Annual Report Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Fiscal Year 2020 Prepared by Tasha La Doux

Objective:

The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the accomplishments from the past fiscal year, July 1st, 2019, through June 30th, 2020, for the UC Natural Reserve System’s Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center (Center). The accompanying tables provide a detailed assessment of the type and number of visitors utilizing the Center, a list of research projects and publications supported by the Center, as well as a list of Classes utilizing our facilities over the past fiscal year. The narrative provides an opportunity to highlight a few of the major activities and endeavors achieved over this time period, including some of the mundane tasks required to keep a field station running (i.e. basic maintenance).

Annual Report for Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Fiscal Year 2020

News, Events, & Celebrations

This year will be remembered by many for a very unfortunate reason, COVID-19. We all have been touched by this disease, whether through the loss of a loved one, having experienced the disease ourselves, or simply through the major changes forced upon our lives in hopes of quelling the spread of the highly contagious novel coronavirus that causes it. The major shutdowns across our country started in mid-March 2020, just the time when our “spring” season usually kicks in. By far our busiest time of the year has always been between mid-March through the end of May. Until mid-March we were on track to have an above average year for class visitation (Figure 1), however, due to both Prop84 construction delays and COVID19 cancellations, we lost 13 classes this fiscal year, 11 of which were due to the COVID19 shutdowns. Historically, March through May are our busiest months (Figure 2), for both educational visits and research, so losing the second half of March, plus the remainder of the spring months meant our numbers couldn’t possibly recover from those losses.

24 22 Avg # classes per month vs. FY20 classes 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

FY20 (actual) 10-yr Avg. FY20 (programmed) Figure 1. Until mid-March we were on track to have an above average year for class visitation, however, due to both Prop84 and COVID19 cancellations, we lost 13 classes this fiscal year. Only eight of the 23 classes scheduled to visit this year were able to make it.

5-yr Avg. (FY15-FY19) for Total User-Days per Month 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Figure 2. Visitation at the Center is strongly bimodal, which follows the precipitation patterns in the region. By far the busiest months, on average, are March through May, however, we always have a slight bump in visitation during September through November.

In light of the many trials we have experienced this year, we still want to highlight the successes and positive steps forward that feel even more victorious during times like these. For example, Isaac Marck, a graduate student in the Department of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, was awarded the Mathias Grant for his continued research on a tribe in the Asteraceae: Perityleae, including several taxa that occur within or near the Granite Mountains. His work focuses on the historical biogeography and ecology of the genus Perityle (rock daisies) which is generally limited to desert sky-islands in the southwestern desert flora. His research so far shows evidence that Perityle has descended from subtropical ancestors that appear to have been pre-adapted to dry, exposed environments in otherwise densely vegetated areas in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. It turns out that the rock daisies have proven to be an ideal system for examining the origins of desert sky-island plant diversity. In addition to this achievement, Isaac has been awarded the very prestigious Cooley Award (https://www.aspt.net/cooley-award), as well as a Fellowship from the Smithsonian Office of Fellowships and Internships. To learn more about Isaac, his research, and the rock daisies, listen to his interview on In Defense of Plants: https://www.indefenseofplants.com/podcast/tag/Isaac+Mark.

Another one of our graduate student researchers, Malory Owen of York University (Figure 3), was also interviewed about her research in the desert. She was interviewed on a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) radio science program called Quirks and Quarks. Malory’s research was completely contained within the Granite Mountains during May of 2019, which normally would have captured the blooming period for her study plant, Cylindropunita acanthocarpa (Buckhorn Cholla). However, instead of producing abundant flowers as it normally does at this time, due to an unusually cool spring her cactus sat nearly dormant during her stay here. This threw a giant wrench into her protocol, as she needed those flowers to

investigate whether shrub-like cacti do better at attracting pollinating birds by having more flowers on a smaller plant, or by growing larger branches with, potentially fewer flowers. Malory’s solution to this problem was to use fake flowers, which admittedly, sounded a bit far-fetched to us natives at the Center. Fortunately for Malory, this idea salvaged her time here by allowing her to gather data in a slightly modified way. Read or listen to her interview here: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/sep-7-2019-quirks-quarks-science-in-the-field-special- 1.5271504/when-the-desert-doesn-t-bloom-fake-flowers-are-a-scientist-s-solution-1.5271901

Figure 3. Malory Owen taking measurements of Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (Buckhorn Cholla) for her Master’s thesis at York University. Photo by T. La Doux.

Interesting Sightings

In the Fall we caught sight of two young Bobcats a number of times wandering around in Granite Cove. The photo in Figure 4 shows them taking a drink from an artificial watering hole in the backyard of one of the Staff Residences. Although we know they are around all year long due to the tracks and scat they leave behind, it is always special to see them in the flesh and certainly a treat to see what we assume are siblings. A more unusual sighting this last fall was an American Badger in the Staples Cabin yard. The burrows of these animals are easily distinguished by their round openings and mound of dirt created by their impressive claws when digging. While we frequently see the burrows scattered throughout the area, we don’t often see the animal. When Guy Green, Center Steward, came out of his house after lunch one day, he was greeted by a badger (Figure 4) that was sniffing around among the boulders.

Figure 4. Top photo: Two young Bobcats take a drink from an artificial watering hole at the Halfway House on October 5th, 2019, 8:08 am. Photo was taken by a Moultrie A-40 motion-sensor camera. Bottom Photo: American Badger emerging from a bouldery cave in the Staples Cabin yard on October 6th, 2019. Photo by Guy Green.

Major Infrastructure Improvements

This year was also monumental for the Center because our major construction projects funded by Proposition 84 (Prop 84) back in 2013 were finally completed. The end products for this grant were as follows: 1) two water wells; 2) a renovated staff residence; 3) a renovated laboratory; 4) two single occupancy researcher cabins; and 5) a new administrative office building. Our water wells were completed back in February 2015, and while it is helpful to have any water added to our short supply, neither well is a great producer. Both are approximately 500 feet deep and produce about 0.33 gallons per minute. After the initial work was done on the wells in 2015, we experienced a major delay in the progress of the projects. It wasn’t until June of 2018 that any of the structural projects began, at which time renovation of the Allanson Laboratory and the staff residence was started. Over the course of the last two years we saw the completion of not only those two renovations, but the new buildings as well.

