DOCSLIB.ORG

Findings from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Findings from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Consumption and Problems in the General Population Findings From the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health Alcohol Consumption and Problems in the General Population: Findings from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey June 2002 National Institutes of Health National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 6000 Executive Boulevard Bethesda, MD 20892–7003 Acknowledgment The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism gratefully acknowledges the Census Bureau Field Representatives who collected data for the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) in 1992 and those who made the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) in 2001– 2002 the landmark study it is today. Through their dedication and generosity, the Census Bureau Field Representatives and NLAES and NESARC participants have greatly contributed to reducing the pain and suffering of Americans and their families who have struggled with alcohol, drug, and mental health problems. Their contribution to advancing science in these areas is immeasurable. The NLAES and NESARC also could not have succeeded without the 86,000 Americans who participated in the surveys. Their cooperation and willingness to sacrifice their time to serve the public health are admirable and laudable. The articles appearing in this publication are copyrighted. Further reproduction of these copyrighted materials is prohibited without specific permission from the copyright holder. Table of Contents FOREWORD . .vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . .ix INTRODUCTION . .xi CHAPTER 1 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION PATTERNS Subgroup Variation in U.S. Drinking Patterns: Results of the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study . .3 Deborah A. Dawson, Bridget F. Grant, S. Patricia Chou, and Roger P. Pickering Beyond Black, White and Hispanic: Race, Ethnic Origin and Drinking Patterns in the United States . .13 Deborah A. Dawson Temporal Drinking Patterns and Variation in Social Consequences . .25 Deborah A. Dawson Drinking Patterns Among Individuals With and Without DSM–IV Alcohol Use Disorders . .37 Deborah A. Dawson CHAPTER 2 ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE Prevalence of DSM–IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: United States, 1992 . .51 Bridget F. Grant, Thomas C. Harford, Deborah A. Dawson, Patricia Chou, Mary Dufour, and Roger Pickering Prevalence and Correlates of Alcohol Use and DSM–IV Alcohol Dependence in the United States: Results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .59 Bridget F. Grant Gender Differences in the Risk of Alcohol Dependence: United States, 1992 . .71 Deborah Dawson Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and Its Association With DSM–IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Results From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .83 Bridget F. Grant and Deborah A. Dawson i 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey Comorbidity Between DSM–IV Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .89 Bridget F. Grant and Roger P. Pickering Alcohol and Drug Use, Abuse, and Dependence Among Welfare Recipients . .97 Bridget F. Grant and Deborah A. Dawson CHAPTER 3 MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION Medical Consequences of Alcohol Consumption—United States, 1992 . .105 S. Patricia Chou, Bridget F. Grant, and Deborah A. Dawson Alcoholic Beverage Preference and Risks of Alcohol-Related Medical Consequences: A Preliminary Report From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .113 S. Patricia Chou, Bridget F. Grant, and Deborah A. Dawson CHAPTER 4 FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS Estimates of U.S. Children Exposed to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the Family . .123 Bridget F. Grant The Impact of a Family History of Alcoholism on the Relationship Between Age at Onset of Alcohol Use and DSM–IV Alcohol Dependence: Results From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .129 Bridget F. Grant The Link Between Family History and Early Onset Alcoholism: Earlier Initiation of Drinking or More Rapid Development of Dependence? . .135 Deborah A. Dawson CHAPTER 5 ALCOHOL AND DEPRESSION Comorbidity Between DSM–IV Alcohol Use Disorders and Major Depression: Results of a National Survey . .149 Bridget F. Grant and Thomas C. Harford The Relationship Between DSM–IV Alcohol Use Disorders and DSM–IV Major Depression: Examination of the Primary-Secondary Distinction in a General Population Sample . .161 Bridget F. Grant, Deborah S. Hasin, and Deborah A. Dawson Gender Differences in DSM–IV Alcohol Use Disorders and Major Depression as Distributed in the General Population: Clinical Implications . .175 Eleanor Z. Hanna and Bridget F. Grant ii Table of Contents Family History of