DOCSLIB.ORG

Disorders of Function of Reproductive System. 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Disorders of Function of Reproductive System. 1 Disorders of function of reproductive system. 1. Rationale. In the structure gynecologic diseases disorders of menstruation occurs in 20% of cases. Different disorders of menstruation result in high working disability, development of neuropsychic complications, invalidism of women. These complications claim for complex approach and joint treatment by physicians of different specialities – gynecologist, endocrinologist, neurologist and others. 1. Objectives (are described in the terminology of professional activity, taking into account the system of classification of the objectives of the respective levels of cognitive, emotional and psychomotor spheres): -To analyze the results of main methods of functional diagnostics in gynecology -To explain The levels of regulation of woman`s genital functions -To suggest tactics of management of patients with hormonal imbalance of female reproductive system. -To classify mestrual disordes (irregularities) -To interpret the results of laboratory and instrumental examinations of the cervix, endometrium, ovaries, depending with fazes of MC, the clinical and biochemical, hormonal studies of blood, results of colpocytologycal examination -To draw a diagram scheme of menstrual cycle --To make the analysis of the methods of functional diagnosis in gynecology -To make up the models of clinical cases with various hormanal pathology in women of reproductive and premenopausal age. 3. The basic level of expertise, skills, abilities, required for learning the topic (interdisciplinary integration ) The name of the previous Acquired skills disciplines Normal Anatomy Structure of female genital organs. Topography of abdominal organs and pelvic organs. Histology Histological structure of the cervix, vulva and endometrium in normal and in pathological conditions. Notmal Physiology Physiological changes occurring in the hypothalamic- pituitary-ovarian system of women and target organs of the sex hormones action at different ages. Pathological Physiology Hormonal changes in the body during the menstrual cycle and disorders of the microbiota of the female reproductive system. Pharmacology Groups of medications that affect the function of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, adrenal glands; mechanism of pharmacological action of hormonal, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs. 4. Tasks for independent work in preparation for the lesson and in class. 4.1. The list of the major terms, parameters, characteristics to be acquired by a student to be prepared for the lesson The term Definition Basic levels of V level is suprahypothalamic cerebral structures. menstruation regulation IV level — hypothalamus and physical stages of Ш level — anterior pituitary. their establishment. II level — ovaries. I level — target organs (uterus, vagina and breasts). Biologic action of sex luteonizing hormone (LH) hormones, hypophysis prolactin hormones and releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) hormones. estrogens progesterone - Ovarian cycle An ovarian cycle consists of two phases. The first one —follicular phase, the second — luteal phase. Uterine cycle the endometrial lining of the uterus builds up under the influence of increasing levels of estrogen (labeled as estradiol in the image) There are four main stages of the endometrial cycle: desquamation that is mens- truation, regeneration, proliferation, and secretion phases. Menstrual cycle is complex of complicated biological processes in all organism of women, witch characterized cyclical changes in all reproductive organs and provided conception and pregnancy Ovulation Ovulation is the process when the membrane of mature follicle is ruptured and oocyte is expelled from the follicle amenorrhea • absence of menses in adult women within 6 months. hypermenorrhea • a excessive amount of blood, more than 100- 150 ml polymenorrhea • — menses' duration is 7-12 days • — a combination of local pain and general algodysmenorrhea state disturbance dysfunctional uterine acyclic uterine bleeding that is not associated bleedings. with menstrual cycle. FIGO classification of is now being increasingly used for categorising cause: ‘PALM-COEIN’ causes: Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy (and hyperplasia), Coagulopathy,Ovulatory disorders, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not otherwise classified The ‘PALM’ are assessed visually (imaging and histopathology) and the ‘COEIN’ are non- structural. 4.2 Theoretical questions for the lesson: 1. Classification of the menstrual function disorders. 2. Amenorrhea. 3. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Classification. Methods of diagnostic and treatment. 4. Juvenile uterine bleeding. Etiology, symptomatic diagnosis and treatment. 5. Postmenopausal uterine bleeding. Etiology< symptomatic, diagnosis and treatment. 6. Algodismenorrhea. Symptomatic, diagnosis and treatment. 7. Neuroendocrine syndromes in gynecology. 