A Journey in the Valley of the Upper Author(s): Vincent W. Yorke Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 5 (Nov., 1896), pp. 453-472 Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774082 . Accessed: 04/02/2015 01:58

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A JOURNEY IN THE VAfTR.Y OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES. By GTINCENT W. YORKE.* Disrik at present contains about 4000 families, of which are said 800 to be Turkish, and the rest Arinenian. The town, is situated on which the edge of an estensive plain, is loosely built, with many gardens, and has a fair bazar. Its name and situationwould point to its identity with Tephrike, an importantfortress of Paulicians the in the ninth century A.D. It was foundedby Garbeas, leader of the this powerfulsect, in 85S, and for nearly twenty years the causeof was anuchtrouble to the ByzantilleEmpire. It was eventually taken by the Byzantines duringthe reign of Basil I. in 873.f place afterwards The cameinto the halldsof the Seljllks,who accordingto St. Martin,:were drivenout by the Mongolsin 1243.§ After a thoroughsearch for antiquities,we could :findno which can be remains with certaintyascribed to any periodolder than that the Seljuk of occupation. There are two ruined castles at I)ivrik, the largestof which occupiesa strong positionon a steep rock the modern overhanging town. Roundthe top of this rock there exists a circuitof walls, preserved at soinepoints to a considerableheight, which may in placesbe as old as the time of the PaulicianoccupatioIl. Within these thereare also remainsof what may oncehave been a church,though, if this was ever the case,it has been largely modifiedin tbe Seljukstyle. The othercastle is built on a high pinnacleof rockon the furtherbank of the Ghalta Irmak. I1; is much slnaller in estent and less well presers7ed.The graveJards of the town did not contain a single insc}ription,or even any worked stones which can be assigned to the Byzantineage. Remainsof the Seljuk period,on the other hand,were abundant;there are numeroussmall chapels and tombs, for the most partoctagonal in shape with pyrarnidalroofs, which show Seljukwork * Paper read at the Royal GeographicalSociety, May 132 1895. tinuedfrom p. 335. Map,p. 428. COn- t Other settlementsof the Pauliciall#in this district mentionedby the historiansare Argaoulland Byzantine Amara(or Abara),founded by Carbeas,Koptos Spathe, and Tauras.None of these have as yet been idetltified. X Op.cit., p. 188. § Divrik has been identifiedwith Abrik of the Arab geographers hisnotes to a by l'Estrangein translationof Ibn Serapion(Jour. Roy. Astat. Soc.,1895, p. 54), cha[gedhis opinion but he hns #ub#equentlyin deferenceto Eogarth,who would identifyAbrik nviththe tnodernArabkir fxvide J.R.A.S.,1895, p. 740). But his originalidentification isconfirmed to a certainestent by the occurrence of the variantA¢PZKX for TffplKX in twopassageS of the Byzantinehistorians (Sym., 8. 455, B.; llameof Leon.,255.16), while the old Arabkir,as given in the fiscal archives,appears to have been iIlJour. R.G.S., loc. cit. Nareen(Taylor p. 311). Abrik was visited by Ali of Herat in the centurysand was theIl a twelfth placeof pilgrimagelleld iIl venerationalike by Christian3 toslema A curiouspassage and fromTakut (i. 87), givillg Ali's descriptionof the place istranslated by l'Estrang,e(J.R.A.S., loc. cit.).

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in va,riollsparts of the town; and on a,neminenee below the larger of the two eastles there stands a, ma,gnifieent mosque, built, aeeording to an inscription on the north door, for Ka,i Itosru II. (e. 1240), which must be one of the rnost splendid! monuments of its style a,nd period in ez;istenee. As it has attraeted very little notiee froznprevious trarrellers, it will be well briefly to deseribe it. The mosque is oblong in :shape,l;ying north a,ndsouth, and mea,sures 87 ya,rdsby 47 ya,rds. It has three grea,t stone porta,ls,two on the west , and one on the north. The north door is rery richly deeorated, a,nd,exeept a,t the bottom, vvhereit has been in part rebuilt, is in a, goocl state of preserva,tion. Tbe system on which it is designed is that of a pointed a,reh within a reetangula,rframe. The sides of the fra,me are supported by elusters of pillars, and on eaeh side of the a,reh a,nd above it a, line of very elabora,te orna,ment,consisting of rose-medallions, ereseents and sta,rs,and lotus-buds, is worked. These a,rein many eases almost eompletely detaehed from the baekground. The south door of the west side is sinlila,rin shape a,nddesign to the north door, the ehief ornament used being; hea,vy a,nd ela,bora,telyearved folia,ge. The third door is rnoresimple in style, a,ndis ornamentedalmost entirely with the hone,ycombpattern. On eaeh side of it, in panels eut in the pro,jeeting buttresses are representations of the two-head¢deagle, the badge of the Seljuk sultans; and against the Inain wall, close to them, another strange bird, whi(h ls probably meant for a hawk. The luosque inside has a stone vaulted roof, ornarnentedat the keystones with bosses, on whioh shells and flowers are earved. It was originally supported by sixteen llexagonal piers, which harre been roughly bllilt up in recent times. From one of the eupolas hangs a "blue stone," i.e. a ball of Persian poreelain, to whieh rnagiealproperties are ascribed. The whole building is now, unfortunate]y, in a very bad state of repair, and a large portion of it will probably within a short time fall into ruins. From Divrik we made our way back to Zilnarra hy a longer but easier route, whieh skirts the base of the high mountain whieh we had elimbed in eoming. We followed the road on leaving Divrik for half an hour, and then took a path which goes off to the right and crosses the river by a stone bridge with two arches. We thell followed the course of one of its tributaries, the Eornova Chai, until we reached the Armenian village of Hornova, and soon after crossed the watershed between that streelmand another which flows into the river of Divrik. OU18path then led us down a small and gradually deepening gully to the village of Rarageban, which is six and a half hours distant froln D;vrik. LEQaragebanis a villa,Oe of s;sty houses inhabited by a singularly handsome race of people, who spoke Tulkish and claimed to be Turks. Here we spent the night, and the next day proceeded to ZinlarraXwhich we reached in two and a half llours. ErornZimarra we took the direct route by Hassan Ora to l;emakh.

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At on,ehour beyond Zimarrawe stoppedat some ruins on a small streama short distancebelow the village of Zinika. These ruins,to whichallusion is madein ' Arch.Epigr. Oester.' (1884, p. 239), arethose of a smallfortress of circularshape, built rounda low rnoundabout 50 feet high and 200 yardsin circunlference.The walls consistof an outer line, within which,at an intervalof about20 yards,is a smallenceinte; they are built of large lnostly unsqualed,blocksof limestonelaid in unevencourses, the gaps being filled up with smallstones and a little mud nlortar. It is diffiou]tto deterlninethe period to which these remainsbelong; the sude style of building would point perhapsto a pre-Romandate for tile walls, and the ulortarused in theln to a Ronzan ;; a

: THE EUPHRATES ABOVE CHERMUK (LOOKING SOUTH). restorationof the satne,but without furtherevidence no definite con- clusioncan be arrivedat with respectto their age.<¢ Thereis a direct path leading from these ruins to Pingan,not more than 4 or 5 miles distant. iE'romthese ruinswe proceededby an easy path,which led us, after threehours' travelling over bareand undulatingcountry, to the village of Dostal,situated only a short distance from the westernEuphrates. The inhabitantsof this village, which consistsof forty houses,tllough they describedthemselves as Kurds,talked nothing but Turkish. At Dostal we were told of the existence of a "written stone" a short distancefrom the village and closeto the roadwhich we were following

