NATIONAL REPRESENTATION OF MALAYSIAN MYTHS IN
TOURISM PROMOTIONAL BROCHURES: A LONGITUDINAL
PERSPECTIVE
NORHANIM ABDUL RAZAK
A thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
at the University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand
July 2012
Abstract
It is claimed that myths and legends have been incorporated in tourism promotions as they have the power to enhance the appeal of tourist destinations. The inclusion of mythological aspects can contribute to the imagination of places as Oriental or Otherness destinations, a reputable approach to attracting tourists. Despite the importance of the role played by myths and legends in destination marketing, thus far there have been very few studies which have delved into this area, especially from longitudinal and self-representation perspectives. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to explore the national representation of manifest myths in tourism marketing, focusing on a longitudinal lens. In the analysis of this representation, myths included in tourism brochures published by the Malaysian national promotional bodies from 1962 to 2007 were assessed.
Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to analyse the brochures in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the representation of myths. Past brochures from the Tourism Malaysia Resource Centre in Kuala Lumpur were examined. Contemporary brochures were collected from three locations and two international airports in Malaysia: the Tourism Malaysia offices in Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Langkawi Island, and Kuala Lumpur and Penang International Airports.
The quantitative analysis shows that myths have been well represented in the Malaysian tourism promotional brochures, with almost one third including myths. However, the extent of the representation of the majority of myths is quite brief, most brochures allocating only a small number and percentage of words to the myths and their description. The assessment of the trend of the portrayal of myths reveals that the incorporation of myths declined steadily over the period of five decades.
Qualitative analysis identified that stories depicting religious and spiritual beliefs are fundamental in Malaysian myths. The myths include a variety of themes projecting Orientalism, Otherness, modernisation, Westernisation and globalisation. Over time, changes in portraying modernisation and Westernisation have been identifiable in selected myths. The longitudinal assessment revealed that nine myths exhibit some alteration in their components. Among traditional core values ingrained in Malay myths are the significance of conveying crucial messages in a delicate way, indirect communication is a symbol of politeness; and,
ii along with human relationships, maintaining harmony with the natural environment and supernatural worlds and beings.
In the context of tourism, this research demonstrates that a significant number of myths have been utilised in the promotion of natural resources and to complement the descriptions of tangible attractions, particularly places of worship and cultural heritage sites. It is also shown that some unusual and peculiar myths have been exploited to lure tourists and used in destination marketing to highlight the uniqueness of a particular ethnicity and a place’s identity.
The findings of this research shed light on the knowledge of tourism representation from longitudinal and national perspectives, by revealing over a period of five decades the trends and alterations in the projection of mythological stories and how they have been employed in the promotional brochures published by an Oriental country. They also contribute to the understanding on how myths have been utilised in promotional material and exploited to attract tourists.
iii
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Associate Professors Dr Neil Carr and Dr Richard Mitchell, for their valuable insights and support throughout my PhD study. Their expertise and skills have added considerably to the quality of my thesis and graduate experience. Very special thanks go to the staff at the Tourism Malaysia Resource Centre at the PWTC in Kuala Lumpur, who assisted me during the data collection and analysis stage. Their kindness and understanding during my long stay at the centre are greatly appreciated. My thanks also go to the Public Service Department of Malaysia and UUM who funded my PhD study at the University of Otago.
I am also grateful to my loving family especially my mother, late father, brothers and a sister who never failed to support me from the start until the end of my PhD. I would like to thank my friends and fellow postgraduate students, especially Jenny, Lisa, Neren, Misuk, PD, Eddy, Johan and Yatt for their friendship and for sharing the highs and lows and making my stay in Dunedin memorable. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the staff at the Department of Tourism, University of Otago, who assisted me during my study.
iv
Table of Contents Abstract...... ii Acknowledgments...... iv Table of Contents...... v List of Figures...... ix List of Tables...... x
Chapter One – Introduction...... 1 1.1 Introduction...... 1 1.2 General Background to Myths and their Significance...... 1 1.3 Research Aims and Significance of the Thesis...... 3 1.4 Brief Understanding, Definitions and Adopted Approach to ‘Myth’...... 6 1.5 The Importance of Myths in Tourism...... 8 1.6 Research Context...... 9 1.6.1 Malaysia’s Geography and Socio-Cultural Aspects...... 9 1.6.2 Development of Tourism in Malaysia...... 12 1.6.3 Tourism Marketing and Promotion in Malaysia...... 14 1.6.4 Development and Current Scenarios of Myths in Malaysia...... 15 1.7 Data Collection and Analysis...... 19 1.8 Structure of the Thesis...... 21
Chapter Two – The Concept of Myth...... 23 2.1 Introduction...... 23 2.2 Issues Surrounding Myths and Definitions of the Term ‘Myth’...... 23 2.3 Origin of the Term...... 24 2.4 Definitions, Classifications and Approaches to ‘Myth’...... 26 2.4.1 Narrative or Anthropological Approach to ‘Myth’...... 26 2.4.2 Linguistics Approach to ‘Myths’...... 32 2.5 Functions of Myths...... 32 2.6 Malaysian Myths...... 35 2.6.1 Malay Myths...... 35 2.6.2 Indigenous Myths...... 40 2.6.3 Chinese and Indian Myths...... 43
v
2.7 Myths and Tourism...... 47 2.7.1 Myths and Tourism Promotion...... 49 2.8 Summary...... 54
Chapter Three – Tourism Representation...... 56 3.1 Introduction...... 56 3.2 Representation...... 56 3.2.1 Defining ‘Representation’...... 57 3.2.2 The Politics of Tourism Representation...... 58 3.2.3 Approaches in Representation...... 60 3.2.4 The Importance of Representation...... 60 3.3 Orientalism Concept...... 62 3.3.1 Development of Orientalism Discourse...... 63 3.3.2 Orientalism: Forms and Power...... 64 3.4 Otherness and the Oriental Other...... 66 3.4.1 Otherness and Stereotypes...... 67 3.5 Tourism, Representation and Orientalism...... 73 3.5.1 Western Representation of Non-Western Tourism Marketing...... 73 3.5.2 Orientalism Projection, Europe and Developed Nation...... 75 3.5.3 Self-Orientalism and Tourism Representation...... 77 3.6 Tourism Representation: A Longitudinal Perspective...... 79 3.7 Research Gaps in Study Area and Proposed Conceptual Framework...... 81 3.8 Summary...... 86
Chapter Four – Methodological Approach...... 87 4.1 Introduction...... 87 4.2 Justifications for the Selection of Tourism Brochures...... 87 4.3 Justifications for the Use of Content Analysis...... 89 4.4 Overview of the Content Analysis Method...... 90 4.5 Definitiions and Key Attributes of Content Analysis...... 92 4.6 The Application of Content Analysis...... 94 4.7 Quantitative Content Analysis...... 95 4.8 Qualitative Content Analysis...... 96 4.9 Strengths and Limitations of Content Analysis ...... 98
vi
4.10 Issues of Credibility and Alternatives...... 99 4.11 Steps in Data Collection...... 100 4.12 Research Approach and and Process...... 100 4.13 Procedures in Data Analysis...... 102 4.14 Descriptions of Brochures Used as Samples in Analysis...... 103 4.15 Summary...... 106
Chapter Five – Findings of the Representation of Myths: Quantitative Content Analysis...... 107 5.1 Introduction...... 107 5.2 Findings of the Number and Percentages of Brochures Featuring Myths in Tourism Brochures...... 107 5.2.1 Number and Percentages of Brochures Featuring Myths over Five Time Periods...... 107 5.2.2 Categories of Brochures Featuring Myths...... 108 5.3 The Representation of Myths in Tourism Brochures...... 111 5.3.1 Number of Myths in Tourism Brochures over Five Time Periods and in Each Time Period...... 111 5.3.2 The Representation of Myths which Appeared Prominently in Tourism Brochures...... 118 5.4 Number and Percentages of Words Allocated for Myths in Each Brochure...... 123 5.5 Number and Percentages of Words Utilised in the Description of Each Myth...... 125 5.6 Findings of the Inclusion of Myths and Images in Different Categories of Attraction...... 128 5.7 Representation of Myths in Malaysian States and Territories...... 132 5.8 How Quantitative Analysis Contributes to the Understanding of Malaysian Tourism Representation...... 138 5.9 Summary...... 139
Chapter Six – Representation of Mythological Stories: Types and Components of Stories, Themes and Values...... 140 6.1 Introduction...... 140 6.2 Assessment of the Types of Stories and How these Stories have been Represented...... 140
vii
6.2.1 Representation of Myths, Ethnic Groups and Tourism Places...... 143 6.3 Representation of Myths Exhibiting Some Alterations...... 146 6.3.1 Mahsuri’s Legend...... 146 6.3.2 The Sultan’s Well (Hang Li Po’s Well)...... 152 6.3.3 Legend Associated with a Wedding Feast’s Brawl...... 156 6.3.4 Childless Couple’s Legend...... 159 6.3.5 Mount Kinabalu’s Myth...... 160 6.3.6 The Legend of the Mount Ledang Princess...... 162 6.3.7 The Myth of the Seven Wells...... 165 6.3.8 The Legend of the Fairy Princess...... 166 6.3.9 The Myth of Ancient Khmer City...... 167 6.4 Representation of Myths Exhibiting No Change or Tiny Alteration...... 168 6.4.1 The Legend of God Kuek Seng Ong...... 168 6.4.2 Myth of the Sea Serpent...... 170 6.4.3 Tioman Island’s Legend...... 171 6.4.4 Myth of Khoo Khongsi...... 173 6.4.5 The Myth of the White Crocodile...... 174 6.4.6 The Legend of the Goddess of Seamen (Tien Hou)...... 176 6.5 Static Representation (Myths Using Exact Descriptions)...... 176 6.6 Representation of Malaysian Myths: Combination ofThemes...... 178 6.7 Representation of Malaysian Myths and Values...... 183 6.8 Summary...... 186
Chapter Seven – Conclusion...... 188 7.1 Introduction...... 188 7.2 Research Aims and Key Findings...... 188 7.2.1 Summary of the Main Findings...... 189 7.3 Malaysian Tourism Representation: Issues of Selectivity and Politics...... 195 7.4 Contributions to Academic Knowledge...... 198 7.5 Future Research Directions...... 200
References...... 202 Appendices...... 225
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Map of Malaysia...... 10 Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework – National Representation of Malaysian Myths in Tourism Promotional Brochures...... 85 Figure 5.1 Image of a Broken Pot...... 116 Figure 5.2 Statue of Two Battling Giants at Legend Park...... 117 Figure 5.3 Image of Mahsuri’s Tomb (Brochure Published in 1983)...... 130 Figure 5.4 Image of Mahsuri’s Tomb (Brochure Published in 1994)...... 130 Figure 5.5 Image of Mahsuri’s Tomb (Brochure Published in 2005)...... 131 Figure 5.6 Image of Mahsuri...... 131 Figure 5.7 Destinations Featuring Myths in the Malaysian States...... 135 Figure 5.8 Places and Sites Featuring Myths on Langkawi Island...... 136 Figure 5.9 Places and Sites Featuring Myths on Penang Island...... 136 Figure 5.10 Places and Sites Featuring Myths in the State of Melaka (or Malacca)...... 137 Figure 5.11 Places and Sites Featuring Myths in the State of Pahang...... 137 Figure 6.1 Image of Western Tourists in Tourism Brochures...... 152
ix