Changes to the renovated staff residence included a new metal roof, a 2nd story shed dormer, a relocated stairway, several modifications resulting in a bigger living space on the 2nd floor, a half bath upstairs, one full bath on the 1st floor, and a wider hallway (Figure 5). This residence can be used as housing for permanent or part-time staff or for long-term researchers, depending on the needs and capacity of the Center. We plan to continue our renovation efforts at this house, as the kitchen and 1st floor living room are still in need of some repairs.

After removing the old trailer that was embedded within the Al Allanson Laboratory, the cement floor was finished by pouring the remainder of the foundation. In addition, two office spaces were created at either end of the building (east and west), and a sink was installed on the north side of the building (Figure 6). This building now houses our entire museum collection, which includes over 12,000 herbarium specimens, nearly 150 vertebrate and 450 invertebrate specimens. We now have bench space for visiting researchers to set up microscopes or experimental equipment that will not interfere with our classroom or conference areas. We can also host a small class (~15 people) that requires microscope use in the lab. For example, many of the botany workshops led by Center staff, Jim André and Tasha La Doux, benefit by utilizing microscopes to study the local flora. Now, after a day in the field the entire group can gather in the lab to identify and key out the plants under magnification.

Inside the new Administrative Office building (Figures 7 and 8) we have a nice large space for classes or meetings to gather and watch a presentation or sit around a conference table for meetings. This space will serve as an entry point for our public and student tours where we can showcase some of the museum specimens in glass cases, hold discussions about the mission of the Center, and tell stories of the various research projects we facilitate. This new building is also where Center staff will have their offices and for the first time in the history of the reserve they will not be sharing their desks with woodrats, snakes, and other desert critters that took refuge in the old lab building. Although the intention was to add space for 4 more researchers at the Allanson Center, the researcher housing we ended up with was a little smaller than originally planned, each duplex is single occupancy. The final duplex cabin (Figure 9) is placed next to the Mother-In-Law Cabin and has an ADA compliant walkway leading to the new Administrative Office building where there is an ADA accessible bathroom.

Figure 5. The entire second floor was enlarged by pushing the walls out and adding a shed dormer to the east side of the house (top photo). A new stairway was built and a bathroom was added to the southeast corner of the second floor (bottom photo).

Figure 6. Before (top) the foundation was completed in the lab versus after (bottom) completion of project. Both photos are east- facing. We now have two office spaces, a sink, counter space, and the entire museum collection housed inside the lab.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Figure 7. The new administrative office building is made of steel panels and beams on top of a 10-inch cement slab to help maintain comfortable temperatures in the building. Top photo is south-facing, bottom photo is northeast-facing.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Figure 8. Top: View of the new administrative office building with the renovated Allanson Laboratory to the right, photo is southeast-facing. Bottom: Inside the new administrative building we have a nice meeting space for visiting groups, photo is north-west facing.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Figure 9. The new researcher lodging duplex has two separate single occupancy rooms (bottom) that face north. This building sits on a 6-inch cement foundation that is on top of four 48 cubic inch rebar-reinforced cement blocks (top). In the top photo they are pouring cement into the rebar cubes. 9

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Education Programs

Despite the truncated opportunities for class visits after the COVID19 shutdowns across the country, we still managed to host a number of classes in the Fall and Winter. While typically most of our classes visit between mid-March and the end of May, as shown in Figure 1, we do get a pulse of classes in the fall and winter every year. One of our longest standing classes at the Center is from UC Riverside, Terrestrial Vertebrates (BIO163), which started in the 1950’s with Professor Wilbur Mayhew, Ph.D., leading the class on some memorable trips across the California deserts. The current professor, Chris Clark, Ph.D., has been teaching the class now since 20XX and has been bringing them out sometime in the fall. This year Dr. Clark was able to show his students a Great Horned Owl that he captured in a 12-meter mist net. He has a banding permit for raptors, so after putting out a dummy owl and using playback calls, he was surprised to find that he actually caught one (Figure 10). I would say the students in this year’s class were pretty lucky to see the owl, but more so, they also got to see a Golden Eagle, Kangaroo rats, a Sidewinder, and many types of lizards.

Figure 10. Professor Chris Clark, Ph.D. (left), holding a Great Horned Owl and showing it to his Terrestrial Vertebrates (BIO163) students (right) during their stay at the Center. Photos by Daniel Pierce, October 23, 2019.

This year we hosted a geology class from New Zealand for the first time ever. There were many firsts involved with this trip, mostly for the students, as many of them had never been to the US, let alone a North American desert. But interestingly, because they visited over the Thanksgiving holiday, this was the first time many of them had celebrated this holiday – turkey, cranberries, pumpkin pie and all! In addition, for a couple of the international students, the dusting of snow received one evening was their first experience with catching a snowflake on their tongue. Also, when Tasha La Doux, Assistant Director, went to talk with them, she was able to witness one of the students, who was originally from China, become very excited when he saw a cottontail rabbit for the first time ever. This was a great reminder that many people so rarely experience nature, and certainly not a pristine desert ecosystem such as that found around the Granite Mountains. Classes that bring students into the environment provide life-changing experiences

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019 that cannot be replaced by books or the internet, and these moments of witnessing such profound discoveries such as this, represent the very essence of the UC Natural Reserve System and its core mission:

“The mission of the Natural Reserve System is to contribute to the understanding and wise stewardship of the Earth and its natural systems by supporting university- level teaching, research, and public service at Figure 11. Geology students from Victoria University and protected natural areas Colorado College enjoy the snowfall at Norris Camp. Photo by throughout California.” Christine Siddoway, Ph.D., November 28, 2019. The geology undergraduates from New Zealand (Figures 11 and 12) were part of a joint field trip between: 1) Victoria University of Wellington, NZ, led by Professor Warren Dickinson, Ph.D. and 2) Colorado College led by Christine Siddoway, Ph.D. The purpose of this month-long field-based class was to provide a personal experience with many of classical geologic features and structures described in text books, but that cannot be found in New Zealand (or much of the US). The students learned to utilize advanced field mapping techniques and they had a chance to experience firsthand examples of some core geology topics, such as stratigraphic principles, petrologic and geochemical concepts, and plate tectonics. Even though each day was spent out in the field, the students were required to participate in indoor work sessions and lectures back at the cabin where they worked on tablets to read literature, write papers, and create presentations - all while on airplane mode. They were able to share documents using AirDrop, including the lecture presentations so all students could see, read and annotate without need for a projector. Other Geology classes that were able to squeeze in a trip prior to the COVID19 outbreak included UC Riverside’s Petrology course taught by Professor Maryjo Brounce, Ph.D. They made their annual visit in February and hiked to the top of Van Winkle Mountain for a lesson on volcanics. And one of the last classes to visit in March was a geology class from University of North Carolina. Jake Armour, Ph.D., led a group of 17 undergraduates on a 7-day tour of the Southwest as part of his course “National Parks: Science Behind the Scenery (ESCI 2010). In addition to stopping at the Center, which is embedded within Mojave National Preserve, they visited Death Valley National Park, Petroglyphs National Monument, Zion National Park, and Grand Canyon National Park, among others (Figure 13). Dr. Armour provides the students with an opportunity to learn about the geological processes responsible for the landscapes observed across the Desert Southwest. In addition, they learn about policies and environmental issues that dominate land management decisions on our public lands. They also focus on the role the parks play as protectors of endangered species, habitats, and undeveloped lands. This was the first time Dr. Armour has brought his class to the Center, we hope to see them again in the future.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Figure 12. Geology undergraduates from Colorado and New Zealand work on their class assignments after a cold day in the field. Photo by Christine Siddoway, Ph.D., Nov. 29, 2019.

Figure 13. Jake Armour (far right) with his National Parks: Science Behind the Scenery (ESCI 2010) undergraduate students from University of North Carolina. After leaving the Center and exploring the Mojave National Preserve, they arrived at Zabriskie Point in Death Valley National Park, shown in the photo. Photo by Jake Armour, Ph.D., March 7, 2020.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Table 1. A total of 21 educational groups were confirmed for fiscal year 2020, however due to Prop84 and COVID19 cancellations only eight of those were able to make it. Asterisks (*) indicate non-university classes. TABLE 1A. EDUCATIONAL GROUPS FOR FY2020 Total: 8 courses

Course Title Institution Instructor’s Name

Evolutionary Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrates UC Riverside (Biology) Christopher Clark (BIOL 163) Igneous and Metamorphic UC Riverside (Earth Sciences) Maryjo Brounce Petrology (GEO 100) Photo Field Research Quarter UC Santa Cruz (Visual Art Jack Chapman (ART 155) Department- Photo) Into the Desert Loyola Marymount University Douglas Christie (THST 4091) (Theology) University of North Carolina at Geology of National Parks Charlotte (Geography & Earth Jake Armour (ESCI 2010) Sciences)

Desert Biodiversity (PCB 4460) University of Florida (Biology) Norman Douglas

Geology of Plate Boundaries State University of New York Keith Brunstad, Leslie (GEOL343) Oneonta (Geology) Hasbargen Victoria University Wellington Warren Dickinson, Christine Regional Field Studies (GY445) (New Zealand), Colorado Siddoway College (Geology)

TABLE 1B. EDUCATIONAL GROUPS CANCELED DUE TO PROP84 Total: 2 courses

Course Title Institution Instructor’s Name

UC Santa Cruz (Visual Art Photography (ART 156) Karolina Karlic Department- Photo) *Some Like It Hot: Late Summer University of California, James André & Flora of the Eastern Mojave Berkeley Tasha La Doux Highlands (Jepson Herbarium)

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

TABLE 1C. EDUCATIONAL GROUPS CANCELED DUE TO COVID19 HEALTH CRISIS Total: 11 courses

Course Title Institution Instructor’s Name

Herpetology UC Riverside (Biology) Tim Higham (BIOL 170)

Field Entomology (ENTM 109) UC Riverside (Entomology) John Heraty

Field Studies in Geological UC Santa Barbara Matt Rioux Methods (EARTH 104A) (Earth Sciences) Field Methods in Herpetological UC Santa Cruz (Ecology and Barry Sinervo & Carla Sette Research (BIOE 114L) Evolutionary Biology) Natural History Field Quarter UC Santa Cruz Christopher Lay (ENVS 107ABC) (Environmental Studies) California Polytechnic State Herpetology (BIO 484L) University Pomona A. Kristopher Lappin (Biological Sciences) Plant Taxonomy San Francisco State University JR Blair (BIO 514/814) (Biology) Natural History of the Desert Cabrillo Community College John Carothers (BIO 15) (Biology) Nevada State College (Physical Exploring Planet Earth & & Life Sciences Dept) & Laura Rosales Lagarde, Lois Intro to Ecological Principles College of Southern Nevada Merkler (GEOL 101 & BIOL 220) (Biology) Desert Montane Ecosystems University of Nevada Stephen Vander Wall & (BIO 446/646) (Biology) Jennifer Hollander *Lifelong Learning: Tree Frog Treks & Chris Giorni Desert Ecology Drew High School