8 It is quite possible that the remainsmay be those of the fortress of H;sn-al- Minsharmentioned by Ibn Serapion,as Hogarthsuggests (vide J.X.A.S., 1895, p. 746)*

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 456 A JOURNEY IN THE VALLEY OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES. to HassanOva. This stonewe foundto be a Latin inscriptionbearing the name of the EmperorDecius on a panel cut in the living rock on the furtheror left bank of the KaraBudak, a tributaryof the Euphrates at a point situated about 4 miles from Dostal, and about the same distancefrom the junctionof the tributarywith the river. On the right bankof the Eara Budak,opposite the inscription,there are remainsof an abutmentof a bridge,and on the left bankthe rock is cut awatrfor a short distanceto carrya road. As is often the case, the nalne of the river over which the bridge waF built is given in the inscription,and, curiouslyenough, it appears to be the,same as that by which the Romanscalled our own Severn,i.e. Sabrina. Its discovertTgives certain indicationthat a Roman road passedthe streamat this point. Fromthe spot wherewe found the remainsEassan Ora is reached in ODE and a half hour, and a road to Ruru Chai goes of to the left fifteen minutes after learringthe bridge. At Hassan Ora, which is situatedclose to the Armidan(:hai,$ another considerable tributary of the Euphrates,and one which has as yet foundno place in :Kiepert's maps of Asia Minor,we saw some signs of an ancient site in soane cc)lumnsand capitals,probably of Byzantinedate, lying in a ruinedhut by the side of our path. Unfortunately,sve were prearentedfrom searchingthe village for further evidetnceof antiquityby the fear of being detainedin quarantine. iEIassanOva lies on the frontierbetween the vilayets of Sivas and Erzingan,and eleven days' quarantinehad beenimposed on all travellerscoming from the formerprovince. Any delay might have led to our detentionin the wretchedvillage, which is notoriousin this part of Asia Minor for its bad water, for eleven days, so we hastenedon, fortunatelywithout being perceivedby th officialto whom the supervisionof this part of the frontierhad been entrusted. A shortdistance above Eassan Ova the countrythrough which the westernEuphrates flows becomesmountainous on the right bank,and our path struck up into the hills, and, after a long and easy ascent, reachedthe hetightof 6458 fetet. We then crosseda well-cultivatedupland plain until we cameto the valley of the Nezgieb Chai, which we followeddown to Nezgieb, a Turkishvillage of fifty houses,distant three hours forty minutesfrom HassanOva.. After leaving Nezgieb,we travelledfor rathermore than an hourdown the bed of the samestream; the path tben mountsfrom the left bank, and crosses the heads of numerousderes formedby small tributariesof the Euphrates. In this manner we gradually ascendedto the edge of a high cliS, from which we had a view of the

* It is also called the Kuru Chai Su. Its course vwasfollowed by Taylor in 1866 (loc. ctt., pp. 308 ff8.).

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A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUPHRATES. 457

Euphrates arld Kemakh on the further bank. At this point a severe thunderstorm,which had been brewing all day in the Dersim mountains behind Eemakh, broke over us, with the result that a srnall strealn which lay between us and the town was turtled into an almost unford- able torrent. Bymaking a considerabledetour we succeeded in passitlg this obstacle, and so reached the Euphrates. The river, which flows at this point through a high and precipitous ravine, is here spanned by a woodenbridge, which we crossed to ride down a ladder-like staircase into the town of Eemakh. We rode the whole distance from IIassan Ova to Kemakh in nine hours twenty lninutes?but we travelled very slowly for the last two hours, and tbe journey could easily be accozn-

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THE WESTERN iIS:UPHPtATESABOVE AGHIN (LOORING NORTH). plished in eight and a half hours. It is quite possible that tbe road which was so often traversedby Byzantlne armies (Sebastea-Tephrike- Kamacha*) may have coincided with the route along which we travelled from iEIassarrOva to Remakh, but we saw no sign of any ancient road along our path. :EZemakhis a small {own of about fifteen hundred houses, of which only thirty-five are Armenian. The town is clustered round a precipitous rock, which rises close to the left bank of the river, and on which there are remains of what must once have been an impregnable fortress. It most probably occupies the site of one of the several towns called Theo- dosiopolis,which e2zistedin this part of the BJzantine Empire.t Tn

* Ramsay,' H;st. Geogr.,'p. 56. t VtdeRaulsay, op. Cit., pp. 282 and 447.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 4.08 A JOURNEl' IN THE VALLEY Ofi' THE UPPER EUPHRATES. later times it was one of the so-called Alesopotamian fortresses which the Arabs held along thes line of the Byzantine frontier.$ We stayed two nights in Remakh, but were unsuccessful in our search for remains of the Byrantinesperiod. Portions of the walls of the castle, which are in places still preserved to a considelab]e height, rnay be as old as those times; but it is more probable that the greater part of them are later in date, and the work of the Mollamlnedanconquerors. Wtithin the walls of the castle there are ruins of many houses nhich may possibly be the remains of the Byzantine town, but we found no inscriptions or othet evidence to support such an hypothesis. The churches which are reportedto have been seen by other travellers who have visited liemakh, do not exist at the present day.; Remains of the Seljuk period, con- sisting of a number of small chape]s or tombs, very similar to those which we saw at Divrik, are plentiful in and about the modern town. From Remakh we followed the valley of the river to ELzingan,which is about ten hours distant. We left Kemakh by the bridge xvhich we had crossed on entering the town, and shortly afterwards forded the Wiumur Chai, a considerable tributary of the left bank of the river. WATethen followed an easy path which keeps closely to the right bank. The river between Erzingan and Kemakh is generally from 80 to 100 -ards broad; the stream is yellow in colour, and flows at the rate of about 6 lniles an hour. AVefound the tempelature of the water on June 6, at 4.30 p.m., to be 59° Fahr. The Dersim njountainsdescend abruptly to the left bank all along this part of the course of the river, but for seven hours of our journey the countly on the left bank was fairly easy in character; the hills stand back from the river or slope gently down towards the bank. Three and a half hours before reaching Er7ingan we came to the carriage-roadwhich is in course of construction along the river-valley. The rivel, soon after the point at which Be got on to tllis load, is hemlned in on both sides by hills, which continued until we reached the plain of Erzingan, when the road leaves the river. A ride of one and a half hour along the road over the plain then brought us to Erzingan. We met with few hulnan habitations, except khans,in the river-valley between Erzingan and Kemakh, and we saw no sign of any ol(l road or otller antiquities alont our route. The following table is a list of distances and heights between :Egin and ZErzingan:-

BIiles. Ifieet. tSiles. Feet. -. Egin ...... ,3342 23. Karageban ...... 4695 ]4. Top of ri(lte ... 5913 23. Dostal ...... 11. Pingan ...... 3331 9. Hassan Oxa ...... 14. Eesme ...... 4874 13. Nezgieb ...... 5807 8. Sumtnit " ...... 7922 17. Kemakh ...... 3877 7". Divrik ...... 3642 35. Ersingan ...... 4267

* L'EstlangeS' Palestine underthe Mos]ems,'p. 38. t Ritter, vol. x. p. 785.