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Thesis Aims...... 6 Table 2.1 Key Criteria of Myths...... 29 Table 2.2 Key Criteria of the Term ‘Legends’...... 31 Table 2.3 Key Attributes of the Malay Myths...... 40 Table 2.4 Key Characteristics of Indigenous Myths...... 43 Table 2.5 Summary of the Key Attributes of Malaysian Myths...... 47 Table 4.1 Comparison of Characteristics of Tourism promotional Tools...... 88 Table 4.2 Thesis Aims...... 90 Table 4.3 Brochure Publication in Five Time Periods...... 105 Table 4.4 Categories of Brochure Published in Five Time Periods...... 106 Table 5.1 Representation of Myths in Tourism Brochures over Five Decades...... 108 Table 5.2 Number and Percentages of Categories of Brochures Featuring Myths from the Total Number of Brochures Containing Myths...... 109 Table 5.3 Categories of Brochures Featuring Myths Represented in Five Time Periods...... 110 Table 5.4 Myths Featured in Tourism Brochures...... 112 Table 5.5 Myths Represented in the Brochure Treasured Malaysian Legends...... 114 Table 5.6 Classification of Brochures Featuring Mahsuri’s Legend...... 119 Table 5.7 Classification of Brochures Featuring the Sultan’s Well (Hang Li Po’s Well)...... 120 Table 5.8 Classification of Brochures Featuring Wedding Feast’s Brawl...... 121 Table 5.9 Classification of Brochures Featuring Mount Kinabalu’s Myth...... 122 Table 5.10 Classification of Brochures Featuring Myth of Field of Burnt Rice...... 122 Table 5.11 Classification of Brochures Featuring Legend of the Childless Couple Associated with the Lake of Pregnant Maiden...... 123 Table 5.12 Detailed Locations of Places Featuring Myths in the Malaysian States...... 132 Table 6.1 Myths Incorporated as part as Natural Attractions...... 142 Table 6.2 Myths Incorporated to Represent Built Heritage and Objects...... 143 Table 6.3 Components Incorporated into the Representation of Mahsuri’s Legend...... 150 Table 6.4 Myths, Ritualistic Practices and Additional Elements Incorporated into the Promotion of the Sultan’s Well...... 154 Table 6.5 Components Associated with the Legend of the Wedding Feast Brawl...... 158
x
Table 6.6 Representation of the Components of a Childless Couple...... 160 Table 6.7 Representation of Components of the Mount Kinabalu’s Myth...... 162 Table 6.8 Representation of the Components of Mount Ledang’s Legend...... 164 Table 6.9 Representation of the Components of the Myth of Seven Wells...... 166 Table 6.10 Representation of the Components of the Legend of the Fairy Princess...... 167 Table 6.11 Representation of the Myth of the Components of the Ancient Khmer City...... 168 Table 6.12 Representation of the Components of the Legend of God Kuek Seng...... 170 Table 6.13 Representation of Details of the Myth of the Sea Serpent...... 171 Table 6.14 Representation of the Components of Tioman Island’s Legend...... 172 Table 6.15 Representation of the Components of the Myth of Khoo Kongsi...... 174 Table 6.16 Representation of Components of the Myth of Hang Tuah’s White Crocodile...... 175 Table 6.17 Representation of Components of the Legend of the Goddess of Seamen.....176 Table 6.18 Details of Myths Exhibiting No Change Represented in More than One Brochure ...... 177 Table 7.1 Research Aims...... 188
xi
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
As the objective of this introductory chapter is to present an overview of the thesis and research topic, it begins with a background to myths and their general significance. After this, the aims and the significance of this thesis are laid down. There then follow details of the importance of myths in tourism, definitions of the term ‘myth’ and the approach to ‘myth’ adopted in this thesis. Additionally, some background information about Malaysia, its socio- cultural aspects, tourism development and marketing as well as a current scenario of myths and legends, are presented. This background information is vital for an understanding of the discussions within the analysis chapters. This introductory chapter also provides an overview of the methods used in the study, the data collection process and analysis techniques. The final part details the structure of the thesis.
1.2 General Background to Myths and their Significance
From tales of gods and goddesses to legendary warriors and mysterious creatures, myths and legends are known to have inspired many great works of art, novels, music, films, advertising and tourism promotional materials. Aside from tourism, the importance of myths has also been acknowledged in various disciplines such as religion, psychology, history, sociology and anthropology. Myths are a significant aspect of human life and have been recognised as such by numerous scholars (e.g. Malinowski 1926; Danesi 2004; Laing and Crouch 2009). Well known thinkers including Eliade, Jung and Campbell argue that “mythical consciousness and mythmaking” are vital to human beings at the personal and communal levels (Leeming 2005, p.283).
According to Muthalib (2009), since the latter half of the 20 th century, mythological aspects have been gaining popularity. One of the reasons contributing to the rising interest in myths and legends is attributed to the increasing attention given to preserving the past (Reiss 2006). The importance of mythical aspects in contemporary society is reflected through the plethora of myths represented in popular media today, ranging from advertisements to films such as The Lord of the Rings that have captured the imagination of audiences worldwide (Littleton
1
The contents of the thesis is for internal user only References
Adams, K. M. (1984) Come to Tana Toraja, “land of the heavenly kings”: Travel agents as brokers in ethnicity. Annals of Tourism Research , 11, 469-485.
Adams, K. M. (2004) The genesis of touristic imagery: Politics and poetics of a remote Indonesian island destination. Tourist Studies , 4(2),115-135.
Ahmad, I. (2008) Tracing the mark of circumcision in modern Malay/sian art . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Victoria.
Ahmad, Z. (2007) Multiculturalism and religio-ethnic plurality. Culture and Religion , 8(2), 139-153.
Aitchison, C. (2001) Theorising other discourses of tourism, gender and culture: Can the subaltern speak (in tourism). Tourism Studies, 1(2),133-147.
Altheide, D. L. (1996) Qualitative Media Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Aladaylah, M. H. (2010) Centering the Other: Making the native visible. Revista de Divulgação Científica em Língua Portuguesa, Linguística e Literatura 6(12). [Online] Available from: http://www.letramagna.com/artigo3_XII.pdf. [Accessed 12 March 2013].
Al-Mahfedi, M. H. K. & Venkatesh, P. (2012) Darwinist premise in the Orientalist constructlion of the “Other”. Journal of Postcolonial Cultures and Societies , 3(1). [Online] Available from: http://www.jpcs.in/upload/8006903261-Darwinist%20prem ise%20in%20the%20Orientalist%20construction%20of%20the%20Other.pdf. [Accessed 22 March 2013].
Aljunied, S. M. K. (2009) British discourses and Malay identities in colonial Singapore. Indonesia and the Malay World , 37(107), 1-21.
Alwee, A. I. (2002) ‘Orientalism dalam pengajian Melayu’, Accepted for the Persidangan Antarabangsa Bahasa, Sastera dan Kebudayaan Melayu ke-2, 1-3 September. [Online] Available from: http://www.thereadinggroup.sg/Articles/Orientalisme%20 Dalam%20 Pengaji an%20 Melayu.pdf [Accessed 26 Mac 2012].
Alwee, A. I. (2006) Pembomohan dan kebertahanannya: Suatu tinjauan kritis . The Reading Group , Singapore. [Online] Available from: http://www.thereading group.sg/Articles /Pembomo han%20dan%20Kebertahanannya.pdf [Accessed 10 March 2010].
Andaya, B. & Andaya, L. Y. (2001) A History of Malaysia . 2 nd edition. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.
Ashcroft, B. (2004) Representation and its discontents: Orientalism, Islam and the Palestinian crisis. Religion, 34, 113-121.
202
ASEAN Tourism Forum (2012) Malaysia country report . [Online] Available from: http:// cf05.travel-impact-newswire.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Malaysia-COUNTRY REPORT-2011-for-ATF-2012.pdf [Accessed 15 June 2012].
Armstrong, K. (2005) A Short History of Myth . Edinburgh: Canongate.
Arranz, J. I. P. (2006) Selling an/other Wales: A deconstructive approach. Pasos, Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 4(1), 29-52.
Babbie, E. (1995) The Practice of Social Research . 7 th edition. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Babbie, E. (2001) The Practice of Social Research . 9th edition. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Bacchilega, C. (2006) Legendary Hawaii and the Politics of Place: Tradition, Translation and Tourism . Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bakar, I. A. (2005) Malaysian perceptions of China. Historia Actual Online , 7, 93-105.
Balakrishnan, V. (2006) ‘Role of Religion in Moral Decision-Making in a Pluralistic Society: Malaysia’, Accepted for the 32 nd Conference of the Association for Moral Education , July 5-7.
Bank, A. (1999) The politics of mythology: The genealogy of the Philip myth. Journal of Southern African Studies, 25(3), 461-477.
Bandyopadhyay, R. and Morais, D. (2005) Representative dissonance: India’s self and Western image. Annals of Tourism Research , 32(4),1006-1021.
Bandyopadhyay, R. Morais, D. B. & Chick, G. (2008) Religion and identity in India’s heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , 35(5), 790-808.
Banyai, M. & Glover, T. D. (2012) Evaluating research methods on travel blogs. Journal of Travel Research , 5(3), 267-277.
Barthes, R. (1984) Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang.
Bascom, W. (1965) The forms of folklore: Prose narratives. Journal of American Folklore , 78, 3-20.
Baxter, J. (2009) Content Analysis. In: Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. (ed.) International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography, pp. 275-280.
Belle, C. V. (1998) ‘Tai Pucam in Malaysian: An incipient Hindu unity’, Accepted for the 1st International Conference Seminar on Skanda Murukan, December 28-31.
Berg, B. (1998) Content Analysis. In: Berg, B. (ed.) Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences . Boston: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 233–252.
Berger, A. A. (2004) Deconstructing Travel: Cultural Perspectives on Tourism . Oxford: AltaMira Press.
203
Berelson, B. (1952) Content analysis in Communication Research . Glencoe: The Free Press.
Bignell, J. (2002) Media Semiotics: An Introduction . 2 nd edition. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Bowen, H. E. (2002) Images of women in tourism magazine advertising: A content analysis of advertising in travel and leisure magazine from 1969 to 1999 . Unpublished PhD thesis. Texas A & M University.
Britton, R. A. (1979) The image of the Third World in tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research , 6 (3), 318-329.
Bresner, K. (2010) Othering, power relations, and indigenous tourism: Experiences in Australia’s Northern Territory. PlatForum , 11, 10-26.
Brown, R. H. (1995) The Poststructural Crisis in the Social Sciences: Learning from James Joyce. In: Brown, R. H. (ed.) Postmodern representation: Truth, Power and Mimesis in the Human Sciences and Public Culture . Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 134-167.
Bruner, E. M. (1991) Transformation of self in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , 18, 238- 250.
Bryant, A. (2012) ‘Iron man: A study in Orientalism and hegemony’, Accepted for PCA/ACA Conference, 11-14 April. [Online] Available from http://www.academia.edu/1805602 /Iron_Man_A_Study_in_Orientalism_and_Hegemony. [Accessed 15 March 2013].
Buzinde, C. N., Santos, C.A. & Smith, S. L. J. (2006) Ethnic representations: Destination imagery. Annals of Tourism Research , 33(3), 707-728.
Campbell, J. (1949) The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Campbell, J. (1988) The Power of Myth . New York: Doubleday.
Carl, D. (2004) Cultural representation of New Zealand’s landscapes in the films of the Lord of the Rings and its implications for tourism . Unpublished Master thesis. Victoria University of Wellington.
Carlsen, J. & Jaufeerally, K. (2003) An analysis of tourism Trends in Mauritius 1979 to 1998. Current Issues in Tourism , 6, 235-249.
Carr, A. M. (2006) Lakes, Myths and Legends: The Relationship between Tourism and Cultural Values for Water in Aotearoa/New Zealand. In: Hall, C. M. and Harkonen, T. (eds.) Lake Tourism: An Integrated Approach to Lacustrine Tourism Systems . Clevedon, Channelview Publications, pp. 83-100.
Carsten, S. A. (1988) From myth to history: Yap Ah Loy and the heroic past of Chinese Malaysians. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 19, 185-208.
