Ballets-Rusos-Y-Los-Pintores-De-Las

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Ballets-Rusos-Y-Los-Pintores-De-Las BALLETS RUSOS y los PINTORES de las VANGUARDIAS Nota La propuesta inicial para el estudio y trabajo de Historia de la Escenografía, iba en relación con el teatro de los pintores de las vanguardias, en toda su amplitud. Al ir recopilando textos, imágenes y bibliografía, advertí que el volumen de trabajo era demasiado grande. Decidí que, para no saltar fugazmente por cada movimiento, era mejor centrarse en un aspecto de las vanguardias. Escogí hablar de los Ballets Rusos dentro de todo ese volumen de información, pues consideré que era, además de preferencias personales, lo más relevante de los cambios escénicos que empiezan a surgir a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Fotografía de la portada: Representación de Firebird. Diseños por Golovin Rocío Leal Gómez Historia de la Escenografía 1º Escenografía 2009/2010 ÍNDICE Introducción 1-12 Los Ballets Rusos (Ballets Russes) 13-64 Alexandre Nikolayevich Benois 18-24 Petrushka 20-24 Léon Bakst 24-37 L'Après-midi d'un Faune 30-33 Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich 38-41 Andre Derain 42 Pablo Ruiz Picasso 43-51 Parade 43- 45 Sombrero de Tres Picos 46-48 Pulcinella 48-51 Natalia Goncharova 52-54 Repertorio de los Ballets Rusos 55- 64 Conclusión final 64 Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 1 Introducción Pintores, coreógrafos, músicos, poetas, directores escénicos y un gran elenco de artistas han sido protagonistas de las colaboraciones artísticas durante el siglo XX. El interés de los pintores por este tipo de colaboraciones, tiene que ver con la pérdida de independencia de este sector frente a los demás. De este modo, la obra de los pintores pasa a fundirse con el proyecto artístico colectivo. Ahora colabora en la creación del espacio teatral. El lenguaje plástico del artista tendrá que conseguir una eficacia visual sobre un escenario en movimiento, que será un proceso más complejo que el que se les presenta ante la verticalidad de un lienzo o de un muro en reposo. Cartel de los Ballets Russes El carácter autónomo que empieza a tener el arte en época de reciente modernidad y los replanteamientos sobre las implicaciones en el mundo que les rodeaba, hace que los artistas encuentren como idóneo el espacio escénico para la confrontación de todas esas contradicciones a las que se estaba viendo sometido el ser humano. Hace de esta circunstancia, un hervidero de arte, de creaciones y de tesoros escénicos. Es este aspecto poco conocido de la obra de ciertos artistas de vanguardia lo que constituye nuestro trabajo. Crea un valioso conjunto artístico que ayuda a explicar y entender las múltiples y diversas convergencias y divergencias entre las diferentes artes y movimientos de Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 2 vanguardia: Cubismo, Futurismo, Constructivismo, Suprematismo y Dadaísmo. La contribución de los pintores y escultores han hecho a las artes escénicas verse en términos de luz, color y forma, o lo que es lo mismo, en términos de elementos puramente plásticos. Diseños de vestuario de Giorgio Di Chirico Es desde los primeros años del siglo XX hasta la década de los treinta, cuando se da una colaboración de las artes entre sí que provoca inclusión en las producciones escénicas de los artistas plásticos de vanguardia. Todo esto se da en un contexto concreto que remueve la sociedad. La Rusia de la Revolución del 17, el París en el período de entreguerras, la Italia del futurismo y la Alemania de la República de Weimar. Discurre en paralelo, por tanto, la renovación radical llevada a cabo en el campo escénico. Las reflexiones sobre la modernidad de los conceptos artísticos fueron trasladadas a las producciones escénicas. Fueron significativos pintores como Balla, Léger, Picasso, De Chirico, Goncharova, Grosz, Rodchenko, Depero, Picabia, Schlemmer, entre otros. Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 3 Oskar Schlemmer .Cartel del Ballet Triádico Hasta el siglo XIX la escenografía y el vestuario del teatro y la danza habían permanecido en manos de artesanos cuya labor de meros decoradores especializados consistía en ajustarse fielmente a normas establecidas desde el siglo XVI. Se sometían a una ordenación regulada por la perspectiva, encaminada a crear un espacio que reprodujese una ilusión de lo real. Pero poco a poco, de la mano de directores más innovadores, los decoradores dejaron paso a los escenógrafos. Se les concedió un lugar equiparable incluso al del director o al propio autor de la obra. Surge, en parte, por el predominio de los conceptos estéticos en el diseño escénico. Aparecen por tanto los “pintores artistas” que se vieron involucrados en todas estas tareas que sustituyeron a los meros “pintores hacedores” de las escenografías pintadas sobre telas verticales que predominaban hasta entonces. Especialmente notorio en los teatros simbolistas abiertos en París en la última década del siglo XIX. El poeta Paul Fort en su Théâtre d'Art solicitó la participación en sus montajes de pintores como