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A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF TEE UPPEREUPHRATES. 409 Erzinganis situatedin a large plain?which is surroundedon every side by high mountains. It is at the presentday the principalmilitary outpostagainst Russia on this part of the Turkish frontier,and the head-quartersof the 4th ArmyC:orps. The town, which is bad]ybuilt, is said to contain from 30n000to 3S,000inhabitants. - We could find no ancientbuildings or other antiquitiesin Erzingan,which does not seemto representany ancient siter The chief monumentof the placeis a moderemosque built in classicaletyle. At Erzinganwe finallyleft the Euphrates,and madeour way llorth- wardsto Sadagh,about ten hoursdistarlt on the other side of the high mountainra.nge which boundsthe plain of Ersingan to the north,and for:nspart of the watershedbetween tho Black Sea and the Persian

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Gulf. Sadagh, where ruins and antiquities llave been reportedby severaltravellers, lies closeto the routewhich is travelledby the poatal service between Erzingan and Trebizond. Following this route, an ascentof nearlyfour hours, by a pathwhich nowherepresents anJr great difficulties,brought us fromthe plain of Erzinganto the top of the pass (8805 feet) over the SipikorDa^,h. The carriage-road,whic:h is in courseof constructionbetween Erzingan and a point on the Er%erum- Trebizondchcsussee near Ginanush iK:hane, beOins a short distancebefore the top-of the pass is reached,and, though it is not yet metalled in uansr places, it is probablethat beforelong the wholeroad will be com- pleted and it will be possibleto drive a11the way DornErzingan to Trebizond. After reachingthe top of the pass, vsrerode down a green andpleasant valley to Sipikor a Turkishvillage of one hundredhouses.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 460 A JOURNEY IN THE VALLEY OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES. Fromhere we followedthe) carriage-road, which keeps to the left banlr of a small streamflowir g into the Kelkid Irmak(Lyous), and in five and a half hoursreached Sadagh, which lies a short distanceto the left of the road. Sadaghis a Turkishvillage of abouta hundredand fifty houses,built for the most part of old squaredstones. It is situatedin a depressionin the hills on the left bankof one of the main sourcesof the Relkid Irmak,and has a fine water-supplywhich flows froma reservoir whichis artificiallybanked up abovethe village. The site lies closeto the route up the Kelkid Irmakfrotn Enderes via Ashkalehto Erzerum This route,inasmuch as it formedpart of the old route by land from Constantinopleto Erzerum,*wa8 of great itnportancebefore the half- sea routevia Trebizondto Erzerumwas openedup, and in consequence the village has been mentionedin the writings of some of the early travellersto the East.t In more recent years, it has been visited by Taylor in 1868,who copieda Latin inscription,and reportedthe existenceof some:Byzantine inscriptionsin the village; + and subsequentlyby Biliotti,who sent in a descriptionof the site, accompaniedby a plan of the ruins,to the British Government.A Latin inscriptionwas also copiedon the site by Colonel E^rerett,and has been publishedin the Corpus.§ On the strengthof the reports Sadaghwas identifiedby Kiepertin his mapswith Satala,the campof Legio XV. Apollinaris.ll There was nothing, however?in these reports and inscriptionsto makethis identificationcertain, and we devoted two days to an exami- nationof the site and a searchfor furtherepigraphical evidence. Our effortswele rewardedby the find;ngof severallegionary titles inscribed with the words" Leg. NAl.Apol.," the discoveryof which mustremove all doubtas to the identityof the site with Satala. Gonsiderableremains of an ancientfortified town exist nearthe modereTillage. The walls, which consist of a rubblecore facedsvith well-squatedstones, seem to have foruleda squareenclosure, the sides of which facedthe four points of the compass. They are best preservedon the northside, where the towers are still standingalong the whole line and at the two corners. On the south and along part of the west side the anciontwalls have been almostobliterated by the moderns-illage, which is built over the south-westcorner of the enclosure. As far as can be judged from the style of construction,the wallswould seem to be of Byzantinerather than of Romandate, and are probablyin their presentform not olderthan the time of Justinian,who is known15 to have restoredtha fortificationso£

* It is described ;n Ritter, vol. s. p. 751. t Tournebrt, Let. 21; Moriers ' Persia,' p. 33s. ; 'raylor, aoc.cit., pp. 287 £. The inscription which he aopied can be partially restored, asld is undoubtedly one of the Emperor Aurelian. It llas not yet found its way into the Corpus. § ' C.I.L.,' sol. iii. Suppl. No. 6744. t1' Notit. Diguit. Oriellt.,' cap. xxxv. s , ' De Ad.,' fii. 4.

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A JQURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPER EUPHRATES. 461 the town. A short dis,tancesouth-east of the site there are remains of an aqueduct?of which five arches are still standing. Above the modernvillage, near the reservoir,theze are remainsof earthworlrs, which possibly representthe site of a small fort which guardedtho water-supply. There are also some foundationsof a building outside the north wall, but not enough of it is preservedto indicate its character. In the aourse of our stay we succeededia finding, besides the legionarytiles and a considerclblenumber of unimportantByzantine epitaphs,seven Latin inscriptions. Of these two are mere fragments, and another,a milestone,is so weather-wornas to be whollyillegible. With regardto the famousbronze head which was foundat Sadagh

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MOSQUE AT l)lVRIB (NORTH DOOR). and is now in the ,M e could obtainbut little inforn:na- tion. We wvereshown the placewhere it was fou:r,d;the spotis within the walls of the site, and the manwho turnedit up was at the time of ourvisit still alive, thoughat the point of deathv From tlle accounts of the oldest inhabitants,it appearsthat a thoroughsearch was made at the time when the head and hand wele discovered,and they all agreedin saying that nothingelse was found,so that the reportssvhich havebeen in circulationto the eSect that the bodyof the statueis still in possessionof the natives of the place, are probablywithout any foundation. E2<:actlythe same accountwas given by one of the beysat iiiemakh,the governmentengineer of the district, and our Khanyiat Erzingan. From Sadaghwe made short e2rcursionsalonb two of the valleys whichconverge on the village from the west, the3salley of the Lyous, NO.V.-NOVEMBER, 1896.] 2 I

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions UPPEREUPHRATES. 462 A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE In the valley of the andthat of anothersmaller stream to the sollth. hourdistant from Lyous,on the roadto Relkid Chiflik,at a village one been milestones, Sadagh,there are two columns,which may oncehave thoughneither is inscribed. Erzingan to On leaving SadaChwe regained the post-roadfrom feet) to strike Trebizond,and went via Eeusse over a high pass (7389 minutes short of theErzerum-Trebizond chaussee at a point fifteen hours distant from Tekke.The point where the two roadsjoin is ten we saw what may Sadagh.One hourand a half after leaving Sadagh We did not have bea Romanfort, 2 miles to the right of our road. its walls consist timeto visit it, but couldmake out with a glass that ofa rubblecore faced with £quaredstones. by numberless FromTekke to Trebizondthe roadhas been described At seven and I will only add notes abouttwo placeson it. travellers, there are ruins hourstwenty-five minutes from Tekke, at ArdasaShan, a high rock to the ofa castle,probabltr Byzalltine, above the village on similarityof namest right. iE'romthe existenceof these remainsand the the Byzantinelists.* it may be conjecturedthat Ardasa= ApaAatcrof ten hours before At two and three-quarterhours beyondArda#a, and passedon the south reachingTrebizond, a small group of khans is name of Zigana sideof the pass, wPhichare called by the collective of the Antonine Khan. The nalne of one of the stations on the road Zigana,tbut there is Itineraryfrom Trapezus to Satalais preservedin if the distances not the faintest trace of antiquitt on the spot and have been rather given in the Itineraryare correct,the station mllst south. further took ship for At Tretizond our journey came to an end, and we Constantinople.