204
Carsten, J. (1995) The substance of kinship and the heat of the feeding, personhood, and relatedness among Malays in Pulau Langkawi. American Ethnologist , 22(2), 223-241.
Catlin, J. & Jones, R. (2010) Whale shark tourism at Ningaloo marine park: A longitudinal study of wildlife tourism. Tourism Management , 31, 386-394.
Cavanagh, S. (1997) Content analysis: Concepts, methods and applications. Nurse Researcher, 4(3), 5-16.
Cave, J. (2005) Conceptualising of “Otherness” as a Management Framework for Tourism Enterprise. In: Ryan, C. and Aicken, M. (eds.) Indigenous Tourism: The Commodification and Management of Culture. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 315-334.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2012) The World Factbook . [Online] Available from: https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html [Accessed 18April 2012].
Chatelard, G. (2001) Tourism and representation: of social change and power relations in Wadi Ramm . [Online] Available from: http://www.wadiram.userhome.ch/fichiers/ Tourism %20 and%20representations.doc [Accessed 20 December 2009].
Chen, C. C. (2012) Qualitative Methods and Content Analysis . Rutgers Business School. [Online] Available from: http://www.iacmr.org/Conferences/Conf2012/PDW/Chen% 20 content%20analysis.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2013].
Cheng, K. G. (2006) Reclaiming Adat: Contemporary Malaysian Film and Literature . Vancouver: UBC Press.
Cheuk, S., Tsonis, J. L., Ing, G. P. & Razli, I. A. (2010) An establishment of the role of private and public sector interests in the context of tourism transport planning and development: The case of Malaysia. International Business and Economics Research Journal , 9(2), 59-68.
Chon, K. S., Elgin, B. & Oppermann, M. (1997) Malaysia’s tourism Development and marketing. Journal of International Hospitality, Leisure & Tourism Management , 1(1), 79-89.
Cillessen, A. H. N. (2005) Theoretical and methodological issues in longitudinal research. Newsletter of the International Society Society for the Study of Behavioral Development.
Coggins, A. O. (2005) What makes a passenger ship a legend: The future concept of legend in the passenger shipping industry. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Cormack, D. M. (2007) Once an Other, always an Other: Contemporary discursive representations of the Asian Other in Aotearoa/New Zealand . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Waikato.
205
Cosma, S., Pop, A., Negrusa, A. & Napoca, C. (2007) Should dracula be a brand to promote Romania as a tourist destination. Interdisciplinary Management Research , 3, 39-56
Coupe, M (2009) Myth . London, Routledge.
‘Croatia claims King Arthur in battle of the tourist attractions’ (2011) Mail Online , 9 August. [Online] Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2024083/King- Arthuir-tourism-sites-Croatia-claims-British-King-new-battle-tourists.html [Accessed 17 April 2012].
Craik, J. (1997) The Culture of Tourism Sites. In: Rojek, C. & Urry, J. (eds) Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory . London: Routledge, pp. 113-136.
Croft, R., Hartland, T. & Skinner, H. (2008) And did those feet? Getting Medieval England “on-message”. Journal of Communication Management , 12(4), 294-304.
Dahlan, H. M. (1991) Local values in intercultural management. Malaysian Management Review , 26, 45-50.
Danaan, L. D. (1986) The blossom falling: Movement and allusion in a Malay dance. Asian Theatre Journal , 3(1),110-117.
Danesi, M. (2004) Messages, Signs and Meanings: A Basic Textbook in Semiotics and Communication . 3rd edition. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Dann, G. (1996) The People of Tourist Brochures. In: Selwyn, T. (ed.) The Tourist Image: Myth and Myth Making in Tourism . New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 61-82.
Dann, G. M. S. (2005) Content/Semiotic Analysis: Application for Tourism Research. In Aramberri, J. and Butler, P. (eds.) Tourism Development: Issues for a vulnerable Industry . Clevedon: Channel View Publications, pp. 27-43.
Davenport, W. H. (2000) Hornbill carvings of the Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia. Anthropology and Aesthetics , 37, 127-146.
Davidson, H. R. E. (1976) Folklore and myth. Folklore , 87(2),131-145.
Davies, D. (1994) Introduction: Raising the Issues. In: Holm, J and Bowker, J. (eds.) Myth and History . London: Pinter, pp. 1-7.
Delahay, M. (2009) Imaginary things: Modern myth in Neil Gaiman’s America Gods (2001). Unpublished Pro Gradu Thesis. University of Jyväskylä.
‘Delegation to focus on European tourists at ITB’ (2012) The Sun Daily , 6 March. [Online] Available from: http://www.thesundaily.my/news/314216 [Accessed 30 April 2012].
Department of Statistics of Malaysia (2010). [Online] Available from: http://www. statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?lang=en [Accessed 14 November 2010].
206
Din, K. H. (1982) Tourism Malaysia: Competing needs in a plural society. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(3), 453-480.
Din, K. H. (1997) Tourism and Cultural Development in Malaysia: Issues for a New Agenda. In: Yamashita, S., Din, K. H. and Eades, J. S. (eds.) Tourism and Cultural Development in Asia and Oceania . Bangi: Penerbit University, pp. 104-118.
Dollah, H. & Kob, A. C. (2004) Nyonya Melaka: Pelancongan dan transformasi budaya Baba. Jurnal Melayu , 115-140.
Doty, W. G. (1980) ‘Mythophiles’ dyscrasia: A comprehensive definition of myth. Journal of the American Academy of Religion , 48(4), 531-562.
Doty, W. G. (2004) Myth: A Handbook . Westport: Greenwood Press.
Downey,V. S. (2008) Representations of Waikiki: An analysis of Hawaiian tourism through hotel brochures and websites . Unpublished Master thesis. University of Kansas.
Dundes, A. (1984) Introduction. In: Dundes, A. (ed.) Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth . Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1-3.
Echtner, C. M. (2002) The content of Third World tourism marketing: A 4A approach. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, 413-434.
Echtner, C. M & Prasad, P. (2003) The context of Third World tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research , 30(3), 660-682.
Eliade, M. (1963) Myth and Reality . New York: Harper and Row.
Eliade, M. (1964) Myth and Reality. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Eliade, M. (1971) The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History . New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Elo, S & Kyngas, H. (2008) The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 62 (1),107-115.
Elouafi, A. A. (2010) The colour of Orientalism: Race and narratives of discovery in Tunisia. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 33(2), 253-271.
Erfut-Cooper, P. & Cooper, M. (2009) Health and Wellness Tourism: Spas and Hot Springs . Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Fairhurst, M. (2010) ‘Monster battle is looming over rival Loch Ness tourism plans’, The Press and Journal , 23 Nov. [Online] Available from: http://www.pressandjournal. co.uk/ Article.aspx/2020834?UserKey= [Accessed 17 April 2012].
Fairhurst, M. (2011) ‘Disney’s nessie film sparks hopes of a tourism bonanza’, The Press and Journal , 7 April. [Online] Available from: http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article. aspx/ 2214374/ [Accessed 17 April 2012].
207
Feldman, B. & Richardson, R. D. (1972) The Rise of Modern Mythology, 1680-1860 . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Finn, M., Elliott-White, M. & Walton, M. (2000) Tourism & Leisure Research Methods: Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation . Essex: Pearson.
Fontenrose, J. E. (1971) The Ritual Theory of Myth . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Foote, K. & Azaryahu, M. (2009) Semiotics. In: Thrift, N. and Kitchin, R. (eds) International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography. Oxford: Elsevier, 89-95.
Fox, R. G. (2001) Orientalism. In: Smelser, N.J. and Baltes, P.B. (eds) International Encyclopaedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences . Amsterdam: Elsevier, 10976- 10978.
Gardaz, M. (2004) Twenty-fifth anniversary of Edward Said’s Orientalism . Religion , 34, 93- 97.
Gayle, D. (2012) ‘Is this Iceland’s Loch Ness monster? Amateur footage shows ‘giant serpent’ slinking its way through lake, Mail Online , 8 Feb. [Online] Available from: http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2098044/Is-Icelands-Loch-Ness-Monster- Amateur-footage-shows-giant-serpent-slinking-way-lake.html [Accessed 18 April 2012].
Getz, D. (1994) Residents’ attitudes towards tourism: A longitudinal study in Spey Valley, Scotland. Tourism Management , 15(4), 247-258.
Getz, D. & Sailor, L. (1993) Design of destination and attraction-specific brochures. Journal Travel and Tourism Marketing , 4(2/3), 111-131.
Gingging, F. A. M. (2003) Understanding indigenous identity through the study of cultural tourism in Sabah, Malaysia . Unpublished Master thesis. Michigan State University.
Gingging, F. A. M. (2007) “I lost my head in Borneo”: Tourism and the refashioning of the headhunting narrative in Sabah. Cultural Analysis , 6, 1-29.
Gogas, T. (2007) ‘An Endless Century’, Accepted for the 3 rd Global Conference, 16-18 November. [Online] Available from http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/ati/diversity/ pluralism/pl3/GOGAS%20DRAFT.pdf [Accessed 25 April 2012).
Gold, J. R. (1994) Locating the Message: Place Promotion as Image Communication. In: Gold, J. R and Ward, S. V. (eds.) Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. Chichester: John Wiley, pp.19-37.
Günter, H. (1910) Legends of the Saints. In: The Catholic Encyclopaedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. [Online] Available from: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen /091 28a.htm [Accessed 26 May 2010].
208
‘Grand wedding for Mahsuri’s descendant’ (2010) The Star Online , 26 April. [Online] Available from: http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/4/26/nation/ 6130392 &sec=nation [Accessed 26 April 2010].
Graneheim, U. H. & Lundman, B. (2004) Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today , 24, 105-112.
Habibi, F., Rahim, K. A., Ramachandran, S. & Chin, L. (2009) Dynamic model for international tourism demand for Malaysia: Panel data evidence. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics , 33, 207-217.
Hall, S. (1997) Representation, Meaning and Language. In: Hall, S. (ed.) Representation, Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 15-30.
Hall, C. M. & Valentin. A. (2005) Content Analysis. In: Ritchie, B. W., Burns, P. and Palmer, C. (eds.) Tourism Research Methods: Integrating Theory with Practice . Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 191-209.
Haldrup, M & Koefoed, L. (2009) Orientalism. In: Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. (eds.) International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography . Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 37- 42.
Hall, C. M. & McArthur, S. (1996) Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand : The Human Dimension . Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Hamid, F. A. (2010) ‘7 tangkai padi untuk Huminodun’, Berita Harian Online, 20 June. [Online] Available from: http://www.bharian.com. my/bharian/articles/Cerpen_7tang kaipadiuntuk Huminodun/Article/index_html [Accessed 20 June 2010].
Hamzah, S. (2007) Some selected Malay forms of mythologies: An Islamic perspective . Unpublished Master Thesis. International Islamic University Malaysia.
Hanafiah, M. H. M. & Harun, M. F. M. (2010) Tourism demand in Malaysia: A cross- sectional pool time-series analysis. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance , 1(1), 80-83.
Hansen, W. F. (1998) Anthology of Ancient Greek Popular Literature . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Harnish, D. D. (2006) Bridges to the Ancestors: Music, Myth and Cultural Politics . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Hassan, I. H. (1952) Towards a method in myth. The Journal of American Folklore , 65 (257), 205-215.
Hashim, N. H., Murphy, J. & Hashim, N. M. (2007) Islam and online imagery on Malaysian tourist destination websites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 12(I3), 1082-1102.
209
Heehs, P. (2003) Shades of Orientalism: Paradoxes and problems in Indian historiography. History and Theory , 42, 169-195.
Hei, K. C., David, M. K., Kia, L. S. and Soo, A. P. (2011) Openings and closings in front counter transaction of Malaysian government hospitals. The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communication and Humanities , 3, 13-30.