4.3 Practical activities (tasks) to be performed on the lesson: To perform gynecological examination (bivalve vaginal speculum, bimanual, rectal, rectovaginal). To analyze the results of main methods of functional diagnostics in gynecology To suggest tactics of management of patients with hormonal imbalance of female reproductive system. To classify mestrual disordes (irregularities) To interpret the results of laboratory and instrumental examinations of the cervix, endometrium, ovaries, depending with fazes of MC, the clinical and biochemical, hormonal studies of blood, results of colpocytologycal examination To draw a diagram scheme of menstrual cycle To make up the models of clinical cases with various hormanal pathology in women of reproductive and premenopausal age. 4.4 Topic content Disorders of function of reproductive system. 1. Amenorrhea. 1.1. Primary amenorrhea. 1.1.1. Primary amenorrhea with no sexual development: - gonadal dysgenesis (Shereshevsky–Turner syndrome, Swayer syndrome); - testicular feminization (Morris syndrome). 1.1.2. Primary amenorrhea with sexual development delay: - resistant ovary syndrome (in case it arises in the prepubertal period); - hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. 1.1.3. Primary amenorrhea without sexual maldevelopments: - Maldevelopments of the vagina and uterus (uterine and vaginal aplasia – Rokitansky–Kuestner syndrome; atresia of the hymen, vagina, and cervical canal of uterus). 1.2. Secondary amenorrhea: - hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; - hypergonadotropic hypogonadism; - emotional amenorrhea; - weight loss amenorrhea; - Asherman’s syndrome (intrauterine synechias as a consequence of traumatic injuries of the uterus). 2. Hyperprolactinemia. 3. Dysfunctional bleedings. 3.1. Ovulatory bleedings. 3.2. Anovulatory bleedings: - dysfunctional bleedings of puberty (juvenile); - dysfunctional bleedings of the reproductive period; - dysfunctional bleedings of the premenopausal period. 4. Neuroendocrine syndromes (the most widespread): - premenstrual syndrome; - postcastration syndrome; - climacteric syndrome; - postnatal obesity syndrome; - polycystic ovary syndrome; - adrenogenital syndrome; - Sheehan’s syndrome. 5. Endometriosis. 3.2. Amenorrhea Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruations during 6 months and longer in women aged 16–45 years. The incidence of amenorrhea in population among women of childbearing age makes approximately 3.5 %, and in the structure of reproductive system disorders – 10–15 %. There are differentiated physiological (the absence of menstruations till the pubertal period, during pregnancy, lactation, and in the postmenopause) and pathological types of amenorrhea. The etiology of pathological amenorrhea is very diverse. It is a symptom of a gynecological and extragenital pathology, may be primary and secondary: primary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruations at the age older than 16 years; secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruations during 6 months and longer after a period of regular and irregular menstruations. Amenorrhea is considered secondary even if there is a history of one menstruation only. If the interval between the episodes of bloody discharge makes less than half a year, the state is considered a hypomenstrual syndrome, a variety of which is the so-called spaniomenorrhea – menstruations take place 2–3 times a year. Besides, there are singled out true and false types of amenorrhea. The reasons for false amenorrhea are: atresia of the virginal membrane, vagina, cervical canal, and transversal membrane of the vagina. This is accompanied by cyclic changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian system and uterus, but the outlet of the menstrual blood is blocked. This leads to menstrual blood accumulation in the upper genital tract with the formation of hematocolpos and hematometra accompanied by pain syndrome. Pathological amenorrhea is also classified depending on the level of affection of a certain part of the reproductive system. According to this there are differentiated hypothalamic-pituitary, ovarian, and uterine forms of amenorrhea, and also amenorrhea conditioned by a pathology of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and the presence of extragenital diseases. Primary Amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea is observed much less frequently than the secondary one and makes 8–10 % in the structure of amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea is more frequently combined with other signs of sexual development delay (SDD), less frequently it arises at all the signs of sexual development preserved. Therefore there are singled out two forms of primary amenorrhea: - with a derangement of sexual development (SDD, hermaphroditism); - without sexual development disorders.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Non Hormonal Management of Menstrual Cylce Irregularities