PARTII. EUPHRATS. TI1ERO1EAX ROADS AND DEFENCES 0N THEUPPER endeavour to show what new Having thus describedour journey, I shall now of the Roman roads and defences light can be thrown by its results on the subject course talen by the roads,and on this part of the frontser,discussing, firstly, the and, secondly, the history of their the position of some of the stations on them; construction. to and along the upper The general system of the Roman roads leading is well set out in the writings Euphrate3may be said to be fairly understood,alld The system has as its centre ProfessoriEtamsay t and Hogarth§ Ox1the subject. of and Ca3sarea,which doubt- Melitene,the capt vioeof the great road from to the East, the KOvX o8JS of less followed the same cour£eas the old trade-route

* Ramsay,p. 319. for troops(' Notit. Dignit. Oriellt.,'cap. sxxv.). t Ziganawas also a station cit.,pp. 69 f. $ Op.cit., p. 55. § Op.

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Artemidorus. From Melitene a roadran northto Satala, and south in two branches across the Taurus to Samosata,the3e three points being the stativa of the three legions stationed on the upper Euphrates. From Melitene another road led in a north-westerlydirection to Sebastea,and from Sebastea another went eastwardsto and Satala, from which point it was continued through Armenia Major to Artaxata. From Nicopolis another road ran south to cut into the roadSatala- Melitene, accorcling to Kiepert at Analibla, according to Ramsay at Carsafflis. }'rom Satala the road from Melitene was prolongedto Trapezus on the Black Sea, xvhichwas also a station of Roman troops.

17ie Roads Melitene Sctmosatc6. The roads given in the authoritie3are 1. Antonine Itinerary: Melitene,XII.; Miasena,X\7III.; Lacotena,XXVI.; Perre, XXIV.; Samosata. II. Peutinger Table: Melentenis, VIII.; Corne,XIV.; Metita, xIr.; Glaudia, SLVI.; Barsalium,VIII.; Heba, XXS.; Charmodara,XII.; Samosata. Melitene is at Malatia (E3ki Shehr), Samosataat . Of the sites of the other stations on these two roads nery little is known, but we have one fised point in Perre which is near Adiaman (vic?e, p. 322). Corne,Metita, Claudias* (Glaudia), Barzalot (Barsalium), C:holmadara(Charmodara) of road II. are placed on the river by , and Laudias (Claudias)and Barzalo are mentioned in a passage of Ammianus Marcellinus(XVI1I., 7. 11), in which it is implied that they were forts on the Euphrates. A Greek inscription exists at Gerger, and has been publishedin Humane and Puchstein's book, from which it appears that the place was called Arsameia in the first century B.C. But, unfortunately,this name does not occur either in the roadsof the Tables or in Ptolemy. No mile3toneshave as yet been found in the country which lie3 between Samosataancl Melitene, and the only other piece of positive evidence pointing to the course, taken by either of the two roadswhich joined the camps, is the great bridge of Kiakhta. In view of the fact that no one of the stations mentioned in two lists of the Table3is common to both, it seems highly probablethat the two roads must have taken wholly divergent routes. Moreover, it appears, from the testimony of Ptolemy and the passageof Ammianus Marcellinus,that road IL kept more or less clo£ely to the river-bank. Hence there is no reason to depart from the arrange- ment which has been adoptednvith regard to this road in all the most recent nzaps of the ancient world, making it follow the course of the river. The precise route- taken by the road can only be laid down when furtherexploration has been carried out along the river above Gerffler. With regardto road I., Ramsay* has suagested that it is probably represented by the modernroute by Elemenjik, Khan Bunar,Viran Shehr,and Adiaman. But at the time when his work was published, the e2zistenceof a Roman bridve at Kiakhta had ouly just been made generally known,and if the situationof this bridge,which

* Claudiasseenss also to be the same as tlle Cl.ludiopolisof Pliny (V. 24. 85), and (,laudiana,a stationof the Notitia Dignitatum. It is twice mentionedby Barhebraeus ('Hist. Dynast.,'trans. Pococke, pp. 140 atld 333). The nameseems to have survised into the last century,as Otter(' Voyageen Turquieet Perse,'vol. ii. p. 28+) speaksof Arcloudiehas an importantfortress near Malatia. However,it is not to be found iu the modernmaps. t B;lrzalois placed by AinsxYorth(' Travels in A AI.,' *ol. i. p. 2G3)at Berse],a -illage near Tokariz ; ' Hist. Geogr.,'p. 280. 2 I 2

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 464 A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUrPHRATES. lies in a directline betweenPerre (Adiaman) and }¢elitene, and the easynature of ffiecountry between Perre and liiakhtaX are taken into consideration, the conclusion seemsto be inevitablethat roadI. musthave used the bridge. Thedistance, too, of the routewhich he selectsfor the road,seems to be fartoo great,if the distances arecorrectly given in the Itinerary.* If then, as seemsfairly certain, the bridgeat Kiakhtabe}ongs to roadI., the questionrema;ns still to be answered:What routedid roadI. take overthe high q'aurusbetween Kiakhta and Malatia 2 t The bestauthority on the roadsacross this part of the Taurusis undoubtedly Von Moltke. In 1838 he was stationedwith the Tllrkisharmy at Malatia,and wasin greatdegree responsible for movingthe troopsacross the mountainsfrom Malatiato the plainof Samsat. He crossedthe mountainsseveral times, and must naturallyharre sparea Ilo trouble in obtaininginformation as to the differentpasses. lIe says that thereare only three routes practicable for troops,i: one of thesebeing the waterwayof the riscr,down which he trarrelledon a raft. The other two are (a) the routeby SurghuErkenek and Pelwere,which he describesas practicable for artillery. This routefollows, after learring Malatia, the SultanSu, a tributary of the TokhmaSu, andis the sameas that thoughtbJr Ramsay to representroad I.; (b) a routealong another tributary of the TokhmaSu by AbdulKharab ourer high mountains,and practicable only forinfantly and carralry. It i8 improbable,as has beenshown above, that route(a) ean be the sameas the roadof the Itinerary,and route(b) keepsa longway to the west of the line whichwe shouldexpect a road usingtlle bridgeof Kiakhtato take. It is possible,however, that the Romanroad which crossedthe BolamSu at Riakhta may have followedthat streamto its source,which, accordingto the nlaps,is close to Abdul Kharab,aIld fromthis pointto Malatiamay have coincided with route(b). A furtherpossibility rema;ns that it tooka line up the basinof the Gerger(:hai to the eastof the mountainpath whichwe followedfrom Riakhta to Malatia.We were told of the existenceof such a routeat iKiakhta,but wereassured that it was considerablylonger than the one by whichwe travelled-in fact,thirty-two hours as comparedwith eighteenand a half. Thus, in the preseIlt state of our knowledffle of the passes through this part of the Tauruss there is but little evidence to show which one lvas chosen for road I., 3nd it is probable that the old road has not yet been trodden by any European traveller. It seems Ilot uIllikely that it may have kept along the valley of the Bolam Su,

* The luins on this road at Viran Shehr (vide 'Ainsnvorth Travels in A. M.,' -vol. i. p. 258) correspond well enough in position to the sito of Zibatra, an important fortress in late Byzantine times. Its position is fairly accurately defined in the Arab geographers as lying betmeen Malatia, Samsat, and Hisn Mansur (Adiaman), and close to the source of the Jihan (l'Estrange, ' Palestine under the Moslems,' pp. 554 and 562). l'Estrange, however, in his notes on Ibn Serapion, just published in J.R.A.S., 189S, pp. 739 £, is inclined to adopt a suggestion by Hogarth, that Zibatra might possibly be Derendeh. t Yery stron,, arguments harre been brought together by Hobarth in Macan's new edition of Herodotus, to prourethat the Royal Road of Persian days, and subsequently the Icos^*b8bs of Artetnidorus, took a route from Malatia across the Taurus by Eiakhta to Sanesat. IS this theory holds good, it is highly probable that load I. followed the same route across the mountains. t ' Briefe a. d. Turkei,' p. 316. The value of Moltke's statements, bowever, is to some slight e2ztent discounted by the fact that in his time lSiakhta and Gerger were occupied by rebellious Kurds. This may have led hilll to choose routes avoiding these two places.