Henderson, J. (2001) Presentations of the Orient: Singapore and UK tour operator brochures compared. Tourism, Culture and Communication , 3, 71-80.
Henderson, J. C. (2002) Heritage attractions and tourism development in Asia: A comparative Study of Hong Kong and Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, 337-344.
Hennig, C. (2002) Tourism: Enacting Modern Myths. In: Dann, G. M. S. (ed.) The Tourist as a Metaphor of the Social World . Wallingford: CABI, pp. 169-187.
Hollinshead, K. (2000) Other. In: Jafari, J. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Tourism, London: Routledge, p. 420.
Hollinshead, K. (2000) Representation. In: Jafari, J. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Tourism, London: Routledge, p. 501.
Hoon, K. Y. (2003) Self-representation: The visualisation of Koreaness in tourism posters during the 1970s and 1980s. Korea Journal , 43(1), 83-105.
Hsieh, H. F. and Shannon, S. E. (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research , 15(9), 1277-1288.
Hoffstaedter, G. (2008) Representing culture in Malaysia cultural theme parks: Tensions and contradictions. Anthropological Forum , 18(2),139-160.
Huffstot, J. S. (1998). ‘Votive (?) use of coins in fourth-century Lusitania: The builders deposit in the Torre de Palma Basilica. Revista Portuguesa De Argueologia , 1(1), 221- 226.
Hughes, G. (1995) Authenticity in tourism. Annals of Tourism of Research , 22(4), 78-803.
Humphrey, E. (1996) Myth, symbol and reality in the apocalypse , Bibl 679 , Regent College. [Online] Available from: http:// www.pbcc.org/contactus/bell/ApocalypseMyth.pdf [Accessed 17 June 2007].
Hunter, W. C. (2008) A typology of photographic representations for tourism: Depictions of groomed spaces. Tourism Management , 29, 354-365.
Hunter, W. C. (2011) Rukai indigenous tourism: Representation, cultural identity and Q method. Tourism Management , 32, 335-348.
Hui, L. K. (2003) Budi as the Malay mind: A philosophical study of Malay ways of reasoning and emotion in peribahasa . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Hamburg.
210
Huisman, M. (2011) Orientalism and the Spectacle of the Other Japan and the Japanese in Wie is de Mol. Unpublished Master thesis. Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Hultkrantz, A. (1972) An ideological dichotomy: Myths and folks beliefs among the Shoshoni Indians of Wyoming. History of Religions , 11(4), 339-353.
Hussin, H. (2008) Performing rice farming rituals by Penampang Kadazan of East Malaysia: between sacred ritual and secular performance. Jati , 13, 173-190.
Inglis, D. & Holmes, M. (2003) Highland and Other haunts: Ghosts in Scottish tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , 30(1), 50-63.
Isakhan, B. (2010) Orientalism and the Australian News Media: Origins and Questions. In: Rane, H, Ewort, J. & Abdalla, M. (eds.) Islam and the Australian News Media . Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, pp. 3-25.
Islam, R. (2011) ‘Prioritizing of the nine challenges of Malaysia Vision 2020’, Accepted for the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process , June 15-18.
Ismail, M. Z. (2000) The legends of Langkawi: Myths and management . Unpublished Master thesis. University Utara Malaysia.
Ishak, M. S. H. (2009) ‘Cultural and religion tolerance: The Malaysia experience’, Accepted for the International Conference on Migration, Citizenship and Intercultural Relations , 9-20 November.
Ismail, H., Baum, T. & Kokkranikal, J. J. (2003) ‘Urban tourism in developing countries: A case study of Malaysia’, Accepted for TTRA Europe Conference , September 25-26.
‘Istana misteri jadi pusat sampah’ (2010) Berita Harian Online , 29 November. [Online] Available from: http://www.bharian.com.my/ [Accessed 10 May 2010].
‘Istana Raja Bersiong kembali berseri’ (2010) Berita Harian , 10 May, p. 8.
Iverson, R. I. (1995) Latent Orientalism: The Modern Legacy, Habibi Magzine, Santa Barbara, CA, 14(4), pp.6-9. [Online] Available from: http://thebestofhabibi.com/vol- 14-no-4-fall-1995/latent-orientalism-part-ii/ [Accessed 30 March 2013].
Janowitz, M. (1968) Harold D: Lasswell’s contribution to content analysis. The Public Opinion Quarterly , 32(4), 646-653.
Jenkins, O. H. (1999) Understanding and measurement tourist destination images. International Journal of Tourism Research , 1(1), 1-15.
John, M. (2000) ‘Mahsuri homecoming’, New Straits Times , 1 June. [Online] Available from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82542939.html [Accessed 25 May 2010].
Johns, N. & Clarke, V. (2001) Mythological analysis of boating tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , 28(2), 334-359.
211
Johns, N. & Gyimothy, S. (2002) Mythologies of a theme park: An icon of modern family life. Journal of Vacation Marketing , 8 (4), 320-331.
Jouhki, J. (2006a) Orientalism and India .University of Jyväskylä. [Online] Available from: http://research.jyu.fi/jargonia/artikkelit/jargonia8.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2013].
Jouhki, J. (2000b) Imagining the Other: Orientalism and Occidentalism in Tamil-European relation in South India . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Jyväskylä.
Karar, A. (2010) Impact of pilgrim tourism at Haridwar. Anthropologist , 12(2), 99-105.
Kassarjian H. H. (1977) Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4, 8-18.
Kendall, S. (1990) Teaching mythology: Not the same old thing. The English Journal , 79 (4), 29-32.
Kent, A. (2004) Transcendence and tolerance: Cultural diversity in the Tamil celebration of Thaipucam in Penang, Malaysia. International Journal of Hindu Studies , 8(1-3), 81- 105.
‘Keturunan ketujuh Mahsuri dirai’ (2010) Berita Harian , 9 May, p.17.
Khalid, M. (2011) Gender, orientalism and representation of the ‘Other’ in the war on terror. Global Change, Peace and Security , 23(1), 15-29.
Knappert, J. (1980) Malay Myths and Legends . Kuala Lumpur: Heinemann Educational Books.
Knight, K. (2009) Legends of the Saints . [Online] Available from: http://www.newadvent. org/cathen/09128a.htm [Accessed 20 August 2010].
Kohlbacker, F. (2006) The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. Forum Qualitative Social Research , 7(1). [Online] Available from: http://www.qualitative- research.net/fqs-texte/1-06/06-1-21-e.htm [Accessed 30 March 2007].
Kolbe, R. H. and Burnett, M. S. (1991) Content analysis research: An examination of applications with directives for improving research reliability and objectivity. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 243-250.
Kondracki, N. L. I., Wellman, N. S. & Amundson, D. K. (2002) Content analysis: Reviewing methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior , 34(4), 224-230.
Krippendorff, K. (2004) Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology . 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Krzyzanowski, J. (1967) Legend in literature and folklore. Fabula , 9(1-3), 111-117.
Laderman, C. (1997) The limit of magic. American Anthropologist , 99(2), 333-341.
212
Laing, J. H. & Crouch, G. I. (2009) Myth, adventure and fantasy at the frontier: Metaphors and imagery behind an extraordinary travel experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research , 11,127-141.
Langlois, J. L. (2008) Legend. In: Haase, D. (ed.) The Greenwood Encyclopaedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales . Westport: Greenwood Press, pp. 569-571.
Larsen, A. K. (1996) The impact of the Islamic resurgence on the belief system of rural Malays. Temenos , 32,137-154.
Larsen, A. K. (2007) Tradition as Reflexive Project in Norway and Malaysia: Witch, Whore, Madonna and Heroin. In: Kockel, U. and Craith, M. N. (eds.) Cultural Heritages as Reflexive Traditions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 75-88.
Larue, G. A. (1975) Ancient Myth and Modern Man. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Law, R., Leung, D. & Lee, H. A. (2012) An analysis of publications in the journal of China tourism research. Journal of China Tourism Research , 8(1), 37-60.
Law, R., Qi, S. & Buhalis, D. (2010) Progress in tourism management: A review of website evaluation in tourism research. Tourism Management , 31(3), 297-313.
Lee, R. (1986) Continuity and change in Chinese spirit mediumship in urban Malaysia. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, 142, (2/3), 198-214.
Leeming, D. (2002) Myth: A Biography of Belief . New York: Oxford University Press.
Leeming, D. (2005) The Oxford Companion to World of Mythology . New York: Oxford University Press.
Lefler, L. (2011) Wishing wells: Uncommon history of coin tossing, water, and hope for divine intervention . [Online] Available from: http://leahlefler.com/hub/Wishing- Wells-An-Uncommon-History-of-a-Common-Garden-Decoration [Accessed 17 April 2012].
Leshkowich, A. M. & Jones, C. (2003) What happens when Asian chic becomes chic in Asia? Fashion Theory , 7(3/4), 281-300.
Liang, Y. B. (1985) The Traditional World-View of the Indigenous Peoples of Sabah. In: Osman, M. T. (ed.) Malaysia World-View. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 76-130.
Light, D. (2007) Dracula tourism in Romania: Cultural identity and the state. Annals of Tourism Research , 34 (3),746-765.
Ling, O. G. (2006) Mahsuri’s curse – globalisation and tourist development in Pulau Langkawi. GeoJournal , 66(3), 199-209.
Littleton, C. S. (2005) The Study of Myth. In: Littleton, C. S. (ed.) Gods and Goddesses and Mythology: An Encyclopaedia . New York: Marshall Cavendish, 10-12.
213
Liu, A. (2006) Tourism in rural areas: Kedah, Malaysia. Tourism Management , 27, 878-889.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online (2011) ‘Otherness’. [Online] Available from: http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/otherness [Accessed 16 April 2012].
Lopez, C. C. (2001) The British presence in the world: A meeting of civilizational traditions. Sari , 19, 3-33.
Lu, J. & Nepal, S. K. (2009) Sustainable tourism research: An analysis of papers published in the journal of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 17(1), 5-16.
Majid, F. A. (2008) Culture and learner beliefs: A study of three Malay postgraduate students. Asian Journal of University Learning and Teaching , 3(1), 127-142.
Magoulick, M. (2003) What is myth. Speech and journalism . Georgia College & State University. [Online] Available from: http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/ def myth.htm [Accessed 20 June 2007].
‘Malaysia records 24.7 mln tourist arrivals in 2011’ (2012) Borneo Post Online , 11 Feb. [Online] Available from: http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/02/11/malaysia- records-24-7-mln-tourist-arrivals-in-2011/#ixzz1zhFbaECz [Accessed 07 May 2012].
Malinowski, B. (1926) Myth in Primitive Psychology . London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
Mamadi, M. (2004) A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Tourism on Cultural Representation: A Case Study from Leboeng . Unpublished Master thesis. University of Western Cape.
Matusky, P. & Beng, T. S. (2004) The Music of Malaysia: The Classical, Folk and Syncretic Traditions . Ashgate: Aldershot.
Matusky, P. & Chopyak, J. (2008) Peninsular Malaysia. In: William, S. and Miller, T. E. (eds.) The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music. New York: Routledge, pp. 222-246.
Mayring, P. (2000) Qualitative content analysis. Forum Qualitative Social Research . [Online] 1(2). Available from: http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/2-00/2-00mayring- e.htm [Accessed 15 April 2007].
Maxwell, W. E. (1881) Two Malay myths: The princess of the foam, and the raja of the bamboo. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain , 13, 498-523.
McAmis, R. D. (2002) Malay Muslim: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia . Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
MacCannell, D. (1973) Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings, The American Journal of Sociology , 79(3), 589-603.
McCannell, D. (1976) The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class . London: MacMillan H.B.
214
McGregor, A. (2000) Dynamic texts and tourist gaze: Death, bones and buffalo. Annals of Tourism Research , 27 (1), 27-50.
