the Gov- this comparison. ernment Printing Office. When I was librar- Efren W. Gonzalez ian for a national social agency, I felt that Bristol-Myers Products we received items ordered-on -our Deposit Hillside, N. J. 07207 Account so late that I thought a private firm working that slowly would soon go out of business. As far as improving the situation is concerned, I suggest: 1) That the Washington office cease to handle all transactions, except Deposit Account and coupon orders. I can Special Libraries welcomes understand that too many formats of re- communications from its readers, quests can confuse the issue. This being the but can rarely accommodate letters case, the Washington office should insist that the blue forms they supply be used for De- in excess of 300 words. posit Accounts. 2) For institutions finding Light editing, for style and economy, is the this a hardship, and individuals who rarely rule rather than the exception, and we write for government publications, perhaps assume that any letter, unless otherwise the depository libraries could handle the stipulated, is free for publication paperwork, and allow the person to borrow the library copy for a while. 3) Perhaps the in our monthly letters column. most streamlined procedure would be to al- In the long run, depending on the size of your library, you can end up with worthwhile savings. Just consider how long it takes to order one subscription, how much it costs to process one invoice for payment and send one check. Estimates run from $10.00 to $18.00 for each order. Multiply by the number of subscriptions your library orders, and see how much you'll save by sending one order and one check for all your periodicals to F. W. Faxon Co. Send for our free descriptive brochure and annual Librarians' Guide listing more than 50,000 domestic and foreign periodicals.

Library business is our only business- since 1886. F. UI. Faxon comPnnv,lnc. 15 Southwest Park, Westwood, Mass. 02090 Telephone: (800) 225-7894 (Toll Free) I

See us at the SLA Conference. Booth 9229. Dear SLA Members Let's Continue Talking Together Edward G. Strable, President and Zoe L. Cosgrove, Chairman, Advisory Council This month, two of us have been precipi- hand to each member are his Chapter meet- tated into print as an after effect of SLA's ing, his Chapter publication, and his Chap- Winter meeting in Tulsa. This is the major ter officers-particularly the two of them business meeting of the Association, that one who sit on the Advisory Council. Student time each year when the members of the Group members have similar immediate ac- Board of Directors and the Advisory Council cess to and through their officers. come together for two to three full and ex- Farther away, but no further than the hausting days of discussion and interaction. phone or a piece of stationery, are the mem- At the Tulsa meeting, perhaps more so ber's Division officers, Division publication, than at others in recent memory, concern and Division business meeting agenda. was expressed on various occasions that the Other channels are open at the Association officer elected to represent one or another level. Any Committee chairman (see Annual unit in the Association frequently does not Directory issue of Special Libraries) would be know the opinions or preferences of his con- surprised and delighted to hear from a mem- stituency and must, sometimes uncomfort- ber with an idea, a comment, or a point of ably, speak from his own conscience or, too view. Similarly, any member of the Board often, remain silent. This was evident, for of Directors, dr a member of the headquar- example, when the Advisory Council mem- ters staff (and most particularly the editor of bers at Tulsa discussed such questions as Special Libraries) would undoubtedly give whether we should have a dues increase for close attention to a communication from a members, what our position on copyright member, because one arrives so seldom. An legislation should be, and whether to ap- intelligently chosen copy list for distribu- prove a resolution which takes a stand on a tion beyond the addressee will often arouse public issue. widespread interest and/or support. This is a problem which is not at all un- The last channel we will mention, but far common in a democracy or in an Association from the least in clout, is that of presenta- like SLA. Most Association members seem tion in person at the Business Meeting of quite willing to leave the decisions to those the Association at the Annual Conference. who have the motivation, the time and the This is an effective place, we learned recently energy to undertake leadership roles. But at in Boston, for a member to bring a concern the same time there must be a system which to the Association and get action. Last June provides adequate opportunity for each the resolution of a member concerning schol- member to participate in determining what arships for minority groups, followed by dis- his Association will do. cussion and additional action, sparked a This brings us--somewhat long windedly- process which has resulted in the establish- to the question for discussion here, which is: ment of a Positive Action Program within the Association. Since we believe that SLA is an open so- How Can the Individual SLA Member ciety and since the channels reviewed above Influence the Association? certainly seem to be open and clear, it puz- zles us that they are so seldom used by the In discussing this question, it seems to the individual SLA member. Are they more com- two of us that each SLA member has a sur- plex than they appear? Are SLA members prisingly wide choice of channels he can use content-apathetic-indifferent? Or are there to influence the Association-that is, to have barriers to the use of these channels we have his say. And we are also convinced that when overlooked? the member uses one or more of these chan- A stimulating conversation with a small nels to speak and write articulately about his group of our members on the West Coast concerns he will invariably be heard and re- early last year indicated that the answer to sponded to. some of these questions might be "yes." Any Perhaps the channels need to be pointed other opinions? Either of us welcomes the out every once in a while. They are not hid- opportunity to serve as a channel for your den but may be overlooked. Those closest at comments on this question. More for your money

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Herbert B. Landau

Auerbach Associates, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107

The special librarian has an alterna- manager must carefully consider several tive to providing necessary library serv- service and economic factors along with ices with his own resources. This altern- the range of available services. The use ative is the purchase of these services of contract services may then yield such from outside contractors. Before em- benefits as cost savings, convenience and ploying contract services, the library improved quality.

ASAN INFORMATION system man- his budget. This paper is directed at de- ager the special librarian has the classic fining some of the matters to be consid- "make or buy" option available to him: ered in arriving at the "make or buy" he can produce necessary services and decision. These considerations include products using his own staff and facilities, selecting from among various classes of or he can purchase these services from oth- contract services available and contrac- ers on a contractual basis. Virtually every tual factors to be considered when deal- service generated in the dedicated special ing with a supplier. library (i.e. dedicated to serving a specific clientele) can be purchased from Types of Contract Services one or more outside suppliers. These services can range from intellectual ac- In a broad sense, use of contract serv- tivities such as translating and literature ices may be defined as the purchase of searching to the rental of photocopy any product or service from another or- equipment. The suppliers of these con- ganization or outside individual in lieu tract services (whether the contract be of producing that service with in-house formal or informal) can include com- resources and with some form of con- mercial firms, academic institutions, pro- tractual obligation involved. Consider- iessional societies, and not-for-profit in- ing this definition, the range of library stitutions. oriented contract services available is Although few librarians would be quite broad. A number of typical con- willing to procure all needed services on tract services often employed by librar- an extramural basis, the knowledgeable ies and information centers are listed be- library manager may find-that the ju- low. dicious use of outside contract services can really extend his capabilities in serv- A. Management Consulting, Analytical icing his users' needs and in stretching and Research Services 1. Evaluation of organizational 1. Book catalog production structure 2. Directories 2. Library user surveys (including 3. Photocomposition services questionnaire design) 4. Printing 3. State-of-the-art surveys 5. Binding 4. Feasibility and cost-benefit 6. Distribution studies I. Micrographic and Reproduction 5. Systems and procedures studies Seruices and work flow analysis 1. Equipment selection and acquisi- 6. Systems design and evaluation tion 7. Personnel evaluation and re- 2. Preparation of microforms cruiting 3. Micropublishing 8. Staff education and training 4. Duplication services 9. Facilities design and planning (including site selection) Types of Suppliers of Contract Services 10. Library network planning B. Document Preparation and Surroga- If you are interested in procuring a tion Seruices particular type of contract service, you 1. Document acquisition and prep- should be able to identify suppliers of aration the needed service from among various 2. Cataloging and catalog card prep- different types of organizations, which aration run the whole gamut of organizational 3. Indexing affiliation (a later section of this paper 4. Abstracting gives points on how to identify poten- C. Data Processing and Computer tial contractors). In the commercial sec- Seruices tor, one encounters suppliers of various 1. Computer software design and sizes, ranging from the one man shop to implementation subsidiaries and branches of some of 2. Computer software package pur- the largest industrial concerns in the chase or lease country. There are indeed certain man- 3. Computer hardware selection agement or systems consulting firms 4. Computer time rental and time- which supply nothing but contract serv- sharing services ices which are in themselves very large 5. Data base design, implementation companies with thousands of employees. and maintenance In the not-for-profit area, one finds even 6. Data conversion services (e.g. more contractor variety. Potential non- keypunching) profit contract service suppliers can in-

D. Literature Searching- and Reference clude public libraries (e.g. New York Seruices Public Library), endowed special librar- 1. Literature searching ies (e.g. John Crerar Library), profes- 2. Fact retrieval sional societies (e.g. American Chemical 3. Preparation of literature reviews Society) and professional society librar- 4. Bibliography preparation ies (e.g. Engineering Societies Library). E. Foreign Language TI-anslation In the academic sector, it is not uncom- Services mon for a university to offer specialized F. Retrieual Vocabulary Deuelopment information services to others, such as 1. Subject heading lists is done by the State University of New 2. Subject thesauri York (SUNY) at Buffalo, the University 3. Classification schemes of Georgia and the Illinois Institute of G. Facilities Management Technology. University library consor- 1. Facilities construction and out- tium~,such as the Ohio College Library fitting Center and the New England Library 2. Facilities operation Network also offer services to their mem- H. Preparation of Publications bers and others. Libraries can and often do purchase MARC services). Similarly, the cost of contract services from the u.s.-govern- producing a computer program to han- ment, although many librarians may not dle a particular library function (e.g. se- think of them as such. Government agen- lective dissemination of information) cies, such as the National Technical In- can be quite substantial and beyond the formation Service, Defense Documenta- reach of most libraries. However, a com- tion Center, NASA, Library of Congress, mercial software house (or even a li- National Institutes of Health, Smith- brary) can produce a generalized SDI sonian Institution and many others, of- program and sell or lease the program to fer a wide range- of information services several libraries at a fraction of the de- and products in many subject areas to velopment cost. qualified users at relatively low cost. Ex- Using contract consulting services to amples of these services include paper augment existing staff on a short-term and machine readable abstract, index basis represents another area of poten- and catalog data, literature searching tial cost saving. Often, because of the de- and reference services, Coreign language mands of a special project or due to an translations, computer software packages abnormal work peak, the library man- and selective dissemination of informa- ager may find that his staff cannot cope tion. An interesting note is that many with the workload. Rather than make services offered to others by the govern- the long-term commitment to hire new ment were produced for them on a con- permanent staff members, contractor tract service basis (e.g. the ERIC serv- staff can be temporarily retained on an ices of the t7.S. Office of Education). ad hoc basis to help get over the hump. This also applies to obtaining special skills not available in your own organi- Rationale for Using Contract Services zation that are required on a short-term When the librarian ponders the ques- basis. tion of whether he should perform a Another cost-saving advantage of con- needed service or produce a needed prod- tract services is that they allow the user uct with his own resources (if he has to avoid significant capital investments sufficient resources available) or pur- in equipment and facilities. For exam- chase the service from an outside sup- ple, a library with low or even moderate plier, he is facing the classic make or buy volume needs in the areas of computer management decision. Should he decide or microforms services, would be wise to to go the contract services route, he must consider the cost advantages of contract- be able to support his decision on the ing its work to outside service bureaus as basis of four important management opposed to purchasing its own expen- parameters: a) cost, b) availability of re- sive equipment (not to mention the staff sources, c) convenience, and d) quality to run it). and objectivity of results.

There are occasions where the contract route is the only way to obtain a needed There are a number of potential cost service. For example, a noted expert who benefits to be derived through the use of would not consider working for you on contract services. One is that the econo- ;I full-time basis might be willing to ac- mies of cost sharing may come into effect. cept a consulting contract. Similarly, a It is relatively expensive to cat;ilog I~ooks firm may not be willing to sell you a one- for an i~iclivitluallibrary. However, once of-a-kind or prototype device, such as a tlie cataloging is done, tlie c;~talogdata special purpose computer or microfilmer, can be reproduced on a volume basis but it may be willing to rent you time on and sold to other libraries for little more the machine. It can be noted here that than the cost of replication (as in the vel y few computers are purchased out- case with tlie L.C.'s catalog card and right. Xlost are leased on a contract basis even though they are housed on no cost to himself. Just try to get back the user's property. the salary of one of your staff members who has not performed satisfactorily!

Types of Contracts and Contract Using outside contract services can Negotiations be a very convenient single source method of .!getting things done. A librar- A fairly generalized discussion of the ian, for example, can purchase a group steps involved in letting a contract is of services as a package from a single given below. This basic approach, with contractor for a instead-of some modification, can be applied by having to worry about producing or most libraries, both large and small, to acquiring each service individually. The most types of contracts, both large and government frequently handles its con- smali. If at all possible, have a knowl- tracts in this way and it is common for edgeable member of your organization's an original contractor (known as the legal or purchasing staff review your prime contractor) to assume full respon- contracts before you sign them. sibility for obtaining various required services and ~roductsfrom other SUD- pliers (known as subcontractors). A good A vital prerequisite to obtaining any example of this type of arrangement is form of contract service is that you, the the facilities management contract by customer, develop a work statement to which one contractor will assume full define as precisely and clearly as possible responsibility for operating a facility exactly what it is that you want done by (such as a library or information center), a contractor. A great many alleged con- including the provision of all staff serv- tractor "failures" are actually the result ices and-resoukes for a given fee. The of the client not satisfactorily defining NASA Scientific and Technical Informa- his requirements. tion Facility and Department of Justice Once you have adequately defined National Criminal justice Reference your needs (preferably in writing) you Service are examples of contractor-run can begin to solicit proposals from po- facilities. tential contractors. (The next section gives pointers on how to identify potential contractors.) Your work statement Two valid considerations in purchas- becomes a request for a proposal which ing contract services are the quality and is transmitted to those organizations you objectivity of the anticipated products. have identified as likely contractors. When dealing with an outside supplier, They will reply with a proposal which the client, if he is wise, can often ensure contains the potential contractor's re- higher quality control than when he em- sponse to your work statement. In it he ploys his own staff. If he chooses a firm should clearly demonstrate his under- experienced in the particular service de- standing of the nature of the work, pre- sired (as demonstrated by examples of sent his proposed approach, his proposed prior work and happy former clients), time table and his price quotation along the buyer can expect high quality since with his qualifications to perform the he is purchasing a tested product or ap- job. proach. In addition, the purchaser of Proposals may contain additional data contract services will know exactly what as determined by the nature of the work to expect and what not to expect a5 this in question. For example, proposals for should be stated in the contract as ex- conbulting projects typically contain plicitly as possible. Finally, the cu\tomer, such elements as: a definition of the if he has wisely protected himself by problem, a statement of study objectives contract, has the right to reject unsatis- ant1 expected results, the proposed ap- factory work by a contractor at little or proach to solving the problem, proposed personnel to be employed on the project cult to define, where flexibility is re- with their biographies, and evidence of quired and problems may be encountered. the consultant's prior experience in the You should know which type of con- particular area of expertise. Proposals tract the contractor is bidding on as for data processing, microform or repro- fixed price rates tend to be higher than duction services should provide details time and material rates because of in- on the equipment to be employed. Pay creased risk. Similarly, have all potential careful attention to the proposal and contractors bid on the same type of con- request that it be resubmitted if all of tract so that prices can be compared. your questions are not answered. If the Once the proper type of contract is client and contractor agree, then the selected (it can be specified in the re- proposal can become the basis for the quest for proposal if you know in ad- contract. Select the best contractor using vance) the technical details of the con- objective criteria (e.g. demonstrated tract can be negotiated and a price ability, references, price, etc.) to eval- agreed upon. Needless to say, as in all uate his proposal and then get down to contract matters, all agreements should contract negotiations. be in writing to avoid any possible mis- There are a number of recent articles understandings later and should be re- which look into various aspects of con- viewed by an attorney if possible. The tractor-client relationships (1-5). Al- contract should specify the following though these papers are directed at the mutually agreed-upon points: 1) Spe- use of consulting services, they contain cific work to be performed with clarifi- many points also relevant to other types cations of what is not to be performed; of contract services. 2) Work sequence to be followed; 3) The time table for the work, giving start and completion, showing all phases and in- dicating whether the times are fixed or There are two basic types of contracts variable depending on the work volume; normally employed in the purchase of 4) Final products or services to be de- services: 1) The fixed price contract and livered to the client as a result of this 2) The time and materials contract. effort; 5) Interim reports and products Fixed price type contracts require that required (if any); 6) Statement of what the contractor quote a firm fixed price will be paid to the contractor for work for the services or products he proposes performed, payment schedules, cost to provide. This type of contract lends breakdowns to be provided to the client, itself to a situation where the scope of and any cost constraints such as cost work in a particular area can be pre- ceilings on certain costs or non-allowable cisely defined in advance and where few expenses; 7) Specifications of who will problems are anticipated. If the con- represent the contractor and who will tractor can complete the work for less represent the client in receiving or giv- than the fixed price, he may keep the ing technical direction; 8) Agreed-upon difference. However, if it costs him more acceptance criteria for the final prod- to complete the job, he usually absorbs uct(5). the loss. Remember, the more detailed the con- Time and materials type contracts re- tract, the less opportunity for misunder- quire that the contractor be remunerated standing, but the contract should not be for the time (labor) and materials he ex- 50 restrictive as to hamper the successful pends on a particular project, at speci- completion of the contract. fied rates. Time and materials contracts need not be open-ended and it is usually How to Identify Contract Services wise to specify a ceiling cost that cannot Available to Libraries be exceecled without prior authorization. This type of contract is normally em- A good reference lilxarian should not ployed where the scope of wo1.k is diffi- have too much difficulty in iclentifying potential contractors. Some good places cial library manager. This decision must to start are: 1) Fellow lil~rarians-find be made objectively and requires a cur- out who they have used and found satis- rent awareness of what contract services factory; 2) The Yellow Pages of the tele- are available and how they can be best phone directory under appropriate liead- used. While it is hoped that this paper ings (e.g. Consultants, Data Processing can provide some insight to the special Services, Microfilming Services, etc.); 3) librarian in this area, I suggest that Booths and literature available at an- some more intensive analysis and guid- nual professional society conventions; ance may be called for. Perhaps a hand- 4) Advertisements in professional jour- book on the effective use of library con- nals; 5) Professional societies and trade tract services could be sponsored by an associations with referral services (e.g. organization such as the Special Librar- SLA Consultation Service, Information ies Association. Industry Association, Association of Con- sulting Management Engineers, etc.); 6) Literature Cited Published directories, such as: .Albert, Dorothy / The Special Library Kruzas, A. T. ed. Encyclopedia of 1))- Consultant: Some Pragmatic Guidelines. formation Systems and Services. Ann Specirrl L~braries63 (no.11): 507-510 (Nov Arbor, Edwards Bros., 1971. This vol- 1972) ume includes: abstracting and index- .4 Consultation on Communications Con- sultants. Modern Data 5 (no.10): 24-26 ing services, computer applications (Oct 1972) and services, consulting antl planning Laska, Richard XI. / Should n Consultant services, data collection antl analysis Be Your Guide Through EDP Country? centers, micrographic applications antl Covzputer Decisions 3 (no.1): 26-31 (Jan services, SDI, etc. 1971) Dil-ectory of Libl-ary Co~isziltants.New hlcKcnna, James K. / Choosing and Us- York, Bowker, 1968. illg n Consulting Firm. Infosystems 19 (no.10): 29-30 (Oct 1972) Bonlfte~Annual. "Library Purchasing Yerkes, Charles / The hlicrograpllic Con- Guide." Includes: automation and sultant. Information and Records Man- system design, consulting services, etc. ngement 3 (110.7): 43-44 (Oct/Nov 1969). Litel-a~yMaifwt Place. "Services" Sec- tion. Includes: consulting and editorial services, data processing services, Received for yeview Feb 6, 1973. A/lanzi- translators, shipping and messenger .sc~iptaccepted fol- publication Feb 22, services, etc. 1973. Adapted from a talk p~menfed Jun 6, 1972, at n meeting of the Science- The make or buy decision is an in- Technology Division, rlzuing SLA's 637-d teresting and important one for the spe- A?~n~rcclConference in Boston.