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joining route(b) at AbdulSharab, and theIlcehave followeda tributary* of the TokhmaSu (lownto Malatia. Morethall this calluotbe saiduntil we are better informedas to the natureof the ralley of the BolamSu.

TheRoads north of Metttene. The wholeof the roadMelitene-Satala is givenin the AntonineItinerary. It is describedas havingled per ripans. Ia. Satala, :SVII.; Suissa,XVIII.; Arauracos,XXIb.; Carsagis,XXVIII.; Sinervas.,XXVIII.; Analiba,Svr.; Zimara,xvr.; Teucila,XXVIII.; Sabus, SVI.; Dascusa,XXXII.; Ciaca,XVIII.; lSIelitene. A considerableportion of the same roadis given in the PeutingerTable, but it startsfrom Draconis, the secondstation fromSatala on the directroad Nicopolis -Satala (videixfrc6, IIa. andlIb.). Ib. Draconis,NVI.; Haris, XVII.; Eregarsina,VItf.; Bubalia,XXVII.; Zimara,X\TIII.; Zenocopi,XVIII.; Vereuso,XII1.; SalJa,:SVIII.; Dasousa, SVIII.; Hispa.,SVIII.; Arangas,VIIII.; Ciaca,XXVII.; Melitene. A directroad, Nicopolis Satala,is gierenboth in the Itineraryand the Table. IIa. In the Antonine Itinerary: Nicopolis,SXIV.; Olotoedariza,XXVI.; _ _ _ . racontes,29s - v .; t:aza, 2vSV .; tjataa. IIb. In the PeutingerTable: N;copoli,RIV.; Caltiorissa-Draconis,XIII.; Cunissa,X.; Hassis,NIIt.; Ziziola,SIr.; Satala. Anotherroad, Nicopolis Satala,which, if Carsaaisis talien to be the sameas Carsat,joins road 1a. at that point,is givenin the Itinerary- IIc. Nicopoli, SXIV.; Olotoedariza,X)ilV.; Carsat, XXIV.; Arauracos, XXIV.; Selissa,XXVI.; Satala. A roadfrom Wicopolis which cuts into roadIa. at Analibaand road lb. at Z;mara,is givenin the PeutinverTable. III. Wicopoli,SXI.; Ole Oberda,XV.; Caleorsissa,XXIII.; Analiba,XV.; Zimara. The stationson these roadsare evidentlymuch confused; Eregarsina of Ib. is most probablythe sameas Carsagisand Carsatof Ia. and IIc., and the statiolls H;spaand Arangasof lb. aretakell from the Melitene-Sebastearoad Probably Hassis of IIb.-Haris of Ib., and Dracontesof IIa. = Draconisof lb. and IIb. Analibashould be chanaed,as Ramsayhas pointedout, to Analibla,in accordance with Ptolemyand ' Acta Conciliorum.' Melitene,as has been shownalready, is at Malatia(Eslii Shehr);Satala, now that we have foundthe legionarytiles, may with certaintybe identifiedwith Sadagh,and Nicopolis is at Purk.t In the countrgthrough which the roadsmust have passed,there are only two placeswhich can confidentlybe consideredto be ancient sites. One of these is the place oppositePingan, from which three

* Thereis someevidence pointing to the fact that in late Byzantinetimes there wasa roadin use alongthis tributary.The streammay very probably be identified nviththe Az Zarnukof the Arabgeot,raphers, as its junctionwith the TokhmaSu (Kubakib)is a¢curatelydefined in a passageof IbIlSerapion (translated by l'Estrange, J.R.A.S.,1895, pp. 63 S.). Tbe Byzantinehistorians (Ced., 207. 4; Theoph. Cont.,167 B.) recordthat Basil, in A.D. 872,marcheal from Ceramisium on this stream (f7rt Tt AdpvovK TOT+t) to the Euphratesalong the roadto Melitene. I owe the referencesto de Muralt,; ChronographieByzantine,2 p. 453. t VideRitter, ssiii. p. 214; andJ.A.R. Munro in ' R.G.S.Suppl. Ptlpers ' vol. iii. pp.725 ff. s

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 466 A JOURNEY IN THE VALLEY OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES. inscriptions have been published, and where we copied another.* The site is identified by Ramsay with Daseusa on the authority of one of the inecriptions found there, in which Ala II. Ulpia Auriana, according to the Notitia Dignitatum stationedat Dascusa, is mentioned.t But Ramsay,in his map of Cappadocia,assigns a position to Dascusa 50 miles south of the position given to it in his text, and plaees Zimara in the map, where, accordingto the test, Dascusa should be. The position given by Ramsay to Zimarais confirmedby the existence of the modern vil]age with the same name, Zimara,versr near to the spot at which the inseriptions were found, and just about in the position in which we should be inclined, if work- ing from the Tables, to look for the site. So that if, following the evidence of the inscription,we p]aee Dascusa on the river-bank opposite P;ngan, it will be at a spot only about 6 miles distant from the probablesite of Zimara. But the Peutinger Table and Itinerary place Dascusa at a point from 60 to 70 nliles south of Zimara,and their testimony is supportedby a statement of Pliny,+ vwhosays that Dascusa was 75 miles lower down the river than Zimara. Hence, if the evidence of the inscriptionis to hold good, it seems necessarsrto conclude that the station of Dascusa is wron(rlsrplaced by the Table, the Itinerary, and Pliny, and has been shifted bsr these authorities from its real position, which is where the inseription vwasfound opposite Pint,an. A minute examination of the literarsr evidence bearinCon these places makes, however, another explanation open to us, bsrthe adoptionof whieh we should do less violence to the authorities. Ptolemy mentions a ha8covia in conjunctionwith Zimarain ArmeniaMinor on the Euphrates, and another plaee, AaSyouav in conjunctionwith Sinis and Melitene, also on the river, in the paf71Syla of Melitene. A Dagusa is mentiotled also by Orosius§as being situated " in confinioArmenix et Cappadocia,"so that there is some evidence in favour of there having been two places on the Euphrates vwithvery similar names, Dascusa and Dagusa. The position of the first of these, as defined by Ptolemsr,would fit iin versr well with the site opposite Pingan; the name is the same as that of the station of the A]a II. Ulpia Auriana, given in the Notitia, and the coineidenceof its being joined with Zimaraby Ptolemsr,and of the preservation of the name Zimara only 6 miles from the spot where the inseription of the A]a was found, is vely striking. The position of Dagusa may, then, be found in that of the Dascusa of the Table and Itinerary,and would be, aceordingto the distances which they give and the statement of Plinsr,abollt 70 miles lower down the river. The eonfusionof two so similar names is so likely to have happened as to require no explanation. On the whole, this theory of there havinffl been two places, Daseusa and Dagusa, on the Euphratesseems to offerthe simplest way out of the difficuitsr,though of course it adds complicationto the topographyof the district. If it is adopted,the Dascusa,which is placed ia Ramsay'smap at a point near the junction of the two brallchesof the Euphrates,must be changed, on the authority of Ptolemy, into Datusa, and lEascusa must be placed, in accordancewith the evidence of the inscription,on the l lver-Fank opposite Pingan. A point in favour of this alrangement is the fact that Zimara is one of the few stations between Melitene and Satala which has no troops assigned to it itl the Notitia, and if this * Videp. 335, note. t The evidenee of the inseription,however, is not eonclusive,as it is merely the tombstoneof a soldierbelonging to this Ala, and it is quite possiblethat he died while away fromhis post. X V. 24. 84. He says, however,that Zimarais on]y 12 miles from thc source of the Euphrates,so that it is possible that tllere were txvoplaces witll this name,as Ritter (vol. x. pp. 822, 823) nzaintain2. § 1. 2. 23