McKercher, B. (2001) Attitudes to a non-viable community-owned heritage tourist attraction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 9(1), 29-43.
McLean, F. (1998) Museums and the construction of national identity: A review. International Journal of Heritage Studies , 3, 244-252.
McLeod, J. (2000) Beginning Postcolonialism . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
McQueeney, K. (2012) ‘Is this Iceland’s loch ness monster? Giant ‘serpent-like creature’ caught on camera swimming in a glacial river’, Mail Online , 8 Feb. [Online] Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2098225/Icelands-Loch-Ness-monster- Giant-serpent-like-sea-creature-caught-camera-swimming-glacial-river.html [Accessed 17 April 2012].
Menard, S. (1991) Longitudinal Research . Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Migas, N., Anastasiadou, C. & Stirling, A. (2008) Individualised tourism brochures as a novel approach to mass communication. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management , 17 (1/2), 237-257.
Ming, H. L. & Yorgason, E. (2008) Hou Shan in maps: Orientalism in Taiwan’s geographic Imaginations. Taiwan in Comparative Perspective , 2, 1-20.
Min, H. (1997) Tourism and Cultural development in Asia and Oceania. In: Yamashita, S., Din, K. H. & Eades, J. S. (eds) Tourism and Cultural Development in Asia and Oceania , Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, pp.141-163.
Ministry of Arts, Culture and Tourism (1992) National Tourism Policy Study. Ministry of Arts, Culture and Tourism: Kuala Lumpur.
Mohamed, B. (2005) ‘The analysis of Malaysian domestic travellers’, Accepted for the International Conference on Tourism Development , 9-11 January.
Molina, A. & Esteban, A. (2006) Tourism brochures: Useful and image. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4),1036-1056.
Molly, D., Woodfield, K. & Bacon, J. (2002) Longitudinal Qualitative Research Approaches in Evaluation Studies. Department of Work and Pensions. [Online] Available from: http:// research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/WP7.pdf [Accessed 25 April 2012].
Morgan, N. & Pritchard, A. (1998) Tourism Promotion and Power: Creating Images, Creating identities. Chichester: Wiley.
Moser, S. (2010) Constructing cultural heritage. The Newsletter , 57, International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS), 30-31.
215
Moosavinia, S. R., Niazi, N. & Ghaforian, A. (2011) Edward Said’s Orientalism and the study of the Self and the Other in Orwell’s Burmese Days. Studies in Literature and Language, 2(1), 103-113.
Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. (1998) Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.
Muhammad, N. M. N. & Isa, F. M. (2009) Impact of culture and knowledge acquisition to organisational success: Study on Chinese and Malay small firms. Asian Culture and History , 1 (2), 63-71.
Musa, G. (2000) Tourism in Malaysia. In: Hall, C. M. and Page, S. (eds.) Tourism in South and South East Asia: Issues and Cases. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Muthalib, H. A. (2009) Mythic Tales for Digital Age, Animation Society of Malaysia . [Online] Available from: http://animasimalaysia.org/news.htm [Accessed 15 March 2010].
Nah, A. M. (2003) Negotiating indigenous identity in postcolonial Malaysia: Beyond being ‘not quite/not Malay’. Social Identities, 9(4), 511-534.
Nagata, J. (1984 ) The Reflowering of Malaysian Islam: Religions Radicals and their Roots . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Nelson, V. (2005) Representation and images of people, place and nature in Grenada’s tourism. Geographical Analysis, 87 (2), 131-143.
Neumann, W. L. (2003) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches . 5th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Ngah, M. A. (2010) ‘Air terjun buaya sangkut’, Berita Minggu , 30 May, p.4.
Ngampornchai, A. (2008) Rhetorical constructionist of Thailand: A comparative analysis of travel media representation . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of New Mexico.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook . Thousand Oaks: Sage.
O'Connell, R. (1995) Analyzing mythology . [Online] Available from: http://www.mythome. org/ myth II.html [Accessed 10 March 2007].
Olsen, D. H. (2008) Contesting identity, space and sacred site management at Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Waterloo.
Oluwabusuyi, I. (2011) Are Malaysia managers more rational than United States of managers?. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business , 1(1), 13-20.
Omar, A. H. (1985) Language and the Worldview of the Malay Peasants. In: Osman, M. T. (ed.) Malaysian World-View . Singapore: ISEAS, pp. 184-252.
Omar, S. M. O. (1993) Myths and the Malay Ruling Class . Singapore: Times Academic Press.
216
Ooi, C. S., Kristensen, T. P. & Pedersen, Z. L. (2004) Re-imag(in)ing place: From Czechoslovakia to the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Tourism , 52(2), 151-163.
Ooi, C. S. (2005) Orientalist imaginations and touristification of museums: Experiences from Singapore. Copenhagen Discussion Papers , pp. 1-23.
On, L. K. (2006) Reading symbols and mythical landscape in the Tambunan Dusun origin- myth of North Borneo. IJAPS , 2, 29-50.
Ong, E. (2009) ‘Mystic Iban textiles of Malaysian Borneo’, Accepted for the 2nd ASEAN Tradition Textiles Symposium , Feb 1-3.
Osnes, M. B. (1992) Malaysia’s evolving shadow puppet theatre. Asian Theatre Journal , 9 (1), 112-116.
Osman, M. B. (1972) Patterns of supernatural premises underlying the institution of the bomoh in Malay culture. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, 128, (2/3), 219-234.
Osman, M. T. (1985) Introduction. In: Osman, M. T. (ed.) Malaysian World-View . Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Osman, H. (2010) ‘Keturunan ketujuh Mahsuri dirai’, Berita Minggu, 9 May, p.17.
Oxford Dictionaries Online (2012) ‘Otherness’, Oxford University Press. [Online] Available from: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/otherness [Accessed 16 April 2012].
Othman, H. (2008) Conceptual understanding of myths and legends in Malay history. Sari , 26, 91-110 .
Parkinson, B. K. (1967) Non-economic factors in the economic retardation of the rural Malays. Modern Asian Studies, 1(1), 31-46.
Palmer, C. (1999) Tourism and the symbol of identity. Tourism Management , 20, 313-321.
Palmer, N. (2007) Ethnic equality, national identity and selective cultural representation in tourism promotion: Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 15(6), 645-662.
Park, J. & Wilkins, K. (2005) Re-orienting the Orientalist gaze. Global Media Journal , 4(6), 1-15.
Paynee, A. (2012) ‘Iceland’s Loch Ness monster?’, Digital Journal , Feb 8. [Online] Available from: http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/2214374 [Accessed 17 April 2012].
Peletz, M. (1988) Poisoning, sorcery and healing rituals in Negeri Sembilan. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, 144(1), 132-164.
217
Peleggi, M. (1996) National heritage and global tourism in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research , 23(2), 432-448.
Phelan, R. (1983) The form of priesthood in the Kadazan (Dusun) system of religion. Journal of Asiatic Society , 115, 55-73.
Phillipson, S. N. (2007) Toward an Understanding of a Malay Conception of Giftedness. In: Phillipson, S. N. and McCann, M. (eds.) Conceptions of Giftedness: Sociocultural Perspective , Malwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 253-282.
Prasad, B. D. (2008) Content Analysis: A Method in Social Science Research. In: Lal Das, D. K. and Bhaskaran, V. (eds) Research Methods for Social Work , New Delhi: Rawat, pp. 173-193.
Pritchard, A. & Morgan, N. (2001) Culture, identity and tourism representation: Marketing Cymru or Wales?. Tourism Management , 22, 167-179.
‘Puteri Anis has to prove she is heir to Puteri Saadong – Rais’ (2010) The Malay Mail , 12 June. [Online] Available from: http://mmail.com.my/content/39610-putri-anis-has- prove-she-heir-puteri-saadong-rais [Accessed 12 June 2010].
Putzi, S. (2008) A to Z World Superstitious and Folklore: 175 Countries: Spirits Worship, Curses, Mystical Characters, Folktales, Burial and the Dead, Animals, Food, Marriage, Good Luck, Bad Luck, Totems and Amulets and Ancestor Spirits . Petaluma: World Trade Press.
Rahman, R. (1955) Quarrels and enmity between the sun and the moon: A contribution to mythologies of the Philippines, India, and the Malay peninsular. Folklore Studies , 12, 202-214.
Rajathurai, Y. (2007) Hindu caste music in the Malaysian Thaipusam festival . Unpublished Master thesis. University of Canterbury.
Rajulton, F. (2001) The fundamental of longitudinal research: An overview. Canadian Studies in Population , 28(2), 169-185.
Ramdane, T. & Souad, M. (2011) Between Orientalists and Al Jazeera: Image of Arabs in the West (comparative inquiry). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science , 1(4), 162-169.
Ramli, A. M. (2011) Contemporary criticism of the representation of female travellers of the Ottoman harem in the 19 th century: A review. Intellectual Discourse , 19 (2), 263-279.
Reid, A. (1997) Endangered identity: Kadazan Dusun in Sabah (East Malaysia). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 28, 120-136.
Reid, J. (2007) Mythological representation in popular culture today. Communication , 33(2), 80-98.
218
Reiss, S. (2006) Legends as unique selling proposition for the marketing of destinations: The case of Glastonbury and the legend of King Arthur . Unpublished Master thesis. Bournemouth University.
Ribeiro, N. F. (2009) Tourism representation and semiotics – directions for future research. Cogitur , 2, 7-14.
Richard, D. (1994) Masks of Difference: Anthropology and Art . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Riley, R. W. (1994) Movie-Induced Tourism. In: Seaton, A.V., Jenkins, C. L., Wood, R.C., Dieke, P. U. C., Bennett, M. M., MacClelland, L. R. and Ronnie, S. (eds.) Tourism: The State of the Art . Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 453-458.
Ritchie, J. R. B. (2005) Longitudinal Research Methods. In: Ritchie, B. W., Burns, P. and Palmer, C. (eds.) Tourism Research Methods: Integrating Theory with Practice . Cambridge: CABI Publishing, pp. 131-148.
Robb, J. G. (1998) Tourism and legends: Archaeology of heritage. Annals of Tourism Research , 25 (3), 579-596.
Robinson, G. P (2002) ‘A mythic perspective of commodification on the world wide web’, First Monday . [Online] 7 (3). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue73/ robinson /index. html [Accessed 12 June 2007].
Robinson, G. P. (2004) A mythic perspective of commodification of the world wide web . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of North Texas.
Rolfe, G. (2006) Methodological issues in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 53(3), 304-310.
Rosen, S. L. (2000) Japan as Other: Orientaism and cultural conflict. Journal of Intercultural Communication . [Online] 4. Available from: http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr4/ros en.htm [Accessed 20 March 2013].
Rosenberg, D. (1997) Folklore, Myths, and Legends: A World Perspective . Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group.
Roseman, M. (2003) ‘Malay and Orang Asli interaction: Views from legendary history , Cornell University. [Online] Available from: http://www.keene.edu/library/Orang Asli/marina.pdf [Accessed 20 January 2010].
Ruiz, J. R. (2009) Sociological discourse analysis: Methods and logic. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research , 10(2), Art. 26, [Online] http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0902263 [Accessed 10 April 2013].
Ruspini, E. (1999) Longitudinal research and the analysis of social change . Quality and Quantity , 33, 219-227.
Said, E. W. (1978) Orientalism.New York: Pantheon Books.
219
Salazar, N. (2008) Representation in Postcolonial Analysis. In: W. A. Darity (ed.) International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences , 2 nd edition. Detroit: Macmillan, pp. 565-566.
Salazar, N. B. (2012) Tourism imaginaries: A conceptual approach. Annals of Tourism Research , 39(2), 863-882.
Samad, K. A. A. (2010) ‘Buktikan waris Saadong’, Berita Minggu , 13 Jun, p.13.