Alcoholism and Gender: Their Combined Effects on DSM–IV Alcohol Dependence and Major Depression . .187 Deborah A. Dawson and Bridget F. Grant Familial Aggregation of DSM–IV Alcohol Use Disorders: Examination of the Primary-Secondary Distinction in a General Population Sample . .199 Bridget F. Grant and Roger Paul Pickering CHAPTER 6 ALCOHOL AND SMOKING Drinking as a Risk Factor for Sustained Smoking . .211 Deborah A. Dawson Age at Smoking Onset and Its Association With Alcohol Consumption and DSM–IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Results From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .227 Bridget F. Grant CHAPTER 7 DRUG DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE Prevalence and Correlates of Drug Use and DSM–IV Drug Dependence in the United States: Results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .239 Bridget F. Grant Age of Onset of Drug Use and Its Association With DSM–IV Drug Abuse and Dependence: Results From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .251 Bridget F. Grant and Deborah A. Dawson The Relationship Between Cannabis Use and DSM–IV Cannabis Abuse and Dependence: Results From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .259 Bridget F. Grant and Roger Pickering Parallels to Early Onset Alcohol Use in the Relationship of Early Onset Smoking With Drug Use and DSM–IV Drug and Depressive Disorders: Findings From the National Longitudinal Epidemiologic Survey . .267 Eleanor Z. Hanna and Bridget F. Grant CHAPTER 8 OTHER ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS Alternative Definitions of High Risk for Impaired Driving: The Overlap of High Volume, Frequent Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Dependence . .281 Deborah A. Dawson iii 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey Suicidal Ideation Among the United States Drinking Population: Results From the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey . .291 Bridget F. Grant and Deborah S. Hasin Alcohol, Drugs, Fighting and Suicide Attempt/Ideation . .301 Deborah A. Dawson CHAPTER 9 TREATMENT AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Toward an Alcohol Treatment Model: A Comparison of Treated and Untreated Respondents With DSM–IV Alcohol Use Disorders in the General Population . .317 Bridget F. Grant Correlates of Past-Year Status Among Treated and Untreated Persons With Former Alcohol Dependence: United States, 1992 . .327 Deborah A. Dawson Gender Differences in the Probability of Alcohol Treatment . .339 Deborah A. Dawson Symptoms and Characteristics of Individuals With Different Types of Recovery From DSM–IV Alcohol Dependence . .351 Deborah A. Dawson The Influence of Comorbid Major Depression and Substance Use Disorders on Alcohol and Drug Treatment: Results of a National Survey . .363 Bridget F. Grant Barriers to Alcoholism Treatment: Reasons for Not Seeking Treatment in a General Population Sample . .369 Bridget F. Grant Variations in the Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders and Treatment by Insurance Status . .377 Bridget Grant CHAPTER 10 GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Reducing Alcohol Use Disorders via Decreased Consumption: A Comparison of Population and High-Risk Strategies . .383 Deborah A. Dawson, Loran D. Archer, and Bridget F. Grant U.S. Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines: An Examination of Four Alternatives . .393 Deborah A. Dawson iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 11 MEASUREMENT AND METHODS Volume of Ethanol Consumption: Effects of Different Approaches to Measurement . .407 Deborah A. Dawson Theoretical and Observed Subtypes of DSM–IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in a General Population Sample . .415 Bridget F. Grant The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS): Reliability of Alcohol and Drug Modules in a General Population Sample . .423 Bridget F. Grant, Thomas C. Harford, Deborah A. Dawson, S. Patricia Chou, Roger P. Pickering DSM–IV, DSM–III–R, and ICD–10 Alcohol and Drug Abuse/Harmful Use and Dependence, United States, 1992: A Nosological Comparison . .431 Bridget F. Grant The Validity of DSM–IV Alcohol Abuse: Drunk Drivers Versus all Others . .441 Deborah Hasin, Andrea Paykin, Jean Endicott, and Bridget Grant v Foreword The purpose of this publication is to consolidate in a single volume more than 40 journal articles based on data from the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) of the adult population of the United States. It is intended as a companion to Drinking in the United States: Main Findings From the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, a compilation of NLAES data tables published by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) in 1998 (NIH Publication No. 99–3519). The articles gathered in this volume (all authored
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State of Science Alcohol and Cancer Fact Sheet