    Journal of Gynecology and Women’s Health ISSN 2474-7602 Review Article J Gynecol Women’s Health Volume 11 Issue 4 - September 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Arif A Faruqui DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2018.11.555818 Non Hormonal Management of Menstrual Cylce Irregularities Arif A Faruqui* Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacologist, A 504, Rizvi Mahal, India Submission: August 16, 2018; Published: September 07, 2018 *Corresponding author: Email: Arif A Faruqui, Department of Pharmacology, A 504, Rizvi Mahal Opp. K.B. Bhabha Hospital, Waterfield road Bandra, India, Abstract of bleedingEach month patterns, the endometriumfor example, amenorrhea, becomes inflamed, menorrhagia and the or luminalpolymenorrhea; portion ovarianis shed dysfunctionduring menstruation. for example, Aberrations anovulation in menstrualand luteal physiology can lead to common gynecological conditions, such as heavy or prolonged bleeding. Menstrual dysfunction is defined in terms pathologic process or may predispose a woman to the development of chronic disease. For example, metrorrhagia predisposes to anemia, anddeficiency; the irregular painful menstrual menstruation cycles and associated premenstrual with PCOS syndrome. (see PCOS) Certain can characteristics predispose a woman of menstruation to infertility, can diabetes be a reflection and consequently, of an underlying heart disease. What is it, in this age of life-saving antibiotics, hormonal therapy, surgeries and other seemingly miraculous medical therapies that causes so many individuals to seek therapies outside of conventional medicine? Conventional medicine may be at its best when treating acute crises, but for the treatment of chronic problems it may fall short of offering either cure or healing, leading patients to seek out systems of treatment that they perceive as addressing the causes of their problem, not just the symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Prolactin Level in Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Visiting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in a University Teaching Hospital in Ajman, UAE
    Prolactin level in women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding visiting Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in a University teaching hospital in Ajman, UAE Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil1*, Jayadevan Sreedharan2, Mawahib Abd Salman Al Biate3, Kasturi Mummigatti3, Nisha Shantakumari4 1Department of Community Medicine, 2Statistical Support Facility, CABRI, 4Department of Physiology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE 3Department of OBG, GMC Hospital, Ajman, UAE *Presenting Author ABSTRACT Objective: This study was conducted among women in the reproductive age group with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) to determine the pattern of prolactin level. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 400 women in the reproductive age group with AUB attending GMC Hospital were recruited and their prolactin levels were evaluated. Age, marital status, reproductive health history and details of AUB were noted. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics was performed to describe the population, and inferential statistics such as Chi-square test was performed to find the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: Out of 400 women, 351 (87.8%) were married, 103 (25.8%) were in the age group 25 years or below, 213 (53.3%) were between 26-35 years and 84 (21.0%) were above 35 years. Mean age was 30.3 years with a standard deviation 6.7. The prolactin level ranged between 15.34 mIU/l and 2800 mIU/l. The mean and SD observed were 310 mIU/l and 290 mIU/l respectively. The prolactin level was high among AUB patients with inter-menstrual bleeding compared to other groups. Additionally, the level was high among women with age greater than 25 years compared to those with age less than or equal to 25 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prevalence of and Attitudes Toward Oligomenorrhea and Amenorrhea in Division I Female Athletes
    POPULATION-SPECIFIC CONCERNS The Prevalence of and Attitudes Toward Oligomenorrhea and Amenorrhea in Division I Female Athletes Karen Myrick, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, Richard Feinn, PhD, and Meaghan Harkins, MS, BSN, RN • Quinnipiac University Research has demonstrated that amenor- hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone rhea and oligomenorrhea may be common shut down stimulation to the ovary, ceasing occurrences among female athletes.1 Due production of estradiol.2 to normalization of menstrual dysfunction The effect of oral contraceptives on the within the sport environment, amenorrhea menstrual cycle include ovulation inhibi- and oligomenorrhea tion, changes in cervical mucus, thinning may be underreported. of the uterine endometrium, and motility Key PointsPoints There are many underly- and secretion in the fallopian tubes, which Lean sport athletes are more likely to per- ing causes of menstrual decrease the likelihood of conception and 3 ceive missed menstrual cycles as