Aquifer Mapping of Chennai City Using GIS Techniques

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Aquifer Mapping Of Chennai City Using GIS Techniques

K. Deepa1, A. Karthiga2 & K. Rehana V. Rayen3 1Professor, Department of Civil Engineering 2,3 Student Department of Civil Engineering, Panimalar Engineering college

Abstract: Groundwater is an indispensable industrial and other sites (Xenixd et al. 2003; resource for survival on Earth. It is an important Gnanachandrasamy et al. 2012). Quality of component for domestic and agricultural purposes groundwater is equally important to its quantity as well as for industrial processes. Aquifer, an owing to the suitability of water for various underground saturated zone from which purposes. Variation of groundwater quality in an groundwater can be drawn out is rapidly depleting area is a function of physical and chemical due to human population and various other parameters that are generally influenced by activities .In order to protect this valuable resource geological formations and anthropogenic activities from exhaustion, aquifer mapping is done in (Subramani et al., 2005). Chennai using GIS techniques. Aquifer mapping is an approach for facilitating planning and decision Groundwater vulnerability deals only with the making processes in order to protect this valuable hydrogeological setting and does not include resource. It helps in determining the water quantity pollutant attenuation. The natural hydrogeologic and quality in Chennai. Pan European methodology factors affect the different pollutants in different for aquifers vulnerability has recently been ways depending on their interactions and chemical developed by assessing all the existing relevant properties. Many approaches have been developed techniques and emphasizing on karstic to evaluate aquifer vulnerability. They include environments. The water quality also needs to be processbased methods, statistical methods, and checked because of the environmental pollutants overlay and index methods (Tesoriero et al., 1998). present in groundwater. Water quality is checked by The remote sensing and Geographic information taking groundwater samples and the water is tested system (GIS) tool can open new path in water for the physico chemical parameters. resource studies. Analysis of remote sensing data along the survey of India (SOI) topographical sheets 1. Introduction and collateral information with necessary ground An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing truth verifications help in generating the baseline permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated information for groundwater targeting (Yammani, materials (gravel,sand, or silt) from which 2007). groundwatercan be extracted using a water well. Groundwater is a valuable natural resource that is A GIS-based study was carried out by Barber et al. essential for human health, socio-economic (1996) to determine the impact of urbanization on development, and functioning of ecosystems groundwater quality in relation to landuse changes. (Zektser, 2000; Humphreys, 2009; Steube et al., Deuterium and oxygen concentrations in ground 2009). Spatial variations in groundwater quality in water, river water and precipitation were used to corporation area of Gulbarga city located in assess the origin of groundwater and to quantify northern part of Karnataka state, India have been amounts of bank filtrated water in the flood plain of studied using geographic information system upper rhinevalley.Using the dispersion model, technique. GIS a tool which is used for storing, residence times and dispersion parameters were analyzing and displaying spatial data is also used for estimated for three different ground water wells. investigating ground water information. (P.Koniger, S.Uhlenbrook& Ch.Leibundgut,1996). (P.Balakrishnan, Abdul saleem& N.D.Mallikarjun, Because of the long coastline of the India and the 2002). overexploitation of ground-water, saline water intrusion has also become an important problem The use of maps is common practice in earth-related (Daskalaki and Voudouris 2008; Mimikou 2005; sciences in order to evaluate the evolution of Sofios et al. 2008; Voudouris et al. 2004). physical phenomena and predict natural variables as well as assess the risk regarding surface and In this article, different maps and graphical groundwater contamination in waste disposal representations are used to classify and interpret the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in geochemical data in terms of interpolation map of 4. Software used chemical parameters, Piper diagram and geochemical modelling. An appropriate assessment A Geographical Information System is a computer for the suitability of groundwater requires the system of capturing ,storing, checking and concentrations of some important parameters like displaying data related to positions on earth pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium, surface.GIS can show many different kinds of data magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride on one map.This enables people to more easily are compared with the guideline values set for see,analyze and understand patterns and potable water (WHO 1996). Poor quality of water relationships. adversely affects the human health and plant growth (WHO 2004; Nag and Ghosh 2013). Visual modflow 2.8 is the U.S geological survey modular finite difference flow model, which is a 2. Study Area computer code that solves groundwater flow Chennai is one of the fast growing urban city equation .The program is used by hydrogeologists to because of URBANSPRAWL water level decreased stimulate the flow of ground water through aquifers. so, this is mandatory to know the reason for the declination & save it from scarcity in future .Many Different thematic map layers such as soil countries are not able to manage their water map(fig:1),slope map(fig:2),landuse map(fig:3) are resources to sustainably meet current and future prepared using GIS software in arcinfo workstation demands because they lack a comprehensive 10.2 version. assessment of the quality and availability of their resources. The soil of Chennai mostly consists of clay, sedimentary rocks and sandstone. The city is classified into three regions based on geology, sandy areas, clayey areas and hard-rock areas. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and the coasts.