    Alcohol and Cancer Basic description Research shows that alcohol consumption is linked to an increased chance of developing certain cancers. The more alcohol a person consumes, the higher their risk of developing some kinds of cancer. The way alcohol causes cancer isn’t completely understood. It could be that alcohol itself causes cancer by increasing hormone levels, or it may be carcinogenic because of the way it is metabolized, which can make cells more vulnerable to other carcinogens, like tobacco. People who drink heavily and smoke cigarettes or use other kinds of tobacco are at even higher risk for certain cancers. Cancers affected Oral, esophageal, laryngeal, and pharyngeal cancers are more common in alcohol users than in non-alcohol users. Smokers who also drink are at much higher risk. Although the combination of tobacco and alcohol use significantly increases the risk of developing these cancers, alcohol use alone also increases the risk of developing them. Alcohol is also a major cause of liver cancer. Deaths from liver cancer are higher among heavy alcohol users than among people who don’t drink. By altering the liver’s ability to metabolize some carcinogenic substances into harmless compounds or to disable certain existing carcinogens, alcohol’s effects may influence not only liver cancer but other cancers as well. Many studies have found a link between alcohol use and the risk of breast cancer. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed. It’s highest among heavy alcohol users, but even a few drinks a week may increase a person’s risk. Alcohol use has been linked with a higher risk of cancers of the colon and rectum.
    [Show full text]
  • Karla Luciana Magnani
    Karla Luciana Magnani ESTUDO MORFO-FUNCIONAL, BIOQUÍMICO E IMUNOHISTOQUÍMICO DO APARELHO RESPIRATÓRIO EM RATOS EXPOSTOS À FUMAÇA DO CIGARRO E AO ÁLCOOL Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu UNESP-SP para a obtenção de Título de Doutor Área de Concentração: Reparação, Regeneração e Transplante de Tecidos e Órgãos. Orientador: Dr Antônio José Maria Cataneo Co-orientadora: Dra Daniele Cristina Cataneo BOTUCATU 2009 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA SEÇÃO TÉCNICA DE AQUISIÇÃO E TRATAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO DIVISÃO TÉCNICA DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - CAMPUS DE BOTUCATU - UNESP Bibliotecária responsável: Selma Maria de Jesus Magnani, Karla Luciana. Estudo morfo-funcional, bioquímico e imunohistoquímico do aparelho respiratório em ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro e ao álcool / Karla Luciana Magnani. – Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. Tese (doutorado) – Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2009. Orientador: Antônio José Maria Cataneo Co-orientadora: Daniele Cristina Cataneo Assunto CAPES: 40101126 1. Alcoolismo 2. Tabagismo 3. Pulmões - Doenças - Estudos experimentais CDD 618.39 Palavras chave: Alcoolismo; Apoptose; Estresse oxidativo; Ratos wistars; Tabagismo >$`:RVMQ : V%5 ]Q` IV :%61C1:` J: `V:C1<:M>Q RV : ]V_%1:5 HQI :'RV5 ]V`V0V`:JM:5]V`1 YJH1:V:GVRQ`1:?8 VR1HQ V : ]V_%1: : QRQ IV% `:I1C1:`V5 VI V]VH1:C :Q IV% ]:1 "%`1RV V 1IV` V :Q IV% I:`1RQ5 CV:JR`Q #QR`1$Q $V@15 _%V I:1 RQ _%V _%:C_%V` Q% `: ]VQ:IV:%61C1Q%J:HQJHC%>QRV :V :]:8$V@1 V:$`:RVMQ]Q`V
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Morphology and Growth of Rats Exposed to Tobacco Smoke and Alcohol1 Estudo Morfológico Dos Pulmões E Crescimento De Ratos
    4 – ORIGINAL ARTICLE MODELS, BIOLOGICAL Lung morphology and growth of rats exposed to tobacco smoke and alcohol1 Estudo morfológico dos pulmões e crescimento de ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro e ao álcool Karla Luciana MagnaniI, Daniele Cristina CataneoII, Vera Luiza CapelozziIII, Julio DefaveriIV, Erica Nishida HasimotoI, Antônio José Maria CataneoV IFellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in General Basis of Surgery, Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing. IIPhD, Assistant Professor, Division of Thoracic Surgery, UNESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study. IIIPhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation of data. IVPhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, UNESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Acquisition and interpretation of data. VPhD, Chairman, Full Professor, Division of Thoracic Surgery, UNESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception, design, intellectual and scientific content of the study. ABSTRACT PURPOSE: Investigate the morphological effects of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke inhalation and alcohol consumption on the lungs and on the growth of rats. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, tobacco, alcohol, tobacco + alcohol, for a period of study 260 days. Morphological analysis was conducted by optical and electron microscopy. Rat growth was investigated by measuring the snout-anus length, body mass index and body weight. RESULTS: The three groups exposed to the drugs presented lower growth and lower weight than the control group. The percentages of alveolitis, bronchiolitis and the mean alveolar diameter were greater, particularly in the groups exposed to tobacco smoke, but were not significantly different from the control group.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use, Plus Caffeine - Dr