Herbert B. Landau is principal consultant, Library Systems, Auerbach Associates, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. A Typology of Library Cooperatives

Michael P. Sinclair

Queen's University, Douglas Library, Kingston, Ontario

Four cooperative library system mod- of individual library facilities will be re- els are identified: a) bilateral exchange, quired, to maintain relative economic b) multilateral pooling, c) dual-service positions in the system. The proportion- common-output, d) service-center or fa- ality condition, that each participant cilitating participant; a) and d) are con- wishes to gain advantage in proportion sidered in detail. Efficiency of the indi- to the value of its inputs, is basic to the vidual library affects the optimal pro- system. If any participant is less well off duction level and time, at which the than before, the cooperative fails. system will be advantageous. Redesign

THECOOPERATIVE MOVEMENT much about cooperative activity. The among libraries ebbs and flows. With assumption made throughout the Li- few exceptions, librarians accept the brary Journal symposium is that "coop concept of cooperation, but find that it eration" does not lack definition, but is, is much harder in practice than in rather, so well understood as not to need preachment. In an issue of Library Jour- explanation and c1arification.t nal,* a number of writers discuss the Would that it were so. In fact, the advantages and difficulties of cooperative difficulties proposed as main cause by effort. They take, as a group, a some- the contributors to the symposium are what jaundiced view of the success of not central, 1)ut peripheral to the real attempts at cooperation to the present issues. To say this is neither to negate time, draw fairly common conclusions, and look more hopefully toward the t Carlos A. Cuadra / Survey of Academic Li- future. brary Consortia in the U.S. College & Research Libraries 33 (no.4): 271-83 (Jul 1972) comes to The wise advice of these writers is that hand too late for detailed comment. It should the difficulties to be overcome are those be noted, however, that he uses the words "con- of mutual suspicion among cooperating sortium" and "cooperative" as synouyms; and libraries, lack of clear goals, initial over- further, that the typology he proposes is de- enthusiasm later too much tempered by scriptive, and is precisely for that reason not of a form to explain the difficulties discussed by dismay at real difficulties, and lack of the Library Journal contributors. I regret that interpersonal competence. But wise as I have not been able to examine Ruth Patrick / this is, it does not really tell the reader Guidelines for the Development of Academic Library Consortia. System Development Corpo- ration, TM-45971005, Nov 1971. Cuadra states * Cooperation: A Library Journal Mini-Sym- (p.281) that the approach of the Guidelines is posium. Library Journal 97 (no.9): 1767-75 prescriptive; bu~qualifies his statement heavily (May 15, 1972). in succeeding sentences. such difficulties, nor to denigrate them- the model holds under the pricing con- they are important, they do get in the ditions which will be stipulated for this way. It is, rather, to recognize that were type of cooperative.t the forms of cooperative activity adequately prescribed, such problems might The Distinctions at least be lessened. Certain distinguishing features are Here is proposed, then, a typology of evident within the typology, but these cooperative activity; with it are offered are not the significant means of differ- some comments about problems raised entiating one type from another. Of the by the models. Particularly, the com- former, it is enough to say that the di- ments are intended to show that solu- rections of the flows of input and out- tions to the fundamental problems are put elements form the frames of the sufficiently dilferent to permit the typo- types. It is the causes rather than the logical distinctions which are made. mere direction of flows in which the distinguishing characteristics proper are The Typology to be discovered. For the sake of sim- TYPEA. This is a bilateral exchange plicity and brevity, I shall examine only model, in which materials* are ex- problems associated with types A and D, changed between two participating li- the exchange and service-center models. braries. In practice, where such an ex- Similar analysis would reveal differen- change is found, the exchange rate is tiating characteristics peculiar to each usually calculated upon a proportional of types B and C, as well. basis, according to some agreed-upon A postulate of cooperative activity value (e.g. one for one, two for one). must be that, at the very least, all but TYPEB. This is a multilateral develop- one participant in the cooperative shall ment of the first, and can be called, for be at least as well off (ceteris paribus) as convenience, the pooling model. In this before participation, and that at least model, more than two libraries con- one participant shall be better off. In tribute to and draw from a pool of ma- the event either that all participants re- terials. main only with their initial advantage, TYPEC. This dual-sewice model is one or that one or more of the participants in which two or more participating li- is worse off, we may suppose the coop- braries take advantage of the facilities erative to be a failure.1 The common of one of the participants to produce a common output-for instance, a union t I refrain from citing examples for four rea- list. The term "dual-service" is proposed sons. The first is that this is a preliminary ar- both to distinguish this model from the ticle designed, so-to-speak, to clear the ground; next, and to emphasize the fact that all second, such mention might incur invidious comparisons; third, these things tend to ebb and participants, including the facilitator, flow-a cooperative project may be here today contribute to the common output. and gone tomorrow; the fourth is that, as with TYPED. The model is one in which a most typologies, there is likely to be disagree- number of libraries employ the services ment about assignment of particular coopera- of a facilitating participant to input and tives. Readers will, however, be able to recall examples of each. process materials for individual pur- :Two exceptions to this assumption may be poses rather than to the end of a com- declared to be sports. The first occurs when one mon output. Hence, it is called the member, or more, is either over-funded or mis- service-center model. While the facilita- directs its funds across its services. In such case, tor may be merely a service bureau, and it is evident, the member may find itself "worse not otherwise employ its own facilities, off" in the sense that its surplus is reduced. (But this is to raise the whole question of demand analysis versus formula funding.) The second *In every case, what is exchanged, pooled, or exception may occur as deliberate policy, for created, may be either materials or information. some satisfactory reason or other; but I believe The word "materials" should be understood in this to be rare enough to warrant no further this sense. comment. 182 means of determining advantage or dis- former relative position as the more effi- advantage is value received per dollar cient member of the exchange reached expended. This leads, for the purpose of its optimal production point, redesigned this analysis, to a more rigorous state- its facilities, and for a time operated at ment of the postulate: that each partici- disadvantageous points on its new cost pant wishes to gain advantage in pro- curve.? portion to the value of its inputs. This It is unusual for libraries engaged in is called, hereafter, the "proportionality cooperative activity to operate with simi- condition." Other standards are not per- lar degrees of efficiency. Very often it is suasive, for the reason that libraries the fact of quite large differences which, budget in theory, and increasingly in rightly or wrongly, creates the initial practice, to performance bases-and cooperative impulse. One or another li- these are invariably related to income. A brary discovers an advantage which last rider is that politico-economic links are ignored; each participant is considered an economically-distinct unit. To may not be linear and homogeneous (see foot- do otherwise would be to complicate the note following). In the analysis, however, the analysis unnecessarily, but the fact of the liberty has been taken of assuming that a li- omission should be borne in mind. brary is free to choose the size of system appropriate, in the short-run, to its output; and is able to move, from period to period, to sys- Efficiency tems of different size as predictions of output The datum for the analysis is that no vary. In practice, it seems, additional produc- two libraries are equally efficient. Even tion units are accreted to an original structure as need arises, until space and other facilities were the methodology of librarianship overflow and new buildings, etc., become neces- everywhere identical, different salary sary. At such time, a point-production decision rates and means of accounting for over- is made, and the new facilities designed for that head structure would vary the value of point. This practice arises principally from a complete lack of understanding of the real output per input dollar. For a small causes and rates of the growth and decline of number of exchanges between two li- library budgets, upon which to rest predictions braries, differences in value received and design decisions. from each other might be insignificant; but as the exchanges increased, all else t Here, the cost curves are treated as straight lines. Thus it may be supposed that cost dis- being equal, the total difference would continuities would appear, to signal when the increase directly as the number of ex- system had passed the optimal point. More im- changes. If, however, there were addi- portant perhaps, even though as a digression, tional distortions in the cost structure, is an indication of the real magnitudes involved. Very few data are available to permit the neces- the short-run average cost curve of the sary calculations to be made; but in the case less efficient library would be shifted to of one Canadian university library, it has been the left: it would reach the optimal pro- estimated that, at one time, the optimal output duction point at a lower output, and point of its computer-assisted cataloging depart- hence earlier in time, than its more effi- ment was 437,000 volumes and card-sets per vear, at costs ranging from in excess of $15 for cient partner, and would be forced to re- the first 1,000, to $3.47 for the last. Plainly, the design its facilities in order to achieve system-which handles between 50,000 and economies at anticipated higher levels of 80,000 volumes per year-was, at that time, output. Then, for a time at least, this vastly over-designed, particularly because the slope of the cost curve began to change appre- less efficient library would be at an ad- ciably only beyond the 200,000 volume point. In ditional disadvantage as it operated on the event, however, of cooperative activitv be- other than the optimal point of the new tween large regional systems (for instance, cost curve.* It would only achieve its OCLC and NELINET), or between national svs- terns, large quantities are likely to be ordinarv rather than exceptional. Unless considerable * There is no empirical evidence that library techuological change occurs before such coop- production systems are designed according to erative groups are built, it will be financially the prc\criptions of auy optimality analysis. perilous to account or engineer on a straight- There is some small evideuce that the functions line basis. might accrue to itself, or to its potential uetitive forcest It is onlv in the absence partner(s), or to both; and proposes antl hf informatio; and uiderstanding of proceeds with the cooperative. There is, market-place forces that resort is had to however, an additional complicating fac- one or another means of formula financ- tor which must be considered. Differ- ing: the latter leads naturally, for many ences in efficiency are related to, if not purposes of statistical and other com- caused by, differences in library method- parisons, into unnecessary demands for ology. These, in turn, are used to ex- common means and bases of cost-ac- plain differences in cost-accounting prac- counting.1 tices employed to determine value of In the case of a Type A cooperative, output. Yet, unless cooperating institu- common methodology and cost account- tions account on a common basis, state- ing practices would at once reveal dis- ments of comparative value and advan- parities in the value of returns to mem- tage would appear to be meaningless." bers of the exchange; and, therefore, It is legitimate to ignore the difficulty. whether or not the proportionality con- Libraries are not in competition with each other for funds, but with sewerage and other departments of cities antl mu- + The defense that library service is free is, as is well known, patently false. Not only are nicipalities, or with academic and ad- there indirect charges to the user in the form ministrative departments of universities. of taxes; but there are direct charges in the Thus, their accounting and reporting cost and time of travel to make use of the fa- practices usually conform to local and cilities offered, and so forth. Often, additional institutional requirements. But more costs arc incurred when the user waits for another borrower to return a desired book. It fundamentally, the real value of library sccms not to be inherently impossible that the output is what the consumer would be cost of library service to thc user may not quite prepared to pay for it were he to attend oCtcn be much more than if he were reliably to his utilities, and recognize that librar- served by a comprehensive bookstore. This begins to bring into view-possibly, into perspec- ies function in a market-place. Further, tive-a number of murky questions, including the market-place is local, and offers more that of authors' lending-rights. The demand for competition in one place than in an- lending-rights may be as much a sign of failure o~her.Hence, the value of library out- by the trade to analyze properly and judiciously put would, from the user's side and promote the advantages of buying rather than borrorving books, as it is of damage to authors' therefore from that of the library, vary interrstq by the practices of libraries. In other from location to location. In a given words, the trade may merely be passing on costs place, libraries with identical inputs but it ought properly to assume. The trouble here, differing efficiencies would be quickly as rvery~vhcre,is that thew is so little evidence to hand, even of such matters of demand elas- recognized to achieve different returns; ticities, upon u.hich to base reliable judgments. the more efficient library giving the user more for his dollar than the less efficient, :Scc also footnotex, p.182. It may be to the and thus better withstanding other com- point to remember that it was because of the lnck ol measures of comparability of value of output between offices and projects of the Dept. of Defense, and because formula financing offered no solution to the difficulty of providing *This is analogous to the problem of com- equitably for needs as different as those of parability of financial statements, wrestled weapons systems procurement and military man- with by the accounting profession. The ac- power, that PPBS was introduced by Secretary counting problem remains largely unsolvctl- McSamara ~vhenhe entered the U.S. cabinet. hence. the numerous tests of various internal The history of the decline of the Peace Corps, ratios devised as part of accounting practice: as PPBS spread through government, should and hence, too, investor reliance on one or an- serve as warning to every librarian. This note other form of percentage return on input dol- should not, however, be read as advocatory of lars. Librarianship has, as yet, devised neither PPBS. That method is, at best, a means of allo- meaningful sets of ratios by which operations cating funds across departments. It is not, as it may be compared; nor, save in the case of cer- appears too often in present guise, either a sub- tain special libraries, measures of the compara- stitute for the market-place, or an alternative tive value of output. financing formula. 184 dition held. To the extent that libraries use, the lower the base. Typically, the are economically independent, local ac- cost to a member increases-directly as counting practices do precisely the same. its use of the facility-rising eventually, As mentioned above, however, the more it may be supposed, to a point at which efficient participant is always at an ad- it becomes advantageous to the member vantageous position. to remove itself from the cooperative There are a number of alternative and to develop its own facilities. benefit outcomes, involving both profit Such a model, however, subverts the and loss to the exchange members; and proportionality condition. There is a for purposes of illustration, the simplest cost to the participant of preparing in- case will be taken-that in which both put to the facility. A more efficient par- members profit. The question which ticipant will prepare the same volume arises is: In which direction should cash of input for less cost, other things being payments flow (whether in fact they are equal, than a less efficient participant; employed or not) to return the system to yet each will pay the same amount to the equilibrium condition? The answer have the quantity processed to output- is paradigmatic for all outcomes. At any that is to say, the value added by the time, the more efficient participant will facility is the same for each. Hence, the be on a more efficient cost curve than sum of input costs and processing costs its partner. Further, the advantage will is lower to the more than to the less effi- vary as output increases, so that the ra- cient participant, for equal value re- tio of benefits will range between a max- ceived. To formulate the matter alterna- imum, determined b; the difference tively: in the event of equal expendi- between the cost at the optimal produc- tures, the less efficient participant again tion point of the more efficient partici- receives less value than the more effi-