3. Methodology

Fig 1.soil map

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Fig 4.ground water sampling location Fig 2.Slope map

6. Results and discussions 6.1.Total dissolved solids(TDS)

TDS comprises of inorganic salts and small amount of organic matter that are dissolved in water.WHO(World Health Organisation) has set the permissible limit for TDS as <500 mg/L.The level of TDS is unacceptable if it is beyond 1200 mg/L.It mainly arises due to runoff of water in urban area, use of pesticides and fertilizers.In Vepery(Perambur-Purasawakkam taluk),the total dissolved solids value is very high as 1823 mg/L.The lowest concentration is in Perambur(193 mg/L)(from table:1).The dark blue coloured zones in fig:5 indicates high concentration of TDS. In the years 1996-2000 the concentration of TDS in groundwater is lower when compared to the years 2010-2015.

Fig 3.Landuse map

5. Location of ground water sampling station The groundwater sampling stations in Chennai are illustrated in fig:4

Fig 5.Variation of Total Dissolved Solids

6.2. pH

The concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution determines the pH value. Pure water has pH value of 7 mg/L. pH fluctuations may affect aquatic organisms, affect solubility, toxicity of chemicals and heavy metals may occur in water. Major aquatic

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in animals prefer pH value of 6.5-9.0 mg/L. Humans have high tolerance to pH levels(drinking levels range from pH level 4-11 mg/L with minimal gastrointestinal irritation, skin and eye irritation).Acidity is caused mainly due to interactions with carbonate rocks and industrial pollutants. WHO permissible limit for drinking water is 6.5-8.5 mg/L. pH value of water in Vepery, Chennai is neutral and that of Velacherry is 8.8 mg/L which is acidic in nature .In Perambur- Purasawakkam taluk the pH of water is only 6.9 mg/L which is slightly alkaline(Table:1).The concentration of pH has increased from 2010 onwards when compared to the Table:1 Fig 6. Variation of pH

