DOCSLIB.ORG

Object-Oriented Programming And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Object-Oriented Programming And 8/12/10 TODAY Project presentations COMP 10" Object-oriented programming EXPLORING COMPUTER SCIENCE Course evaluations Lecture 10 Object-oriented programming PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING As programs get larger," What if some part of the global data" it becomes increasingly difficult" needs to be changed (to improve to maintain a large collection of performance or to add new functions capabilities)? Often becomes necessary to use" A large number of functions" global variables may be affected Defined outside of all functions All functions have access to them OBJECTS TO THE RESCUE CUSTOM TYPES Keep the data and the functions that work with them together A class is a template or blueprint for objects May contain variables and functions Primitive types and functions: Procedural programming Can use classes to create new types: Object-oriented programming An object is an instance of a particular class 1 8/12/10 OBJECTS TO THE RESCUE CLASS: Muppet An object’s member variables: Variables: Functions: Set of variables of certain types name speak() Store information or current state of the object species getSpecies() color getColor() An object’s member functions: numberOfLegs Let the main program or other objects modify the state series Allow information to be communicated between objects Muppet OBJECTS CLASS: MuppetSeries Variables: Functions: name listCharacters() seriesType addNewCharacter() castofCharacters Variables: Variables: name = “Kermit” name = “Rowlf” species = “Frog” species = “Dog” color = “Green” color = “Brown” numberOfLegs = 2 numberOfLegs = 4 series = “Sesame Street” series = “Muppet Show” MuppetSeries OBJECTS ENCAPSULATION The data members are encapsulated: Hidden from other parts of Variables: Variables: the program and accessible only through member functions name = “Sesame Street” name = “Muppet Show” seriesType = “TV” seriesType = “TV” castofCharacters = castofCharacters = When we want to change the way that an object is implemented, only a small number of functions need to be changed Those member functions are the interface to the object 2 8/12/10 DEFINING A CLASS BASIC CLASS FORMAT Don’t implement a single object; implement a class class ClassName { A class describes a set of objects with the same behavior public: Any part of the program // public interface should be able to call the member functions To define a class, specify the behavior by providing private: implementations for the member functions and by defining the Only member functions of // private data members data members for the objects the class can access data }; Implement the member functions to specify the behavior Define the data members to hold the object’s data Muppet USING Muppets IN main() class Muppet class Muppet int main() { { { public: public: // Create an object. // public interface // public interface Muppet kermit; kermit.name = “Kermit The Frog”; private: private: kermit.species = “Frog”; // private data members // private data members kermit.color = “Green”; string name; string name; kermit.numberOfLegs = 2; string species; string species; kermit.series = “Sesame Street”; string color; string color; int numberOfLegs; int numberOfLegs; // Create another object. string series; string series; Muppet rowlf; }; }; ... USING Muppets IN main() OBSERVATIONS main() not declared in the Muppet class kermit name “Kermit The Frog” species “Frog” color “Green” Member variables numberofLegs 2 Declared in a class, outside of any method series “Sesame Street” Exist as long as the containing object exists Local variables rowlf name Exist only during the execution of its containing method species color Dot (.) operations numberofLegs Access a member variable series Call a member function; the object is the implicit parameter 3 8/12/10 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING DESIGNING A CLASS: CASH REGISTER Need member functions to An object encapsulates state and behavior • Clear the cash register to start a new sale State Variables • Add the price of an item Behavior Functions • Get the total amount owed and the count of items purchased A class is a template or blueprint for objects An object is an instance of a particular class Each object is responsible for carrying out a set of related tasks Objects “talk” to each other to complete tasks DESIGNING A CLASS: CASH REGISTER MEMBER FUNCTIONS Need member functions to There are two kinds of member functions: • Clear the cash register to start a new sale • Mutators • Add the price of an item • Accessors • Get the total amount owed and the count of items purchased A mutator modifies the data members of the object The public interface supports these activities: class CashRegister class CashRegister { { public: public: void clear(); void clear(); Clear the cash register void add_item(double price); void add_item(double price); to start a new sale double get_total() const; double get_total() const; int get_count() const; int get_count() const; private: private: // data members will go here // data members will go here }; }; MEMBER FUNCTIONS CALLING MEMBER FUNCTIONS There are two kinds of member functions: First create a variable of type CashRegister • Mutators • Accessors CashRegister register1; A mutator modifies the data members of the object Then use the dot class CashRegister { operator to call the public: member functions: void clear(); void add_item(double price); Add the price of an item double get_total() const; register1.clear(); int get_count() const; register1.add_item(1.95); private: // data members will go here }; 4 8/12/10 MEMBER FUNCTIONS THE INTERFACE There are two kinds of member functions: • Mutators • Accessors An accessor function queries a data member of the object class CashRegister { public: Access member variables using the dot operator void clear(); void add_item(double price); double get_total() const; Get the total amount This statement will print the current total: int get_count() const; owed and the count cout << register1.get_total() << endl; private: of items purchased // data members will go here }; MEMBER VARIABLES TWO NOTIONS OF EQUALITY Each CashRegister object must store the total price and Shallow equality item count of the sale that is currently rung up Same actual object data in memory Compare only references We store this data as private member variables == class CashRegister Deep equality { public: Compare objects’ variable values void clear(); void add_item(double price); Might not have same reference double get_total() const; int get_count() const; Need a separate function for this private: int item_count; Accessible only by object’s double total_price; }; member functions class KindlyPerson { public: CONTROLLING ACCESS TO OBJECTS string name; double salary; }; Access specifiers define where the variable or function is accessible class EvilDoer { public: can be used from any class public: KindlyPerson enemy; private: can only be used within the class in which it is defined EvilDoer(KindlyPerson e) { enemy = e; Protect data from manipulation, corruption } void sabotageEnemy(){ enemy.salary = 0; } }; int main(){ KindlyPerson bert; EvilDoer ernie; ernie.sabotageEnemy(); } 5 8/12/10 CONTROLLING ACCESS TO OBJECTS IMPLEMENTING THE MEMBER FUNCTIONS Important to keep variables private, but most functions are public class CashRegister { public: void clear(); void add_item(double price); double get_total() const; Private functions are generally only used for helper functions you int get_count() const; don’t want other classes to have direct access to private: int item_count; double total_price; }; Hide implementation details: Lets us change internal representation without changing interface IMPLEMENTING THE MEMBER FUNCTIONS IMPLEMENTING THE MEMBER FUNCTIONS class CashRegister class CashRegister { { public: public: void clear(); void clear(); void add_item(double price); void add_item(double price); double get_total() const; double get_total() const; int get_count() const; int get_count() const; private: private: int item_count; int item_count; double total_price; double total_price; }; }; void CashRegister::add_item(double price) void CashRegister::clear() { { item_count++; item_count = 0; total_price = total_price + price; total_price = 0; } } Specify that a function is a member function in the name IMPLEMENTING THE MEMBER FUNCTIONS THE CASH REGISTER PROGRAM class CashRegister // Display the item count and total price of a cash register. { void display(CashRegister reg) public: { void clear(); cout << reg.get_count() << “ $” << reg.get_total() << endl; void add_item(double price); } double get_total() const; int get_count() const; // The main cash register program. private: int main() int item_count; { double total_price; CashRegister register1; }; register1.clear(); register1.add_item(1.95); display(register1); register1.add_item(0.95); display(register1); register1.add_item(2.50); double CashRegister::get_total() const display(register1); { return 0; return total_price; } } int CashRegister::get_count() const { return item_count; } 6 8/12/10 CONSTRUCTORS WHAT HAPPENS HERE? A constructor is a member function that initializes the data CashRegister register1; register1.add_item(1.95); members of an object int count = get_count(); // What is the count? The constructor is automatically called when an object is created CashRegister register1; Constructors are written to guarantee that an object is always fully and correctly initialized when it is defined THE CONSTRUCTOR THE CONSTRUCTOR Guarantees that an object’s variables are correctly initialized Guarantees that an object’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Java Programming Standards & Reference Guide
    Java Programming Standards & Reference Guide Version 3.2 Office of Information & Technology Department of Veterans Affairs Java Programming Standards & Reference Guide, Version 3.2 REVISION HISTORY DATE VER. DESCRIPTION AUTHOR CONTRIBUTORS 10-26-15 3.2 Added Logging Sid Everhart JSC Standards , updated Vic Pezzolla checkstyle installation instructions and package name rules. 11-14-14 3.1 Added ground rules for Vic Pezzolla JSC enforcement 9-26-14 3.0 Document is continually Raymond JSC and several being edited for Steele OI&T noteworthy technical accuracy and / PD Subject Matter compliance to JSC Experts (SMEs) standards. 12-1-09 2.0 Document Updated Michael Huneycutt Sr 4-7-05 1.2 Document Updated Sachin Mai L Vo Sharma Lyn D Teague Rajesh Somannair Katherine Stark Niharika Goyal Ron Ruzbacki 3-4-05 1.0 Document Created Sachin Sharma i Java Programming Standards & Reference Guide, Version 3.2 ABSTRACT The VA Java Development Community has been establishing standards, capturing industry best practices, and applying the insight of experienced (and seasoned) VA developers to develop this “Java Programming Standards & Reference Guide”. The Java Standards Committee (JSC) team is encouraging the use of CheckStyle (in the Eclipse IDE environment) to quickly scan Java code, to locate Java programming standard errors, find inconsistencies, and generally help build program conformance. The benefits of writing quality Java code infused with consistent coding and documentation standards is critical to the efforts of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). This document stands for the quality, readability, consistency and maintainability of code development and it applies to all VA Java programmers (including contractors).