L,want. and the maximum cost to the less cient. efficient; and a minimum, at the point How is the proportionality condition at which the two cost curves approach to be maintained? Plainly, given a large most closely.*t number of participants in the service- In analysis of the Type D coopera- center cooperative, payments between tive, or service-center, the proportional- the members could quickly become too ity condition continues to be aisumed. It complicated to administer. More impor- is also to be assumed that the condition tantly, use of a set of transfers would holds for the facilitator; that is, if the fail to distinguish sufficiently between facilitator employs its own facilities, it this type and the Type B model, of then seeks to recover only those costs in- which such a set is one mark. curred, above its own contribution, by The solution lies in an adaptation of the other participants. marginal analysis to the schedule of Ordinarily, members of such coopera- charges determined by the facilitator. As tives are charged for proportion of use has been noted, increased use of a fa- above some base calculated by the facili- cility typically implies increased charges; tator according to its prevision of break- the facilitator, for purposes of analysis, even costs: the higher the total predicted making the assumption (or ignoring the alternative) that the participants expe- *The ratio would be 1:l at a crossing point, rience equal efficiencies. Marginalism 1)ut it is uulikely that, given perception of need suggests that the charge at a given level to redesign facilities, the more efficient library of output should be determined by sum- ~voultllet its costs rise to that point. ming a series of marginal costs up to t How much should be paid is not at issue that 1eveI.f Thus, the more efficient par- here; only the direction of paymcnt is of concern. It should be evident, though, that neither a simple change of input proportions nor a :In practice, the participant would prob- single-~aluecash payment per item is sufficient, ably be charged the sum of a series of means unless the coyt curves are parallcl straight lines approximating the margins. The difference is -which must bc a very rare occurrence. unlikely to be significant. ticipant which achieves a high volume portionality condition is considered; for of input to the facility would be chalgetl what it has to teach-and the point is at a lower avemge rate than a less effi- basic to the doubts expressed by the con- cient participant whose input costs wele trib~ltors to the Library Journal sym- the same, but whose volume was lower. posium-is that the best chance of form- It also suggests, however, that in order ing successful cooperatives is to link only to maintain the proportionality rondi- libraries of similar efficiencies, so that tion where prior cost accounting reveals those highly placed on the efficiency scale differences in efficiency, a more efficient will achieve high returns without risk of participant should be charged more than ~~nwarrantedfrictional costs; and so that a less efficient by the margin of efficiency less efficient libraries will be encouraged at given levels of input to the facility. to improve their processes in order to achieve the increasing direct returns on Comment the spent dollar which is expected of cooperative action. It may seem odd to the reader that this typology appears to "penalize" the more Acknowledgments rather than the less efficient user. This approach has been taken, however, be- I would like to express my thanks to Mr. cause there seems, on reflection, no rea- D. 4. Redmond, Chief Librarian at Queen's son to suppose that there is any culpa- University, whose close reading and careful bility associated with the notion of de- criticism of drafts of this article have im- grees of efficiency. In this respect, it measurably improved and clarified concepts, analysis, and final presentation. Errors, alas, will perhaps be argued that the typology remain entirely my own. does not reflect the real world; that many participants in cooperatives could increase their efficiencies were their vari- Receiued for review Nov 13, 1972. Man- ous processes better managed. That is uscript accepted for publication Feb 22, possibly beside the point, when the pro- 1973.

Michael P. Sinclair is library research officer, Douglas Library, Queen's Uni- versity, Kingston, Ontario. Computer-Based Bibliographic Retrieval Services The View from the Center

Margaret K. Park

Computer Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601

The Information Dissemination Cen- ests. Comparison shopping between cen: ter has emerged as a broker or retailer ters is advised as centers differ consid- for computer-based information retrieval erably in the services which are offered, services, interfacing with both the tape the data bases which are available, the suppliers and with users of the search experience of the information specialists services. Five areas which impact the who construct search profiles, pricing center's interface with these two com- structures which are used, and the prices munities are discussed: the nature of the which are charged. Implications of the data bases which are available for search; growing trend toward licensing and leas- retrieval results and factors which affect ing information resources, especially them; the timeliness of services; costs magnetic tape services, are discussed and prices; and practical operational briefly. considerations related to library inter-

DURING THE PAST five to six years pect of the service has led to the out- the Information Dissemination Center growth of dissemination services from has emerged as a broker or retailer for computer centers, especially in the aca- computer-based information retrieval demic environment where the requisite services. The interdisciplinary nature of computer hardware and staff resources their role is apparent in the variety of are more likely to be available than in sources from which they have evolved. the university library. Recognizing their relationship to tradi- Dissemination centers have also been tional reference services, some libraries established by the tape producers them- have extended their facilities and serv- selves, combining their expertise in both ices to include the magnetic tape media the subject content and the handling of and searches based on them. bibliographic information by computer Technical libraries in industrial or- technology. Leaders in this area were ganizations have generally taken the the Medlars and NASA centers in the lead in this approach since the profit mo- government sector, the ASCA and simi- tive is more likely to add budgetary lar services from the Institute of Scien- funds for innovative information re- tific Information in the commercial sec- sources than is academic instruction or tor, and society-based or discipline- research. The computer technology as- oriented organizations such as Biosci- APRIL1973 ences Information Service and the Amer- supplier-center-user continuum, five ican Psychological Association in the areas which impact the center's interface not-for-profit sector. At the present time with these two communities will be dis- there are approximately 30 centers in cussed. These are: 1) the nature of the this country that qualify for "Informa- data bases wllicll are available for search, tion Dissemination Center" status under 2) retrieval results and factors which af- the membership rules of the Association fect them, 3) the timeliness of services, of Scientific Information Dissemination 4) costs and prices, and 5) some practical Centers (ASIDIC); approximately a operational considerations related to li- dozen of these provide searches to the brary interests. public at large. There are some 15 centers in the European counterpart organ- Nature of the Data Bases ization, EUSIDIC. Information Centers, as retailers, find The introduction of machine-read- themselves in the center of the informa- able versions of the well-known and tion transfer process between the tape long-revered reference works in science suppliers and the end users. They often and technology, and to a lesser extent, process magnetic tapes from a number of the social sciences, has highlighted both tape producers in a wide range of disci- tlle strengths and deficiencies of the cor- plines, and the users they serve may be responding printed materials. Informa- located in industry, government agen- tion centers have become, willingly or cies, and academic institutions. Inter- unwillingly, the teclmical representa- faces with the tape producers include tives of the tape producers. They must the acquisition functions for procure- explain the subject and journal coverage ment and the serial cataloging functions of the various data bases ("Wlly didn't for inventory control. Royalty payments, I retrieve this document; it has chemi- sliding usage scales, restricted data rights, cal compounds in it"), the indexing vo- and the magnetic tape media all con- cabulary ("Why did you use this term? tribute to a complexity which is not I didn't suggest it."), the contents of the normally encountered in traditional li- data bases, and, unfortunately, the er- brary operations, however. rors in the data bases. Altl~ough the On the opposite side of the center's Georgia center handles over 16 different activities are the users of the searches, data bases from 8 different tape produc- consisting of both individual scientists ers, it often faces an identity crisis with and librarians. The interface with the users who are searching only one or two users is characterized most strongly at data bases. That is, it is looked upon as this point in time by its educational na- the representative of that particular data ture. Computer-based retrieval services base supplier-an extension of his tech- are still a relatively new information re- nical and marketing staff resources. It source, and just what portions of the in- is not a unique situation, of course, for formation transfer process can be han- a retailer of any product, and it is a two- dled adequately by this technique are edged sword. Your local automobile still being learned. Users vary by ex- dealer gets blamed for errors made at tremes from those who feel the computer the manufacturing plant, while the man- should be all-knowing and solve all ufacturer bears the brunt of mistakes problems with 100% accuracy to those made by untrained mechanics at the lo- who will never forget the incorrect com- cal agency. Aside from the Medlars cen- puter-produced bills their local depart- ters which provide-in fact, require-an ment store has sent them in the past. Be- extensive training program at NLM for tween these two extremes lies reality, of their search analysts, the tape suppliers course, tempered by the fact that the have generally not recognized that edu- computer itself can do only what it is cational resources must be made avail- instructed to do. able to the centers' staff if effective use To illustrate these aspects of the tape is to be made of their magnetic tape products. Centers, too, have a largely ments are relayed to the tape producers, unmet responsibility to provide educa- usually to be met with the very real, but tional resources for their own users. nevertheless unsatisfying, refuge in pro- Training in indexing terminology is duction problems and their associated another area which needs to be sup- costs. ported more extensively by tape pro- The situation with respect to errors ducers than is presently done. Profile in data bases has improved significantly construction is essentially the same proc- over the past two or three years as com- ess as document indexing. The vocabu- puter-based publishing technology has lary of the document or the question, as advanced. Devices such as check charac- appropriate, is being translated to the ters on abstract numbers, the Standard conventions of the data base. Tape pro- Serial Number, and the International ducers, who invest several man-years in Standard Book Number, are providing training staff for document indexing and greatly improved reliability. The dis- then omit all training for the profile cussions which are underway in several construction process, are looking at only national and international organizations half the problem and, indirectly, wast- for defining consistent methods of han- ing a large portion of their investment dling bibliographic data should also in construction of the data base. The lead to still more improvement. This Georgia center has subscribed to or leaves only the educational area which evaluated an unexpectedly large number is virtually unexplored, yet it appears to of tape services which included classifi- be one in which tape producers and cen- cation codes or indexing codes for which ters alike could make great strides with no corresponding authority list was read- a relatively minor investment. ily available. The codes are meaningless, of course, without the corresponding as- Retrieval Results signments. Yet only by annoying per- sistence have these lists been obtained The number of factors which affect and many are available only in machine- search results is relatively large, and in- readable form. For those centers which cludes such things as the subject cover- choose to have the users prepare their age and vocabulary of the data bases, the own questions, or search profiles, these proficiency of the center in handling types of indexing resources are essen- both the questions and the data bases, tially unavailable, especially where they the clarity with which the question is are considered proprietary or copy- stated by the user, and the accuracy with righted information by the tape pro- which computer search programs per- ducer. form their expected functions. Assuming The identity crisis carries over to the that factors such as the data base con- problem of errors in the data. especially tent and question formulation (which keyboarding errors which affect the are beyond the control of the center) are search results or appear in the printed constant, the question can logically be bibliography. Invalid Codens, unidenti- raiqed as to whether or not there are fiable journal titles, incorrect biblio- significant differences between centers. graphic citations, and rampant key- The users' viewpoint might be more punching or computer-induced errors in pertinent, but the question can also be abstracts are all deposited at the door- addressed from the viewpoint of the step of the center, usually with a wail center. of "wliy don't you do something about Since the Georgia center is one of the them." These types of errors are, of few which offers retrospective searches in course, 1)eyond the control of' the infor- addition to SDI searches, it receives from mation tlia~emination center, and the otliei dissemination centers a fairly large user proba1)ly does not expect action numbel of questions which have already from the center as much as he expects a been coded into profiles. The Georgia sympatlletic ear. Most of these com- f,~cilityalso operates an information dissemination network whereby other cen- late deliveries on a day by day basis. In ters can enter their profiles directly into most libraries it is only when an issue is the Georgia computer files, with search re- completely missed that an inquiry is sults returned to their own printers by made and then only after the succeeding telecommunications lacilities. The pro- i5sue has triggered the request. files submitted from these external Tlie same has not been true of the sources differ widely in terms of both ac- machine-readable serials. Delayed tle- curacy and completeness. A few of the livery of even one day causes telephone inconsistencies can be attributed to un- inquiries to start coming in, asking familiarity with the particular search "where are the search results?" system, but the majorjty of the incon- The three possible points of delay are sistencies reflect varying levels of knowl- the tape producer, the center, and the edge of the data bases and of good pro- delivery system-the latter either be- file construction techniques. The same tween the producer and the center or be- variation can also occur within a single tween the center and the user. Produc- center, however, where experience in tion problems associated with either the profile coding and familiarity with dif- manual or computer portions of the ferent data bases or the subject matter tape 5uppliers' systems are responsible they cover differs among information for most of the delays at the point of specialists. origin. These delays most frequently oc- Comparison shopping among estab- cur at changeover times, such as con- lished centers is highly desirable, but version from one tape format to another, comparative evaluations such as those introduction of new indexing vocabu- reported in the symposium on Evalua- lary, change in volume number, or in- tion of Existing Chemical Information troduction of new computer equipment. Services at a recent American Chemical Delays incurred by the dissemination Society meeting can be very misleading. center can also be attributed to com- Most, if not all, of the papers in this puter hardware problems, but most are symposium reported performance judg- caused by receipt of altered or inoper- ments based on uncontrolled studies and able data base tapes from the tape sup- without quantitative differentiation of pliers. Past experience with tape prob- those factors which were center-specific lems has been an exercise in puzzle as opposed to those controlled by ex- solving since tapes have been blank, ternal sources (e.g., the tape suppli& or been incomplete, been the incorrect den- the user). As an example, one speaker sity, been the completely wrong data reported precision and recall values for base, had invalid control data such as a number of centers, then went on to record lengths, or, the most frequent say that significantly different search problem, had altered tape format or strategies had been used for the test &ta content. Most of these types of er- question. Scientific experimental meth- rors cause the computer runs to termi- ods should be applied to these compara- nate abnormallv,,. and it is then left to tive studies, just as they are (or should the center's sleuthing ability to uncover be) to other information research prob- the reason for failure. lems. Some problems can be corrected or compensated by the center, but most require replacement of the data base Timeliness tape by the producer, which can cause The computer-based SDI services have delays ranging from days to weeks. The introduced at least one interface prob- last cause of delav mentioned earlier is lem which the Georgia center's staff did the delivery system-in most cases, the not foresee, and that is the timeliness U.S. mail. Suffice it to say that numerous with which the computer-based searches delays can and do occur in this area; for are expected. For printed serials it has example, mail has been routed to Ath- seldom been possible to keep up with ens, Georgia by way of Athens, Greece. Surface mail to Europe and Japan can from the "center," several operational also be a problem for packages too heavy considerations which may have a con- to go by air parcel post. Whenever sig- siderable impact on libraries in the fu- nificant delays are encountered, the com- ture are explored. The central issue is mercial and governmental agency users the matter of data rights in the informa- are usually advised, but it is econom- tion being searched and disseminated, ically unfeasible to do so for the 2,500 which has wide-reaching implications in or more users at the participating aca- terms of copyright provisions. demic institutions. In the early 1960s, the machine-readable data bases were generally sold on a subscription basis, much like the corre- Costs and Prices sponding printed publication, except In discussing costs and prices, costs that use was restricted to the purchasing will refer to the funds required to op- organization. In the late 60s, however, erate a center, and prices will refer to the matter of data rights in the machine- the charges levied for the services. The readable materials became a major con- costs of operating a center will vary cern to tape producers, and there was a somewhat, depending on the extent of shift to license or leasing arrangements the services offered. Some centers expect in which the data rights were retained users to prepare their own profiles, while by the producer. Thus, annual payments others are staffed to handle this func- in the thousands of dollars per data base tion. Some centers have a fairly exten- were, and still are, simply "right to use" sive marketing effort, while others have fees, with all rights in the data reverting none. Search results range from lists of to the tape producer upon cancellation bibliographic citations to manually of the order for the service. In addition, screened search results, including copies many of the tape producers lifted the of abstracts. restrictions on in-house use, but imposed These differences between centers af- royalty charges based on the volume of fect the costs, and ultimately the prices usage over and above their initial lease they charge. There are also considerable or license fee. Unfortunately, the unit of differences in the pricing schedules used measure used for assessing royalties var- by centers, depending on their profit or ies among the data base suppliers, with not-for-profit status, the operational costs the result that some charge by the num- incurred, and the size of the user base ber of hits (answers), others, by the num- over which they can amortize their fixed ber of profiles, and still others, a per- costs. Some centers require a sign-up or centage of income. The result is an subscription fee; others require partici- unmanageable and unnecessary book- pation for a fixed period of time; many keeping burden on centers that handle charge only for searches processed. Prices a number of data bases. This condition may vary by the number of profiles, the may be forewarning of what may hap- number of answers, the number of pen in the library community if royal- changes to the profiles, and the size of ties or similar usage fees are assessed for the data base being searched. Subscrip- hard copies as an outgrowth of the Wil- tion discounts for large volume use are liams and Wilkins decision. offered by at least one center. These vari- The trend toward licensed or leased ations reflect the competitive nature of information resources also implies a the centers and emphasize the advisabil- trend away from the traditional archival ity of comparison shopping in order to functions of the library and a trend to- evaluate services and prices. ward the clearinghouse function. Rental of information resources is being used Operational Considerations not only with the machine-readable data bases, but also with microforms, rental As the last area regarding the view of libraries, audiovisual materials, and computer-based bibliographic services computer software. More and more authors are beginning to refer to the coming decades as the "Information Age," and it is provocative to imagine what changes may occur in the structure of the information transfer process and the organizations which administer those functions. For example, will the Information Dissemination Cen- ter survive as a recognizable entity from Received for review Jul 20, 1972. Manu- what may be a revolution rather than script accepted for publication Dec 27, an evolution? The answer may well be 1972. Presented Jun 6, 1972, at a joint "no" as the functions they perform are meeting of the Documentation and En- assumed by other operational entities in gineering Divisions, during SLA's 63rd the information transfer scheme. Annual Conference in Boston. Automated Cataloging and Reclassification by ATS

Simon P. J. Chen Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101

A collection of 250,000 volumes was ATS system. Reclassification can be im- converted from Dewey to LC by the on- provised as a subsidiary when automated line Administrative Terminal System cataloging is applied. The machine (ATS) within seven months at Western readable cataloging data created by the Kentucky University Library. In turn, new cataloging and reclassification serve new catalog cards, Hollerith book cards, as the information retrieval of the on- pockets, labels, bibliographies, and cata- line and real-time query and circulation logs were produced by the automated devices.