    MHE-110 – Chapter Nine – Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use, plus Caffeine - Dr. Dave Shrock Chapter Nine Alcohol - an overview Alcohol and ending Tobacco Use 13th pp. 239-240; 12th pp. 232-223 • alcohol is the most widely used drug in the United (including caffeine) States • 86% of Americans consume alcohol 13th edition, pp. • 10% are heavy drinkers…who consume half of all the 241-269 alcohol produced 12th edition: • no other form of addiction or disability costs the US pp. 231-261 more than alcohol use/abuse annually Excessive alcohol use causes 88,000 deaths annually (chapter eight) twice as many as illicit drugs • lost work time, illness, insurance, accidents, medical costs take a toll on all of us…25% of all medical costs in the US are alcohol related Alcohol: The world’s most what is alcohol? dangerous drug? 13th, pp. 239-240; 12th pp. 232-233 The Lancet Medical Journal - 1 November, 2016 • alcohol is a byproduct of fermentation • In a recent article published in of vegetable or fruit pulp or ‘mash’ the British medical journal The this produces a concentration of Lancet, when considering the alcohol up to 14% drug’s damage to: • distillation is a further process by •one’s self capturing the vapors from heating • one’s family the mash, and mix this with water • the environment • proof is the measure of % of alcohol, which means the % • economic cost of alcohol is half of the ‘proof rating’ • Alcohol is the world’s most • some alcohol is 152 proof, or 71% alcohol most beers are damaging drug to individuals 8 proof, or 4% alcohol.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Cyanamide
    Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Cyanamide SCOEL/SUM/100_rev September 2003 European Commission Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for cyanamide Table of Contents 1. Occurrence / Use ........................................................................................................................... 4 2. Health significance......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Metabolism and toxicokinetics..............................................................................................4 2.2. Acute toxicity ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.3. Sensitisation............................................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Toxicity after repeated exposure .......................................................................................... 5 2.5. Reproductive toxicity .............................................................................................................. 6 2.6. Genotoxicity ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.7. Carcinogenicity ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Alcohol on Health
    The impact of alcohol on health Peter Anderson Introduction Apart from being a drug of dependence, alcohol has been known for many years as a cause of some 60 different types of disease and condition, including injuries, mental and behavioural disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, immunological disorders, lung diseases, skeletal and muscular diseases, reproductive disorders and pre-natal harm, including an increased risk of prematurity and low birth weight (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006). In recent years, overwhelming evidence has confirmed that both the volume of lifetime alcohol use and the combination of frequency of drinking and amount drunk per incident increase the risk of alcohol-related harm, largely in a dose-dependent manner (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2009; Rehm et al., 2010) with the higher the alcohol consumption, the greater the risk. For some conditions, such as cardiomyopathy, acute respiratory distress syndrome and muscle damage, harm appears only to result from a sustained level of high alcohol consumption, but even at high levels, alcohol increases the risk and severity of these conditions in a dose- dependent manner. The frequency and volume of episodic heavy drinking are of particular importance for increasing the risk of injuries and certain cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease and stroke). Although there is a protective effect of light to moderate drinking on ischaemic diseases, overwhelmingly alcohol is toxic to the cardiovascular system. Alcohol is an intoxicant affecting a wide range of structures and processes in the central nervous system which, interacting with personality characteristics, associated behaviour and sociocultural expectations, are causal factors for intentional and unintentional injuries and harm to both the drinker and others.