    [Show full text]
  • Declaring Data Member Public C
    Declaring Data Member Public C Rickard brooch stickily. Interceptive and hamulate Connie enure, but Norbert crossways extinguishes her patroness. Is Mario estimated or electrotonic when strangulating some moribundity deified deeply? Optimize for declaring data member public If dynamic allocation is necessary, prefer to keep ownership with the code that allocated it. This process of creating an object from a class is known as instantiation. Here is the quite surprising output of the program. Data attributes need not be declared; like local variables, they spring into existence when they are first assigned to. The term __________ means the ability to takemany forms. In many cases, this is not a problem, but it is a problem in some cases. Use rvalue references only in certain special cases listed below. By default, functions and data members of the class are public. How many data members should be in every class and why? Is it acceptable to omit default constructors in a class? For accessing the data, the declaration of a friend function should be done inside the body of a class starting with the keyword friend. The constructor is declared much like a normal member function but it will share the name of the class and it has no return value. Spirit would be impossible without it. The basic idea is really very simple. Giving sensible names to types and variables is much better than using obscure names that you must then explain through comments. Special member functions called constructors and destructors. This makes it impossible for the class to ensure that invariant properties of that variable are respected.
    [Show full text]
  • Classes in C++
    Classes in C++ Bryce Boe 2012/08/15 CS32, Summer 2012 B Overview • Finish Sor?ng recap • Thinking object oriented recap • Classes in C++ • Building a class in C++ (real ?me demo) Sor?ng recap • Bubble sort • Inser?on sort • Selec?on sort • Merge sort • Heapsort • Quicksort Thinking object oriented recap • Language as an influence of thought process • OO concepts – Separaon of interface and implementaon – Informaon hiding – Inheritance • Wri?ng reusable code Exci?ng Note for Today • The gcc compiler now requires C++ to build – Essen?ally means parts of the gcc compiler are wriVen in C++ • hp://gcc.gnu.org/git/? p=gcc.git;a=commit;h=2b15d2ba7eb3a25d]1 5a7300f4ee7a141ee8539 Structures • Structures provide a way to organize data • Structures in C++ are essen?ally classes, not true in C Classes • an object is a variable that has member func?ons (instance methods) • a class is a data type whose variables are objects • Class – Describe the kind of values the variables hold (state) – Describe the member func?ons (behavior) Terminology • The book uses member to mean a par?cular instance of a class • The book uses members to mean aributes of a class (variables and methods) • Funcon and method are somewhat used interchangeably • Similar: – member variable = instance variable – member method = instance method Classes • Provide encapsulaon – Combining a number of items, such as variables and func?ons, into a single package, such as an object of some class (or instance of the class) Scope Resolu?on Operator • ClassName::method_name • Used to iden?fy
    [Show full text]
  • About Classes 14.1 Instance and Static Members Tree Class
    Ch 14: More About Classes 14.1 Instance and Static Members ! instance variable: a member variable in a class. Each object (instance) has its own copy. CS 2308 ! static variable: one variable shared among all Fall 2013 objects of a class Jill Seaman ! static member function: - can be used to access static member variable; ‣ normal functions can access static member variables, too - but it cannot access instance variables 1 - can be called before any objects are defined2 string name1 = “Steve Jobs”; string name1 = “Steve Jobs”; cout << “Name” << name1 << endl; cout << “Name” << name1 << endl; Tree class declaration Program demo of static variable // Tree class class Tree { private: Static member variable #include <iostream> static int objectCount; declared here using namespace std; public: #include "Tree.h" Tree(); int getObjectCount(); int main() { }; Tree oak; Tree elm; // Definition of the static member variable, written Tree pine; // outside the class. Static member variable int Tree::objectCount = 0; defined here (required) cout << “We have “ << pine.getObjectCount() // Member functions defined << “Trees in our program.\n”; Tree::Tree() { Static variable is incremented objectCount++; each time Tree is constructed. } } int Tree::getObjectCount() { return objectCount; What will be the output? } 3 4 string name1 = “Steve Jobs”; string name1 = “Steve Jobs”; cout << “Name” << name1 << endl; cout << “Name” << name1 << endl; Three Instances of the Tree Class, static member function But Only One objectCount Variable ! Declared with static
    [Show full text]
  • More on Classes (Chapter 14.1, 14.3-14.5)