IN THE SPRING of 1970, the author puter. When off-line it can serve as an recommended that the library collection &dinary electric typewriter. This sig- be converted from Dewey Decimal into nificant feature of the time-sharing on- Library of Congress (LC) classification. line system demonstrates the ease with In May of that same year, the adoption which. documents can be converted into of LC and the reclassification of the ret- machine-readable form at a typewriter rospective Dewey collection of over terminal for further computer process- 250,000 volumes were approved by the ing. Documents are entered by -keying administration of Western Kentucky the cataloging data in a normal typing University (I). Among various methods fashion at the terminal. Stored docu- and implementations, another auto- ments mav be automaticallv retrieved mated reclassification system with key- for deleting, correcting, and inserting punch and batch processing by IBM/ words, a sentence or paragraphs. The 1401 at Auburn Community College, speed at the typewriter terminal of the New York (2) was studied; however, the automatic feedback is 150 words per on-line "Administrative Terminal Sys- minute. This system was reported earlier tem" (ATSl360) was found to be the by Gerald J. Lazorick as used for shelf most feasible and up-to-date innovation list conversion at SUNY Buffalo (4), and for reclassification and cataloging (3). recently a similar device was used by Our ATS is a typewriter terminally Ellen Wasby Miller and B. J. Hodges in connected by standard telephone line to Shawnee Mission's operation (5). the campus IBM 360140 computer. The terminal (IBM 2741) is also a pro- Implementation grammed IBM selectric typewriter with an extra key "ATTN" (attention) to In early spring of 1971, ten ATS ter- give commands by the typist to the com- minals (IBM 2741) were installed in the Cataloging Department. Seven of the imp Imprint (except date). ten ATS operators were drawn from the dat Date. trained clericals within the Department. col Collation. A pilot project for the on-line catalog- ser Series note. ing data processing was completed in not Note. March 1971. The 13,000 titles classified sub Subject tracing. in LC (Library of Congress) since the add Added entry tracing. library started the conversion from set Series tracing. Dewey a year ago were used in the lcc Library of Congress call pilot project. Printed LC shelf list cards number. with complete cataloging information num LC card number. were used as masters to key in by the sbn Standard (or International ATS operators. Later these books also Standard) book number. served as pilots for applying computer- printed book cards, pockets and labels. C. Cross Reference Tags. The tags which are used for coding 1. See reference. catalog cards consist of three letters. Let- scs For subject catalog only. ters are used instead of digits because the sca For author-title catalog only. former are easier to identify and simple scb For both subject and author- to remember (6). title catalogs. A. Control and Information Tags. 2. See also reference. sas For subject catalog only. acc Number of copies, volumes, saa For author-title catalog only. etc. sab For both subject and author- nls Number of label sets title catalogs. needed. xer Original cards are to be 3. Body of see or see also reference. Xeroxed. fro From part of cross reference. inc Call number is incomplete too To part of cross reference. for label sets. On March 2, "Project Reclass" was Diacriticals present on cata- dia officially launched. The ATS operators log cards. keyed into on-line discs storing cata- Number of card sets needed. cds loging data from the main entry card B. Coding Catalog Card Tags. of the Dewey books. Due to limited and incomplete cataloging on Dewey srl Serial. obr Old branch of the library. shelf list cards, main entry cards were nbr New branch of the library. used as masters instead of shelf list cards. 010 Old location of the collec- Proof sheets (Figure 1) were printed tion. daily by the IBM 360140 computer and nlo New location of the collection. dew Dewey call number. Figure 1. Proof Sheet non Non-LC or non-Dewey call number. men Main entry name. 001 Sd.. 002 Sn. met Main entry title 001 Itlt uni Uniform (or conventional) 001 sea. title. 005 Sim~ tit Title statement. 006 Id.t rom Romanized (or transliter- 007 Seol ated) title. 001 I..b 009 s.aa aut Author statement. 010 I... eds Edition statement. 011 ¶kc 194 1403 printer. Seven catalogers devoted When the ATS operators keyed in the full time to proofread them. When they main entry into the computer, they were were running behind, 15 librarians from instructed to key in LC printed cards public services and acquisitions spent with LC call numbers. Concurrently the two hours weekly to relieve the over- home-spun cards were copied by Xerox worked catalogers. 914 immediately before re-filing. Xe- In the beginning of the summer, four roxed cards were searched by student as- more ATS terminals were added and 18 sistants through the LC Catalog and Na- operators employed to make two shifts. tional Union Catalog. After this search The new operators consisted largely of there were 8,000 cards considered "non- students majoring in office education listed" by the student searchers. Even- with high typing speed. Eight full-time tually they will be handled by the cata- proofreaders were also employed. They logers for original cataloging. From May were faculty members not teaching sum- 17 to August 13, there were 70 workers mer school, graduate students, recent employed in the Cataloging Department. college graduates, library science stu- Among them there were 25 full-time students, and school teachers. All of them dent assistants who were able to partici- were employed on a temporary basis and pate and to work in the project due to would be terminated in the middle of the summer work-study program. A total August. of 2,800 man-hours were utilized.

Figure 2. Computer-Produced Labels, Pocket, and Book Card

LIBRARY BOOK CAED

PLEASE KEEP THIS C..RD IN POCKET

ION-CIRCULATING Burinqton, Richard ref Stevens, 1901- QA 27 3 -8925 Handbook of probability 1970 and statistics with tables

UNMRSPrY LIBRARY WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY BOWUNQ GREEN. KENTUCKYfZYh8 On August 16, the Hollerith punched LC served as the pilots. By the end of book cards, pockets, and labels (Figure October, nearly 250,000 books were re- 2) which were printed by the IBM 1403 processed. Printer were ready. Three assembly lines In 1972, 1,000 hours of computer time with five workers each were formed. At will be projected to print tlie divided the head of each line was a trained cata- cartl catalog which contains 2 million loging assistant who was responsible for cards (Figure 3). In the reclass project matching the book with pocket, label, one cataloger also cataloged 4,000 books and book card. During the peak of the of newly acquired materials. A classified re-labeling, 6,000 books were reproc- list called Libml.y Leaves: Ct~wentAc- essed a day. Again the 13,000 titles quisitions (Figure 1) arranged by LC call wliicli already had been classified in number is being published a$ a by- product of the automated processing. It is distributed within the university com- muni ty. Figure 3. Computer-Printed Catalog Cards At the end of October 1971, IBM 1030 U17177. .- Ed Center Carpenter, Perry Lmherst, 1581- Data Collection Systems were installed OA EDGERTON EDWARD IRA 1877-7947. at four circulation stations of Helm antl 152 ~undamentalsof'alqebra, coarse 1: .E255 teacher's manual. Hvron R White 1971 ;;;;;i?qJ)$lf:hor. Boston. ~ilvnani Cravens Libraries and one station at tlie nanual 43, xi. 404 2. illus. Science Library. The IBM 1030 is com- Published 1929-1957 under title: posed of IBM 1031 Inputer and IBM Elementarv alqebra. 1033 printer. A punched plastic ID card with social security n~imberand owner's picture on it will serve as a borrower's

000181 cartl. In addition an IRM 2848 Display A-T (SAHPLB) Control System was installed in the Tecllnical Processing area. Four cathode ray tulles (IBM 2260 Display station) will be attached to the IBM 28-18. Tlie 409628 BURR CONSPIRACY, 1805-1807. complete library collection of 450,000

E SAFPORD, WTLLIAM HARRISON 1821-1903. items will be available to tlie reader by 334 The life of Rarman ~iennerhassett. .B64 comprisinq an authentic narrative of' author, title, date and physical count of 1972 the aurr.expeditron and containing many.a?dltional facts not heretofore the item connected on-line to tlie com- pubrlsned. Freeport tl;j2;.. Books for libraries Press 239 P. front. puter stored on discs. Readers antl li- Reprint of the 1850 ed. brary personnel can query the computer 1. Blennerhassett Harman 1764 through IBM 2260 for status of a book 1831 2. Burr conspi;acy, 1865-1807. I. Title. 1 on-line and real-time tlii.ougl1 the com- oooo~~-039~76 bined systems of IBM 1030 and IBM ISBN 0-8369-9921-5 0 sua ISANPLE~ -I 28.18.

Figure 4. Library Leaves: Current Acquisitions CALL In88BR IISTIIGS---LIBRRIT COIGEFSS TITLES

IOTAOQ TTTLe IDS OAT8 DOCOIIUT RCC nlT Rssociates. nor to use the libcary: teach 1966. PI1 As50ciates. HOW to use the librarl: proqr 1966. ?%I ~ssociates. HOW to ,use the library: exhib 1966. ~merican~ibrncv ~ssociat Goidelinps for audiorisoal mat 1970. ~ibraries5 the arts; a symposium of papers and discuasia 1970 ~onoacativnand international librarianship: essays on th 1970 Gates, J-an la,. Intcodnction to librarianship. 1968 olle. .lames Gordon Rerber Libcsry history, 26 1'171 ~obinski,~eorqe sylvan. Carnegie libraries; their hist 1969. ~affel,Jeffrel a s~stematicanalrsis of onivrrs 1969 Jordan, n1.a Thpodora, 19 The development of lihrarf eer 1973. . . 2 753 Streetw. Rornett Aillman The chained library: a sorlel 1970 . . Z 791 Ferqoson, John, 1919- Libraries in Prance 1971 . . Z 797 Lemke. bntje 8 Biblioqrapb, of the bo.anitier eel 1970. . . z 1001 Saraceric. Tefko. Introduction to information rc 1970. . . z 1001 Besteraan, Theodore, 1901 b rorld bibliagcaphy of biblio 4th 1965-66 . ref Z 1002 Carlseo. G Bobert, Boots and the teen-aqe reader; 1967 Ed . Z 1003 Pncyclopedia of librarl and information science. 1968- . ref Z 1006 6oide to .icrofor.s in print. 1961- Sci ref z 1033 Pnblic Library RsSOCiatio Books for public libraries: se 1970. . . 1 1035 Ladle,. winitred C sources of 900d books and maga Re. 1970. . . z ton Child Study RSSOCiation o Children's Looks af the fear, 1970 . . Z 1037 Conclusion for her encouragement. Finally and particularly to the author's colleague at Western The utilization of ATS terminals is a Kentucky University, System Analyst Patty leap forward for cataloging personnel. Custead, he wants to extend his sincere \ITllenever permanent cataloging data thanks for compiling the manual and for per- are stored tllrougll the automated proc- severance in conducting the reclassification. esses utilizing ATS terminals as input, pockets, labels, cards, bibliographies and Literature Cited book and card catalogs are available as 1. Wassom, Earl E. / Project Reclass: DC to output. At present, the ATS seems to be LC with ATS. Kentucky Library Associa- the best automation device available for tion Bulletin 35 (no.4): 27 (Oct 1971) library cataloging. 2. Hilbert, Eloise F. / Library Mechaniza- Libraries converting 250.000 books tion at Auburn Community College. Jour- with the manual system cannot foresee nal of Library Automation 3 (no.1): 12 completion in five years, but on-line (Mar 1970) ATS can actually accomplish reprocess- 3. Freeman, Donald E. / Administrative Ter- ing within seven months. The time saved minal System for IBM System 360. ZEEE is a real blessing to librarians and their Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech, EWS-11 (no.3): 5 (Dec 1968) users. With this automated cataloging 4. Lazorick, Gerald J. / Computer/Com- system, reclassification is merely one of munications System at SUNY Buffalo. its by-products. Furthermore, this auto- EDUCOM: 2 (Feb 1969) mated cataloging system makes on-line 5. Miller, Ellen Wasby and Hodges, B. J. / and real-ti~necirculation systems come Shawnee Mission's On-Line Cataloging true. System. Journal of Library Automation 4 (no.]): 14 (Mar 1971) Acknowledgment 6. Custead, Patricia W. / Project Reclass Manual. Bowling Green, Kentucky, West- The author wishes to thank Jean Stad- ern Kentucky University Library, 1971, linger of the State University of New York p.5-7. at Buffalo for her generosity in letting us share the operation manual of her auto- Receiued for review Feb 4, 1972. Re- mated system. Gratitude is also expressed to vised manuscript accepted for publica- Henriette Avram of the Library of Congress tion Jan 30,1973.

Simon P. J. Chen is head cataloging librarian, Western Kentucky University Library, Bowling Green, Kentucky. Overseas Report

Recent Activities of the Special Libraries Association, Japan -On the Occasion of Its 20th Anniversary-