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUPHRATES. 467 theoryis adopted,the omissioncan be explainedby the prosimityof Daccusa,for the troopsthere stationed would serve to protectthe two posts. The other site is that seen by Bore* near Melik-Sherif,and identifiedby Wiepertwith Arauraca. With regardto the otherstations on these roads,the only sugCestionsthat we nan makeare that Dascusaof the Tableand Itinerary may have been near Korpanik (see p. 330),that the ruinsat Zinika(p. 455) may represent the old Zimara,and that Analiblamay have beenat HassanOva, where we saw some signsof a Byzantine site; but noneof theseidentifications can be madewith any degreeof certainty. Twofixed points on the mainroad on the riahtbank of the Euphratesare given (1) by the bridgeat KorpanilS(p. 330); (2) by the bridgeover the KaraBudak (Sabrina)(p. 456). BetweenMalatia and Korpanikthe countryalong the riveris easy; and,though we sawno certaintraces of any Romanroad during this partof ourjourney, it is highly probablethat the old roadkept close to the earthybank, and possiblethat it has been lonC ago washedaway. Above Korpanik,the nountrythrouah which the riverpasses soon becomes mountainous, and from Eoin to Pinaanthe path along the right bark is reportedto be most difficultby the natives, and a11traffic goes by the route which we followedon the left bank. iIence it seemsliliely that the Romanroad between the bridgeat Korpaniliand the probablesite of Zimaratook a line to the west of the routeby which we {ravelled. Taylor,ton bis way from Zimarato Arabliir,between Gamkeui and' Arabkir,high up on the SarichichekDagh, saw a pavedroad, which he speaksof as being "solidly and inCeniouslyconstructed," and it is not improbablethat this may be a portionof the road forwhich we searchedin vain in the river-valley. Moreover,the furtherwest that we placethis portionof the road,the moreeasy it as to understandhow Eispa and Arangas which belong to the Melitene- Sebastearoad -wereintroduced amont, the stationsof roadIb. in the Peutinger Table. Beyondthe bridgeover the KaraBudak, my personal knowledge of the country, throughwhich the road passedin two branchesto Nicopolisand Satala, ceases, ;andI will merelymake one criticismof the views advancedby Ramsayas to the noursewhich it took. Fromthe lists of the Tableand Itinerary, it appearsto be fairlycertain that in the districtwhich lies south of Nicopolisand Satala,there svas a triangleof roadsof which the direc'troad Nicopolis Satalawas the base. 'he apexof this triangleis placedby Ramsayat Carsagis,by Kiepertat Analibla. Twosides of the triangleare madeby the importantroads Nicopolis Satalaand Melitene-Satala,and the thirdside by the cross-roadfrom Nicopolis to a pointin theMelitene-Satalaroad between Zimara and Satala. Ramsaymakes several most ngenious conjectureswith regardto the stationsOle-Ober(la, Aladaleariza, and (altiorissa,and makes out whatis on papera very fairlysatisfactory restoration of the roads. But in deviatingfrom the view upheldby Kiepert,that roadIII. struckinto the roadMeliteLle-Satala at Analibla,he leavesout of considerationthe esistenceof a naturalroute wllich appears to answervery exactly to the require- rnentsof a roadfrom Nicopolis to Zimara. The objectin laying out a roadfrom Nicopolisto strikeinto the Satala Meliteneroad would naturally be to makeit join the latterat a pointin as directa line as possiblebetween Nicopolis and Melitene; for the road in questioncannot have been intendedmerely to join Satalaand Nicopolis,between which points a directroad is given in the PeutingerTable and the Itinerary(II. andIIb.) This purposewould be best securedby a roadgoinC

* Referredto by Ritter, sol. 2Zviii.p. 215. t Loc. cif., p 9v09.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 468 4 JOURNEY IN THE VALLEY OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES, direetfrom Nicopolis to the probablesite of Zimara,near Pingan,and joining the Satala Meliteneroad near the bridgeover the Kara Budak,in the neiahbourhooK of whieh Ramsayand Kiepertagree in placinaAnalibla. A possiblecourse for sueha roadis givenus in the routetravelled by Taylor* fromPurk (Nicopolis) to Zimara. This road,which Taylor implies is praeticablefor wheelsas faras the gorgeof the upperArmidan or Kuru ChaiSu, passes,soon after leaviIlgDurlr, at Asikhar,a Romanmilestone, of whieh he pub]isheda copy,and whichhas been subsequentlyseen by Messrs.Hogarth and Munro.t From Purkto this point,aa oldroad was observedby him and by the other travellers. SubsequentlJrTaylor crossedthe KaraBudak at or verynear the spotsvhere we foundthe remainsof the bridge. Themilestone at Ashkharis assignedby Mr.Mullro to theroad Nicopolis- - Sebastea,but it is equallypossible that it mayhave belonged to theroad Nicopolis- Zimara Melitene,which, if it followedTaylor's route, would have joined the Satala Meliteneroad near the bridffleover the KaraBudak. It is impossibleto prolre thawtthis routerepresents the Romanroad from Nicopolis, but it seemsto be the mostliliely courseto havebeen chosen for that road. It hits off the bridgeover whichthe mainroad certainly uassed, and thereare remains on it whichshow that forsome part of the waya Romanroad once went. Thereis noepigraphical evidence in favourof Ranlsay'sresloration of this road,and if the positionof the bridgeover the }iaraBudal as regardsthe lineof Taylor'sroute and the directand easy nature of the road fromPurk to the bridgeare takeninto consideration,the conclusioB seemsto be inevitablethat Kiepert'srestoration of the roadis the moreprobablev