Santos, C. A., Belhassen, Y. & Caton, K. (2008) Reimagining Chinatown: An analysis of tourism discourse. Tourism Management , 29(5), 1002-1012.
Sardar, Z. (1999) Orientalism . Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Schein, L. (1997) Gender and internal Orientalism in China. Modern China , 23(1), 69-98.
Seaton, A. V. & Bennett, M. M. (1996) The Marketing of Tourism Products: Concepts, Issues and Cases . London: International Thomson Business Press.
Segal, R. A. (2004) Myth: A Very Short Introduction . New York: Oxford University Press.
Selwyn, T. (1992) Tourism society and development. Community Development Journal , 27(4), 353-360.
Selwyn, T. (1993) Peter Pan in South East Asia: Views from the Brochures. In: Hitchcock, V., King, V. & Parnell, M. (eds.) Tourism in South East Asia . London: Routledge, pp. 117-137.
Selwyn, T. (1996) Introduction. In: Selwyn, T. (ed.) The Tourist Image: Myths and Myth Making in Tourism . Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 1-32.
Selwyn, T. (2000) Myth. In: Jafari, J. (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Tourism . London: Routledge, pp. 402-403.
Shimomoto, Y. (1979) Myths and Ritual for Rice Spirits Bambarazon among the Rungus. Asian Folklore Studies , 38(2), 73-93.
Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M. & Miller, J. G. (1987)) Culture and Moral Development. In: Kagan, J. & Lamb, S. (eds) The Emergence of Morality in Young Children. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-83.
Silver, I. (1993) Marketing authenticity in Third World countries. Annals of Tourism Research , 20 (2), 302-318.
Simon, R., Harper, D., Parkinson, T, Way, C. R. & Watkins, R. (2010) Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei . Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publication.
Simpson, B. (1993) Tourism and tradition: From healing to heritage. Annals of Tourism Research, 20, 104-181.
220
Singaravelu, S. (1986) The Malay-Tamil cultural contact with special reference to the festival of Mandi Safar. Asian Folklore Studies , 45, 67-78.
Skeat, W. W. (1900) Malay Magic: An Introduction to Folklore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsular . London: MacMillan.
Slater, D. (1998) Analysing Cultural Objects: Content Analysis and Semiotics. In: Seale, C. (ed.) Researching Society and Culture . London: Sage, pp. 233-244.
Sobri, A. A. (2010a) ‘Misteri etnik: Legenda Rang Dungo kahwini telur matahari asal keturunan Lundayeh’, Berita Harian , 12 Sept. [Online] Available from: http://www. bharian.com.my/articles/MisteriEtnik_LegendaRangDungokahwinitelurmatahariasal keturunan Lundayeh/Article/print_html [Accessed 12 Sept 2010].
Sobri, A. A. (2010b) ‘Misteri etnik: Hasil hutan, bertani sumber ekonomi Lundayeh’, Berita Harian, 14 Sept. [Online] Available from: http://www.bharian.com.my/articles/Mister iEtnik Hasilhutan_bertanisumberekonomimasyarakatLundayeh/Article/ [Accessed 14 Sept 2010].
Spence, L. (1949) The Outlines of Mythology . London: Watts & Co.
Staiff, R. (no date) Contemporary tourism issues Venice: A case study . Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney. [Online] Available from: http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/activity/Local/tourism/ venicep.pdf [Accessed 10 Nov 2009].
Stymeist, D. H. (1996) Transformation of Vilavilairevo in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research , 23(1), 1-18.
Staszak, J. F. (2009) Other/Otherness. In: Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. (eds.) International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography . Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 43-47.
Stepchenkova, S., Kirilenko, A. P. & Morrison, A. M. (2009) Facilitating content analysis in tourism research. Journal of Travel Research , 47 (4), 454-469.
Stevens, K. (1972) Three Chinese deities: Variations on a theme. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, 12, 169-193.
Suisse, A. & Cilla, T. (2009) A Descriptive Research on the Promotional Tools Used in the Tourism Industry: Case Study on Ving . Halmstad University. [Online] Available from: www.hotelschoolsearch.com/index.php?file=redirct...research/...11... [Accessed 25 April 2011].
Sweeney, P. L. A. (1972) Malay Shadow Puppet: The Wayang Kulit Siam of Kelantan . London: British Museum,
Taib, M. I. M. M. (2003) On Orientalism, culture and the Muslims: Edward Said and his contribution to us, The Reading Group, Singapore. [Online] Available from: http://www.thereadinggroup.sg/Articles/On%20Orientalism%20and%20Orientalism- in-Reverse%20Among%20Muslims.pdf [Accessed 12 Mac 2011].
221
‘Tak cadang menetap di Langkawi’ (2010) Berita Harian , 7 May, p. 45.
Tanaka, S. N. (2008) Consuming the “Oriental Other,” constructing the cosmopolitan Canadian: Reinterpreting Japanese culinary culture in Toronto’s Japanese restaurants . Unpublished PhD thesis. Queen’s University.
Taslim, N. (1993) Teori dan Kritikan Sastera Melayu Tradisional . Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English (2009) ‘Representation’. [Online] Available from: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-representation.html [Accessed 5 August 2009].
Thirumaran, K. (2007) The Politics of Tourism: Ethnic Chinese Spaces in Malaysia. In: Burns, P. M & Novelli, M. (eds) Tourism and Politics: Global Frameworks and Local Realities . Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 193-210.
Thompson, K. J., Schofield, P., Foster, N. & Bakieva, G. (2006) Kyrgyzstan's 'Manas' Epos Millennium Celebrations: Post-Colonial Resurgence of Turkic Culture and the Strategic Marketing of Cultural Tourism. In: Picard, D. and Robinson, M. (eds) Festivals, Tourism and Social Change. Clevedon: Channel View Publications, pp. 172-190.
Timothy, D. J. & Boyd, S. W. (2003) Heritage Tourism . Essex: Pearson.
Timothy, D. J. & Prideaux, B. (2004) Issues in heritage and culture in the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research , 9(3), 213-223.
Timothy, D. J. (2007) Introduction. In: Timothy, D. J. (ed) The Political Nature of Cultural Heritage and Tourism . Ashgate: Aldershot, pp. ix-xviii.
Tong, C. H. (1992) The Datuk Kong spirit cult movement in Penang: Being and belonging in multi-ethnic Malaysia. Journal of Southeast Asia Studies , 23(2), 381-404.
Tong, C. H. (1996) The festival of the Nine Emperor Gods in Malaysia: Myth, ritual and symbol. Asian Folklore Studies , 55(1), 49-72.
Tucker, H. (2010) Peasant-entrepreneur: A longitudinal ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research , 37(4), 927-946.
Urry, J. (1990) The Tourist Gaze . London: Sage.
Uzzell, D. (1984) An alternative structuralist approach to the psychology of tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research , 11, 19-99.
Varner, G. R. (2009) Sacred Wells: A Study in the History, Meaning and Mythology of Holy Waters . 2 nd Edition. New York: Algora Publishing.
222
Villard, F. (2006) China in French tourist industry discourse: From Orientalist to imaginary to Chinese postmodernity. Transtext (e)s-Transcultures:Trilingual Research Journal , 1, 138-154.
Viruega, I. M. B. (2008) Re-presenting Asian stereotypes in Hollywood cinema: An analysis of race and gender representations in Memoirs of a Geisha . University of A Coruña. [Online] Available from: http:// 193.147.33.53/selicup/images/stories/ actas4/comunica ciones/minorias/BELLO. Pdf [Accessed 30 Feb 2013].
Wang, N. (1999) Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research , 26(2), 349-370.
Ward, C. (1984) Thaipusam in Malaysia: A psycho-anthropological analysis of ritual trance, ceremonial possession and self-mortification practices. Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology , 12(4), 307-334.
Wasilan, N. (2010) ‘Waris Puteri Saadong dimasyhur’, Berita Harian , 10 June 2010, p.13.
Wanyama, M. N. (2005) Form and content of African music: A case study of Buku circumcision music . Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Pretoria.
Well, R. J. G. (1982) Tourism planning in a presently developing. Tourism Management , 3(1- 4), 98-107.
Weber, R. P. (1990) Basic Content Analysis . Newbury Park: Sage.
White, M. D. & Marsh, E. E. (2006) Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends , 55 (1), 22-45.
Wilder, W. (1968) Islam, other factors and Malay backwardness: Comments on an argument. Modern Asian Studies , 2(2),155-164.
Willis, R. (1993) Introduction. In: Willis, R. (ed.) World Mythology . New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Wicks, B. E. & Schuett, M. A. (1991) Examining the role of tourism promotion through the use of brochures. Tourism Management , 301-312.
Winstedt, R. O. (1924) Shaman, Saiva and Sufi: A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic . London: Constable.
Winstedt, R. O. (1982) The Malay Magician: being Shaman, Saiva and Sufi . Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Winzeler, R. L. (1983) The study of Malay magic. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, 39(4), 435-458.
Winzeler, R. L. (2008) Anthropology and Religion: What We Know, Think and Question . Plymouth: AltaMira Press.
223
Worden, N. (2003) National identity and heritage tourism in Melaka. Indonesia and The Malay World, 31(89), 31-43.
Wood, R. E. (1984) Ethnic tourism, the state, and cultural change in Southeast Asia. Annals of Tourism Research, 11, 353-373.
Wright, B. S. (1981) Islam and the Malay shadow play. Asian Folklore Studies , 40(1), 51-63.
Xiang, Z., Wober, K. & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2008) Representation of tourism in search engines. Journal of Travel Research , 47(2), 137-150.
Xiao, H & Smith, S. L. J. (2006) The making of tourism research: Insights from a social sciences journal. Annals of Tourism Research , 33(2), 490-507.
Yaapar, S. (2005) Negotiating identity in Malaysia: Multi-cultural society, Islam, theatre and tourism. Asian Journal of Social Science , 33(3), 474-485.
Yale, L. & Gilly, M. C. (1988) Trends in advertising research: A look at the content of marketing oriented journals from 1976 to 1985. Journal of Advertising, 17(1), 12-22.
Yan, G & Santos, C. A. (2009) “China, Forever” tourism discourse and self-Orientalism. Annals of Tourism Research , 36 (2), 295-315.
Yaspar, M. S. (1985) The Worldview of Peninsular Malaysian Folktales and Folk-Dramas. In: Osman, M. T. (ed.) Malaysia World-View . Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 253-284.
Yong, E. (1999) Tourism in Langkawi Island . TED Case Studies. [Online] Available from: http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/langkawi.htm [Accessed 20 April 2010].
Yousuff, R. M. (2009) Islamisation of Malay performing Arts : A study of makyung and wayang kulit. Jurnal Aswara , 4 (1), 67-98.
Zarate, K & Hughes, J. (2009) Spritual sustenance : The history, ritual and significance of the bulol figures of the Philippine Ifugao people. UCR Undergraduate Research Journal , 3(8), 57-64.
Zhang, Y. (2006) Content analysis (qualitative, thematic) . [Online] Available from: http// www. ils.unc.edu/~yanz/Content%20analysis.pdf [Accessed 15 April 2007].