Rokuzo Kato National Diet Library, Tokyo

THESPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, helping them fulfill their tasks in a more Japan, or Senmon Toshokan Kyogikai efficient way was keenly felt by the per- (abbreviated Sen-To-Kyo), the sole na- sons concerned. To meet these changing tional organization of special libraries in requirements, Sen-To-Kyo was estab- Japan, celebrated the 20th anniversary lished in March 1952. of its establishment in autumn 1972, and The Association has made a steady several commemorative events including progress since then with the total coop- a congratulatory ceremony, a general eration of the National Diet Library, workshop and lecture meetings were and with the constant efforts of non- held in Tokyo, Osaka and Fukuoka from governmental research organizations, re- October 26 through November 21, 1972. search sections of private enterprises, li- The story of the development of spe- braries of prefectural assemblies and cial libraries in Japan does not go fur- libraries of central government agencies. ther back than the end of the last cen- At present, the Association has seven tury, 1899, when a Research Section was district councils in the seven districts into organized in the Inspection Bureau of which the country is divided and all of the Bank of Japan. Years later, the East them are actively engaged in their re- Asian Economic Research Department spective activities. The member institu- was established in the South Manchu- tions and libraries numbered 513 at the rian Railway Co. in 1908. When the end of October 1972. Federation of National Research Or- ganizations was formed in 1919, as many Objectives as fifty-three research organizations joined it. As a whole, however, special The objectives of Sen-To-Kyo may be libraries in pre-war Japan had not al- summarized as follows: 1) Promoting co- ways achieved sufficient mutual coopera- operation among member institutions in tion and collaboration, both of which acquisition, maintenance and use of re- are essential for the performance of li- search materials; 2) helping the develop- brary activities. ment of special libraries by providing After World War 11, research activity bibliographical information about mate- of governmental and non-governmental rials indispensable for them, and giving organizations has grown increasingly ac- guidance in their administration and tive, and special libraries of these organ- management; 3) holding study seminars izations have achieved further specializa- and lecture meetings to improve the tion, so that the necessity of enhancing knowledge and technique of staff mem- mutual cooperation among them and bers working in special libraries; 4) maintaining closer cooperation with re- vened at any time when necessity arises lated organizations at home and abroad, to deliberate on important matters of the through exchange of information and Association. personnel, and by other means. As mentioned above, each district council operates according to its own by- Organization laws. One special feature of the district The Association is composed of the councils is that they organized special- Board of Directors, the Board of Secre- ized study groups on local autonomy, taries and various Committees, and economy, labor, science and technology, seven district councils; i.e. the whole marketing, etc. country is divided geographically into The member libraries of the Associa- seven districts, in each of which has been tion include the National Diet Library, established a district council. Each coun- in which the Secretariat in charge of cil is independent of the others and op- general and financial affairs of the As- erates under its own bylaws. One library, sociation is located, its thirty branch charged with secretarial work for each libraries in the central government agen- district council, acts as a district center cies, libraries of prefectural assemblies, for research materials, and to this center research libraries of various private en- official publications and research mate- terprises and organizations, research in- rials emanating from member institu- stitutions including those of the Federa- tions and libraries are sent as compre- tion of Economic Organizations, Cham- hensively as possible for the use of ber of Commerce and Industry, and member libraries in that district. The those in the fields of industries, finance, total of such materials that have been trade, transportation, culture, and infor- sent to the seven centers to date amounts mation media. to 820,000 volumes. The National Diet Library plays a The numbers of member institutions major role in the management of the in the respective districts are as follows: Association with its ample experience in the operation of the national central Kanto district 261 ...... library of Japan and its large and wide Kansai district 96 ...... range of library resources. Chubu district 40 ...... The Secretariat of the Association and Kyushu district 46 ...... secretarial offices of district councils are Hokkaido district ...... 32 as follows: Tohoku district ...... 13 Chugoku district ...... 25 The Secretariat of the Special Librar- Total ...... 513 ies Association: National Diet Library, Tokyo The Association is presided over by the President, under whom are a num- Secretarial Offices: ber of Vice-presidents, the Chairman of Kanto District Council: Tokyo the Board of Directors, several Directors, Chamber of Commerce and In- three Auditors and several Secretaries, dustry, Tokyo and the Secretariat. Several standing Kansai District Council Osaka committees and special committees are Chamber of Commerce and In- organized in the Association. The Presi- dustry, Osaka dent currently is Mr. Shigeo Nagano, Chubu District Council: Nagoya President of the Tokyo Chamber of Chamber of Commerce and In- Commerce and Industry. The General dustry, Nagoya Meeting and the Board of Directors are Kyushu District Council: Kyushu the organs for the management of the '~conomic Research ~ssociation. Association. The former is held once a Fukuoka year, at the beginning of each fiscal year, Hokkaido District Council: Hok- to determine the budget and working kaido Industrial Research Asso- plans. The Board of Directors is con- ciation, Sapporo APRIL 1975 Tohoku District Council: Tohoku 4. Reference services: The district Economic Research Association, centers provide reference and informa- Sendai tion services to their member libraries at Chugoku District Council: Chugoku their requests. Full assistance is given District General Research Associ- them in this regard by the National Diet ation, Hiroshima Library and the Association's nationwide cooperative system. General Activities 5. ~ctkitiesof committees and working groups: Several standing and special 1. District centers for research materials: District centers for research mate- committees including those on planning, rials collect publications of local govern- publications, the Association's official ments and member institutions as well magazine, copyright, local assembly li- as publications of the central govern- brary, information management, etc. are ment. The latter are sent to them twice organized in the Association and func- each month by the Secretariat of the As- tion as the brain of organization of the sociation and made available to mem- Association. The Catalog of Basic Books bers of the Association. During FY 1971 Recommended for Prefectural Assembly the Secretariat sent a total of 42,626 Libraries published recently is a good items to the district centers. example of the outcome of several years 2. Exhibition of Japanese government of study and discussion by members of publications: The Association organizes the committee on Local 'Assembly Li- every year an exhibition of Japanese gov- braries. ernment publications, chiefly displaying 6. General workshop and lecture those issued during the preceding year. meetings: For the purpose of encourag- It is circulated to district centers in order ing studies and improving the qualities to make known to member libraries the of individual members working in mem- publications of local and central govern- ber libraries of the Association, the Gen- ments and public corporations so that eral Workshop is regularly organized these might be better used for their re- each year, in May or June, at the time search activities. In the exhibition of of the General Meeting, which is held 1971, nearly 2,000 items were displayed in one of the cities where district coun- successfully. .The catalog of the exhibi- cils are located. Subiects for discussion in tion has been published each year. the workshop are both general and spe- 3. Mutual loan of materials: Mutual cialized on the operation and manage- loan of materials is one of the most im- ment of special libraries, and problems %portant activities of the Association. produced by local study groups on such This is conducted through the district specialized subjects as local autonomy, centers, among member libraries in the economy, labor, science and technology. respective districts as well as between the At the same time, lectures by eminent district and the Association's Secretariat scholars may also be given. in the National Diet Librarv. Materials 7. Cooperation with related ol-ganiza- not locally available may be borrowed tions at home and ab~oad:A close coop- from other district centers, from the Na- eration has been kept between the As- tional Diet Library and from its branch sociation and the Committee on Special libraries via the district centers and the Libraries of the Japan Library Associa- Association's Secretariat according to the tion, a nationwide organization of li- special arrangement for loan between braries in Japan. It would also be the National Diet Library and the As- worthy of mention that Sen-To-Kyo sociation. In FY 1971, loans were made gives every possible assistance to the of about 600 volumes from the National study seminars held by the Japan Docu- Diet Librarv to the Association's mem- mentation Societv. The Association has ber libraries. Mutual loans among mem- also maintained friendly relations with ber libraries are increasing year by year. the Special Libraries Association and Aslib in the U.K., and occasionally sup- Activities of Local Organizations ports librarians' travel abroad for inspec- The above-mentioned activities of the tion tours or for participation in related Association are in fact the activities of international conferences and for stud- each member institution accomplished ies of the current state of special librar- through the best use of the facilities of ies in other countries. the Association. Thus, each member in- 8. Financial aflairs: The fiscal year stitution contributes its part to the total for the Association begins on April 1 activities of special libraries in Japan. and ends on March 31 of the next year. By participating in these activities, the The revenue of the district councils is member institutions realize that there composed of the fees received from mem- are unlimited possibilities for materials ber institutions, contributions and other control and the use of information miscellaneous income. The annual mem- which might be developed and accom- bership fee varies with district councils plished through cooperation with other from Y10,000 to Y30,OOO. Each district member institutions. council contributes a certain sum out of 1. Activities of specialized study its revenue in proportion to the number groups: Local organizations of the As- of member institutions to the central sociation are suitable footholds for uti- fund held by the Secretariat of the As- lizing the facilities for such interlibrary sociation. cooperation. District councils and their 9. Main publications: centers for research materials serve as Bulletin of Special Libraries Associa- parent bodies for the cooperative activi- tion (Senmon Toshokan), a quarterly, ties of special libraries in Japan. During was started in January 1960. It contains the past several years, district councils information about the activities of the have organized various kinds of special- Secretariat of the Association, district ized study groups on such subjects as councils, member libraries and special- local autonomy, economy, labor, science ized study groups, as well as articles on and technology, marketing, etc. accord- the professional studies by the staff of ing to the interests, scope and specialized member libraries and news about special fields of their members. libraries abroad. 2. Seminars and study courses for the Directory of Special Libraries, Japan handling of research materials: In order was first published in 1956 and revised to enhance the knowledge and technique in 1969. It covers research libraries in of processing of research materials in the Japan, with brief descriptions of the member research libraries and to solve outline, material holdings, publications, various problems in the operation of re- public use of each library, etc. A third search libraries, special seminars and revised and enlarged 1972 edition in courses on library management and tech- both Japanese and English versions will niques of librarians in charge of research be published soon. materials have been organized by dis- As a project to commemorate the 20th trict councils. Seminars for economic Anniversary of the establishment of documentation (Kanto district), special the Association, the following have library management courses (Kansai dis- been published this year (all in Japa- trict), seminar for staff members of spe- nese). They are: 1) The Role of Special cial libraries (Kanto district) and a semi- Libraries; 2) Special Libraries and the nar for basic knowledge of reference Copyright System; 3) Catalog of Basic services in research libraries, etc. are Books Recommended for Prefectural As- some examples of the activities of the sembly Libraries; 4) Fact-Finding Study local organizations. of Special Libraries in Japan; 5) Bibli- ography on the Study of Use of Special 20th Anniversary of Sen-To-Kyo Libraries (foreign language resources); 6) Twenty Years' Activities of the Special The year 1972 was the 20th anniver- Libraries Association, Japan. sary of the establishmeht of Sen-To-Kyo, or Special Libraries Association, Japan, of "Systematization of Information and several commemorative events were Flow." At the committee meetings on held i@ Tokyo and Osaka. On October the first day and at the meetings of insti- 26, the congratulatory ceremony was tutional sections on the second day, heId in the International Conference more than twenty reports were pre- Room of the Keidanren Building in sented. A panel discussion on "the foun- Tokyo. Thirty-one persons and two or- dation and future prospects of special li- ganizations- won official commendation braries" concluded the two-day work- for their many years of meritorious serv- \hop. ices to special library activities and to For the future development of the As- tlle Association. sociation, a strong campaign to invite On this occasion, Dr. F. E. McKenna, new members has been carried out since Executive Director of tlle Special Librar- April 1972. Brochures describing the As- ies Association, was invit&l under the sociation have been prepared and dis- visiting professorship program of the tributed widely through the district Japan Society for the Promotion of Sci- co~~ncilsto obtain new members. ence and gave a series of lectures on special library and information services in Received fol- reviezo Dec 6, 1972. Manu- Tokyo, Osaka and Fukuoka. Several so- script accepted for publication Feb 20, cial meetings and bull sessions with Dr. 1973. McKenna proved very effective for the mutual understanding of persons in special library circles in Japan and the U.S. Rokuzo Kato is managing director, On October 27 and 28, the General Special Libraries Association, Japan and Workshop was held at Nihon Toshi Cen- director, Division for Interlibrary Services, ter Hall (Tokyo) with tlle general theme National Diet Library. This Works For Us

Teaching Bibliographic Reference in a Reports Collection

Barbara A. Rice

Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, New York 12301

Bibliographic reference is here de- was taught to a non-professional staff fined as identification of a document by member to service an uncataloged col- any combination of report number, ac- lection of AEC, NASA, and DOD scien- cession number, contract number, per- tific and technical reports. The main sonal author, and/or corporate author bibliographic structure is outlined for with subject. Bibliographic reference 1945 to date.

THISPAPER is based on the author's NASA-CR, PB, NP, etc. Thus the cata- experience as document librarian in a log is a report number list only. Micro- collection of scientific and technical re- fiche are simply filed by the number on search and development reports, as- the header and no cross reference num- sorted government documents, and in- bers are listed. If there is no number at ternal informal documents. It should all on the report it is assigned a cor- be applicable to AEC, NASA, and DOD porate author accession number accord- contractor and depository libraries. ing to the issue date, e.g. Argonne Na- At present the 25-year-old collection tional Laboratory 70-2. consists of some 200,000 documents with Therefore, continuous use is made of bibliographic records for at least twice AEC, NASA, and DOD book catalogs to as many. It is serviced by a staff of four determine whether we do indeed have -the document librarian, a circulation clerk, a cataloginglfiling clerk and a ref- any requested document if the requestor erence assistant. It is a closed shelf op- does not happen to have our file num- eration for all documents due to the ber or has no report number. All such varying limitations on them, i.e. classifi- requests are submitted to the assistant cation, AEC category, company privi- reference librarian who is a high school leged, DOD limited, etc. One master graduate and has currently worked in record card with complete bibliographic the library for 3 years. She had no prior identification is made for each hard library experience. The training de- copy title received and is filed, as are the scribed herein extended over a 2-year pe- reports, by the originator's report num- riod and at present the assistant handles ber. Cross reference cards are made for all but the most difficult bibliographic any additional numbers a report has requests. She averages 10 look-ups/day when it arrives in our collection, e.g. AD, in addition to her other duties. The Training member tries to get an approximate idea, e.g. being written 6 months ago, In training such a person one should 5 to 10 years ago, etc. ideally start with a graduate of a li- The preceding applies to all staff brary trainee program or someone with members whether they are to be trained previous library experience. (Such a per- as a reference assistant or not. Then the son has never been available to us at the specific reference training begins with a time of a vacancy.) For such a person trainee who has shown ability in this the training would be greatly acceler- area. ated. I anticipate that some will argue that reference should not be the respon- Training Materials sibility of a non-professional. I will not get involved in a rehash of the volumi- Begin by listing your major biblio- nous literature on this subject. I sub- graphic tools. For us these are Nuclear mit that the function as defined here is Science Abstracts (NSA), Index of Lim- within the realm of the description of a ited Distribution Reports (ILDR), Sci- "technical assistant" as set forth by the entific and Technical Aerospace Reports American Library Association (1) and (STAR), Classified Scientific and Tech- as carried out by the Maryland public nical Aerospace Reports (CSTAR), and libraries in-service program (2). Even Technical Abstract Bulletin (TAB). Astbury (?), in an otherwise negative Then examine with the trainee the or- discussion of the subject, acknowledges ganization of each, beginning with the that "locating simple bibliographic in- most current. Point out what indexing formation by which is meant checking the card catalogs, book catalogs, and periodical indexes" is within the realm of the non-professional. Figure 1. Library Request Form The first year in our library is spent IFront in learning the basics of all the routine Name. hrmn- jobs in the library, i.e. circulation, filing, I Degree urgency. interpretation of our records, security Date. procedures, etc. The SLA San Francisco Report no. Bay Region Chapter book, The Library: I-Personal author. An Introduction for Library Assistants I Corporate author. (4), is a valuable aid in teaching general I Sponsoring agency. library practices, although there is little specific material on reports. Central to the training are the elements of bibliographic description peculiar to reports. These elements are summarized on the I library request form shown in Figure 1. This form is filled out by a staff member Back when a routine number check fails to Where referenced? turn up the requested document. Conference. Staff members are taught that a reference may give any combination of these descriptors but the form helps the staff and user to get as much information about a document as possible. The date is underlined to stress its importance. Where to begin in a set of book catalogs can seem overwhelming if the searcher has absolutely no idea of the date. Even if the exact date is not known the staff 204 is available and the varying entry for- The big question is, "How do I know mats. A table such as Table 1 is helpful. where to look first?" The main deter- The author constructed this table but minants here are comorate author and expects next time to use one index as sponsoring agency. If either of these are an example and require that the trainee known to the searcher the task is greatly do the others. simplified because the trainee knows Wallace, Grace, et al. (5) developed an whether to try the AEC, DOD, or NASA in-service package of training materials lists first. If the installation is unknown with a unit on Reference Tools and to the trainee Godfrey and Redman's (7) Services which is designed for para- Dictionary of Report Series Codes pro- professionals and professionals. Within vides assistance. If it is not known then this unit there is material on commer- the trainee must use the subject matter cial directories, engineering handbooks, as a guide. serials indexing and abstracting services The trainee should be taught always and reports indexing and abstracting to select two descri~torsto search on services. Katz (6) has further comments whenever possible. This eliminates miss- on this work. ing- a reference due to an incorrect num- Once tlle trainee has had guided look- ber, incorrect location in an index, vari- ups in all these tools and gained consid- ant spellings, filing conventions, corpo- erable familiarity with them, begin rate name changes, etc. He should learn training in search strategy. Point out any to locate later reports in a series. For type of report that does NOT fit the example, if the requested item turns main structure. In our case we have out to be a 3rd quarterly progress report many General Electric reports, and in tlle searcher should determine if there many cases these are verified by calling are subsequent reports or a final report the GE Technical Information Service for the series. in Schenectady. Use each problem which the assistant

Table 1. The Bibliographic Tools

l ndex Date Period Descriptors Indexed

Nuclear Science Abstracts 1951-date Report number, personal author, corporate author lndex of Limited Dist. Reports 1947-1 951 Report number, personal author

Report number, accession number, contract number, personal author, corporate author Scientific and Technical Report number, accession number, personal author, Aerospace Reports corporate author Report number, personal authar Personal author

1965-dote Report number, occession number, contract number, personol author, corporate author Classified Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 1963-1 964 Report number, accession number, corporate author, personal author lndex of NASAINACA Technical Publications 1957-1 959 Personal author

Report number, accession number, contract number, Technical Abstract Bulletin personal author, corporate author, title None

1960-date Report numbe,r, accession number, contract number, Government Reports Announcements personal author, corporate author, title 1954-1 959 Report number, personal author, corporate author 1953 Report number, corpo,rate author 1946-1 952 None cannot resolve as a teaching." situation. If H. T. Walker / In-Service Training for the search strategy seems satisfactory, re- Subprofessionals. ALA Bulletin 59: 134-8 check the work. If you do find it discuss (Feb 1965). how you did it and find out why the E. C. Astbury / Library Technicians and trainee missed it. If you do not find it the Reference Service. Canadian Library Journal 26: 54-7 (Jan-Feb 1969). either. show him how to ~roceedfrom W. C. Petru, ed. / The Library: An Zn- there and in this way introduce him to troduction for Library Assistants. New the secondary bibliographic structure, York, SLA, 1967. e.g. the Monthly Catalog (of United E. M. Wallace, G. J. Grace et al., System States Government Publications), lists of Development Corporation / "On-the-Job publications from various installations Training Courses for Library Personnel," and information centers, and subject May 1969. bibliographies. This can be extended as R. M. Katz / Instructional Packages for In- far as the ability of the trainee and Service Training of Librarians and Li- training time permit. brary Technical Assistants. Paper 2.4 presented at the Federacion Internacional de In summary, train all the staff to take Documentacion, Buenos Aires, Sep 2 1-24, as complete a reference as possible, de- 1970. fine thk basic bibliographic structure, L. E. Godfrey, H. F. Redman / Dictionary study the structure with the trainee, and of Report Series Codes, 2d ed. SLA, New then extend the training to specialized York, 1973. search tools.

