Building Sector Case Study Thermally comfortable and climate-friendly affordable housing in : The Smart GHAR III project

The Challenge Design solutions for energy efficiency One of India’s top energy policy priorities – providing affordable indoor thermal comfort in The Indo–Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project, a climate-friendly and energy-efficient way – is supported by the Swiss Agency for Development an integral part of the Prime Minister’s initiative and Cooperation, provided technical assistance to provide public housing to the country’s urban to the builders and the developer. The process poor. The target is to build more than 10 million included a three-day integrated design workshop affordable urban dwelling units by 2022. , conducted at the early design phase of the project. a mid-sized city in the Indian State of , An analysis of the initial building design revealed is the site of one project under this initiative. that indoor peak temperatures on a typical summer The Rajkot Municipal Corporation is the devel- day could reach 38°C, and that indoor tempera- oper of the project, which comprises 11 resi- tures would remain above 30°C for more than 6,200 dential towers with 1,176 dwelling units, and a hours per year. The project developed the following total area of 57,408 square meters. The project design elements in response to these findings: is called Smart GHAR III for ‘Green Homes at an Affordable Rate’. Meeting the policy goal of • Highly reflective roofs providing comfortable indoor temperatures at • Lightweight concrete block walls low cost and with minimal climate impact is a • Tall, partially glazed casement windows significant challenge in India’s hot climate. • Innovative ventilation systems

The use of light-coloured china mosaic tiles on the roof reduces solar heat gain by reflecting rather than absorbing the sun’s rays. The walls on the north, south and east exposures lation than typical sliding windows, which can are built with autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) expose less than half of the window area. Only blocks that are 230 mm thick. On the western one third of each window is glazed, and two façade, cavity walls with AAC blocks on both thirds are opaque. This arrangement dramati- sides of a 50 mm air space reduce the heat gain cally reduces heat gain while still providing ade- from the evening sun. The AAC blocks create a quate daylight. much better thermal barrier than conventional materials, and compared to clay bricks of the The use of existing service shafts and fi ns con- same dimensions, the AAC blocks reduce heat nected to all dwelling units ensures adequate gain through the walls by as much as 60%. ventilation throughout the fl ats. A fan at the top of the shaft creates negative pressure in the Casement windows open to expose 90% of the shaft, and improves air circulation and increases window area, and provide better natural venti- the number of air exchanges in the living spaces.

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Partially glazed casement window. Schematic drawing of ventilation shaft.

Energy performance and Lessons for climate impact other projects These simple, low-cost energy effi ciency mea- Low-cost measures that reduce the need for sures can reduce peak summer room tempera- the active cooling of buildings are especially tures by more than 5°C. In addition, the number useful in emerging economies and developing of thermal discomfort hours per year will drop countries where air conditioners are often unaf- from an expected 6,200 under the initial design fordable. Conventional buildings in hot climates to 2,500. The improvements in thermal comfort typically do not achieve either energy effi ciency are expected to reduce the number of air con- or adequate thermal comfort. The GHAR III ex- ditioning units installed by tenants, an outcome perience, however, suggests that careful design that will result in signifi cant electricity savings and and appropriate building materials can produce reduced CO2 emissions. energy effi cient and comfortable low-cost hous- ing with a reduced carbon footprint. In India, production of 1kWh of electricity re- sults in nearly 1kg of CO2 emissions. This 1:1 ratio is almost six times greater than the ratio Main partners in the Building of production to emissions in Switzerland. Con- Energy Effi ciency Project sequently, the reduction in electricity use in the GHAR III project produces six times the corre- • Bureau of Energy Effi ciency, Ministry of Power, sponding reduction in CO2 emissions that the Government of India same reduction in electricity would produce in • Swiss Agency for Development and Switzerland. Cooperation on behalf of the Swiss Government • Rajkot Municipal Corporation • Effi n’Art Sarl, Lausanne • Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd., New

SDC July 2018; Contributors: INFRAS and Zoï Environment Network