224
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Number and Percentages of Words Allocated to Represent Myths in Each Brochure
Brochure Title Myths Included Number of Total Number of Total Number of Percentages out of Words to Myths Words Total Number of Represent Each in a Brochure Words in a Myth Brochure
1960s
1. Historic Malacca 1962 Myth of the Sultan’s 24 1 24 3.7 Well
2. Historic Malacca1969 Myth of the Sultan’s 24 1 24 3.7 Well 3. Kota Kinabalu Eastern Mount Kinabalu’s 22 1 22 1.24 Gateway to Malaysia Myth 1969
4. Kuching Malaysia’s Legend of God Kuek 28 2 89 5.39 Most Picturesque Seng Ong Riverine Town 1968 Goddess of Seamen 61 (Tien Hou)
225
1970s
1. Langkawi Land of Legend of Wedding 134 4 309 25.2 Legends 1977 Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 89
Myth of Field of Burnt 42 Rice
Legend of the 44 Childless Couple - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
2. Penang Langkawi 1979 Legend of Wedding 74 4 179 4.8 Feast’s Brawl
Myth of Field of Burnt 38 Rice
Mahsuri’s Legend 28
Legend of the Childless Couple - 39 Lake of Pregnant Maiden
3. Beach Resorts 1974 Mahsuri’s Legend 33 2 97 3.02
Legend of the 36 Childless Couple -
226
Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Legend of the Lake of 28 Pregnant Maiden - Drowned Princess
4. Kota Kinabalu Eastern Mount Kinabalu’s 22 22 1.16 Gateway to Malaysia Myth 1972
5. Kuching – Malaysia’s Legend of God Kuek 27 2 77 3.84 Most Picturesque Seng Ong Riverine Town 1971 Legend of the Goddess 50 of Seamen (Tien Hou)
6. Hill Resorts Fraser Hill 58 1 58 1.46 1972
7. Vacation Land Malaysia Myth of the Sultan’s 34 1 34 0.79 KL – Malacca Guide Well 1979
8. Sabah Land Below the Mount Kinabalu’s 37 1 37 4.32 Wind 1976 Myth
9. National Parks 1972 Mount Kinabalu’s 32 1 32 0.82 Myth
10. Kuching-Riverine City Legend of God Kuek 26 1 26 1.6 of Malaysia 1972 Seng Ong
227
11. Malacca Historic City Myth of the Sultan’s 15 1 15 0.98 1970 Well
12. Malacca Historic City Myth of the Sultan’s 15 1 15 0.98 1971 Well
13. Malacca Historic City of Myth of the Sultan’s 15 1 15 1.12 Malaysia 1972 Well
1980s
1. Island of Legends Legend of Wedding 101 4 219 15.24 Langkawi 1983 Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 55
Myth of the Field of 19 Burnt Rice
Legend of the 44 Childless Couple - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
2. Beach Resorts 1983 Mahsuri’s legend 33 97 6.75
Legend of the Childless Couple - 36 Lake of Pregnant Maiden
228
Legend of the Drowned Princess - 28 Lake of Pregnant Maiden
3. Malacca Map and Guide The Sultan’s Well 67 3 163 4.36 1985 Sam Po’s Myth 47
Myth of White 49 Crocodile - Hang Tuah
4. Historic City of Myth of the Sultan’s 15 1 15 1.08 Malaysia 1982 Well
1990s
1. Kedah 1994 Mahsuri’s Legend 88 3 173 6.53
Myth of the Field of 44 Burnt Rice
Legend of the Childless Couple - 41 Lake of Pregnant Maiden
229
2. Kedah 1996 Mahsuri’s Legend 63 2 99 8.94
Legend of the Childless Couple - 36 Lake of Pregnant Maiden
3. Langkawi 1999 Mahsuri’s Legend 51 4 177 6.04
Legend of the Fairy Princess - Lake of 75 Pregnant Maiden
Legend of Wedding 35 Feast Brawl
Myth of Seven Wells 16
4. Malaysia Islands, Legend of Wedding 52 5 227 1.33 Beaches & Underwater Feast’s Brawl Havens 1999 Mahsuri’s Legend 70
Tioman island’s 24 Legend
Legend of the 14 Childless Couple - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
230
Hang Tuah’s Cape 67 Rachado
5. Malaysia Fascinating Mahsuri’s Legend 26 5 144 0.54 Destination 1996 Myth of the Sultan’s 26 Well
Myth of Khoo Kongsi 29
Legend of God Kuek 39 Seng Ong
Fanged King 24
6. Pahang 1999 Tioman Island’s 63 3 108 2.71 Legend
Myth of the Ancient 28 Khmer City - Lake Chini
Myth of the Sea 17 Serpent - Lake Chini
7. Malacca Malaysia’s Myth of the Sultan’s 26 3 123 3.45 Historic City 1998 Well
Sam Po’s Myth 49
Hang Tuah’s Myth – 48 White Crocodile
231
8. Kuala Lumpur Beyond Myth of the Sultan’s 19 2 47 1.6 the City 1999 Well
Myth of Hang Tuah’s 28 Spirit
9. Penang 1995 Myth of Khoo Kongsi 29 4 144 2.72
Myth of Batu Maung’s 57 Giant Footprint
Francis Light’s legend 29
Myth of the hidden eye 29 - Kuan Yin Temple Penang
10. Sabah Malaysia Mount Kinabalu’s 21 1 21 1.41 Borneo’s Paradise 1996 Myth
11. Malaysia National Parks Mango Tree’s Myth 51 3 127 0.9 1998 Mountain Goat’s Myth 51
Myth of Gua Batu 25 Tinggi’s Curse
232
2000s
1. Malaysia Hill Resorts Legend of Mount 86 2 116 1.39 2001 Ledang’s Princess
Mount Kinabalu Myth 30
2. Tioman Island 2003 Tioman Island’s 84 1 84 3.48 Legend
3. Tioman Island 2005 Tioman Island’s 84 1 84 3.48 Legend
4. Tioman Island 2006 Tioman Island’s 84 1 84 3.48 Legend
5. Langkawi 2000 Legend of the Fairy 75 5 177 4.08 Princess - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Legend of the 35 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 51
Myth of the Seven 16 Wells
233
6. Langkawi 2001 Legend of the Fairy 75 5 177 4.08 Princess - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Legend of the 35 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 51
Myth of the Seven 16 Wells
7. Langkawi 2002 Legend of the Fairy 75 5 177 4.08 Princess - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Legend of the 35 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 51
Myth of the Seven 16 Wells
8. Langkawi 2003 Legend of the Fairy 75 5 177 4.08 Princess - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
234
Legend of the 35 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 51
Myth of the Seven 16 Wells
9. Langkawi 2005 Legend of the 53 4 213 6.94 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 68
Legend of the Fairy Princess - Lake of 63 Pregnant Maiden
Myth of the Seven 29 Wells
10. Langkawi 2006 Legend of the 36 4 177 4.69 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 51
Legend of the Fairy 74 Princess - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
235
Myth of the Seven 16 Wells
11. Langkawi 2007 Legend of the 36 4 177 4.68 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
Mahsuri’s Legend 51
Legend of the Fairy 74 Princess - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Myth of the Seven 16 Wells
12. Kedah 2000 Mahsuri’s Legend 44 3 101 3.68
Myth of the Field of 32 Burnt Rice
Legend of Barren 25 Women - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
13. Kedah 2002 Mahsuri’s Legend 44 3 101 3.68
Myth of the Field of 32 Burnt Rice
236
Legend of Barren 25 Women - the Lake of Pregnant Maiden
14. Kedah 2006 Mahsuri’s Legend 44 3 101 3.68
Myth of the Field of 32 Burnt Rice
Legend of Barren 25 Women - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
15. Kedah 2007 Mahsuri’s Legend 44 3 101 3.68
Myth of the Field of 32 Burnt Rice
Legend of Barren 25 Women - the Lake of Pregnant Maiden
16. Pahang 2006 Tioman Island’s 26 2 44 1.01 Legend
Myth of Ancient 18 Khmer City - Lake Chini
17. Pahang 2007 Tioman Island’s 26 2 44 1.01 Legend
237
Myth of Ancient 18 Khmer City - Lake Chini
18. Islands and Beaches Tioman Island’s 26 1 26 0.36 2007 Legend
19. Kuala Lumpur Beyond Myth of the Sultan’s 19 2 47 1.6 the City 2000 Well
Myth of Hang Tuah’s 28 Spirit
20. Kuala Lumpur Beyond Myth of the Sultan’s 19 2 47 1.6 the City Well 2002 Myth of Hang Tuah’s 28 Spirit
21. Malacca Malaysia Myth of the Sultan’s 26 1 26 0.73 Historic City 2000 Well
22. Malacca Malaysia Myth of the Sultan’s 26 1 26 0.73 Historic City 2001 Well
23. Malacca Malaysia Myth of the Sultan’s 26 1 26 0.73 Historic City 2002 Well
24. Malacca Malaysia Myth of the Sultan’s 26 1 26 0.73 Historic City 2003 Well
238
25. Malaysian Travel Myth of the Sultan’s 28 9 278 0.43 Manual 2004 Well
Myth of Khoo Kongsi 25
Myth of the Field of 44 Burnt Rice
Legend of the 19 Childless Couple - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Legend of God Kuek 25 Seng Ong
Myth of Ancient 23 Khmer City - Lake Chini
Sam Po’s Myth 48
Hang Tuah’s Myth – White Crocodile 51
Myth of Sea Serpent - 15 Lake Chini
26. Malaysian Travel Myth of the Sultan’s 28 9 278 0.43 Manual 2006 Well
239
Myth of Khoo Kongsi 25
Myth of the Field of 44 Burnt Rice
Legend of the 19 Childless Couple - Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Legend of God Kuek 25 Seng Ong
Myth of Ancient 23 Khmer City - Lake Chini
Sam Po’s Myth 48
Hang Tuah’s Myth – 51 White Crocodile
Myth of the Lake 15 Chini – Sea Serpent
27. Penang 2002 Myth of Khoo Kongsi 29 3 115 2.25
Myth of the Batu Maung’s Giant 57 Footprint
240
Francis Light’s legend 29
28. Penang 2006 Myth of Khoo Kongsi 51 2 108 2.42
Myth of the Batu 57 Maung’s Giant Footprint
29. Penang 2007 Myth of Khoo Kongsi 51 2 108 2.71
Myth of the Batu 57 Maung’s Giant Footprint
30. Sabah Malaysia Borneo Mount Kinabalu’s 20 1 20 1.07 2001 Myth
31. Sabah Malaysia Borneo Mount Kinabalu’s 20 1 20 1.07 2003 Myth
32. Sabah Malaysia Borneo Mount Kinabalu’s 20 1 20 1.07 2005 Myth
33. Cool Highland Resorts Mount Kinabalu’s 22 1 22 0.4 2007 Myth
34. Map of Georgetown Myth of the Batu 57 1 57 2.3 2006 Maung’s Giant Footprint
35. Malaysian National Mango Tree’s Myth 51 3 127 0.9 Parks 2004
241
Mountain Goat’s Myth 51
Myth of Gua Batu 25 Tinggi’s Curse
36. Malaysian National Mango Tree’s Myth 51 3 127 0.9 Parks 2006 Mountain Goat’s Myth 51
Myth of Gua Batu 25 Tinggi’s Curse
37. Johor 2005 Mount Ledang’’s 26 2 47 2.02 Princess
Trapped Crocodile 21
38. Kelantan 2007 Saadong Princess 32 1 32 0.29
39. Fun and Fantasy 2007 Monsopiad 45 1 45 0.63
40. Negeri Sembilan 2003 Myth of the Food Tray 36 2 58 1.54 - Kuala Dulang Mosque
Myth of Tuan Tulis 22 Ismail
242
APPENDIX B:
Number and Percentages of Words Utilised in the Representation of Mythological Tales over Five Decades
Myths # of Year of Brochure Publications Brochures
1. Mahsuri’s Legend 21 1974 1977 1979 1983 1983 1994 1996 1996 1999 1999 Average
Number of Words 33 89 28 33 55 88 63 50 70 44
Percentage of Words 1.02 7.26 0.75 1.03 3.83 3.32 5.69 0.19 0.41 1.5
Mahsuri’s Legend 2000 2000 2001 2002 2002 2003 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007
Number of Words 44 51 51 51 44 51 68 44 51 44 51 52.5