THEHISTORY OF THE LINE3. We cannotclaim to have discoveredmuch which throws new light on the historyof the roads and fortificationsof the Euphrates. Unfortunately,the evidenceof milestones,which is so abundanton the Ca3sarea-Meliteneroad, andJ fromwhich the historyof this sectionof the great highwayto the East ean be writtenwith somedegree of certainty,vanishes when the valleyof the Euphrates is reached. Along the courseof the river from Samosatato Satalaonly five inscriptionswhich bearthe namesof Romanemperors have as yet been found Theseare at the bridgeof Riakhta,+on a milestonenear Melitene (p. 328),at the bridgeover the Rara Budak(p. 456), on a milestonenear Melik Sherif,§and at Satala(p. 4¢0, note).ll Onaccount of this dearthof inscriptions,the historyof the roads,whicll have been brieflydiscussed above, must be writtenmainly from the very few literary referencesto this partof the RomanEmpire, and the recordswhich we possessof the legionsthere stationed. In the reianof AugustusCappadocia and Gommagenewere both clientstates undernative princes, and there is no evidenceof any regularRoman troops having been postedthen on the Euphrates.lTTiberius first made Cappadocia a provinces andbrought (:ommagene under direct control; but the latterstate was given back * Loc.cit., pp. 301 ffw. t Munro,loc. cit., p. 727; ' C.I.L.,'sol. iii. p. 6057. ; ' C.I.L.,'vol. iii. Suppl.6709-6714. § ' C.I.L.,'vol. iii. p. 306. 11To these may be added the milestone of , near Purk (p. 465) (' C.I.L.,> sol. iii. 6057),and possiblyone of the empress,Julia Domlla,which we foundat Satala. 5 Hogarth(' Suppl.Papers of R.G.S.,'vol. iii. p. 710) makesa mistakein sayingthatS accordingto Dion Cassitls(lv. 23), there were ts^-olegions stationedil:l Cappadocia as early as the time of Augustus. Dion Cassius,il:l this passage,ollly gives the Btations of the legionsin his own day.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A JOURNEY IN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUPHRATES. 469 to its former rulers under Caligula. The northern districts which lie along and above the ;westernEuphrates as far as Trapezus,were first made Roman probably in 63 A.D.* During the wars of Corbulo it seems probable that Melitene WtlS used as one of the bases of operations for the campaigns beyond the river (Tac.> 'Ann.,' sv. 26), but whether a camp was established here as early as this is llOt certain.t In these wars the two legions, X1I. Fulminata and XV. Apollinarisy whiclz, at least from Hadrian's time, were both always stationed in Cappadocia, were first employed in Asia Minor; but at this time they were attached to the army of Corbulo for special duty, and did not belona in any way to Cappadocia« the legate of which had no army in times of peace.: Under Corbulo we learn that a fort was established at Ziata,§ near Kharput, on the further side of the Euphrates; but for the establishment of other forts on the nearer bank evidence is wanting. In the Jewish war underTitus both tlle twelfth and the fifteenth leaions took part, and, after the capture of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., the twelfth was sent to Melitene, but the fifteenth was orderedback to its old quartersin Pannonia.11 Of Vespasianwe are told that he "addidit legiones" to Cappadocia,and gave a legate of consular instead of one of equestrian rank to the province. He also brought C:ommageneafflain under direct Roman administration, adding it toS the province of Syria. In this province he also raised the number of legions from four to seven; one of these being the new le^,ion,SVI. Flavia Firma, of which we found two inscriptions at Samosata(p. 322). Whether this leCionwas stationed from the first at Samosata-which was certainly afterwards for some time its head-quarters-is not known, but Mommsen inclines to the view that it was.l5 The milestone near lSIelik Sherif, and most probablyon the line of the Melitene Satala road, to which allusion has alleady been made, seems to prove tllat laid ollt a portion of this road. Its date, if Mommsen'srestora- tion of the inseriptioll is right, is 7o A.D., in which year a Roman garrison is known to have been stationed at Harmozica(Tiflis).** It is thought probableby Mommsentt that Satala was a station of troopsas early as this reign, but, except for the milestone, there is little evidence to supporthis view. Legio XV. Apolli- naris was sent to Pannonia after the Jewish war, and the monuments of its stay there are so abtlndantthat, even if some of them are to be referredto an earlier period, it is most probablethat it remainedhere for a considerablenumber of years after the war.:: Thus, while there are no grounds for supposing any military post or road to

* ArmeniaMinor rather later, but at any rateby 75 A.D. (vide Mommsen,4Provinces,' vol. i. p. 324). t It is possiblethat the epvya ev wTeTpaPyG9vt built by the Romanser Srols arcm xpdrols9 may have dated back to this time (Procop.,' De iEd.,' iii. 5). .: Tacitu3,'Hist.,' ii. § 1, "Inermes legati regebant nondum additis C:appadocix legionibus." § ' C.I.L.,'vol. iii. Suppl. 6741-6742. 1IJosephus, 'Bell. Jud.,' vii. 1. 3; vii. 5. 3. S Dion Cassius(lxviii.) impliesthat Samosatawa3 not held by the Romansat the time wvhenTrajan arrived there in 109 A.D., SO that if the legion was stationed then at Samosata, it must have left its post. ** ' C.I.L.,' vol. iii. 6052. tt ' Provinces,' vol. i. p. 32+, note. t: Mommsen's view, stated in tlle Provinces loc. Cit., is at variance with the conclusions at which he arrived in discussing the history of the Pannonian legions ('C).I.L.,' vol. iii. p. 550). For the inscriptiolls of this legion at Carnuntum, vide ' Arch. Epigr. Oester.,' vol. v. pp. 208 S. \Hirschfeld); and for a review of the svhole question, ' Arch Epigr. Oester.,' o]. s. pp. 12 ff. (Domaszewski).

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 470 A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUPHRATES. haveesisted on the rightbank of the Euphratesprevious to Vespasian'sreign, we have one piece of positiveevidence that the latter laid out a roadin Armeniz Minor. Seein alsothat he re-madeCommagene into a province,and strengthened the defencesin Cappadociaand Sylia, it is probablethat the camps,not only at Melitenebut also at Samosata,may be attributedto him. And if so, it is more bhan probablethat he would have laid out a roadto connectthe two posts. Henceit is fairincidentally to suggestthat he mayhave built the originalbridge at Kiakhta,which we know,from the inscriptionsfound by Hllmannand Puch- stein,to havebeen restored by SeptimillsSeverus. The factof the existenceof an older bridge*tells against the attributionof the southernlines to Septimius Severus,suggested by Hogarth,and, if they are to be attributedto an earlier emperor,there is no one morelikely to have laid them out thanVespasian, who first organizedthe two districts,which are joined by the bridge,for military purposes. In the reignof Domitian,accortlin to two inscriptions,troads were constructed in Cappadociaand Armenia Minor, but the districtof ArmeniaMinor is perhaps ouly mentionedin orderto give the fulllist of the administrativedistricts under the governorwho madethe roads,an(l no definiteinference can be zlrawnfrom the inscriptionsthat Domitianplanned any of the roads on the frontier. In Trajan'sreign a milestonewas placedon someroad at a point7 milesfrom Nico- polis, and may perhaps,as I have tried to show, belong to a road Nicopolis- Zimara,but the evidenceis so slight,as comparedwith that of the roadslaid out by l'rajanin Galatiaand Pontus,: that not much stress can be laid on it. It is possible,however, that this roadwas madeby him as a connectionbetween the mainsystem in that regionand t}le frontier-roadalong the Euphrates. Trajanis also saidto havemade Melitene a city (Procopius,' De A3d.,' iii. 5), but this fact does not carrymuch weight, as a campmost probably esisted at this point,according to Procopius'sown testimony(loc. cit.), beforeTrajans time, and Legio XI1. was certainlysent hereafter the Jewishwar. Procopius'sstatement may very lilely referonly to somehonours conferred on Meliteneby Trajan,who must havepassed throughthe placeon his marchfrom Samosata to Satala. WhetherLegio XV. Apollinariswas stationedat Satalaat the time of Trajan'scampaiga is uncertain. It is supposedby Domaszewskithat the legionwas not movedfrom Carnuntum till Hadrian'sreign, but no definiteevidence as to the date of the changeof legionsat thatcamp has as yet come to light. At any rate, by the end of Hadrian'sreign this legionhad beenbrought back to the East,§ and seems to have remainedtill the endof its historyat Satala. Thusit appearsthat beforethe middleof the secondcentury the two legions, the twelfthand the fifteenth,were both stationed on the frontier. An Ala Auriana is mentionedby Arrianas having takenpart in an expeditionagainst the AlaIli, an 1 11J. y be the sameas the Ala II. UlpiaAtlriana of the Notitia,which will thus hlve h,en stationedon the Euphratesas earlyas Hadrian'sreign. WVithregard to the LebioPrima Pontica, which was stationedat Trapezus,