WELL NO WELL NO TAHSIL/ TAHSIL/ TALUK VILLAGE LATITUDE LONGITUD E WATER (m) LEVEL TDS pH CALCIUM MAGNESIU M SODIUM POTASSIU M CHLORIDE FLUORIDE EC 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 5 16 8.1 40 92 393 109 762 67 2950 Guindy 9’07 3’28 75 ” ” 13147 Mambalam- Adayar 1300 8001 3 48 7.9 76 27 62 12 113 34 900 Guindy 0’16 5’44 0 ” ” 13152 Perambur- Ayanavara 1300 8001 2 79 8.5 52 7 237 11 301 14 1370 Purasavakkam m 6’00 3’00 7 ” ” 13153 Perambur- Perambur 1300 8001 2.5 28 8 36 12 48 13 64 0 520 Purasavakkam 6’15 4’28 1 ” ” 13154 Perambur- Vepery 1300 8001 3 18 8.2 32 78 529 40 865 12 3210 Purasavakkam 5’13 6’05 23 0 ” ” 13455 Fort-Tondiarpet Tondiarpet 1300 8001 1.5 80 8 80 10 196 27 326 48 1400 8’00 7’00 0 ” ” 13156 Mylapore- Mylapore 1300 8001 2 50 7.8 60 24 90 7 103 19 900 Tiruvallikeni 2’19 5’30 5 ” ” 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 4 15 8.3 60 56 368 109 624 72 2670 Guindy 9’07 3’28 40 ” ” 13147 Mambalam- Adayar 1300 8001 3 39 8.2 30 11 97 10 124 34 680 Guindy 0’16 5’44 4 ” ” 13152 Perambur- Ayanavara 1300 8001 2.5 58 8 36 27 136 13 230 38 1020 Purasavakkam m 6’00 3’00 4 ” ” 13153 Perambur- Perambur 1300 8001 5 29 7.9 36 5 62 16 92 24 830 Purasavakkam 6’15 4’28 6 ” ” 13154 Perambur- Vepery 1300 8001 4 14 8.3 48 36 449 35 567 10 2580 Purasavakkam 5’13 6’05 53 6 ” ” 13155 Fort-Tondiarpet Tondiarpet 1300 8001 3 35 7.9 24 7 90 23 128 19 630 8’00 7’00 5 ” ” 13156 Mylapore- Mylapore 1300 8001 2.5 33 7.8 30 9 67 8 60 34 530 Tiruvallikeni 2’19 5’30 1 ” ” 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 5 14 7.7 80 58 354 60 482 27 2570 Guindy 9’07 3’28 38 ” ”

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

13147 Mambalam- Adayar 1300 8001 3 51 7.6 46 28 95 9 113 13 900 Guindy 0’16 5’44 8 2 ” ” 13152 Perambur- Ayanavara 1300 8001 2 75 8.1 50 36 166 17 145 12 1310 Purasavakkam m 6’00 3’00 4 9 ” ” 13153 Perambur- Perambur 1300 8001 2.5 27 6.9 36 5 58 8 57 24 490 Purasavakkam 6’15 4’28 7 ” ” 13154 Perambur- Vepery 1300 8001 3 16 7 76 56 422 33 659 28 2760 Purasavakkam 5’13 6’05 32 8 ” ” 13155 Fort-Tondiarpet Tondiarpet 1300 8001 1.5 69 7.1 60 23 159 19 209 70 1230 8’00 7’00 3 ” ” 13156 Mylapore- Mylapore 1300 8001 2 35 7.8 34 24 57 5 89 33 630 Tiruvallikeni 2’19 5’30 3 ” ” 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 4 11 8 14 12 258 16 461 77 1960 Guindy 9’07 3’28 26 0 ” ” 13147 Mambalam- Adayar 1300 8001 3 42 8 28 38 64 12 113 19 760 Guindy 0’16 5’ 3 ” 44” 13152 Perambur- Ayanavara 1300 8001 2.5 66 8.1 32 39 152 8 170 62 1160 Purasavakkam m 6’00 3’00 2 ” ” 13153 Perambur- Perambur 1300 8001 5 19 8.2 20 17 23 8 78 10 370 Purasavakkam 0’15 4’28 3 ” ” 13154 Perambur- Vepery 1300 8001 3 14 8.3 56 68 460 47 360 19 2960 Purasavakkam 5’13 6’05 77 2 ” ” 13155 Fort-Tondiarpet Tondiarpet 1300 8001 2 10 7.9 32 10 186 31 397 10 1890 8’00 7’00 53 2 6 ” ” 13156 Mylapore- Mylapore 1300 8001 2.5 51 8.4 26 44 97 12 142 24 940 Tiruvallikeni 2’19 5’30 6 ” ” 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 3 15 8.2 12 63 285 141 546 14 2650 Guindy 9’07 3’28 72 0 9 ” ” 13147 Mambalam- Adayar 1300 8001 1.5 49 8.4 74 26 55 23 103 19 890 Guindy 0’16 5’44 3 ” ” 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 2 14 8.8 64 78 338 43 475 86 2540 Guindy 9’07 3’28 38 ” ” 13147 Mambalam- Adayar 1300 8001 4 64 7.9 86 39 81 33 149 38 1170 Guindy 0’16 5’44 3 ” ” 13152 Perambur- Ayanavara 1300 8001 3 80 8.3 18 39 198 39 230 91 1370 Purasavakkam m 6’00 3’00 8 ” ” 13153 Perambur- Perambur 1300 8001 2.5 95 8.5 84 78 113 63 305 48 1720 Purasavakkam 6’15 4’28 7 ” ” 13154 Perambur- Vepery 1300 8001 5 12 8.4 16 36 200 53 273 11 2110 Purasavakkam 5’13 6’05 34 0 0 ” ” 13155 Fort-Tondiarpet Tondiarpet 1300 8001 4 95 8.3 84 78 113 63 305 48 1720 8’00 7’00 7 ” ” 13156 Mylapore- Mylapore 1300 8001 3 49 8.4 62 19 83 16 156 24 870 Tiruvallikeni 2’19 5’30 2 ” ” 13229 Mambalam- Velacheri 1205 8001 2.5 15 8.8 20 97 375 47 510 18 2650 Guindy 9’07 3’28 10 2 ” ” 13145 Mambalam- Saidapet 1300 8001 5 44 8.3 46 27 64 20 117 34 780 Guindy 1’15 3’34 2 ” ”