    [Show full text]
  • References 263
    7. REFERENeES Abel, E.L. (1978) Effect of ethanol on pregnant rats and their offspring. Psychopharmacology,57, 5-11 Abel, E.L. (1979) Sex ratio in fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet, ii, 105 Abel, E.L. (1980) Fetal alcohol syndrome: behavioral teratology. Psycho 1. Bull., 87, 29-50 Abel, E.L. (1981) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, VoL. 1, Boca Raton, FL, CRe Press Abel, E.L. (1985a) Prenatal effects of alcohol on growth: a brief overview. Fed. Proc., 44, 2318-2322 Abel, E.L. (1985b) Alcohol enhancement of marijuana-induced fetotoxicity. Teratology, 31, 35-40 Abel, E.L. & Dintcheff, RA. (1978) Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and development in rats. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 207,916-921 Abel, E.L. & Dintcheff, RA. (1986) Saccharin preference in animaIs prenatally exposed to alcohol: no evidence of altered sexual dimorphism. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 8, 521-523 Abel, E.L. & Greizerstein, H.R (1979) Ethanol-induced prenatal growth deficiency: changes in fetal body composition. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 211,668-671 Abernethy, D.J., Frazelle, J. H. & Boreiko, C.J. (1982) Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid in the C3Hj lOT1j2 CL8 cell transformation system (Abstract No. Bf-l). Environ. Mutagenesis, 4,331 Adam, L. & Postel, W. (1987) Gas chromatographie analysis of ethyl carbamate (urethane) in spirits (GeL). Branntweinwirtschaft, March, 66-68 Addiction Research Foundation (1985) Statistics On Alcohol and Drug Use in Canada and Other Countries, VoL. 1, Statistics on Alcohol Use, Toronto, pp. 214-218 Adelhardt, M., Jensen, O.M. & Hansen, H.S. (1985) Cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and oesophagus in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption among Danish brewery workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Metabolism and Cancer Risk
    Alcohol Metabolism and Cancer Risk Helmut K. Seitz, M.D., and Peter Becker, M.D. Chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk for cancer of the organs and tissues of the respiratory tract and the upper digestive tract (i.e., upper aerodigestive tract), liver, colon, rectum, and breast. Various factors may contribute to the development (i.e., pathogenesis) of alcohol-associated cancer, including the actions of acetaldehyde, the first and most toxic metabolite of alcohol metabolism. The main enzymes involved in alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism are alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which are encoded by multiple genes. Because some of these genes exist in several variants (i.e., are polymorphic), and the enzymes encoded by certain variants may result in elevated acetaldehyde levels, the presence of these variants may predispose to certain cancers. Several mechanisms may contribute to alcohol-related cancer development. Acetaldehyde itself is a cancer-causing substance in experimental animals and reacts with DNA to form cancer-promoting compounds. In addition, highly reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that are generated during certain pathways of alcohol metabolism can damage the DNA, thus also inducing tumor development. Together with other factors related to chronic alcohol consumption, these metabolism-related factors may increase tumor risk in chronic heavy drinkers. KEY WORDS: Alcohol and other drug (AOD) consumption; heavy drinking; chronic AOD use; ethanol metabolism; carcinogenesis; cancer; upper
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 and Alcoholism: a Dangerous Synergy?