normal. dysfunction. However, implantation. Oral contraceptives contain a a similar hypothalamic combination of estrogen and progesterone, Menstrual dysfunction is one prong of the amenorrhea profile is or progesterone only; thus, oral contracep- female athlete triad. frequently seen in ath- tives do not stop the production of estrogen. letes, and hypothalamic Menstrual dysfunction is one prong of the Menstrual dysfunction is often associated dysfunction is com- female athlete triad (triad). The triad is a with musculoskeletal and endothelial monly the root of ath- syndrome of linking low energy availability compromise. lete’s menstrual abnor- (EA) with or without disordered eating, men- malities.2 The common strual disturbances, and low bone mineral Education and awareness of the accultur- hormone pattern for density, across a continuum.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Menstrual Irregularities in Correlation with Body Fat Among Students of Selected Colleges in a District of Tamil Nadu, India
    National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology RESEARCH ARTICLE Prevalence of menstrual irregularities in correlation with body fat among students of selected colleges in a district of Tamil Nadu, India Sherly Deborah G1, Siva Priya D V2, Rama Swamy C2 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia, 2Department of Physiology, Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Correspondence to: Sherly Deborah G, E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 05, 2017; Accepted: March 22, 2017 ABSTRACT Background: Menstrual irregularities are usually due to imbalance of hormones. Although menstrual irregularities may be normal during the early postmenarchal years, pathological conditions require proper and prompt management. Obesity associated with many health consequences including hormonal imbalance has a direct effect on menstrual cycle. Hence, attention to obesity is obligatory for the inclusion of diagnosis and treatment of menstrual complaints which has become a leading issue in women’s life. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to assess the menstrual irregularities and to find the association between menstrual irregularities and body fat among students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three selected colleges in a district of Tamil Nadu in India. A total of 399 samples were included in the study. A 10-item questionnaire was administered to assess the menstrual irregularity in each student. The demographic variables along with anthropometric measurements were collected. Anthropometric measurements were taken to calculate the body fat percentage using modified YMCA formula. Results: The prevalence of menstrual irregularities was high in obesity compared with those with normal body fat and particularly oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and hypomenorrhea had statistically significant increase in obese students.
    [Show full text]
  • (IJCRI) Abdominal Menstruation
    www.edoriumjournals.com CASE SERIES PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS Abdominal menstruation: A dilemma for the gynecologist Seema Singhal, Sunesh Kumar, Yamini Kansal, Deepika Gupta, Mohit Joshi ABSTRACT Introduction: Menstrual fistulae are rare. They have been reported after pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic radiation therapy, trauma, pelvic surgery, endometriosis, tuberculosis, gossypiboma, Crohn’s disease, sepsis, migration of intrauterine contraceptive device and other pelvic pathologies. We report two rare cases of menstrual fistula. Case Series: Case 1: A 27- year-old nulliparous female presented with complaint of cyclical bleeding from the abdomen since three years. There was previous history of hypomenorrhea and cyclical abdominal pain since menarche. There is history of laparotomy five years back and laparoscopy four years back in view of pelvic mass. Soon after she began to have blood mixed discharge from scar site which coincided with her menstruation. She was diagnosed to have a vertical fusion defect with communicating left hypoplastic horn and non-communicating right horn on imaging. Laparotomy with excision of fistula and removal of right hematosalpinx was done. Case 2: 25-year-old female presented with history of lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) and burst abdomen, underwent laparotomy and loop ileostomy. Thereafter patient developed cyclical bleeding from scar site. Laparotomy with excision of fistulous tract and closure of uterine rent was done. Conclusion: Clinical suspicion and imaging help to clinch the diagnosis. There is no recommended treatment modality. Surgery is the mainstay of management. Complete excision of fistulous tract is mandatory for good long-term outcomes. International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI) International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI) is an international, peer reviewed, monthly, open access, online journal, publishing high-quality, articles in all areas of basic medical sciences and clinical specialties.