Bonnard, Vuillard, Toulouse-Lautrec, Denis o Munch. Edouard Munch Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 4 Pintores postimpresionistas que reflejaban su sensibilidad al color y a la luz en los decorados, pero que, por desgracia, no se conservan restos de sus colaboraciones. Max Reinhardt había llamado al pintor alemán Lovis Corinth a participar en sus montajes como Salomé de Oscar Wilde y Elektra de Hofmannsthal. A Eduard Munch lo llamó para participar en dos piezas angustionas y de gran soledad: Ghosts y Hedda Gabler de Ibsen. Desde el simbolismo, la búsqueda de modelos alternativos al naturalismo que en el siglo XIX había sido preeminente, trajo consigo una culminante liberación que permitió y promovió la reconsideración de las formas y los conceptos del espacio y del tiempo en las vanguardias históricas, y que también tuvieron su reflejo inmediato en las nuevas creaciones escénicas. Ejemplos a destacar fueron los directores rusos Meyerhold y Tairov, que marcaron sus diferencias con respecto al teatro naturalista, abriendo a la experimentación sus innovadoras producciones escénicas al incluir diversas disciplinas que les llevaron a grandes colaboraciones con artistas integrantes de la vanguardia rusa. Narciso Bacchante. Bakst Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 5 El teatro del futurismo también fue muy antinaturalista, antirrealista y antipsicológico. Para éstos, el teatro era uno de sus medios favoritos de expresión. El teatro tradicional no era ya válido para esta actividad de expresión de la realidad en movimiento del mundo moderno. Las propuestas de Appia y Craig, como los grandes renovadores del teatro en este cambio de siglo, abren nuevas visiones: “No pintura, sí espacio” sería la formulación de esta nueva propuesta teatral. Un espacio de tres dimensiones y volúmenes simples. La atmósfera, para ellos, debía ser creada a través de la iluminación. Oskar Schelemmer. Ballet Triádico La influencia en el teatro posterior de sus visiones de simplicidad, verticalidad, diseños angulares, carácter antisensual, ha sido enorme, especialmente en el teatro de los constructivistas rusos como se pone de manifiesto en la escenografía que realizó Popova para la obra El Cornudo Magnánimo. Dice Rissbieter “Una de las ideas más fructíferas de Gordon Craig y Appia es la de la escena concebida como un espacio cuyo suelo sirve para ser dividido en niveles, roto, pasó sobretodo a los constructivistas rusos. Tairov hace de ella la de su teoría; Meyerhold y Okhlopkov primero la convirtieron en auténticamente teatral, incluyendo al público en este espacio que estaba para ser dividido y modelado como un todo”. Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 6 El público muestra gran interés por el espectáculo en general. Sería después de la Primera Guerra Mundial cuando se aprecie un cambio perceptible. En París, las actividades escénicas durante el período comprendido entre 1917 y 1926 fue mucho más intensa que en ningún otro momento y contó con alicientes como la gran participación de los artistas plásticos de vanguardia, hecho que no se había dado hasta entonces. Lo vemos muy claramente en la gran actividad de las compañías de los Ballets Rusos y los Ballets Suecos, pero también en el Ballet de l'Opera y la labor de entidades privadas como el caso del Conde de Beaumont, la Princesa de Polignac o Ida Rubinstein. Vaslaw Niyinsky y Anna Pavlova, Ballets Rusos de Diaghilev. El teatro se convierte, por tanto, en el principal lugar de difusión de los movimientos de vanguardias, gracias al pensamiento bastante extendido entre los artistas de este momento de la “interdisciplinariedad”(o lo que se conoce como “obra de arte total” enunciado por Wagner y teorías parecidas sobre la fusión de todas las artes que también enuncian autores como Kandinsky o la Bauhaus), como modo más eficaz para el arte moderno de Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 7 llegar al mayor número de espectadores. Es el caso del cubismo, gracias a la obra Parade, éste se difundió popularmente. En Rusia, el constructivismo tuvo su mejor público en el teatro. El teatro se convierte, así, en el arte popular por excelencia, donde se transmiten las ideas revolucionarias al pueblo en su mayoría analfabeto que acudía al teatro para intentar evadirse de la dura realidad que vivían. Parade. Pablo Picasso Cocteau lleva a Picasso y a Satie a la compañía de los Ballets Rusos para poner en marcha una de las obras más significativas del siglo XX: Parade, que se estrena en el Theatre du Châtelet de París en 1917. “Parade constituyó la primera incursión del auténtico modernismo radical en el ballet. La escenografía de Picasso, en particulas las construcciones de diex pies de alto de los dos managers y un caballo de vodevil formado por dos hombres, la música ambigua de Erik Satie, la coreografía de pantomima de Leonide Massine y la actualidad de la historia de Cocteau ofendieron a la audiencia del Theatre du Châtelet el día del estreno” explica Deborah Los Ballets Rusos y los pintores de vanguardia 8 Menaker Rothschild en su obra Picasso's Parade.
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