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Research Programs

As with class use, our research use was also down this year due to the pandemic, but more so due to the on-going construction projects that occupied Granite Cove. Our researcher housing is located at the Allanson Center in Granite Cove, which was where the construction crews started working in June 2018 all the way through June 2020. We lost access to our classroom, laboratory, one storage shed, and two of our housing units; in addition, our power supply was greatly reduced during these years. In order to accommodate the Prop84 construction we had to turn away many researchers starting as far back as 2017 in preparation for the construction activity, which included demolition crews, cement trucks, loaders, bobcats, and all the other construction machinery that is required to erect new buildings and remodel old ones. While the shut-downs due to the pandemic did impact the number of researchers visiting in the last 4 months of the fiscal year, the on-going impact of the Prop84 construction is largely responsible for the decline in researcher use not only this year, but over the last three years. During fiscal year 2020 we only had 53 researchers utilize the Center, which represented about half of the previous two years and nearly a third of the three years prior to that (Figure 14). As a comparison, between FY2015-2019 we averaged 134 individual researchers per year, but the five years prior to that we averaged 254 researchers per year. These averages reflect the long-term impact of the Prop84 projects on our research use. This year alone, due to the conflicts of Prop84 construction, we turned away at least six new projects and many researchers with on- going projects that wanted to utilize the facilities. For example, Peter Pearman (University of the Basque Country, Spain) and Travis Columbus (Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden) wanted to stay at the facilities while collecting Eriogonum umbellatum specimens in the area, in addition, Total # Researchers per Fiscal Year 5-yr avg: 134 individuals

# of Researchers 5-yr avg 180 162 160 146 138 140 122 120 103 100

60 53

0 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020

Figure 14. Total number of individual researchers that visited the Center each fiscal year, since FY15. The five year average for this period is 134, compared to the previous five years average of 254. The fiscal year is July 1st through June 30th.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

they were hoping to start a new common garden project on-site that would further test the niche adaptation questions they are addressing with molecular data. We were unable to accommodate them due to construction activities. Adding to this decline, of course, this year we lost quite a few researchers due to the COVID related safety restrictions. As an example, one researcher, Stephanie Haas from York University (Toronto, Canada), was unable to leave Canada in order to conduct her field season here during the months of April and May. Even local travel was cancelled due to travel bans and safety requirements, such that due to their own institutional COVID restrictions researchers like Alan Calvert of the I&M bat inventory (Boulder City, NV) could not complete their surveys for several months despite being able to drive here and back in one day. These challenges did not prevent the Center from accommodating some research, for example, we had a helicopter fly (Figure 15) over the mountain range on October 12th, 2019, to conduct surveys for Desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni). This is a long-standing research project representing many institutions, such as California Department of Fish & Wildlife, National Park Service (NPS), and a handful of universities, that has been monitoring Desert Bighorn Sheep populations for many decades. We also hosted a crew of botanists in February of 2020 that were doing accuracy assessments on the preliminary vegetation classification for Mojave National Preserve. The team was led by Chris Lea, a former NPS vegetation ecologist, who was hired by the NPS Mojave Network Inventory and Monitoring Program to assist with the development of vegetation classifications for several desert park units. The vegetation classification that is published from this effort will greatly benefit many of the researchers facilitated by the Center. We were happy to have them here and assist with plant identification.

Figure 15. California Department of Fish & Wildlife flew over the Granite Mountains on October 12th, 2019, surveying for Desert Bighorn Sheep. The helicopter is circled in red.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Current Research

Despite the many researchers we had to turn away, mostly due to on-going construction in Granite Cove, we were still able to host eight new projects this year; they are summarized below.

Project Title: Rediscovery and description of the Granite Mountains relict harvestmen (Texella sp.) Researcher(s): Marshal Hedin Affiliation(s): San Diego State University Funding: none Description: Faculty/Academic Research. Dr. Marshal Hedin, faculty at San Diego State University, is an expert in the Opiliones, an order of Arachnids referred to as Harvestmen. They are one of two groups of arachnids that are often called Daddy Long-legs; the other group is a true spider in the Family Pholcidae (Cellar Spiders), whereas Harvestmen are more closely related to scorpions. The © Cedric Lee best way to identify a “Harvestmen Daddy Long-legs” is that they Figure 16. Photograph of an unknown Texella appear to have just one body species taken by Cedric Lee in April of 2017. segment (versus 2 in true spiders). Dr. Hedin became interested in visiting the Center after a photograph was posted on iNaturalist of what appears to be an undescribed species of Texella (Figure 16). The genus Texella is a small genus of armored Harvestmen in the family Protolophidae; they are limited to North America and many occur only in caves. Of the known species, only a few are known to occur in the Mojave Desert. When Dr. Hedin saw the photo of this particular spider, he became very interested in finding it again, as he believes it is a new species to science. Finding a specimen to study may take a while, but with luck he’ll find this elusive arachnid so he can include it in his broader evolutionary and systematic studies of harvestmen.

Project Title: Geophysical Studies of the Eastern Mojave Desert Researcher(s): Jared Peacock Affiliation(s): US Geological Survey Funding: none Description: Government Research. Jared Peacock, Ph.D., is a research geophysicist at the Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center in Menlo Park, CA. He visited the Center in September 2019 while collecting gravity and magnetotelluric data throughout Mojave National Preserve. The

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

magnetotelluric techniques utilize electromagnetic sounding to characterize major geologic structures below the surface down to 80 km. Specifically, Jared is interested in the formation of the Mojave Block upwards of 2 billion years ago. By creating images of the subsurface he can learn more about the geologic history of the southwestern US than is possible with surface geologic mapping alone, especially because this region is highly impacted by the many fault systems and Eastern California Shear Zone.

Project Title: Botanical Guide for the Pacific Coast Trail Researcher(s): Dana York, Jim André Affiliation(s): CalTrans, Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Funding: Sponsored by Timber Press Description: Independent Research. Dana York is currently working for CalTrans out of Arcata, CA, and has spent much of his life exploring the flora of California. Dana, along with Jim André, the Director here at the Center, have been asked by Timber Press to author a botanical guide for the California portion of the Pacific Coast Trail. Jim André is considered an expert on the California flora with emphasis on the Mojave Desert and southern California. The two botanists make a great team to accomplish this monumental task, Dana is covering the northern portion of the state and Jim is covering the southern portion. The book will be a photographic field guide for the plants you see along the PCT; due to be out in 2022.