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

6.3. Calcium 6.4. Magnesium Calcium occurs naturally in groundwater. WHO has limited permissible level of calcium as 75 The most common problem in water is its hardness mg/L.Rivers generally contain 1-2 ppm of calcium which is mainly caused due to magnesium.It occurs in them. In lime areas, calcium content may be 100 due to the interaction of groundwater with certain ppm. According to study, the level of Calcium in rocks and minerals such as limestone and Velacherry area in high as 140 mg/L and that of gypsum.High intake of magnesium causes laxative Ayanavaram is low as 18 mg/L(from effect, cardiovascular diseases and even gastric Table:1).Calcium is largely responsible for water cancer. According to the study area Chennai, the hardness. The concentration of Ca has been hardness of water in Perambur is very low as to 5 decreasing from 2001-2015(fig:8). mg/L wheras in Tondiarpet it is 102 mg/L(from Table:1).50 mg/L is the safe permissible level of magnesium in drinking water.The change in level of Mg is very high during the years 2001-2010(fig:9).

Fig.7 Variation of calcium

Fig 9. Variation of Magnesium

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

6.5. Sodium effluents,the use of inorganic fertilizers,landfill leachates,seawater intrusion etc.The permissible limit The level of sodium in drinking water should not of chlorine in drinking water is 200 mg/L as per exceed 200mg/L. Sodium with higher concentration WHO.Excess of chlorine causes detectable taste in in groundwater may lead to high blood pressure, water.According to the report, it is said that Vepery and congestive heart failure. Sources of sodium in Velacherry has the highest level of chlorine(865 mg/L groundwater is due to erosion salt deposits and and 762 mg/L respectively).Perambur area has the lowest level(57 mg/L)(from Table:1).The effect of Cl sodium bearing rock minerals, salt water intrusion, in water has increased from the year 2006 which is infiltration of landfill leachates, brackish water from indicated in blue colour in fig:12. aquifers. In Vepery of Perambur Purasawakkam taluk, the sodium ion concentration is 529 mg/L which exceeds the safe permissible level.Perambur has the least Na concentration of 23 mg/L(from Table:1).In the years 1996-2000 the level of Na is very low and that of 2010-2015, the concentration has drastically changed(fig:10).