    [Show full text]
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Oligomenorrhea, and Risk of Ovarian Cancer Histotypes: Evidence from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium
    Published OnlineFirst November 15, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0655 Research Article Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Oligomenorrhea, and & Prevention Risk of Ovarian Cancer Histotypes: Evidence from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium Holly R. Harris1, Ana Babic2, Penelope M. Webb3,4, Christina M. Nagle3, Susan J. Jordan3,5, on behalf of the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group4; Harvey A. Risch6, Mary Anne Rossing1,7, Jennifer A. Doherty8, Marc T.Goodman9,10, Francesmary Modugno11, Roberta B. Ness12, Kirsten B. Moysich13, Susanne K. Kjær14,15, Estrid Høgdall14,16, Allan Jensen14, Joellen M. Schildkraut17, Andrew Berchuck18, Daniel W. Cramer19,20, Elisa V. Bandera21, Nicolas Wentzensen22, Joanne Kotsopoulos23, Steven A. Narod23, † Catherine M. Phelan24, , John R. McLaughlin25, Hoda Anton-Culver26, Argyrios Ziogas26, Celeste L. Pearce27,28, Anna H. Wu28, and Kathryn L. Terry19,20, on behalf of the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium Abstract Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and one of its cancer was also observed among women who reported irregular distinguishing characteristics, oligomenorrhea, have both been menstrual cycles compared with women with regular cycles (OR ¼ associated with ovarian cancer risk in some but not all studies. 0.83; 95% CI ¼ 0.76–0.89). No significant association was However, these associations have been rarely examined by observed between self-reported PCOS and invasive ovarian cancer ovarian cancer histotypes, which may explain the lack of clear risk (OR ¼ 0.87; 95% CI ¼ 0.65–1.15). There was a decreased risk associations reported in previous studies. of all individual invasive histotypes for women with menstrual Methods: We analyzed data from 14 case–control studies cycle length >35 days, but no association with serous borderline including 16,594 women with invasive ovarian cancer (n ¼ tumors (Pheterogeneity ¼ 0.006).
