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A Study on the Applicability of Cover Meter and Gpr Survey for Cover Thickness and Rebar Identifcation in Reinforced Concrete Structures

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A STUDY ON THE APPLICABILITY OF COVER METER AND GPR SURVEY FOR COVER THICKNESS AND REBAR IDENTIFCATION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Bhaskar SANGOJU#, and Vasanthakumar, S.& #Scientist, &Project Assistant, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Taramni, Chennai, 600113, T.N., India E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Adequate cover to the reinforcement bar (rebar) is essential to protect the rebar from aggressive chloride or carbon-di-oxide induced environments. Ascertaining the cover depth is important to implement durability http://www.ndt.net/?id=22341 standards to the structure under construction. For the condition assessment of deteriorated reinforced concrete (RC) structures, it becomes essential to locate the rebars, know the cover thickness, rebar diameter, etc. in existing structures, where, structural drawings may not be available. The present study explores the possibilities of Cover meter and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), two prominent non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, for mapping of the rebars, identification of rebar position and estimation of cover thickness. The results indicate that GPR is very good in identifying the rebar position and estimating the cover depth even in heavily reinforced concrete structures. More info about this article: Keywords: NDT, Cover meter, GPR, Concrete cover, Rebars. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Reinforcement corrosion is a major concern that causes extensive damage to the reinforced concrete (RC) structures. For new or freshly constructed RC structure, adequate concrete cover to reinforcement bar (rebar) is essential to protect it from external aggressive chloride or carbon-di-oxide induced environments. For the quality assessment of RC structures, it becomes essential to locate the rebars, know the cover thickness and rebar diameter. Also, for core sampling and extraction, rebar location is important to avoid cutting of the rebar. A reliable estimation of rebar location, concrete cover thickness and rebar diameter, non-destructively, is very much important for the quality assurance of new and for the condition assessment of existing RC structures. Various non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques such as Rebound hammer, Ultrasonic pulse velocity, Cover meter, Impact echo (IE), Pulse echo (PE), Infrared thermography (IRT), Ground penetrating radar (GPR), Linear polarization resistance (LPR), etc., are being used for the condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures [1-2]. Among various NDT techniques, two techniques that are most commonly used in the field for the rebar identification, cover thickness and rebar diameter estimation are Cover meter and GPR techniques. The commercially available Cover meter (Profoscope+), working principle, application, limitation, etc., are described in Proceq manual [3]. Advanced versions of Profoscopes are being released by Proceq. It is to be noted here that Cover meter probe setting (detectable range), bar diameter setting, etc., shall affect the cover thickness measurement. Limited research is reported on the reliable applicability of Cover meter for cover thickness and rebar diameter estimation. A laboratory study on concrete blocks with single embedded rebar reported that bar diameter can be estimated with an error percent between 1% to 35% for bar diameters 16mm and above for cover thickness up to 50mm [4]. The study carried out by Reuben et al. [5] reported that for cover thickness measurement, bar diameter setting and range setting (low or high) has greater influence on the cover thickness estimation. It is 1 reported in the Proceq manual that Cover meter survey is not affected by the presence of non- conductive materials such as wood, plastics, etc., however, any kind of conductive materials within the magnetic field will have an influence on the measurement [3]. GPR is a new technique being used for subsurface investigation, rebar identification and mapping [6-8]. GPR uses electromagnetic pulses to image the subsurface. The commercially available GPR (StructureScan Mini) and its working principle is described in GSSI manual [9]. Accurate estimation of depth, or cover requires a reliable knowledge of the dielectric properties of the concrete [9, 10]. It is observed from the literature that these two techniques have their own merits and demerits, which depend on the depth of cover, spacing between rebars and diameter of rebars, etc. [3, 5,11-13]. Many times during field investigations, it is experienced difficulty in the (i) rebar identification, (ii) cover thickness, and (iii) diameter estimation using the Cover meter. This could be due to uneven/rough surface, deep concrete cover, congestion of rebars, etc. Hence, a laboratory parametric study is proposed to explore the reliable applicability of Cover meter and GPR for the rebar identification and estimation of cover thickness in concrete members considering different cover thicknesses and rebar diameters. The present study is also extended to identify the rebar position and cover thickness in a strong reaction floor concrete wall, available at CSIR-SERC, Chennai. 