Project Title: Conservation Genetics of Kangaroo Rats Researcher(s): Yuwei Cui, Leonard Nunney Affiliation(s): UC Riverside Funding: none Description: Ph.D. Dissertation. Yuwei Cui is a graduate student in the Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Figure 17. Yuwei Cui collecting a tissue sample from Department at UC Dipodomys. Photo provided by Yuwei Cui. Riverside. She is interested in using genomic data and quantitative methods to study evolutionary and conservation biology. She is working with her advisor, Leonard Nunney, Ph.D., to collect tissue samples from several kangaroo rat (k-rat) taxa in southern California in order to learn more about their genetic patterns and adaptations. Specifically, Yuwei is interested in comparing genomic divergence between two sets of sister taxa: 1) Stephen’s k-rat (Dipodomys stephensi) and Panamint k-rat (D. panamintinus) and 2) San Bernardino Merriam’s k-rat (D. merriami parvus) and Merriam’s k-rat (D. m. merriami). These sister taxa are

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

both separated by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, which formed around 11 million years ago as a result of tectonic activity along the San Andreas Fault. The San Bernardino Merriam’s k-rat and the Stephen’s K-rat are both considered Federally Endangered largely due to habitat loss in southern California. Yuwei visited the Center in the summer and fall of 2019 in order to collect tissue samples from the Panamint and Merriam’s k-rats (Figure 17).

Project Title: Mojave Desert Network Bat Monitoring Plan Researcher(s): Allen Calvert, Kimber Godfrey Affiliation(s): US National Park Service Funding: USDI National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring (I&M) Description: Academic/Government Research. The Mojave Desert Inventory and Monitoring Network consists of the following National Park (NP) units: Great Basin NP, Mojave National Preserve, Joshua Tree NP, Death Valley NP, Manzanar National Historic Site, Lake Mead National Recreational Area, and Parashant National Monument. The Mojave Desert I&M network recently joined up with several other agencies throughout North America to collect baseline data on bat species richness, abundance, population trends, gender ratios, and the presence of white-nose syndrome or other diseases. The North American Bat Monitoring Program (www.nabatmonitoring.org) utilizes an established protocol in a systematic way that will allow for the data to be shared across Figure 18. Allen Calvert (left) and the continent. Perhaps more Kimber Godfrey (right) setting up the importantly, they have created a microphone and acoustic monitor for bat data portal for all the agencies to surveys at Snake Spring, Feb. 25th, 2020. share their data, which means trend data can be developed across an entire species range in some cases, as well as provide land managers with early warnings about population declines. Allen Calvert is heading the program for the Mojave Desert I&M park units, including Mojave National Preserve. They established a site on Center lands near Snake Springs where they plan to set up acoustic detectors and mist nets for 4-7 nights at least twice per year (Figure 18).

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Project Title: Genetic Diversity in Desert Reptiles Researcher(s): Eric Routman Affiliation(s): San Francisco State University Funding: none Description: Academic Research. Dr. Eric Routman is a professor in the Biology Department at San Francisco State University. His research focuses on using molecular techniques to study how genetic diversity, population structure, and historical biogeography play into adaptation and evolution of reptiles, including several lizard species from the Mojave Desert. Dr. Routman supports many undergraduate students in addition to Master’s students in his lab with the goal of giving undergraduate students the opportunity to experience the publication process in addition to the field and lab work involved. As an example, Camille Smith is a Master’s student in Eric’s lab that is studying microgeographic barriers to gene flow in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, and the zebra-tail lizard, Callisaurus draconoides, in the Mojave National Preserve. This past year Eric, Camille, and some other lab members camped at Yucca Bajada campground while conducting their field work nearby.

Project Title: Arthropod Associations with Residual Dry Matter and Foundation Shrubs Researcher(s): Jenna Braun, Christopher Lortie, Mike Westphal Affiliation(s): York University, BLM Funding: none Description: Academic and Government Research. Jenna Braun, M.S. is at York University working with Dr. Christopher Lortie. Jenna first came to the Granite Mountains as a Master’s student, but is now working as a lab assistant for Dr. Lortie conducting a variety of arid lands experiments. The most recent project involves a collaborative effort with the BLM, USGS, and other agencies, called RestoreNet, which is a large-scale restoration experiment being networked among many researchers to answer a variety of ecological questions for land managers. Figure 19. Members of the Jenna and Chris are looking at both direct bee genus Hoplitis are known and indirect drivers of plant and arthropod to visit both Malacothrix communities in the Mojave Desert. Their glabrata (an annual) and research has focused on studying different Larrea tridentata. Photo by J. mechanisms influencing interactions Braun. between plants and arthropods, such as how a foundation species (Larrea tridentata) can influence pollinator services to nearby annuals (Figure 19). While here this year, Jenna used pitfall traps to measure the arthropod

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

communities underneath Ephedra and collected residual dry matter to look at productivity drivers of insect composition, abundance, and species richness. Project Title: Perennial grass-dominated plant communities of the eastern Mojave Desert region. Researcher(s): Joseph McAuliffe Affiliation(s): Desert Botanical Garden Funding: Desert Botanical Garden, National Park Service Description: Academic Research. Dr. Joseph McAuliffe, Director Emeritus and Senior Research Scientist at Desert Botanical Garden, is a plant community ecologist with over 25 years of experience in the Desert Southwest and other arid regions of the world. His research has spanned from paleoecology to landscape evolution, but his most recent work in this area has focused on the East Mojave Highlands (Figure 20). He has been conducting vegetation surveys in the eastern portion of Mojave National Preserve, southern Nevada, and western Arizona since the late 1980’s in order to document and describe the environmental factors contributing to the perennial C4 grass-dominated plant communities found in this region. With this data he has been able to describe community composition, species distributions, landform history, geological substrates, soil characteristics, effects of livestock grazing, as well as the history and impact of fire on the plant communities throughout the east Mojave Highlands.