* It is confirmedby the erasedinscription which we sawon it (vide p. 322). t ' C.I.L,' vol.iii. pp.312-318. X HogaIth,loc. cit., p. 711;Ramsay, ' Hist. Geogr.,' p. 258. § It is mentionedby Arrian(100 and 103) as takingpart in theexpedition against the Alan;. (Theonly illscription which can be approximatelydated at Satalais that of Aurelian, vide p. 460.) LegioXII. alsotook part n the expedition. Ii' Notit.Dignit. Orient.,' cap. 32.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUPHRATES. 471 nothingseems X be knon > it doesaot occurin any of the earlylist3 of le¢ions, and would seem not to have corne into esistence till the thirelcenturzr A.D., and to havebeen one of the lesserausiliary legions.e Ta the rein of Septimius Severus,as*Hogarth has shownathe reat roadCoa3area Melitene was improved on a magnificentscale, but the only evidencefor similarimprovements due to this emperoralong and to the north of the valleyof the Euphrates;3 giarenby the inscriptionson the great bridge at Kiakhta. Of the later emperors,Dscius lestoredthe bridgeover the Rara Budak,and there is a milestone,probably the secondfrom 3!lelitene,of the emperorsConstans and Constantius,either on the coadMelitene-Sebastea or Melitene Satala. Theinseription of Aurelia:llat Satala neednot be any evidenceof his havingimproved that camp,alld ulay be merelyan inscriptiollin honourof his greatachievements in the East. Ia still later times, we know that the fortifiGation3at Melitenet and Satalat were repairedby Justinian. Of the arranaementof the postsand dlsposltion of the troopsalong the frontler rery little is known. BetweenSamosata and Melitene,Claudiana and Metits are mentionedas postsin the Notitia; Barzaloand Laudias are called castra pra3sidiaria by AmmianusMarcellinus>§ and may be the sameas Barsalium,Claudia and Metita of the PeutingerTable. BetweenMelitene and Satala,along the roadof th¢ AntonineItinerary, seven of the ten statiolls(all except CarsaCas,Sinibra, and Zimara)are as3ignedtroops by the Notitia.ll Between Nicopolisand Satala Aladalearizaof the Notitiamay be the sameas the Olotoedarizaof the Tableand Itinerary.North of Satala,on the roadto Trapezlls,Domana and Zigana were both stationsof troops. So that an unbrokenline of posts at fairlyregular intervals must haveesisted in latertimes along the riveras faras Satala,and beell extended northwardsto Trapezus. With regardto thestrategical importance of theseposts, Salnosata and Melitene, two of the three greatleaionary campst guarded two importantcrossin-places of the Euphates. Barsaliltmand Claudia,as may be illEerredfrouL the pa3sageof AmmianusBIarcellinus (>c. cit*), probablywere chosenWIth the same object. If Dascusamras situated opposite P;ngan, it doubtlessprotected another crossing-place. The riveris 1larrowat this point,and a bridgecould always have been throurn over it with little troublesimilar to the woodellbridge now esisting there. It ;5 probable that anotherstation was near the crossingat Eeban-MadeDybut no troopsare a3signedto ths otherDascusa (vidS, p. 466),which should be nearthis point. The importanceof Satalaseems to lie in its positionon the routsto the East,which was still muchused until the middleof this century,!tand in the advantageswhich it

* The nameis confirmedby ' C.I.L.,'NtoL iii 306; vide alsovi iii. Suppl.6746 but I do not know that it is otherwisementioned. In earlier times, possibly the garrisonwas furnishedby the twelfth and fifteenthlegions, as inscriptionsof boththese have beenfound at Trapesus(Xtde ' C.I.L.,'vol. iii. Suppl. 6745,6747) . t Procop.,; De Ad.>2iii. 5. + lbzd. iii. 4. § XVIII. 7. 11. 11' Notit Dignit. Orient.,'cap. 32 and 35. 5 This route goes from the rnodernSadagh to Erzerum,and passesIlija, usually identified with . Trajan went frora Sata3a to Elegeia (Dio. Cass., lxviii.). Bija, it must be remembered,bowavcr, is a very commollTurkish namefor a natural hot spring, alld is used in many places all over the Ottemanempire. If its identity here lvith Elegeia couldbe provedfrom other evidence}it would affordan interesting esample of the commonpractice of preservingan ancientnanle, slightly altered so as to beara nleanine in a modernlanguage.

This content downloaded from 128.235.251.160 on Wed, 4 Feb 2015 01:58:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 472 A JOURNEYIN THE VALLEYOF THE UPPEREUPHRATES-DISCUSSION. thus oSeredas a starting-placefor expeditions into Armeniafrom the north The fact also tbat it lies on the naturalroad from Trapezus to the Euphrates}arld was thas open to communicationswith the seas may havs led to the choiceof the site for a legionaryc&mp. Ths legionstationed here seems to have supplied some of the garrisonsin Armenia,for we know that in A.D. 18S, a vexillatio of the LegioXV., ApolliIlariswas statioIledat Valarschapat(Caenepolis).$ Judgingfrom our experience, it seemsprobable that very slight remainsof the iRomandefe:tlsive posts alongthe frontierfrom Samosata to the BlackSea exist at the presentday, aIld,even though furtherevidence may be forthcomingin the kXre it seemscertain that the lines on the easternfrontier were not laid out oB nearlythe same scale as on the other Romanontiers, on the Rhine and the Danube,in Britainand in Africa. This is moreeasily to be explainedon the more #outhernreaches of the Euphratesabove Samosata, where the greatsize andswift- nessof the stream,and the inaccessiblenature of the mountainsthrough which it flows, renderthe river,e2rcept at certain easily guardedspots a formidable barrierto the crosslngof an army. But Ilorthof MeliteIle,and especiallyat and akove Keban-Maden,near which the two branchesof the Euphratesmeet} the r;ver i8 not so seriousan obstacleto an invadingforce,$ arld it is naturalto expect to find- remaiIlso£ defensiveworks on a large scale near the river-bankv Such remainsdo not appearto exist at the presentday, and the inferencemay with probability}but not with completecertainty, be madethat no greatdefensive workswere ever carriedout between the camps. In the sameway little care seemsto halrebeen bestowedon the connectiagroads, and, with the exceptionof the workof SeptimiusSeverus on the (DxsareaMelitene road and the bridgewhich he bu;It at Kiakhta thereis no evidencewhich pointsto the roadshaving been constructedd;Serently to the generalityof Romallroads in AsiaMinor*§ If we areto seek a reasonfor this apparentneglect, it is doubtlessto be found in the differentcharacter of this frotltierto that of the other frontiersof the empire. This diSerencelies in the continualchaae of lelationsbetween Armenia andRome during the first two centuriesof vur era. Duringthis periedArmenis was hardlyever regardedas a hostilecountry, and was often reducednesSrW to the condltionof a Romarlprovince with Romantroops quartered in it. Probablyt as Hogarthhas pointedout, SeptimiusSeverus was the first to departfrom the traditionalviews of the emperors. He is knownto havelaid out roads to hielitene fromthe west andfroln the south; that he intendedto extendthese road# to the northas well ;s not improbable,but the regativeresults of our journeytend to showthat, if evereonceived, this projeetwas not earriedout.lI

Beforethe readingof the paper,the PRESIDENT said: The paper we areto listento this eveningis an aeeount-ofan expeditionunder Mr. Hogarth by the upperwaters

* ' (). I. L.>voI. iii Suppl.6052. t Thispart of theriver is bestdeseribed by Von Moltke (' Briefea. d. Turkei,'edit. m. pp.308 f.). X It was easilyforded by Tylor iIl Septemberat a spot nearSorpanik (Taybre loc. ett.,p. 315g. § Ramsay(op. ait. p. 46) descr;besthe usualcharacter of the roadsin AsiaMinor. ZISince this paperhas been in the printer'shaxlds, a mostvaluable article on the campaignof Basil I. againstthe Paulicianshas been publishedby Mr. J. G. av Andersonin tlle 01a88icda Review(April, 1896), in whiehhe discussesmany of the pointsof historicalgeography which are dealt with above. It is most satisfiaetorytoW me b findthat the conclu8ions at whicll lle has arrivedat,ree most remarkablywith the vies8 expressedin this paper.

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