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 2.1 Specimen Details For the present study, number of test specimens/blocks (B1 to B5) with different cover thicknesses and rebar diameters are used for the data generation and reliable interpretation. The concrete block is of 150mm thickness with a size of 400×250mm. For easy interpretation and also to avoid interference effect from the adjacent rebars, single bar is placed in each block. For easy casting, an effective cover of 50mm from top is maintained for all the blocks. Rebars with different diameters viz., 32mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, and 12mm are used to get different clear covers. To represent deep cover to the rebars in situations such as isolated foundations, irrigation dams, etc., a big square block (S) of size 1500×1500mm with 500mm thick is cast. Three rebars are placed in the block at sufficient spacing (i.e., more than 200mm) among them, to avoid interference effect from the adjacent rebars while doing scanning [3, 14]. Three diameters, viz., 16mm, 20mm and 25mm are placed with an effective cover of 160mm from the top surface. The bars are placed at a spacing more than 200mm to avoid interference effect from the adjacent rebars and also to get reliable GPR radagram for identifying location and spacing of rebars [14]. Table 1 illustrates the details of different test specimens. Figure 1 (a) and 1 (b) show the scanning of a typical concrete block using Cover meter and GPR. 2 (a) using Cover meter (b) using GPR Figure 1 Scanning on a typical block specimen Table 1: Details of different block specimens Diameter of Effective Effective cover Concrete rebar used cover from from the block (mm) the top (mm) bottom (mm) B1 12 50 100 B2 16 50 100 B3 20 50 100 B4 25 50 100 B5 32 50 100 25 160 340 S 20 160 340 16 160 340 2.2 Cover Thickness Estimation using Cover meter To determine the cover thickness, scanning is carried out on the concrete blocks B1 to B5. To get a reliable cover thickness, the rebar diameter needs to be known and has to be feeded in the Cover meter device [3]. In general, many times in the field, rebar details may not be available, especially for old structures and sometimes not possible to estimate the rebar diameter due to reasons such as congestion of rebars, thick concrete cover, etc. In such cases, an appropriate diameter is to be assumed based on the history of the structure and experience. Keeping that as back ground, in the present study, a parametric study has been carried out for reliable cover thickness estimation by assuming different input diameters (four diameters/trials used). Also, to understand more about the applicability of Cover meter, both top and bottom covers of block specimens (blocks) are proposed to be estimated. Four input diameters/trials are used for cover thickness estimation. Among the four input diameters, two are less than the actual, one is equal and the other is higher than the actual rebar diameter. Table 2 presents the details of input diameters assumed. The clear cover thicknesses are estimated using Cover meter and Figure 2 shows the plot of effective cover thicknesses for different input diameters. It is observed from Figure 2 that for the rebar diameters between 16mm and 32mm, the cover thickness is estimated reliably, only when setting the input diameter as actual bar diameter. It is also observed that when the input diameter is set as a value higher than the actual, the estimated cover is higher and vice versa. This has been observed for both top and bottom covers. From Figure 2, it can be inferred that the accuracy of cover thickness greatly depends on the set value of input diameter in the Cover meter device. The maximum error observed in the present study is about 21% for 3 different incorrect input diameters. Therefore, in order to have reliable and correct cover thickness estimations, it is desirable to collect the rebar diameter details first, if available or estimate the rebar diameter using Cover meter before going for cover thickness estimation/measurement. Cover thickness estimations are also made on a big square block, ‘S’ for three different embedded rebars (16mm, 20mm and 25mm diameter). Cover thickness could not be estimated using Cover meter, which could be due to the embedment of rebars at a deep cover (of about 150mm). However, Proceq manual states that the measuring range is dependent on the bar size and for 25mm rebar diameter, the thickness measuring range is up to 160mm [3]. Table 2: Different blocks-actual and assumed input/set diameters Concrete Actual rebar Assumed input block diameter (mm) diameters (mm) B1 12 8 10 12 16 B2 16 10 12 16 20 B3 20 12 16 20 25 B4 25 16 20 25 32 B5 32 20 25 32 36 Note: Effective cover is equal to clear cover in mm + d/2; where, ‘d’ is diameter of rebar in mm Figure 2 Cover thickness variation for different input diameters 4 2.3 Cover Thickness Estimation using GPR A portable GPR (StructureScan Mini) with inbuilt antenna (2.6GHz frequency) is used in the present study [13].
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