Figure 20. Example of perennial C4 grass-dominated plant community on the east side of the New York Mountains in Mojave National Preserve, an area where Dr. McAuliffe has extensively collected vegetation data. Photo by J. McAuliffe.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Publications

We added 28 publications to the master bibliography this year, including two dissertations and one master’s thesis. The latter was completed in 1981 by a botany student, John Hogue, at Rancho Santa Botanic Garden working on Agave. He happened to visit this last year, along with another student from the 1980’s, as they were passing through the area. These older theses are hard to track down, so we were pleased to receive a hard copy of it.

1. Ahrendt, S. R., C. A. Quandt, D. Ciobanu, A. Clum, A. Salamov, B. Andreopoulos, J. F. Cheng, T. Woyke, A. Pelin, B. Henrissat, N. K. Reynolds, G. L. Benny, M. E. Smith, T. Y. James, and I. V. Grigoriev. 2018. Leveraging single-cell genomics to expand the fungal tree of life. Nat Microbiol 3:1417-1428. 2. Braun, J., and C. J. Lortie. 2019. Finding the bees knees: A conceptual framework and systematic review of the mechanisms of pollinator-mediated facilitation. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36:33-40. 3. Ekwealor, J. T. B. 2020. A Suntan Effect in the Mojave Desert Moss Syntrichia caninervis. Pages 15-19 in T. La Doux, D. L. Hughson, and J. M. Andre, editors. Science Newsletter: Mojave National Preserve & Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center, Fall 2020. National Park Service & UC Natural Reserve System, Barstow, CA. 4. Filazzola, A., A. R. Liczner, M. Westphal, and C. J. Lortie. 2019. Shrubs indirectly increase desert seedbanks through facilitation of the plant community. Plos One 14:e0215988. 5. Hogue, J. 1981. Pollination Biology of Agave utahensis var. nevadensis. Master of Arts. Claremont Graduate School. 6. Iknayan, K. J., and S. R. Beissinger. 2018. Collapse of a desert bird community over the past century driven by climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115:8597-8602. 7. Kaiser, D., and D. L. Hughson. 2020. The Dome Fire. Page 20 in T. La Doux, D. L. Hughson, and J. M. Andre, editors. Science Newsletter: Mojave National Preserve & Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center, Fall 2020. National Park Service & UC Natural Reserve System, Barstow, CA. 8. Langenheim, V. E. 2020. Using Gravity to Map Faults and Basins in the Mojave Desert, California. Pages 9-14 in T. La Doux, D. L. Hughson, and J. M. Andre, editors. Science Newsletter: Mojave National Preserve & Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center, Fall 2020. National Park Service & UC Natural Reserve System, Barstow, CA. 9. Lease, R. O., N. McQuarrie, M. Oskin, and A. Leier. 2009. Appendix from R. O. Lease et al., “Quantifying Dextral Shear on the Bristol-Granite Mountains Fault Zone: Successful Geologic Prediction from Kinematic Compatibility of the Eastern California Shear Zone.”. Journal of Geology 117:37. 10. Liczner, A. R., A. Filazzola, M. Westphal, and C. J. Lortie. 2019. Shrubs facilitate native forb re- establishment in an invaded arid shrubland. Journal of Arid Environments 170:103998. 11. McAuliffe, J. 2020. Pre-Eurosettlement Wildfires in Mojave National Preserve. Pages 1-8 in T. La Doux, D. L. Hughson, and J. M. Andre, editors. Science Newsletter: Mojave National Preserve & Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center, Fall 2020. National Park Service & UC Natural Reserve System, Barstow, CA. 12. O'Meara, B. C., C. Ane, M. J. Sanderson, and P. C. Wainwright. 2006. Testing for different rates of continuous trait evolution using likelihood. Evolution 60:922-933.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

13. Osorio-Santosab, K., N. Pietrasiak, M. Bohunickáacd, L. H. Miscoea, L. Kováčike, M. P. Martina, and J. R. Johansen. 2014. Seven new species of Oculatella (Pseudanabaenales,Cyanobacteria): taxonomically recognizing cryptic diversification. Eur. J. Phycol. 49:450–470. 14. Pahua, V. J., P. J. N. Stokes, A. C. Hollowell, J. U. Regus, K. A. Gano-Cohen, C. E. Wendlandt, K. W. Quides, J. Y. Lyu, and J. L. Sachs. 2018. Fitness variation among host species and the paradox of ineffective rhizobia. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31:599-610. 15. Pombubpa, N., N. Pietrasiak, P. De Ley, and J. E. Stajich. 2020. Insights into dryland biocrust microbiome: geography, soil depth and crust type affect biocrust microbial communities and networks in Mojave Desert, USA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 96. 16. Regus, J. U. 2014. Effects of Mineral Nitrogen on Host Control in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA. 17. Regus, J. U., K. A. Gano, A. C. Hollowell, V. Sofish, and J. L. Sachs. 2015. Lotus hosts delimit the mutualism-parasitism continuum of Bradyrhizobium. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28:447-456. 18. Regus, J. U., C. E. Wendlandt, R. M. Bantay, K. A. Gano-Cohen, N. J. Gleason, A. C. Hollowell, M. R. O'Neill, K. K. Shahin, and J. L. Sachs. 2017. Nitrogen deposition decreases the benefits of symbiosis in a native legume. Plant and Soil 414:159-170. 19. Reynolds, N. K., G. L. Benny, H. M. Ho, Y. H. Hou, P. W. Crous, and M. E. Smith. 2019. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of the mycoparasitic genus Piptocephalis. Mycologia 111:54-68. 20. Riddell, E. A., K. J. Iknayan, B. O. Wolf, B. Sinervo, and S. R. Beissinger. 2019. Cooling requirements fueled the collapse of a desert bird community from climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116:21609-21615. 21. Sachs, J. L., K. A. Gano, A. C. Hollowell, and J. U. Regus. 2013. The Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis: an integrative evolutionary perspective Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13:623-645. 22. Sizek, J. 2014. Interviews with the Native American Land Conservancy. Summer2014 Vol. 27, Issue 4. Pages 40-44. News from Native California. Heyday, Berkeley, CA. 23. Sizek, J. 2019. Our Ramona: Multicultural Dreams and Legacies of the Great California Outdoor Play. Boom. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 24. Unitt, P., and L. Hargrove. 2018. Southward and downslope extensions of breeding ranges of birds in southern California. Pages 85-115 in W. D. Shuford, R. E. G. Jr., and C. M. Handel, editors. Trends and Traditions: Avifaunal Change in Western North America. Studies of Western Birds 3. Western Field Ornithologists, Camarillo, CA. 25. Van Dam, M. H. 2013. Comparative Biogeography of Dune-Restricted Insects in the Desert Southwest. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. 26. Van Dam, M. H., and N. J. Matzke. 2016. Evaluating the influence of connectivity and distance on biogeographical patterns in the south-western deserts of North America. Journal of Biogeography 43:1514-1532. 27. Van Dam, M. H., and C. W. O'Brien. 2015. Review of the genus Miloderes Casey, 1888 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), with desciptions of three new species. Zootaxa 4006:247-284. 28. Van Dam, M. H., A. J. Rominger, and M. S. Brewer. 2019. Environmental niche adaptation revealed through fine scale phenological niche modelling. Journal of Biogeography 46:2275- 2288.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Facilities and Grounds Improvements