Fig 11. Variation of Chloride 6.8. Fluoride

According to WHO 1984 and Indian standard drinking water specification 1991 the maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 ppm and highest desirable limit is 1 ppm.Fluoride content occurs in groundwater due to the Fig 10. Variation of Sodium hydrogeological conditions,use of phosphate fertilizers which brings out effluents and salinity 6.6. Potassium built-up due to extensive irrigation.Higher concentration of fluoride causes dental caries and Large amounts of potassium in groundwater gives the skeletal fluorosis.Fluoride concentration is more in water a salty taste(500 mg/L). Potassium occurs in Vepery(288 mg/L) and 0 mg/L in Perambur(from groundwater due to dissolved minerals from rocks, Table:1).Fluoride content has increased during the sewage effluents,seawater intrusion. In Mylapore years 2010-2015(fig:13). potassium content is 5 mg/L and that of Velacherry it is 141 mg/L(from Table:1).Fig:11 shows the variation of potassium.

Fig 13. Variation of fluoride

6.9. Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity is the measurement of dissolved Fig 11. Variation of Potassium salts and inorganic materials such as alkalis,chlorides,sulfides and carbonate compounds in groundwater and its ability to conduct electricity.Pure

water is a bad conductor of electricity as it is free of 6.7. Chloride ions and salts.The conductivity of drinking water is 0.005-0.05 S/m (Siemens/meter). According to WHO Sea water contains 1.94% of chlorine in it.Increased the conductivity of water is 2000 mg/L for safe chlorine content may be due to septic water

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-3, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in permissible levels.The Vepery area has higher Tamilnadu,India. Carpath J Earth Environ Sci conductivity of about 3210 mg/L which is evident that 7(3):205–210 the water around that area has higher amount of salts and inorganic materials.The lowest level of ion [4] P.Koniger, S.Uhlenbrook& Ch.Leibundgut, concentration in groundwater is Perambur which is 370 (1996), Isotope hydrological investigation on ground mg/L(from Table:1).The EC has increased vigorosly water origin in the flood plain. from 2010 onwards(fig:14). [5] Steube C, Richter S, Griebler C (2009). First attempts towards an integrative concept for the

ecological assessment of groundwater ecosystems. Hydrogeol. J., 17(1): 23–35

[6] Subramani T., Elango L., Damodarasamy S.R., “Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu”, Indian Journal of Environmental Fig 14. Variation of electrical conductivity Geology, 47: 1099-1110 (2005).

[7] Tesoriero AJ, Inkpen E.L, Voss FD. 7. Conclusion Assessing ground-water vulnerability using logistic regression. Proceedings for the Source Water Assessment and Protection 98 Conference, Dallas, From the result it is clear that ground water quality TX; 1998. p. 157 – 65. and ground water level is degrading every year in analysing all parameters (Magnesium, [8] Xenixd KA, Papassiopi N, Komnitsas (2003) Fluoride,Sodium, Chloride ,Electrical conductivity, Carbonate rich mine tailings in Lavrion: risk Total dissolved solvents, Potassium, Calcium, assessment and proposed rehabilitation schemes Adv pH).Quantity is also decreasing because of over Environ Res 7(2):207–222 usage of groundwater by human beings. From land use map, it is clear that because of over population [9] Yammani S (2007). Groundwater quality waste lands are used for construction process so suitable zones identification: application of GIS, water becomes over depleted. Chemical substances Chittoor area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. in water are at higher level as year passes because of Geol., 53(1): 201–210. pollution and other waste produced by automobiles and industries. [10] Zektser IS (2000). Groundwater and the environment: Applications for the global So, it is in our hands to save water for future community, Boca Raton: Lewis. p. 175. mankind or else survival of next generation remains unquestionable.

8. References

[1] Barber C, Otto CJ, Bates LE, Taylor KJ (1996). Evaluation of the relationship between landuse changes and groundwater quality in a water- supply catchment, using GIS technology: the Gwelup Wellfield, Western Australia. J. Hydrogeol., 4(1): 6–19.

[2] Daskalaki P, Voudouris K (2008) Ground water quality of porous aquifers in Greece: a synoptic review. Environ Geol 54:505–513

[3] Gnanachandrasamy G, Ramkumar T, Venkatramann S, Anithamary I,Vasudevan S (2012) GIS Based hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater quality in Nagapattinam District,

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