Literature Cited 1. Interdivisional Ad Hoc Committee of the Library Education Division and the Li- brary Administration Division of ALA. / The Subprofessional or Technical Assist- Rereived for review Jan 3, 1972. Manu- ant: A Statement of Definition. ALA Bul- script accepted for publication Jan 15, letin 62: 387-397 (Apr 1968). 1973. sla news

SLA Hall of ~ame/1973

President Edward G. Strable has announced the election of one member to the SLA Hall of Fame in 1973 who has made outstanding contributions to the growth and development of Special Li- braries Association at the Association, Chapter and Division levels.

Sara Aull For her dedicated service during a pe- tained from the academic and scientific riod of more than twenty years, SLA community whose requirements she has presents Sara Aull with the 1953 Hall of met with such success. Fame Award. In the Texas Chapter, Sara has served Born in China Grove, N.C., she re- as Secretary and twice as President and ceived her BA from Lenoir Rhyne, Hick- on innumerable state committees. Her ory, N.C.; her BSLS from Columbia and advice is sought constantly by members her MA from the University of Houston. and officers alike for guidance in Chap- Her library experience has been varied, ter affairs. both in type of activity and in geograph- In 1960 she helped plan the Petroleum ical location. She was a cataloger at New Section's Forum on the Abstracting and York Public Library; Lansing Public Indexing of Petroleum ~xplorationand School Library; and at the Foreign Eco- Production Literature in Dallas held in nomic Administration Library at Wash- Dallas in 1960 which resulted in the es- ington, D.C. As Research Assistant, As- tablishment of the Abstracting and In- sociation of American Railroads, and in dexing Service known as Petroleum Ab- her long career as science librarian at stracts published by the University of the University of Houston, she broad- Tulsa. She served on the Houston Com- ened her 1io.rizons and acquired the mittee for the Development of Library background from which she was able to Resources which was instrumental in the make significant contributions in truly establihment of the Kegional Intorma- "special" library service. Sara exempli- tion and Communication Exchange at fies the best in the responsible and cre- Kice University, and hehelped organize ative member who accepts responsibility a sel ies of Seminars on Inforniation and approaches the problems of the As- Source5 for the Businessman held at the sociation at all levels objectively and University of Houston and co-sponsored carefully to provide solutions of lasting by the Texas Chapter. She served on the value. Board of Governors of the American Her efforts on the local level have in- Geological Institute. stilled respect for what special library Cooperation with the Texas Univer- service can provide as is evident in the sity ~ciioolof Librarianship has been a large number of young people she ha major activity of the Texas Chapter and recruited and in the respect she has at- Sara has been ~,esponsiblefor much of the progress in this area. She assisted in brary Resources, Sara worked for the es- a joint Texas Chapter-Library School tablishment of information centers to Workshop on Procedures Manuals and serve the general pubTic and her work started a collection of procedures man- on this committee anticipated the re- uals for the school. she has assisted the quirements of a rapidly developing in- school in planning field trips for stu- dustrial area. This activity resulted in dents to special libraries. the publication of a union.list of serials ~notheievidence of her keen interest in Texas libraries and, through her fore- in helping young librarians was her part sight, it was so organized as-to be self- in planning a week long Workshop for supporting and regularly updated, now Library Assistants in Special Libraries in its eleventh year. held at the University of Houston and She is responsible for recruiting many sponsored by the Texas Chapter. On the Association level she has young people to the profession, and the served on the Board of Directors. Chair- outstanding abilities of many of these man of the Committee on Committees people have contributed meaningfully and Chairman of the Planning Commit- to the staffs of libraries throughout the nation. tee. Her manv/ mesentationsI to the Board have reflected the careful thought and at- For her influence, her high profes- tention to detail which enable Board sional standards and her dedicated serv- members to arrive at effective decisions. ice to SLA in all the responsibilities she As Chairman of the Houston Cham- has assumed for it, SLA proudly adds ber of Commerce Committee on Li- her name to its Hall of Fame.

SLA and GPO: A Response

Following is a letter and fact sheet received fashion. Much of his time and energy was in the SLA New York ofices from Leonard T. devoted to this situation. As his Acting Dep- Golden, acting deputy public printer, in re- uty Public Printer, I was instrumental in response to the SLA statement on the inade- cent organizational changes which we hope quacies of the US. Government Printing will play a major role in improving all of Ofice. The text of the SLA letter appears in the services and activities of the Office of the the March issue of Special Libraries. Superintendent of Documents. As you know, President Nixon nominated Mr. Thomas F. McCormick to become the Mr. F. E. McKenna 16th Public Printer of the United States, Executive Director and Mr. RfcCormick's nomination was con- Special Libraries Association firmed by the Senate on February 8, 1973. 235 Park Avenue South Mr. hlccormick is expected to assume his New York, New York 10003 duties as Public Printer almost immediately Dear Mr. McKenna: and you may be assured the Public Docu- ments Department will receive his immediate This is in further response to your letter attention. of January 31, 1973, to the Acting Public A number of things have been done and Printer, H. J. Humphrey. are being done which I am confident will re- Mr. Humphrey, prior to his recent retire- sr~ltin measurably improved service not only ment, was deeply concerned over the diffi- to the library community, but to all cusrom- culties our Public Documents Department erc who purcha5e U.S. Government publica- has been experiencing in processing and tions. For your convenience, we have pie- mailing orders for publications in a timely pared a fact sheet which details programs and accomplishments to date and outlines, procedures and materials are also being re- in part, what we hope the future will bring. viewed through test mailings in an effort to I hope you find this information helpful identify materials that can be effectively and you may be assured one of our primary utilized so that customers will receive their objectives is to improve the services for which publications in the best possible condition. tlle Public Documents Department is responsible so that communications in the future Cztstomers Service Progmms-A program was will be in the form of compliments rather p~ltinto effect January 8, 1973, so that all than constructive criticism. letters of inquiry from customers concerning orders, claims, or requests for adjustment are Sincerely, immediately acknowledged. Acknowledgment Leonard T. Golden is in the form of a postal card on which a Acting Deputy Public Printer control number has been imprinted. The card asks the customers to make reference to tlie control number should they find it neces- Public Documents Department Fact Sheet sary to reinquire about an order, thereby pro- 01-der Processing Programs-On January 6, viding tlle Public Documents Department 1973, the Acting Superintendent of Docu- with necessary controls so that shipments ments made a complete inventory of all or- will not be needlessly duplicated. Additional ders that llad been received in the Public personnel have been assigned to the Public Documents Department for processing. These Documents Department's Customers Service orders were separated into two major groups; Section so that requests for claims and/or namely, any orders received or introduced adiustments can be handled without undue into the system with a 1972 date to be char- delays. acterized as "old mail," and new orders re- Pe1-iodicals ond Subscription Services-For ceived or introduced into the system beginning January 2, 1973, which were identified the past two years, the Public Documents as "new mail." Effective January 8, 1973, tlle Department has been in the process of con- Acting Superintendent of Documents made verting all of its 1,300 mailing lists, which his second- and third-shift personnel totally embrace more than 3.5 million names and responsible for processing, packaging, and addresses, from a stencil system to a com- mailing all old mail. The majority of these puterized magnetic tape system. This con- orders had been received in November and iersion poject is scheduled for completion December 1972, but some, admittedly, dated on or before May 30, 1973. The bulk of our back as far as August. The time frames were mailing lists have already been converted to establislled and all of the 1972 orders will be magnetic tape. We are utilizing Optical totally processed, packaged, and mailed be- Character Readers (OCR) and remote ter- fore March 31. Simultaneously, day-shift per- minals (ATS) to enter new subscriptions into sonnel were charged with the responsibility the computer data base and to accomplish of processing all new mail (January 2, 1973, changes of address, changes in quantities or- and forward) within a 21-workday cycle. We dered, etc. hlailing labels are being produced are proud to say this scl~eduleis being rigidly tlirougll our videograph system which has maintained and will continue to be main- tlie capability of producing 135,000 mailing tained. Approximately 70 percent of the labels an hour. hlailing labels are affixed to new-mail orders received at the Government envelopes and/or self-mailer publications with Printing Office in Washington, D.C., are Cheshire and hlagnacraft equipment both in processed and mailed within ten clays, but as our \Vasllington, D.C. office and at the Pub- stated above, all with minor exceptions will lic Documents Department Distribution Cen- be processed, packaged, and mailed within ter in Pueblo, Colorado. The same order- the 21-workday cycle. processing schedules are being maintained for periodicals and subscription services as Q~tnlity Assurance-The activities of the outlined above for orders for individual pub- Public Documents Department Quality As- lications. The only deviation would be when surance Section have been intensified. Order a subscription is entered for a publication processors are receiving additional training tliat is not scheduled to be available for and a larger sampling of completed orders mailing for several weeks, as in the case of a are being verified for accuracy. Through this montl~ly,and perhaps several months in the concentrated effort, the error percentage 11as case of a quarterly. Generally, this system been greatly reduced and we are confident provides for the entry of new subscriptions of further reductions in this area. Packaging so that service will begin approximately six weeks from the date the order is received at ing additional space in the metropolitan the Government Printing Office. Remote ter- area to be utilized primarily for the distribu- minals are being considered at the Pueblo tion of publicatjons to Federal depository Distribution Center to provide for the im- libraries and the Congress. Space now as- mediate processing of subscription orders re- signed to these two activities is identical to ceived at the Center, and in the near future the space utilized 15 years ago when these similar programs will be considered at the distribution programs constituted only one- Philadelphia Distribution Center. half of today's activities. Availability of Publications-The Public Government Printing Ofice Bookstores-As ~ocumentsDepartment currently stocks ap- of this date, the Government Printing Office proximately 24,000 titles while maintaining is operating 20 bookstores. Six of these are an inventory of more than 100,000,000 pub- located in the Washington metropolitan area, lications. Admittedly, it is difficult to main- and the others strategically located in cities tain adequate stocks of all publications at all throughout the United States. During the times so that every order received can be current fiscal year, we plan to open three serviced without delay. Every effort is made additional bookstores. They will be located to order adequate stocks of new publications in Cleveland, Ohio; Houston, Texas; and and to reorder additional copies in ample Seattle, Washington. As part of our fiscal time so that back orders will not materialize. year 1974 budget, we are requesting funds However, many publications are listed or for six additional bookstores to be located reviewed in newspapers and nationally-dis- in cities yet to be selected, as well as for tributed magazines without our knowledge. one additional bookstore in a Federal agency When this happens, inventories inevitably in Washington, D.C. The number of pub- are depleted before reprints can be ordered lications that can be displayed for across- and received. We will continue in our efforts the-counter purchase in our bookstores is to maintain adequate inventories of all pop- wholly dependent on the space available. We ular publications to the best of our ability, have found, by actual experience, that we both for processing mail orders and for can display, stock, and service one publica- across-the-counter sales in our 20 Govern- tion for each square foot of space. Conse- ment Printing Office bookstores. quently, some of our bookstores display only Personnel-In September 1972, the Public six to 800 titles, whereas others display over Documents Department requested and sub- 2,500. Every effort is made to display and sequently received funds for 398 additional have available publications that customers positions in the Washington, D.C. office. Un- in the immediate vicinity of the bookstores fortunately, the President's hiring freeze in- desire to purchase. Also, new and popular terfered with promptly filling all of these publications are automatically forwarded to vacancies, but we will continue in this en- all bookstores to be placed on sale as soon as deavor as regulations are relaxed. We are possible after they have been received from now processing, packaging, and mailing cus- the printer. As a case in point, the 1974 tomer orders 24 hours a day, operating three bndget publications were mailed to all book- shifts. Additional personnel have also been stores the same day they were released to the added to various administrative functions public. Display equipment used in book- and to warehousing activities, both of which stores is constantly being examined and vitally support order processing. modified to provide for the best possible utilization of available space and to attrac- Space-The Public Documents Department tively display publications for our customers' has been plagued for the need of more space convenience. for many years. Approximately one year ago, new warehousing space, which is utilized Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Pub- primarily to maintain inventories of sales lications-After approximately one year of publications, was obtained in nearby Vir- study and testing, we are about to automate ginia. A letter has been submitted to the our input into the "Monthly Catalog." While ~ointCommittee on Printing requesting per- tllis program will produce only a single, mission to advertise for an additional 150,000 readily-identifiable, external change, the sav- square feet of modern warehousing space in ings in production costs are expected to be the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. substantial. Prior to the inception of this We are anticipating favorable approval of new program, the compilation of the "Cata- this request. Simultaneously, we are infor- log" was 100 percent manual and required mally looking into the possibility of acquir- thousands of valuable man-hours. The new system ntilizes remote terminals communicat- vides for a maximum of 1,350 designations ing directly with the Government Printing and the recently enacted Public Law 368 of Office computer complex. Both textual and the 92nd Congress made provision for 47 ad- indexing material will be keyed into the ditional designations; namely, the highest computer, subsequently to be verified upon appellate court in each State. Legislation is return from the computer. We will produce now pending, which could greatly increase tllree index tapes: subject, title, and author, the number of Federal depository libraries. permitting us to have three indices in each We favor any legislation which would pro- "Monthly Catalog" rather than a single vide for additional libraries to be designated, merged index. By utilizing remote terminal providing funds are also appropriated so operations, we will free valuable cataloging that the libraries can be serviced with the man-hours which, in turn, can be employed publications they elect to receive. Recently, on cataloging itself, thereby accelerating the the Acting Public Printer of the United whole cycle of publishing catalog data much States reconvened the Advisory Committee earlier than heretofore. Action has already to the Public Printer on Depository Libraries been taken to publish and distribute the in an effort to receive advice and suggestions "Monthly Catalog" earlier than in the past. from representatives of the library commu- The "Monthly Catalog" is now being re- nity for improving the program. The confer- ceived from the presses and distribution is ence got off to a good start, and we are hope- being made within the first week of the ful for continuing activity which should month of issue. Also a distinctive color prove to be productive. The Acting Super- scheme for the cover of the catalog has been intendent of Documents has indicated that adopted so that the catalog for a given year either he or a representative of the Public can be easily shelved and identified. Intensi- Documents Department will be made avail- fied studies are being made which, hopefully, able to meet with librarians at workshops will result in making the catalog more com- and meetings to discuss the activities and prehensive by including entries that in the programs of the depository libraries and to past have been omitted. Of course, many of discuss ways of improving the programs. Dur- these projects are wholly contingent on the ing the past year, visits to depository libraries cooperation received from the various de- have been increased and will be sharply in- partments and agencies of the Federal Gov- creased during the next fiscal year. Should ernment and the Congress who originate the the acquisition of additional space become a publications. reality, we are confident we will be able to distribute depository library selections in a Depository Libraries-At the present time, shorter time frame so that needed publica- there are 1,106 designated Federal depository tions will be available on library shelves libraries and seven designations pending. throughout the country without undue de- The Depository Library Act of 1962 pro- lays.