Our steward, Guy Green, has been working diligently to keep up with routine maintenance while still accomplishing new projects and making significant improvements around the reserve. Unfortunately, we have been without a part-time staff person for a number of years now due, in part, to limited housing opportunities during the Prop84 projects, so Guy has been working as a one-man show with the occasional help of the UC NRS roving steward Augie Valadez.

A few highlights from this year include: • In September of 2019 Guy built a retaining wall out of old railroad ties at the Allanson Center Commons. The wall was desperately needed, as the area to the southeast of the building was starting to get a bit dangerous due to erosional wear on the sandy bank just next to the patio. This area has a nice shade structure covering a redwood picnic table and a brick patio. It is used frequently by visitors as an outdoor eating area because there is a barbecue available there. The retaining wall makes the area much safer and made it so that the BBQ could be placed securely in a better spot away from one of our few trees at the Center facilities (Figure 21). • Over the course of the year, Guy has made a few improvements to Pinyon Camp. We would like to make this a better space for researchers to stay, as it has been neglected for quite some time. Guy has worked hard to make it a more comfortable space, including a patio surrounding the cabin. He also restored the siding and put in some new doors and windows.

Figure 21. The east side of the Allanson Center Commons has a nice patio area with a shade structure and picnic table. Guy built a retaining wall along the east side to protect people from slipping down the steep slope; it also created a much-needed spot for the barbecue. 24

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

• We are lucky to have a maintenance person that knows how to work on vehicles. While we don’t ask him to do all the vehicle maintenance, because this would require a full-time mechanic, he does take on some of the issues in order to save us some money. As an example, this year he replaced the knock sensor in our 2002 Toyota Tundra, which had been destroyed by rodents. We incur an enormous amount of losses each year due to rodent damage in our vehicles, so being able to save $500 on this fix was a welcomed savings. • There is always some staining or painting to be done when you have several buildings to maintain. Guy has to work hard to keep up with the sanding, staining and painting of our wood structures. This year he was able to get the Pink House siding stained, which was well timed after the Prop84 remodel was done. With the new shed dormer on the second floor, we wanted to make sure the entire house was stained the same color. Also, as part of the remodel, the construction crew built a water heater shed on the east side of the house in order to free up space on the inside for the new downstairs bathroom. All of this new construction was covered in wood siding (Figure 22). As always, Guy did a great job despite the steep roof he had to work around!

Figure 22. The “Pink House” was stained this year so that the new shed dormer and water heater shed matched the rest of the siding on the house.

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Donations and Volunteers

This year we received many high- resolution photographs from both Malory Owen and Paul De Ley. Malory is a graduate student from York University in the final stages of her Master’s thesis research and also an avid photographer of birds, plants, and generally anything that she sees while in the field. Though it was hard to choose, we ended up using a Gray Fox photo donated by Malory for the new year greeting we sent out in December 2019 (Figure 23). Figure 23. Front side of the new year greeting card sent

by the Center in December 2019. This Gray Fox photo Paul De Ley, professor of was taken by Malory Owen near the Center’s boundary Nematology from UC Riverside, with Mojave National Preserve. has donated hundreds of high- resolution photographs of invertebrates to the Center library, most of which can be found on our website associated with the species lists. In his efforts to conduct a photographic inventory, he has added 37 taxa to the list of species known to occur in and around the Center. Even more impressive, is that in the process of cataloging these images and updating our list, we have discovered that a UC Los Angeles undergraduate student, Cedric Lee, that visited Norris Camp in April of 2017, also took many photos of invertebrates and posted them on iNaturalist. Over time he has identified many of these down to the species or genus level, 69 of which represent new taxa for the master inventory for the Center. In fact, it was one of Cedric’s photos (Figure 16) that got the attention of Marshal Hedin at San Diego State University. Dr. Hedin is an expert on Harvestmen and he recognized from the photo that the specimen Cedric found represents a new species to science!

Finally, over the summer of 2020, we hosted a virtual volunteer from Arcata, CA, who wanted to help us with improving our website, specifically the pages with species lists. Zoie André, a junior at Arcata High School, worked closely with Assistant Director, Tasha La Doux, to add 11 new species lists and updated three of the old ones. The eleven that were added were mostly invertebrates, they include: Ants; Bees & Sphecoid Wasps; Beetles; Butterflies & Moths; Flies; Parasitic and Stinging Wasps; Mantids, Grasshoppers, Antlions, and other Insects; True Bugs; Scorpions, Pseudoscorpions, and other Arachnids; Spiders; and Rare Vertebrate Animals. All the species lists have url links to other informative websites and photo galleries demonstrating some of the species. Overall, she spent about 100 hours working on the website, a huge effort that was much appreciated!