    Journal of Contemporary Studies in Epidemiology and Public Health 2020, 1(1), ep20002 ISSN 2634-8543 (Online) https://www.jconseph.com/ Review Article OPEN ACCESS COVID-19 and Alcoholism: A Dangerous Synergy? Ademola Samuel Ojo 1* , Ayotemide Akin-Onitolo 2 , Paul Okediji 3 , Simon Balogun 4 1 St George’s University School of Medicine, GRENADA 2 Solina Center for International Development and Research, Abuja, NIGERIA 3 Synberg Research & Analytics, Abuja, NIGERIA 4 Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile Ife, NIGERIA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Citation: Ojo AS, Akin-Onitolo A, Okediji P, Balogun S. COVID-19 and Alcoholism: A Dangerous Synergy?. Journal of Contemporary Studies in Epidemiology and Public Health. 2020;1(1):ep20002. https://doi.org/10.30935/jconseph/8441 ABSTRACT The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has triggered the world’s worst public health challenge in the last 100 years. In response, many countries have implemented disease control measures such as enforced quarantine and travel restrictions. These measures have inadvertent adverse effects on the mental health and psyche of populations. Long-term social isolation is associated with alcohol use and misuse, creating a potential public health crisis. Alcohol and its intermediate products of metabolism have a multisystemic effect with an impact on the liver, heart, lungs as well as other organs in the body. Similarly, COVID-19 mediate a damaging effect on organ systems through cytopathic effects and cytokine storm. Alcoholism potentially increases the risk of cardiac injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, and liver damage in synergy with COVID-19; thereby worsening disease prognosis and outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Risk for Sepsis and ARDS
    The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Risk for Sepsis and ARDS E. L. Burnham, M. Moss, and G. S. Martin I Introduction Alcohol is the most frequently abused drug throughout the world, and alcohol-re­ lated problems are a common occurrence among patients admitted to hospitals and intensive care units (ICUs). Alcohol affects all tissues of the body. Its effects on im­ mune function and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) remain topics of active investigation. In regard to immune function, alcohol consumption alters the response at several points along the inflammatory cascade. Due to these potent modulating effects on immune function, alcoholic patients have an increased incidence and severity of infection, particularly in the lung. This association be­ tween alcohol use and infection is especially evident in the post-operative setting. Among patients with sepsis, a prior history of chronic alcohol abuse confers a sig­ nificant increase in the likelihood of respiratory dysfunction and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chronic alcohol abuse similarly in­ creases the mortality from ARDS. One possible mechanism by which chronic alco­ hol abuse may increase susceptibility to acute lung injury (ALI} is through altera­ tions in pulmonary glutathione homeostasis. This chapter discusses the immuno­ modulatory effects of alcohol and the epidemiological and experimental evidence associating chronic alcohol abuse, sepsis, and the development of ARDS. I Background Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug in the world, with approximately half the US population consuming alcohol regularly. Fifteen to twenty million individuals meet the criteria for alcoholism [ 1]. The economic cost of alcohol in the USA is around $100 billion (USD), with > 10% of this cost directly attributable to medical services [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Use and Cancer
    cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Alcohol Use and Cancer Alcohol use is one of the most important preventable risk factors for cancer, along with tobacco use and excess body weight. Alcohol use accounts for about 6% of all cancers and 4% of all cancer deaths in the United States. Yet many people don’t know about the link between alcohol use and cancer. Cancers linked to alcohol use Alcohol use has been linked with cancers of the: 1 ● Mouth 2 ● Throat (pharynx) 3 ● Voice box (larynx) 4 ● Esophagus 5 ● Liver 6 ● Colon and rectum 7 ● Breast Alcohol probably also increases the risk of cancer of the stomach8, and might affect the risk of some other cancers as well. For each of these cancers, the more alcohol you drink, the higher your cancer risk. But for some types of cancer, most notably breast cancer, consuming even small amounts of alcohol can increase risk. Cancers of the mouth, throat, voice box, and esophagus: Alcohol use clearly raises the risk of these cancers. Drinking and smoking together raises the risk of these cancers many times more than drinking or smoking alone. This might be because alcohol can help harmful chemicals in tobacco get inside the cells that line the mouth, 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 throat, and esophagus. Alcohol may also limit how these cells can repair damage to their DNA caused by the chemicals in tobacco. Liver cancer: Long-term alcohol use has been linked to an increased risk of liver cancer. Regular, heavy alcohol use can damage the liver, leading to inflammation and scarring, which might be why it raises the risk of liver cancer.
    [Show full text]