Special Libraries Association is an inter- Committee on Serial Publications, Committee national Member-Association of IFLA (In- on Statistics and Standardization, Committee ternational Federation of Library Associa- on Rare and Precious Books and Documents, tions). Committee on Library Buildings, Committee Much of the important work of IFLA is on Mechanization, Committee on Bibliog- done in its Committees. These Committees raphy, Committee on Library Theory and are: Committee on Cataloging, Committee Research. SLA members are invited to par- on International Lending and Union Cata- ticipate in the work of these committees. In- logues, Committee on the Exchange of Pub- terested persons should contact SLA's Ex- lications, Committee on Official Publications, ecutive Director for information. for Chapters and Divisions Alabama Baltimore Chapter and Division allotments for 1972 Boston were mailed from the New York offices to Cincinnati Chapter and Division treasurers the end of February. Chapters receive $3.00 per mem- Cleveland ber based on the Dec 31, 1972 count of all Colorado membership categories, excluding Student Connecticut Valley Members. Divisions receive $2.00 per member. The amounts each Chapter and Division Dayton received are as follows: European Florida Greater St. Louis DIVISIONALLOTMENTS Hawaiian Pacific* Advertising & Marketing Heart of America Aerospace Illinois Biological Sciences Indiana Business and Finance Kentuckyx Chemistry Long Island Louisiana Documentation Aliclligan Engineering hlinnesota Food Librariansx hlon treal Geography k hIap Ncw Jersey Insurance New York North Carolina Xletals/hlaterials Oklal~oma llilital-7 Librarians 1':lcific Northwest hluseums, .\rts & Humanities I'hilntlelphia Natural Resources Pit t \burgh Newspaper Pri~~ccton-Trenton Rio Grande hTuclearScience Snn Diego Petroleum San Francisco Bay Region I'llarmaceutical South Atlantic 1'11) \ictA2stronomy-Rlatllematicsx Southern Appalachian Picture Southern California Texas Public Utilities Toronto l'ublishing IJpstate New York Science-Tcchnology Virginia Social Science T.Vashington, D.C. Transportation Wisconsin

TOTAL TOTAL

$@ Provisional Division * Provisional Chapter 212 Illinois-Robert Wedgeworth, ALA Execu- CHAPTERS & DIVISIONS tive Director, addressed the Chapter's Nov 13 meeting. Boston-The Chapter met Nov 16 at Boston The Chapter met Feb 8 with the Chicago Public Library for a tour of BPL's new addi- Library Club to hear Ruth Sclloneman speak tion. on "Special Collections at the Art Institute." Directory of Special Libraries in Boston The Chapter's Education Committee held and Vicinity, 7th ed. is available for $5.00 a workshop, "Sources for the Seventies," Mar for SL4 members, $7.50 non-members. Order 30. Areas covered were Science and Technol- from Boston Chapter SLA, Publications Of- ogy Sources, Business and Marketing Sources, fice, c/o 77 Allen St., Arlington, Mass. 02174. and Public Affairs and General Reference Sources. Dr. Charles Van Doren (associate Cleveland-The Chapter held a joint dinner director, Institute for Philosophical Research) and theater party with ASIS on Dec 2. spoke at the luncheon on "The Faith of "Trends in Education for Library and In- Knowledge-The Idea of an Encyclopedia." formation Science" was the topic of a joint panel discussion Jan 16 with ASIS. Panel Indiana-At the Chapter's annual member- participants discussed the historical overview, ship meeting Dec 6, Betty Jo Irvine (Indiana programs at Kent State University and at University Fine Arts Library), Robert Math- Case \Vestern Reserve, and what employers ews (Grissom Air Force Base) and Thomas expect of library scliool graduates. Hull (American Legion) discussed their special libraries, materials and services. Florida-The Chapter's midwinter meeting was held Dec 9 at the Ringling Museum. Michigan-Clara Jones (director, Detroit Guided tours were held and a special exhibi- Public Library) addressed the Chapter's Feb tion ("After Surrealism: Metaphors and Sim- 19 meeting. She discussed her tour of Ger- iles") was featured. man libraries. A seminar on "Systems Analysis in Library '4 tour of Edwards Brothers Printing Com- k Information Center Operations" was spon- pany was featured at the Mar 23 meeting. sored jointly with the University of Florida Minnesota-The Chapter's Dec 6 joint meet- Libraries Feb 1-3. ing with ASIS featured a tour of the new A Directory of State Agency Libraries and North Regional Library, the first hlinneap- Information Centers zn Tallahassee, Florida olis Library to use book catalogs. An intro- is available for $1.00 prepaid from John A. duction by hlargaret RIull (chief, Community Riggs, Division Library hlanager, Division of Library Services) was followed by discussion Planning and Evaluation, Dept. of Health of the library system by Doris Northenscold and Rehabiliiation Services, Room 202B, (district librarian). 310 Blount St., Tallaliassee, Fla. 32304. A program on the Hamline University In- formation System was presented Jan 10 by Florida, Tallahassee Group-The Group Jack King. Emphasis was on how the system met Nov 28 to discuss cooperation between state agency information centers/libraries strengthens traditional library and teaching programs. and the State Library. Cecil Beach (director, Division of State Library Services) met with The Chapter's Fell 15 meeting was a re- peat of a progt-am prewntcd nt the Research the group. Libraries dinner, bIedica1 Library Associa- Greater St. Louis-SLA President-Elect Gilles tion Annual Conference, San Diego, Jun Frappier visited the Chapter Oct 17. During 1972. 1)nvitl Hines (IBRI, Rochester) discussed his visit he was a guest OII the "Noon Show" "Foibles and Fiscal Responsibilities" geared on KSD-TV. He was also interviewed and to the medium and small libraries. taped for a future radio program by Doris New York-The Chapter met Mar 8 at the Potts of the St. Louis Pul)lic Library. new RlcGraw-Hill Book Co. for tours of the A panel discussion on "Reference Update hIcGraw-Hill and American Heritage li- -Government Documents" was the feature braries. A tour of the new Bookstore and re- of the Dec 6 meeting. freshments were also featured. The Chapter's joint meeting Feb 10 with the Greater St. Louis Library Club was held New York, Publishing GroupRichard L. at the Central Institute for the Deaf. The Darling (dean, Columbia University library topic for discussion was the effects of noise school) spoke on "Columbia's Collections on people. and Courses in the Book Arts." New York, Technical Sciences Group-Re- Network for New Mexico: Step 1Standard- maining copies of Technical House Organs: ization" was held Jan 1%21 and sponsored A List of Titles in New York Chapter Li- jointly with the University of New Mexico braries, 1971, are available at half price: Library, Lovelace Foundation for Medical $2.00 prepaid from Carmela Carbone, Engi- Education and Research Library, and New neering Societies Library, 345 E. 47th St., Mexico Library Association-College, Uni- N.Y. 10017. Checks payable to Tech-Sci versity and Special Libraries Division. Group, N.Y. Chapter, SLA. The Chapter met Nov 5-6 to tour the The Group met Feb 28 to hear John P. facilities of the 6585th Test Group (missile Baker (chief, Conservation Division, Re- range), Holloman Air Force Base. A business search Library, NYPL) discuss the Research meeting was also held. Library's book conservation program.

Pacific Northwest-The Chapter's annual re- St. John's UniversityISLA Student Group- cruitment meeting was held Jan 15. A silent Group members attended the ASIS Annual auction netted $40 for the SLA Scholarship Meeting in October. They also toured the Fund. A new Chapter award was presented National Library of Medicine and the Na- to Helen Strickland for distinguished and tional Library of Agriculture. Some of the long-term service. In her honor, a cassette students also visited the new Martin Luther tape recorder and the tapes from SLA's 1972 King Library. "Institute on the Teaching of Special Li- brarianship" was presented to the Univer- San Francisco Bay Region-Ethel Crockett sity of Washington library school. A slide addressed the Chapter's Jan 18 meeting. Her presentation, "A Special Librarian in Ac- tion," was also presented. talk was on "What's So Special About the The Chapter met Feb 24 at the University State Library?" of British Columbia library school. A program on problems of small libraries and a Simmons/SLA Student Group-John Stewart tour of the new undergraduate library were (assistant director of archives, John F. Ken- held. nedy Library) spoke at the Group's Nov 28 An all-day workshop on library consulting meeting. The talk concerned the concept of was held Mar 17. Earl Sibley (vice-president, presidential libraries. Shannon & Wilson, Inc.) spoke on "What Management Needs to Know." Other speak- Southern California-The Chapter held a ers and panel discussions were featured. program on "Information Data Centers Ver- Philadelphia-A wine and cheese fund-raising tical Adjunct" at the AFIPS Fall Joint Com- benefit was held Oct 18 in the "Lower Egyp- puter Conference, Dec 5. tian Galley" at the University of Pennsyl- The Chapter's Jan 31 meeting was de- vania Museum. voted to "How to Find What You Want or Charles H. Stevens (NCLIS) spoke at a Need in a Law Library: A Discussion of joint ASIS/SLA meeting on Dec 13. Legal Materials.'' A night at the Magic Castle on Feb 19 was Pittsburgh-At the Chapter's Sep 28 meet- the occasion of the Chapter's Scholarship ing, John Ferguson (Bell & Howell), James Fund event. Morrow (Eastman Kodak) and Paul Bard (3M) discussed "Micrographics Update."

Public UtilitieeA meeting of .-\merican Gas SLA Employment Clearinghouse Association Member-Company Librarialls was held Oct 4. Topics discussed included the The SLA Employment Clearinghouse was growth of gas literature, the p~-ol,lerns ex- announced on p. 160 of the March issue of perienced by gas librarians in dealing xvith Special Libraries. In the announcement it this expansion, and the adequacy of pl-esent stated in error that the Clearinghouse will services for the exchange of information be in Boston; rather, it will be held in within the gas industry. Pittsburgh, Jun 10-13, during SLA's 64th Annual Conference. Rio Grande-A workshop on "Scrials .\uto- mation in Anticipation of ;I Statelvide Serials vistas

being considered, What appear to be wide rang- REVIEWS ing ideas and fields are slowly tied into librarianship, thus building a broad cultural/knowl- The Foundations of Education for Librarian- edge base for librarianship. What Shera pro- ship, Jesse H. Shera. New York, Wiley-Becker vides is a highly personal view of the role and and Hayes, 1972. 511p. Index. $14.50. LC 52- function of librarianship in society. It is a view 3851. many share and wish was more widely accepted and acted upon. Many beginning library school This is a difficult book to review in many re- students would be rather highly motivated by spects. It seems to be two books in one. The his high ideals, hopefully they will not be too first half deals with Shera's philosophy of li- disappointed by the practice. A friend said, brarianship, while the second half is concerned "given that much money" (referring to Shera's with his concept of library education. Clearly Carnegie Grant), "anyone could string a group the two aspects are or rather should be com- of quotes together." Indeed there is an impres- pletely interrelated; however, as presented in sive number of quotations and citations, but the book there is a distinct division between the tying together was very thoughtfully done. the two sections. As a result, this review will I am not at all certain there are many people deal with the material in the same two-part in the profession who could have done the job manner. as well. The job in this case is to place librar- The first half of the text (Chapters One to ianship in society and begin to develop a theo- Seven) might well have started with the words, retical base. All in all the first seven chapters "In the beginning there was. . . ." Shera starts would make any excellent textbook for an in- with the human mind in Chapter One and troduction to librarianship course. slowly builds a total picture of knowledge, so- The second half of the book provides a re- ciety, and the library. (Chapter One-Commu- view of education for librarianship. As in the nication and the Individual; Chapter Twe first half of the book Shera begins at the begin- Society and Culture; Chapter Three-Commu- ning of library education and traces its history nication, Culture, and the Library; Chapter and surveys the major trends. Again much of Four-Role of the Library in the Social Process; the text represents a series of extended quota- Chapter Six-The Role of the Library in the tions. In this section the results are not as im- Dissemination of Information; and Chapter pressive as in the first half of the book. Small Seven-What the Librarian Needs to Know.) In errors appear such as L. C. Powell founding a the middle of Chapter Four there is a section library school at the University of Southern that could have served as an introduction to California (p.250). Since the reviewer is a fac- the book. ulty member at the school Dr. Powell estab- "If the librarian's bibliographic and informa- lished (University of California, Los Angeles) tion system are to be structured to conform as the error should be corrected in this review. closely as possible to man's uses of recorded Overall this section does not have the quality knowledge, the theoretical foundations of his or depth of the first seven chapters. profession must eventually provide answers to Some people will complain that most of the such questions as: book has appeared before as journal articles, speeches, etc., admittedly in different words "The problem of cognition-how man knows. and form but they are the same Jesse Shera "The problem of social cognition-the ways ideas. This is a valid criticism but here in one in which society knows and the nature of place is "most of Shera." From a teacher's point sociopsychological system by means of which of view it would have been nice to have had personal knowledge becomes social knowledge. the first seven chapters published as a book for "The problem of the history and philosophy use in introductory courses. Most practicing of knowledge-as they have evolved through librarians will find the early sections of the book time in variant cultures. rather interesting. Individuals interested in "The problem of existing bibliographic mech- library education will find parts of the second anism and systems and the extent to which section of some interest. In summary, although they are in congruence with the realities of somewhat expensive, it is a worthwhile book, the communication process and the findings and it is so convenient to find so much of Jesse of epistemological inquiry." (p.113-114) Shera's thinking in one place.

Each chapter in the first half of the book G. Edward Evans represents a concise review of the major works School of Library Service of the major writers in the particular field University of California, Los Angeles An Introduction to Computers in Information Science, by S. Artandi. Second edition. Me- tuchen, N.J., Scarecrow Press, 1972. 19Op. $6.00. BOOK Dr. Artandi has updated her first edition of An Introduction to Computers in Information RETURNS Science. This updating could have been much encourage more extensive. I am especially disappointed in . . . the coverage of on-line display information sys- prompt tems. Dr. Artandi has included only the Project return of Intrex as an example of on-line display systems. The effort that has gone into the NASA and library AEC RECON systems presents far better examples for a textbook than the experimental In- books trex system. The use of the on-line display system has become a part of the state of the art. It iq not so defi ned in this book. A minor disappointment with this book re- At school entrances and street curbs,ihese sults from the omission of the programming low cost book deposits encourage borrowers language, BASIC. There are several books avail- to return books sooner. As a result, you buy able in-print to teach BASIC. When other lan- fewer copies of expensive books. With roll-out guages are mentioned, BASIC should be men- depressible trucks. Also built-in book drops. tioned as well. The statement that on-line com- See our general catalog. puters allow "each user to be on-line so as to FREE! Most Complete Library Catalo get immediate response from the computer" Offers over 5000 interesting, unusual, difficult-to-find items for libraries and should be qualified. I have had to wait many AV centers. In one colorful catalog, minutes for an answer from an overloaded on- everything you need . . . from book cards to shelving, repair tapes to line computer. The "immediate" response is book returns, book trucks to tape dictated by many factors which were working players. Lowest prices. If your 1 school or library does not have a against me when used a very in\-olved pro- COPY, write- gram on-line. WRITE: THE HIGHSMITH COMPANY, This book is divided into two sections: a sec- Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin 53 tion on information processing and a section on computer characteristics. The material on information processing consists of the usual explanation of subject headings and document descriptions. The computer characteristics section contains descriptions of the hardware and some of the software. The word "introduction" fits this book. The LOW COST PERIODICAL discussion of the computer is only an introduc- AND PAMPHLET FILES tion. It is not sophisticated enough for the computer expert and it left me lvith the impression it was too detailed for the beginning library student. What librarians need to know about a computer is not how their memories arc constructed, but how digital information can be manipulated by the computer for library purposes. The limits of the computer in handling words is important, yet I feel this book does not provide that kind of information. I am not satisfied with this edition. I would recommend other books such as those by Kent or Lancaster or Chapman or hh-kuson or Sturdy-A ttr8~tive- Unique Becker and Hayes when trying to learn some- thin^" about the use of the com~uterfor infor- ALL SIZES SAME PRICE mation storage and retrieval. FREE SAMPLE MAGAFILE sent upon re- auest.You will receive it bv return mail alona with handy size-chart andadditional details: B'oomfield No obligation or salesman follow-up. Hughes Aircraft Company Culver City, Calif. 90230 Carbohydrate Metabolism Quick Abstracts abstracts for current awareness Chemoreception Abstracts Comprehensive Chemical senses applied techniques indexes for thorough literature searches Entomology Abstracts International Genetics Abstracts compiled from over 3500 worldwide sources Microbiology Abstracts Section A: Industrial &applied microbiology Section B: Bacteriology Amino-acid, Peptide & Section C: Protein Abstracts Algology, mycology & protozoology - - Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Nucleic Acids Abstracts Abstracts Virology Abstracts Behavioural Biology Abstracts Section A: Animal behaviour Specimen copies available from lnformation Retrieval Ltd Biological Membrane Abstracts 1 Falconberg Court London WIV 5FG England Calcified Tissue Abstracts or from stand 125 at the SLA Conference