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Public Service

On November 14th, 2019, the UC Riverside Natural Reserves gathered in Palm Desert, CA, for an evening of presentations highlighting the various reserves. There are eight UC Natural Reserve System (UC NRS) reserves managed by UC Riverside, these include: Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center, Emerson Oaks Reserve, Motte Rimrock Reserve, James San Jacinto Mountains Reserve, Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center, Box Springs Reserve, Oasis de los Osos Reserve, and the Sacramento Mountains Reserve (Figure 24). Center Director, Jim André, presented an overview of the Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center and Sacramento Mountains Reserves, as did the other Reserve Directors for their respective reserves. All in all, the audience was provided with an informative overview of how the UCR reserves meet the mission of the NRS through outreach, education, and research.

Summary

Overall, the Center recorded 940 User-Days in FY17, representing 221 unique individuals (Table 2). Over 50 institutions were represented by the various people visiting the Center (Table 3), including 24 different colleges and universities, 11 non-profit organizations, and 10 government agencies. We added 8 new research projects and 28 publications to our bibliographic database (see pages 17-23), which represents a list of 750 peer-reviewed articles, dissertations/theses, books/book chapters, audiovisual media, and government reports. We hosted a total of 8 educational groups (Table 1) this year.

Figure 24. Map of southern California showing the location of all eight UC Riverside Natural Reserves (stars). Jim André is the Reserve Director for both Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center and the Sacramento Reserve (shown with red stars).

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Table 2. User data for the Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center fiscal year 2020 (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020). Number of users (# Users) represents each unique individual utilizing the Center. A User Day (UDs) is defined as a day in which a person is physically present at the Center

FY 2019-20 NRS Annual Report PART 1: RESERVE USE DATA

Campus: Riverside Reserve: Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Prepared by: Tasha La Doux UDs = No. of User Days

UC Home UC Other CSU System CA Comm Other CA Out of State International Government Non-Profit Profit K-12 School Other TOTAL College College College University Business # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs # Users UDs UNIVERSITY-LEVEL RESEARCH Faculty 1 6 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 Research Scientist/Post Doc 2 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 19 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 126 Research Assistant (non-student/faculty/postdoc)0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 27 7 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 35 14 106 Graduate Student 1 4 1 7 3 11 0 0 0 0 8 33 1 20 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 77 Undergraduate Student 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 Professional 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 6 45 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 3 SUBTOTAL 7 120 1 7 5 17 0 0 0 0 9 36 3 47 17 87 2 4 0 0 0 0 9 59 53 377 UNIVERSITY-LEVEL INSTRUCTION Faculty 2 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 28 3 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 54 Graduate Student 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 Undergraduate Student 45 121 9 27 0 0 0 0 14 42 44 139 9 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 374 SUBTOTAL 49 132 10 30 0 0 0 0 15 45 52 170 12 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 437 PUBLIC SERVICE Faculty 0 0 4 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 44 Undergraduate Student 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 Professional 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 54 9 54 Volunteer 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 SUBTOTAL 0 0 6 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 54 30 126 TOTAL 56 252 17 73 5 17 0 0 15 45 76 242 15 107 17 87 2 4 0 0 0 0 18 113 221 940

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

Table 3. List of institutions, businesses, and non-profit organizations affiliated with the visitors utilizing the Center in FY20.

INSTITUTION NAME LOCATION University of California University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California University of California, Davis Davis, California University of California, Riverside Riverside, California University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California California State University System California State University (CSU), Los Angeles Los Angeles California San Francisco State University (CSU) San Francisco, California California Community College Mt. San Antonio College Pomona, California Other California University or College California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, California U.S. University or College Outside of California Castleton University Las Vegas, Nevada College of Southern Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada Colorado College Colorado Springs, Colorado Eastern Oregon University La Grande, Oregon Nevada State College Henderson, Nevada State University of New York Oneonta Oneonta, New York University of Florida Gainesville, Florida University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina International University or College Victoria University of Wellington Wellington, New Zealand York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada K-12 Education Morongo Basin Homeschool Group Joshua Tree, California Arcata High School Arcata, California Governmental Agency or Entity California Department of Conservation Sacramento, California CalTrans Arcata, California Nevada National Security Site, Department of Energy Las Vegas, Nevada National Park Service, Joshua Tree National Park Twentynine Palms, California National Park Service, Mojave National Preserve Barstow, California National Park Service, Mojave Network Inventory & Monitoring Boulder City, Nevada Program US Geological Survey Menlo Park Field Office US Geological Survey Pasadena Field Office US Geological Survey Western Region Earthquake Hazards Consortium of Institutions Program Pasadena, California Western Regional Climate Center Reno, Nevada Non-Government Organization or Non-Profit Entity Basin and Range Watch Beatty, Nevada California Integrated Seismic Network Consortium of Institutions

SGMDRC Annual Report FY2019

INSTITUTION NAME LOCATION Pasadena, California California Native Plant Society Oakland, California Desert Botanical Garden Phoenix, Nevada Desert Research Institute Reno, Nevada EarthScope Consortium of Institutions San Clemente, California Mojave Desert Land Trust Joshua Tree, California Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California Solar Done Right Various U.S. Cities Southern California Seismic Network Consortium of Institutions Pasadena, California UNAVCO Inc. (University NAVSTAR Consortium) Consortium of Institutions Boulder, Colorado Business Entity Coast to Coast Botany Napa, California Cogan Technology, Inc. Galena, Illinois F. M. Roberts Publications Encinitas, California Google Irvine, Califronia GeoVision Santa Cruz, California Mission Support and Test Services Las Vegas, Nevada