Percentage of Words 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 2.22 1. 6 1.35 1.6 1.35 2.02
2. Myth of the Sultan’s Well 19 1962 1969 1970 1971 1972 1979 1982 1985 1996 1998 1999 Average
Number of Words 24 24 15 15 15 34 15 67 26 26 19
Percentage of Words 3.7 3.7 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.79 1.08 1.79 0.10 0.73 0.65
Myth of the Sultan’s Well 2000 2000 2001 2002 2002 2003 2004 2006
Number of Words 19 26 26 26 26 26 28 28 25.5
Percentage of Words 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.04 0.04 1.02
243
3. Wedding Feast’s Brawl 12 1977 1979 1983 1999 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 Average
Number of Words 134 74 101 52 35 35 35 35 35 53 36 36 55
Percentage of Words 10.9 1.99 7.03 0.3 1.2 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 1.73 0.95 0.95 2.36
4. Mount Kinabalu’s Myth 10 1969 1972 1972 1976 1996 2001 2001 2003 2005 2007 Average
Number of Words 22 22 37 32 21 30 20 20 20 22 24.6
Percentage of Words 1.24 1.16 4.32 0.82 1.41 0.36 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.4 1.29
5. Myth of Field of Burnt Rice 10 1977 1979 1983 1994 2000 2002 2004 2006 2006 2007 Average
Number of Words 42 38 19 44 32 32 44 44 32 32 35.9
Percentage of Words 3.43 1.02 1.32 1.66 1.17 1.17 0.07 0.07 1.17 1.17 1.23
6. Legend of the Childless Couple - 10 1974 1977 1979 1983 1983 1994 1996 1999 2004 2006 Average Lake Pregnant
Number of Words 36 44 39 44 46 41 36 14 19 19 33.8
Percentage of Words 1.12 3.59 1.05 3.06 1.12 1.55 3.25 0.08 0.03 0.03 1.49
7. Legend of the Fairy Princess - 8 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 Average Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Number of Words 75 75 75 75 75 63 74 74 73.3
Percentage of Words 2.56 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 2.05 1.96 1.96 1.93
244
8. Myth of the Seven Wells 8 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 Average Number of Words 16 16 16 16 16 29 16 16 17.6 Percentage of Words 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.94 0.42 0.42 0.57
9. Tioman Island’s Legend 8 1999 1999 2003 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 Average
Number of Words 63 24 84 84 84 26 26 26 52.1
Percentage of Words 1.58 0.14 3.48 3.48 3.48 0.59 0.59 0.36 1.71
10. Myth of Khoo Kongsi 7 1995 1996 2002 2004 2006 2006 2007 Average
Number of Words 29 29 29 25 25 51 51 34.1
Percentage of Words 0.55 0.12 0.57 0.04 0.04 1.14 1.28 0.53
11. Legend of the God Kuek Seng 6 1968 1971 1972 1996 2004 2006 Average Ong
Number of Words 28 27 26 39 25 25 28.3
Percentage of Words 1.7 1.35 1.6 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.81
12. Myth of Ancient Khmer City – 5 1999 2004 2006 2006 2007 Average Lake Chini
Number of Words 28 23 23 18 18 22
Percentage of Words 0.7 0.04 0.04 0.41 0.41 0.32
245
13. Myth of Batu Maung’s Giant 4 1995 2002 2006 2006 Average Footprint
Number of Words 57 57 57 57 57
Percentage of Words 1.07 1.11 1.28 2.3 1.44
14. Sam Po’s Myth 4 1985 1998 2004 2006 Average Number of Words 47 49 48 48 48
Percentage of Words 1.26 1.38 0.07 0.07 0.7
15. Legend of Barren Women - the 4 2000 2002 2006 2007 Average Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Number of Words 25 25 25 25 25
Percentage of Words 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
16. Myth of White Crocodile - Hang 4 1985 1998 2004 2006 Average Tuah
Number of Words 49 48 51 51 49.8
Percentage of Words 1.31 1.35 0.08 0.08 0.71
17. Myth of the Sea Serpent - Lake 3 1999 2004 2006 Average Chini
Number of Words 17 15 15 15.7
Percentage of Words 0.39 0.02 0.02 0.14
246
18. Mango Tree’s Myth 3 1998 2004 2006 Average
Number of Words 51 51 51 51
Percentage of Words 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36
19. Mountain Goat’s Myth 3 1998 2004 2006 Average
Number of Words 51 51 51 51
Percentage of Words 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36
20. Myth of Gua Batu Tinggi’s 3 1998 2004 2006 Average Curse
Number of Words 25 25 25 25
Percentage of Words 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
21. Myth of Hang Tuah’s Spirit 3 1999 2000 2002 Average
Number of Words 28 28 28 28
Percentage of Words 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
22. Legend of Mount Ledang 2 2001 2005 Average Princess
Number of Words 86 26 56
Percentage of Words 1.03 1.12 1.08
247
23. Legend of the Goddess of 2 1968 1971 Average Seamen (Tien Hou)
Number of Words 61 50 55.5
Percentage of Words 3.7 2.49 3.1
24. Francis Light’s legend 2 1995 2002 Average
Number of Words 29 29 29
Percentage of Words 0.55 0.57 0.56
25. Myth of the Cat Tale - City of 2 1962 1969 Average Malacca
Number of Words 14 14 14
Percentage of Words 2.16 2.16 2.16
26. Legend of Drowned Princess – 2 1974 1983 Average Lake of Pregnant Maiden
Number of Words 30 30 30
Percentage of Words 0.93 0.93 0.93
27. Legend of Saadong Princess 1 2007
Number of Words 32
Percentage of Words 0.29
248
28. Monsopiad’s legend 1 2007
Number of Words 45
Percentage of Words 0.63
29. Legend of the Fanged King 1 1996 Number of Words 24
Percentage of Words 0.09
30. Fraser Hill’s Myth 1 1972 Number of Words 58
Percentage of Words 1.46
31. Hang Tuah’s Myth – Cape 1 1999 Rachado
Number of Words 67
Percentage of Words 0.75
32. Food Tray’s Myth – Kuala 1 2003 Dulang Mosque
Number of Words 36
Percentage of Words 0.95
249
33. Myth of Tuan Tulis Ismail 1 2003
Number of Words 22
Percentage of Words 0.58
34. Hidden Eye’s Myth – Kuan Yin 1 1995 Temple
Number of Words 29
Percentage of Words 0.55
35. Trapped Crocodile’s Legend 1 2005
Number of Words 21
Percentage of Words 0.9
250
APPENDIX C: Representation of Myths and Categories of Attractions/Descriptions in Tourism Brochures
Myths Total Number Categories of Attractions/Descriptions Number of of Brochures Historical Cultural Religious Natural Sight Back Myth Brochures Featuring Attraction Attraction Attraction Attraction Seeing ground & More than Attraction Info/ Legend One Capital Attraction Category City of Attraction
1 Sultan’s Well 18 3 16 2 - - 3 - -
2 Mahsuri’s 18 6 10 - - 4 3 4 1 Legend
3 Legend of 12 - - - - 3 - 8 1 Wedding Feast’s Brawl
4 Mount 10 - - - - 10 - - - Kinabalu’s Myth
5 Myth of the 9 9 - 9 - 9 - - - Field of Burnt Rice
251
6 Legend of 9 - - - - 9 - - - Childless Couple – Lake of Pregnant Maiden
7 Legend of 8 - - - - 8 - - - Fairy Princess – Lake of Pregnant Maiden
8 Myth of Seven 8 - - - - 8 - - - Wells
9 Tioman 7 3 - - - 7 - - 3 Island’s Legend
10 Khoo 7 - - - 7 - - - - Kongsi’s Myth
11 Legend of God 6 - - - 6 - - - - Kuek Seng Ong
12 Myth of 5 - - - - 5 - - - Ancient Khmer City- Lake Chini
252
13 Sam Po’s 4 - - - 4 - - - - Myth
14 Myth White 4 - 4 ------Crocodile associated with Hang Tuah
15 Myth of Batu 4 - 4 ------Maung’s Giant Footprint
16 Myth of Sea 3 - - - - 3 - - - Serpent – Lake Chini
17 Mango Tree’s 3 - - - - 3 - - - Myth
18 Mountain 3 - - - - 3 - - - Goat’s Myth
19 Myth of Gua 3 - - - - 2 - - - Batu Tinggi’s Curse
20 Legend of 3 - - - - 3 - - - Barren Women – Lake of Pregnant
253
Maiden
21 Myth of Hang 2 - 2 ------Tuah’s Spirit
22 Legend of 2 - - - - 2 - - - Mount Ledang’s Princess
23 Francis 2 ------2 - Light’s Myth
24 Legend of 2 - - - 2 - - - - Goddess of Seamen (Tien Hou)
25 Legend of 2 - - - - 2 - - - Trapped Crocodile
26 Legend of Cat 2 ------2 - Tale - City of Malacca
27 Legend of 2 - - - - 2 - - - Drowned Princess – Lake of Pregnant Maiden
254
28 Legend of 1 1 - 1 - 1 - - - Saadong Princess
29 Legend of 1 - - 1 - - - - - Monsopiad
30 Fanged King’s 1 - - - - 1 - - - Legend
31 Fraser Hill’s 1 - - - - 1 - - - Legend
32 Legend of 1 - - - - 1 - - - Hang Tuah – Cape Rachado
33 Food Tray’s 1 - - - 1 - - - - Myth – Kuala Dulang Mosque
34 Tuan Tulis 1 - - - 1 - - - - Ismail’s Myth
35 Myth of 1 - - - 1 - - - - Hidden Eye - Kuan Yin Temple
Total 21 36 11 22 87 6 16 5
255
APPENDIX D:
Myths and Categories of Attractions/Descriptions Represented over Five Decades
Myths Categories of Attractions/Descriptions
Historical Cultural/ Religious Natural Sight Back Myth Attraction Rural Attraction Attraction Seeing ground & Attraction Attraction Info/ Legend Capital City Attraction
1. Sultan’s Well
1960-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
2. Mahsuri’s Legend
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
256
2000-2007
3. Wedding Feast’s Brawl
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
4. Mount Kinabalu
1962-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
5. Field of Burnt Rice
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
257
2000-2007
6. Lake of Pregnant Maiden – Childless Couple
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
7. Lake of Pregnant Maiden – Fairy Princess
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
8. Seven Wells
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
258
9. Tioman Island
1990-1999
2000-2007
10 Khoo Kongsi
1990-1999
2000-2007
11. God Kuek Seng Ong 1960-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
12. Lake Chini – Ancient Khmer City
1990-1999
2000-2007
259
13. Sam Po’s Myth
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
14. Hang Tuah’s White Crocodile
1980-1989
1990-1999
2000-2007
15. Batu Maung Giant’s Footprint
1990-1999
2000-2007
16. Lake Chini – Sea Serpent
1990-1999
2000-2007
17. Mango Tree
1990-1999
260
2000-2007
18. Mountain Goat
1990-1999
2000-2007
19. Gua Batu Tinggi’s Curse
1990-1999
2000-2007
20. Lake of Pregnant Maiden – Barren Women
2000-2007
21. Hang Tuah’s Spirit
1990-1999
2000-2007
22. Mount Ledang’s Princess
2000-2007
23. Francis Light
1990-1999
261
2000-2007
24. Goddess of Seamen (Tien Hou)
1962-1969
1970-1979
25. Trapped Crocodile
2000 – 2007
26. City of Malacca – Cat Tale
1960-1969
27. Lake of Pregnant Maiden – Drowned Princess
1970-1979
1980-1989
28. Saadong Princess
2000-2007
29. Monsopiad
2000-2007
262
30. Fanged King
1990-1999
31. Fraser Hill
1970-1971
32. Hang Tuah – Cape Rachado
1990-1999
33. Kuala Dulang Mosque – Food Tray
2000-2007
34. Tuan Tulis Ismail
2000-2007
35. Kuan Yin Temple – Hidden Eye
2000-2007
263