    [Show full text]
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Pdf
    Female reproductive system diseases Polycystic ovary syndrome Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common hormonal disorders among women. The name of this condition comes from the cysts that develop when ovulation vesicles get trapped under the surface of the ovaries preventing them from releasing the eggs. Cause: Normally, the pituitary gland in the brain secretes hormones (FSH) and (LH), that are responsible for controlling ovulation, while the ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone hormones, which prepare the uterus for the egg. The ovary also secretes the male hormone (androgen). However, in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome, the pituitary gland secretes excess amounts of (LH) and the ovary secretes excess amounts of the male hormone (androgen), resulting in irregular menstrual cycles and difficulties conceiving, as well as an increase facial hair and acne. There are many factors that may play a role in causing polycystic ovary syndrome: • Increased resistance to insulin (high blood glucose levels). • Heredity Symptoms: • Menstrual cycle abnormalities: The duration of the menstrual cycle may be prolonged to 35 days, or it could become less frequent occurring less than 8 times a year or it could be completely absent. • Increased body and facial hair • Acne • Obesity • Difficulty conceiving Diagnosis: • Medical history: Absence of the menstrual cycle - increased facial and body hair - acne - excess weight. • Ultrasound examination: of the uterus and ovaries • Blood test: To measure hormone levels, especially androgens and (LH). Treatment: Treatment depends on the symptoms regardless of whether the woman wants to conceive or not: • Lifestyle changes: This includes following a low-carb diet that is rich in grains, vegetables, fruits and small amounts of meat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of Different Types of Cervical Mucus and the Billings Ovulation Method
    The Discovery of Different Types of Cervical Mucus and the Billings Ovulation Method Erik Odeblad Emeritus Professor, Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Umeå, Sweden Published with permission from the Bulletin of the Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia, 27 Alexandra Parade, North Fitzroy, Victoria 3068, Australia, Volume 21, Number 3, pages 3-35, September 1994. Copyright © Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Anatomy and Physiology 4. What is Mucus? 5. The Commencement of my Research 6. The Existence of Different Types of Crypts and of Mucus 7. Identification and Description of G, L, and S Mucus 8. G- and G+ Mucus 9. Age, Pregnancy, the Pill and Microsurgery 10. P Mucus 11. F Mucus 12. The Role of the Vagina 13. The Different Types of Secretions and the Billings Ovulation Method 14. Early Infertile Days 15. The Days of Possible Fertility 16. Late Infertile Days 17. Anovulatory Cycles 18. Lactation 19. Diseases and the Billings Ovulation Method 20. The Future 21. Acknowledgements 22. Author's Note 23. References 24. Appendix Abstract An introduction to and some new anatomical and physiological aspects of the cervix and vagina are presented and also an explanation of the biosynthesis and molecular structure of mucus. The history of my discoveries of the different types of cervical mucus is given. In considering my microbiological investigations I suspected the existence of different types of crypts and cervical mucus and in 1959 1 proved the existence of these different types. The method of examining viscosity by nuclear magnetic resonance was applied to microsamples of mucus extracted 1 outside of several crypts.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaginitis and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
    UCSF Family Medicine Board Review 2013 Vaginitis and Abnormal • There are no relevant financial relationships with any commercial Vaginal Bleeding interests to disclose Michael Policar, MD, MPH Professor of Ob, Gyn, and Repro Sciences UCSF School of Medicine [email protected] Vulvovaginal Symptoms: CDC 2010: Trichomoniasis Differential Diagnosis Screening and Testing Category Condition • Screening indications – Infections Vaginal trichomoniasis (VT) HIV positive women: annually – Bacterial vaginosis (BV) Consider if “at risk”: new/multiple sex partners, history of STI, inconsistent condom use, sex work, IDU Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) • Newer assays Skin Conditions Fungal vulvitis (candida, tinea) – Rapid antigen test: sensitivity, specificity vs. wet mount Contact dermatitis (irritant, allergic) – Aptima TMA T. vaginalis Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) Vulvar dermatoses (LS, LP, LSC) • Other testing situations – Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) Suspect trich but NaCl slide neg culture or newer assays – Psychogenic Physiologic, psychogenic Pap with trich confirm if low risk • Consider retesting 3 months after treatment Trichomoniasis: Laboratory Tests CDC 2010: Vaginal Trichomoniasis Treatment Test Sensitivity Specificity Cost Comment Aptima TMA +4 (98%) +3 (98%) $$$ NAAT (like GC/Ct) • Recommended regimen Culture +3 (83%) +4 (100%) $$$ Not in most labs – Metronidazole 2 grams PO single dose Point of care – Tinidazole 2 grams PO single dose •Affirm VP III +3 +4 $$$ DNA probe • Alternative regimen (preferred for HIV infected