.e.e**ee*ee*ee*.e*e.** o****e****e************ : See us at PITTSBURGH on stand No.125 at the SLA * Exhibition : a Abstracts Journals on a * FLUID ENGINEERING i a Available from the leading European * Information Centre for the dissemination 0 0 *a of information on fluid engineering. Subjects covered: a Civil Engineering Hydraulics Pumps a a l ndustrial Aerodynamics Pneumatic Conveying a Fluid Sealing Hydraulic Transport * Oil Hydraulics Bearings a e Pneumatics Lubrication e Fluidics Tri bology e Also Available Reviews, Bibliographies and Conference Proceedings * For further information write to 0 USA Agent * Publication Sales, or to Air Science Company e BHRA Fluid Engineering, 390 Trabold Road a Cranfield, Bedford,MK43 OAJ England. Rochester, N.Y. 14624, USA. a I I " Important and Ulorthwhile " Pharmacology and Tomitology of naturally Occurring Touins Volumes I & I1 Edited by H. Raskova "These two volumes are important and worthwhile additions to the toxicological literature. The general subject is a vital one, and the editor and contributors have provided the relevant information in an easily accessible and pleasurable-to-read format. The two volume set is a necessity for all toxicology libraries, should be in each college and institution reference library, and is an excellent candidate for required reading in toxicology courses dealing speci- fically with naturallyaccuring hazards. It is suggested reading for all toxicologists and scientists interested in this group of toxins. A review of this material will provide the enthusiastic beginning scientist with numerous ideas for future investigations. Even the more seasoned toxicologist will be inspired by the opportunities for further investigation provided by this interesting group of naturallyaccurring chemicals." . -Veterinary Toxicology International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Section 71 Volume I 1971 ISBN OJ38.016319-X $2 1 .OO Volume ll 1972 ISBN 0-08-016798-5 $21.00 The new Information Storage and Retrieval An important new focus of journal coverage will include the results of research in libraries, information systems, and networks which provide a demonstration of the utility and practicality of advanced techniques in information storage and retrieval. Information has become widely understood as a valuable commodity and as a national and international resource which may be developed and exploited in the same way as agricultural and mineral resources. This journal will encourage the publication of articles on new and improved means for making knowledge more usefully available, including transfer techniques to assist in the application of knowledge across the broad range of socialeconomic-technical needs of both advanced and developing countries. Special attention will be given to articles which assist in technology transfer involving processing and dissemination of information from developed to developing countries. The object of this journal is to provide a forum for the publication of advances in theory, technique and practice of information storage and retrieval, which deals with all functions and processes necessary to complete the transfer of information and documents from authors via publication to users. These involve library and information center processes that significantly affect the performance of all information and document retrieval systems, such as indexing policy and practice, vocabulary contro1,mechanized applications, searching strategies, interaction between the system and its users, and libraries, information systems, and networks. Articles are published on all aspects of information storage and retrieval considered as a central function in the total communication cycle, with special attention to reporting original research, important theoretical contributions,and new techniques and their applications. ; The international journal Information Stor- and Retrieval has expanded its scope sig- I nificantly, and to assure rapid publication of all papers accepted for publication announces I also an immediate increase in its publication schedule from bi-monthly to monthly. I Subscription rates: 1 year $40.00; 2 years $72.00. I I PERGRmOl PRESS, In[. I MAXWELL HOUSE, FAIRVIEW PARK, ELMSFORD. NEW YORK 10523 I BOOTH 249 at the Special Libraries 64th Annual Conference in Pittsburgh. Members of our London staff, and Mrs. Catherine Clark (our U.S. librarian/ representative) will be on hand to discuss The National Union Catalog, Pre- 1956 Imprints and other Mansell reference titles of interest to special librarians. Mansell Publishing Ltd., 3 Bloomsbury meet Place, London wcl~~QA, England. MANSELL.. .

ADVERTISE IN RUSSIAN! There's GOLD in the USSR!

TOP-NOTCH NATIVE SOVIET COPYWRITERS AND INDUSTRIAL TRANSLATORS AT YOUR DISPOSAL Would you entrust your English ad and tech writing for the U.S. market to "native" Americans who had moved away from the U.S. and were no longer in touch with our fast-changing life here? We think not. Because only up-to-the- minute "insiders" can do the job right! Your ads and technical literature reproduced in Russian by Soviet professionals "on the spot" in the Soviet Union, home-grown experts in your target market. Fast service by air mail, Telecopier, etc. Write or call: AD-EX, P.O. Box 4097, Woodside, California 94062 Tel.: (415) 851-1040 P.S.: Naturally we can offer you a similar service in all the other major language areas and markets. THE PITTSBURGH HlLTON

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Announces an Unprecedented Venture in Scientific Publishing THE BENCHMARK BOOK PUBLISHING PROGRAM

The overall program presently includes fifteen Series of volumes of "Benchmark Papers" in the pure and applied sciences. Each series, under the direction of a Series Editor, will contain from twelve to forty or more volumes of classic and recent papers representing the landmark developments with~nthe particular subject area of the series. The papers contained in each volume are selected by a subject area authority, the Volume Editor, for contemporary impact, historical s~gnif~canceand scientific elegance.

0 Worldw~desearch, revlew, select~on,d~stlllatlon and repackaging of the primary literature intro- duct~onsby volume editors coverlng hlstory, state of the art, and future prospects in the field 0 high- l~ghtcommentary by the editors precedmg each paper cornprehenslve subject index 0 master author citation Index translations (many papers presented. in English for the first t~me) 6 718" x 10" cloth bound lhbrary type edit~ons LATEST BENCHMARK VOLUMES

"BENCHMARK PAPERS IN MICROBIOLOGY" Series Editor: Wayne W. Umbreit, Rutgers University MICROBIAL PERMEABILITY 448 epp / $20.00 (approx.) edited by John P. Reeves, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology "BENCHMARK PAPERS IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY" Series Editor: L. L. Langley, National Library of Medicine CONTRACEPTION 480 epp / $20.00 (approx.) edited by L. L. Langley, National Library of Medicine "BENCHMARK PAPERS IN GEOLOGY" Series Editor: Rhodes W. Fairbridge, Columbia University TEKTITES 445 pp / $20.00 (approx.) edited by Virgil E. Barnes and Mildred A. Barnes, The University of Texas at Austin GEOCHRONOLOGY 452 pp / $20.00 (approx.) edited by C. T. Harper, Florida State University SLOPE MORPHOLOGY 450 p / $20.00 (approx.) edited by Stanley A. Schumm and M Paul Mosley. Colorado &ate University "BENCHMARK PAPERS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY" Series Editor: Harry H. Sisler, University of Florida COMPOUNDS CONTAINING PHOSPHORUS- PHOSPHORUS BONDS 307 pp 1 $1 8.00 edited by Alan H. Cowley, University of Texas at Austin HARD AND SOFT ACIDS AND BASES 459 pp /$23.00 edited by Ralph G. Pearson, Northwestern University "BENCHMARK PAPERS IN ACOUSTICS" Series Editor: R. Bruce Lindsay, Brown University ACOUSTICS: Historical and Philosophical Development 457 pp / $20.00 (approx.) edited by 'R. Bruce Lindsay, Brown University see these and other DH&R books at our booth at the SLA meeting in Pittsburgh PLACEMENT

"Positions Open" and "Positions Wanted" ads are Complete composition, press $1.50 per line; $4.50 minimum. Current members of Y SLA may place a "Positions Wanted" ad at a special and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- rate of $1.00 per line; $3.00 minimum. pled with the knowledge and skill In each membership year, each unemployed member gained through fifty years of experi- will be allowed a maximum of two free "Positions ence, can be put to your use-profitably Wanted" ads, each ad to be limited to 5 lines including mailing address (no blind box addresses), an a space available basis. There is a minimum charge of $10.00 for a "Market Place" ad of three lines or less; each additional line is $3.00. There are approximately 45 characters and I THE VERMONT I spaces to a line. Copy for display ads must be received by the first PRINTING COMPANY of the month preceding the month of publication; copy I for line ads must be received by the tenth. Brattleboro, Vermont Classified ads will not be accepted on a "run until cancelled" basis; twelve months is the maximum, un. less renewed. Special Libraries Association reserves the right to re- PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL ject any advertisements which in any way refer to race, creed, color, age, or sex as conditions for em- OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION ployment.

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Science/Geology Librarian48 MSLS, over 70 Chief Librarian-To develop established spe- hrs math & sciences, 9 yrs prof experience in cialized library, with a capacity of 100,000 vol- academic & all phases of special library work umes, for the Nigerian Institute of International incl supervisory, aerospace infor. retrieval, map Affairs, Lagos, Nigeria. The Institute is an inde- work, & training in computer programming. pendent organization providing forum for ob- Resume on request. Box D-194. jective study of international questions and cre- ating informed opinion through research, publications, seminars and conferences and library BS (Spanish/French major, library science mi- facilities. The appointment is either permanent nor) MA in library science due '74--5 years ex- or on two-year contract in the first instance. perience in secondary school. Desire position in Qualifications: University and Library degrees, special library. S. Staerkel, 1742 Elinor St., Ap- with at least five years experience as Head or pleton, WI 54911. Senior Librarian; knowledge of African affairs and international relations, and the related literature; reading knowledge of French and one Librarian-MLS, experience in historical re- other foreign language an advantage. Salary: search and television libraries. Seeks position in Not less than ?46,000p.a. Passage paid to Lagos television, publishing or editorial library on and return, housing and transport allowances West Coast. Write: Johanna D. Guba, 1007 Euclid, Lawton, Oklahoma 73501. provided, and conditions of service are similar to those operating in the Federal Civil Service. Excellent working conditions in ultra modern headquarters building. Applications (six copies) Experienced librarian (10 yrs.)-MALS Univ. of with curriculum vitae and three references to Chicago. Administrator in library development programs abroad in economic development, ag- be sent to the Administrative Secretary, Nigerian riculture and general university. Seeks position Institute of International Affairs, G.P.O. 1727, as head of special or departmental university li- Lagos, Nigeria. brary. Wife also MALS Univ. of Chicago. Prefer West, Southwest. Thomas Bloch, INCAE, Apar- tad0 Postal 2485, Managua, Nicaragua. Engineering Librarian-Supervise and direct collection development and reference services for a growing departmental collection of approximately 30,000 volumes and 600 current journals. Serves Computer and Engineering De- partments including 60 faculty members, 200 graduate and 200 undergraduate students. Re- quires accredited library school degree, at least 3 to 5 years of experience, with subject background in the physical sciences or engineering. Subject Master's highly desirable. Salary $13,000- POSITIONS OPEN $15,000. A faculty appointment with excellent fringe benefits (including noncontributory TIAA-CREF). Send resume to Evert Volkersz, Science Reference Librarian-Science back- Personnel Librarian, State University of New ground and experience in science library re- York, Stony Brook, Long Island, N.Y. 11790. quired. Salary dependent on experience and Minorities and women are encouraged to apply. recommendations (upwards from $9500). Faculty An equal opportunity employer. status. TIAAICREF. Washington State Univer- sity is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Send Resume to Dr. G. Donald Smith, Director of Li- braries, Washington State University, Holland College of Petroleum & Minerals Library, Library, Pullman, WA 99163. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia-New library building in a new campus. Ambitious growth program. Positions open for: 1) Science & Engineering Reference Librarian, 2) Technical Services Li- Bibliographer-To select materials in science brarian, 3) Serials Librarian, 4) Order Librarian and engineering fields. Requires MLS or equiva- lent and graduate degree in science or engineer- and 5) Catalog Librarian. All positions require ing; reading knowledge of one or more foreign graduate library degrees (accredited schools) languages, preferably German or Russian; sev- plus extensive experience in position applied eral years academic library experience. Faculty for. Competitive salaries; 2 year contract, re- status, liberal fringe benefits. Salary from $10,- newable; housing or allowance; transportation 000, depending on qualifications. Unique re- to and from Dhahran each two years; 6 weeks gion, excellent climate. Apply to Ms. Dorothy vacation and other fringe benefits offered by the Webb Trester, Chmn., Search Comm., Zimmer- College. Apply (by AIRMAIL) to the Director man Lib., Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, of Library Services, College of Petroleum & N.M. 87106. (Position available 1 July 1973.) Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. J CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE We have a variety of positions open for aggressive individuals with experi- POSITIONS OPEN ence or interest in computer based library operations. Reference Librarian-Science Specialist. Will Group Leader, Bibliographic Records work with a team of reference librarians in ma- Requires: 2-4 years experience in cata- jor new research library building in NYC. Ap- loging; science- background or experience plicants must have degree in biology, chemistry in cataloaina scientific literature: familiaritv or physics plus an MLS from ALA accredited with languages; experience in supervising school. A minimum of 2 or 3 years experience in professional as well as non-professional staff. an academic and/or research library required. Initiative, enthusiasm and ability to work with Group Leader, Acquisitions students and faculty both at the undergraduate Requires: Undergraduate degree in the sci- and graduate levels essential. Salary: $13,000. 5 ences (chemistry preferred); MLSIMIS de- weeks vacation and the usual academic benefits. gree; 2-4 years experience in acquisitions New York University is an Equal Opportunity and/or serials receipt; supervisory and Employer. Send resume to: Dean Eugene P. management aptitude; familiarity with foreign languages. Kennedy, 10 Washington Place, Rm. 403, New York, New York 10003. Staff Librarian Requires: MLS degree preferably with a sc~entific undergraduate background. No Systems Analyst-For Chicago Public Library. experience required. Will have responsibility for development and Our company has excellent fringe benefits. definition of automated systems for library fi- Salary is commensurate with degree and work experience. Send r6sum6 and salary nancial, technical and public service applica- requirements in confidence to: tions. Requirements: Degree in business administration, accounting, or related fields and at Personnel Department least 3 years experience in systems and com- Chemical Abstracts Service puter application. Library training or experi- Ohio State University ence would be valuable. Challenging opportu- Columbus, Ohio 43210 nity. Excellent salary and fringe benefits. Send \ We are an equal opportunity employer ( complete resume with salary requirements to John F. Galvin, Personnel Manager, Chicago Public Library, 78 East Washington St., Chicago, Ill. 60602. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Addis Translations International . . 15~ Experienced Librarians-Needed now! Library Career Consultants need experienced librarians BHRA Fluid Engineering ...... 13~ in all categories, to fill existing job vacancies, BioSciences Information Service . . IA nationally. Send your resume immediately; it British Medical Journal ...... 8A will be treated in utmost confidence. Send to: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc. .. 17~ John J. Donahoe, Managing Director, Library Career Consultants, 60 Hazel Drive, Pittsburgh, Facts On File ...... 7~ Pennsylvania 15228. F. W. Faxon Company, Inc...... 12~ Gaylord Bros., Inc...... 174 The Heckman Bindery, Inc...... 4~ Chief Librarian-Needed for library in news- The Highsmith Company, Inc. .... 216 paper operation of 115,000 combined circulation. Serves southeastern Atlantic area. Newspaper li- Information Retrieval, Ltd...... 13~ brary experience and library science academic Institute for Scientific Information 5~ background required for job with good salary Johnson Reprint Corporation ..... 2~ and excellent employee benefits. Send resume to 3M Company ...... Cover I1 box E-196. Magafile Company ...... 216 Mansell Information/Publishing Ltd...... 15~ Maxwell International Subscription THE MARKET PLACE Agency ...... 18.4 McGregor Magazine Agency ...... 16~ Microform International Marketing Foreign Books and Periodicals-Specialty: Irreg- Corp...... 6A ular Serials. Albert J. Phiebig Inc., Box 452, Noyes Data Corporation ...... 9A White Plains, N.Y. 10602. Pergamon Press, Inc...... 14~ The Pittsburgh Hilton ...... 16~ Back Issue Periodicals-Scientific, Technical, Research Services Corporation .... 10.4 Medical and Liberal Arts. Please submit want United Nations Publications ...... 10~ lists and lists of materials for sale or exchange. The Vermont Printing Company . . 18~ Prompt replies assured. G. H. Arrow Co., 4th The H. W. Wilson Company . Cover 111 8i Brown Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 19123. This anniversary affords us the opportunity to express our grateful appreciation to the entire profession for the counsel and support which have been forthcoming during the past years. We look forward to the expansion of our services in the years ahead.

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950 University Avenue Bronx, New York 10452 64th Annual Conference Special Libraries Association

JUNE 10-14, 1973 PITTSBURGH. PA.

THE PITTSBURGH HlLTON AT THE POINT

CONFERENCE THEME: WIDE ANGLE VIEW OF THE FUTURE

Preliminary program Registration information appeared in Feb 1973 mailed from Pittsburgh Special Libraries in early March

PRE-REGISTRATION CLOSES MAY 20, 1973

Scholarship Event: Conference Chairman: An evening with Robert E. Fidoten Harry Belafonte at PPG Industries, Inc. Heinz Hall for the Pittsburgh, Pa. Performing Arts (below).