    [Show full text]
  • UWOMJ Volume 25, Number 4, November 1955 Western University
    Western University Scholarship@Western University of Western Ontario Medical Journal Digitized Special Collections 11-1955 UWOMJ Volume 25, Number 4, November 1955 Western University Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/uwomj Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Western University, "UWOMJ Volume 25, Number 4, November 1955" (1955). University of Western Ontario Medical Journal. 244. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/uwomj/244 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Special Collections at Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Western Ontario Medical Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Office Gynaecology W. Pelton Tew, M.B., F.R.C.S., Edin. & Can., F.R.C.O.G. The term gynaecology means the treat­ Special articles of equipment: This ment of diseases peculiar to the female would include a biopsy punch (sterilized), genitalia, and office gynaecology, of an Ayres spatula for taking cervical course, refers to the management or treat­ smears, a microscope and suitable stains, ment of the diseases peculiar to the fe­ a small incubator is very handy, insufflator male genitalia and these diseases are such for treating trichamona and some special that one is able to properly manage or solutions or powders used for specific to treat them in the office. Besides this, treatments of trichamona and the yeast of course, there are certain diagnostic fungus, an electric cautery for cervical procedures which may be carried out in catarrh cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Menstrual Cycles
    1 Women’s Menstrual Cycles About once each month during her reproductive years, a woman has a few days when a bloody fluid leaves her womb and passes through her vagina and out of her body. This normal monthly bleeding is called menstruation, or a menstrual period. Because the same pattern happens each month, it is called the menstrual cycle. Most women bleed every 28 days. But some bleed as often as every 20 days or as seldom as every 45 days. Uterus (womb) A woman’s ovaries release an egg once a month. If it is Ovary fertilized she may become pregnant. If not, her monthly bleeding will happen. Vagina Menstruation is a normal part of women’s lives. Knowing how the menstrual cycle affects the body and the ways menstruation changes over a woman’s lifetime can let you know when you are pregnant, and help you detect and prevent health problems. Also, many family planning methods work best when women and men know more about the menstrual cycle (see Family Planning). 17 December 2015 NEW WHERE THERE IS NO DOCTOR: ADVANCE CHAPTERS 2 CHAPTER 24: WOMEN’S MENSTRUAL CYCLES Hormones and the menstrual cycle In women, the hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced mostly in the ovaries, and the amount of each one changes throughout the monthly cycle. During the first half of the cycle, the ovaries make mostly estrogen, which causes the lining of the womb to thicken with blood and tissue. The body makes the lining so a baby would have a soft nest to grow in if the woman became pregnant that month.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Infertility: Ultrasound and Hysterosalpoingography
    s z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 11, Issue, 01, pp.745-754, January, 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.34061.01.2019 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE FEMALE INFERTILITY: ULTRASOUND AND HYSTEROSALPOINGOGRAPHY 1*Dr. Muna Mahmood Daood, 2Dr. Khawla Natheer Hameed Al Tawel and 3 Dr. Noor Al _Huda Abd Jarjees 1Radiologist Specialist, Ibin Al Atheer hospital, Mosul, Iraq 2Lecturer Radiologist Specialist, Institue of radiology, Mosul, Iraq 3Radiologist Specialist, Ibin Al Atheer Hospital, Mosu, Iraq ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The causes of female infertility are multifactorial and necessitate comprehensive evaluation including Received 09th October, 2018 physical examination, hormonal testing, and imaging. Given the associated psychological and Received in revised form th financial stress that imaging can cause, infertility patients benefit from a structured and streamlined 26 November, 2018 evaluation. The goal of such a work up is to evaluate the uterus, endometrium, and fallopian tubes for Accepted 04th December, 2018 anomalies or abnormalities potentially preventing normal conception. Published online 31st January, 2019 Key Words: WHO: World Health Organization, HSG, Hysterosalpingography, US: Ultrasound PID: pelvic Inflammatory Disease, IV: Intravenous. OHSS: Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome. Copyright © 2019, Muna Mahmood Daood et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Dr. Muna Mahmood Daood, Dr. Khawla Natheer Hameed Al Tawel and Dr. Noor Al _Huda Abd Jarjees. 2019. “Female infertility: ultrasound and hysterosalpoingography”, International Journal of Current Research, 11, (01), 745-754.
    [Show full text]