    More on Classes (Chapter 14.1, 14.3-14.5) Dr. Yingwu Zhu 14.1 Instance and Static Members Instance and Static Members • instance variable: a member variable in a class. Each object has its own copy. • static variable: one variable shared among all objects of a class • static member function: can be used to access static member variable; can be called before any objects are defined 14-3 static member variable Contents of Tree.h 1 // Tree class 2 class Tree Static member declared here. 3 { 4 private: 5 static int objectCount; // Static member variable. 6 public: 7 // Constructor 8 Tree() 9 { objectCount++; } 10 11 // Accessor function for objectCount 12 int getObjectCount() const 13 { return objectCount; } 14 }; Static member defined here. 15 16 // Definition of the static member variable, written 17 // outside the class. 18 int Tree::objectCount = 0; 14-4 14-5 Three Instances of the Tree Class, But Only One objectCount Variable 14-6 static member function • Declared with static before return type: static int getObjectCount() const { return objectCount; } • Static member functions can only access static member data (Why ?) • Can be called independent of objects: int num = Tree::getObjectCount(); 14-7 Modified Version of Tree.h 1 // Tree class 2 class Tree 3 { 4 private: 5 static int objectCount; // Static member variable. 6 public: 7 // Constructor 8 Tree() 9 { objectCount++; } 10 11 // Accessor function for objectCount 12 static int getObjectCount() const 13 { return objectCount; } 14 }; 15 16 // Definition of the static member variable, written 17 // outside the class. 18 int Tree::objectCount = 0; Now we can call the function like this: cout << "There are " << Tree::getObjectCount() << " objects.\n"; 14-8 14.3 Memberwise Assignment Memberwise Assignment • Can use = to assign one object to another, or to initialize an object with an object’s data • Copies member to member.
    [Show full text]
  • Disadvantage of Declaring Static Variable and Function
    Disadvantage Of Declaring Static Variable And Function FergusonTendencious when Towny ironical sawders and close-mouthed some diapause Kyle and burgeon confides some his desirableness materialness? so Patric inhumanely! intwined How maybe. dissociative is For a programmer should never knew that of declaring a cost to? Java is pretty much better solution, of declaring static variable and isolating change the type. Class requires it a global variables in small programs of other disadvantage of declaring static variable and function name as you want to use any. Professional programmers prefer dynamic memory allocation more over static memory allocation. Local function or move operations work in java class members. And also learned about the potential disadvantage of using static methods. An identifier must release with a letter always be followed by zero or more letters, digits or underscores. Variables are in static variable of declaring functions? They should look at best practices on function in kotlin, disadvantages of a struct globally declared to be accessed from one disadvantage to? Avoid type of the end of the instance methods used and static variable function of declaring local to. Should but Avoid the Embrace Static Beyond Java. Static method be expanded when a good idea i am i am would say a particular, or more obvious advantages and. PHP I can use your single function to hospital the excel thing. And you don't have to hurt your own method to instantiate BlogController. When a static member is declared private the non member functions cannot. You either drain the accompany of static or not. Sigh, I introduce do miss Smalltalk.
    [Show full text]
  • PHP and Mysql PHP and Mysql
    Wandschneider.book Page i Tuesday, August 5, 2008 2:14 PM PHP and MySQL Marc Wandschneider Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Wandschneider.book Page ii Tuesday, August 5, 2008 2:14 PM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publisher All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is Paul Boger protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any Editor-in-Chief prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by Mark L. Taub any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. No part of this LiveLessons book or DVD set may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any Video Project Manager means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any John A. Herrin information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Editorial Assistant Kim Boedigheimer For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116, Fax (617) Managing Editor 671-3447. John Fuller Library of Congress Control Number: 2008933546 Project Editor Visit us on the Web: informit.com/ph Julie B. Nahil Corporate and Government Sales Copy Editor The publisher offers excellent discounts on this LiveLesson when ordered in quantity for Ruth Davis bulk purchases or special sales, which may include custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests.
    [Show full text]
  • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN The
    TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Informatik XXIII Sensor Based Robotic Systems and Intelligent Assistance Systems The Cognitive Robot Abstract Machine: A Framework for Cognitive Robotics Lorenz Mösenlechner Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Informatik der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzende: Univ.-Prof. Gudrun Klinker, Ph.D. Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Michael Beetz Ph.D., Universität Bremen 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alin Albu-Schäffer Die Dissertation wurde am 19.08.2015 bei der Technischen Universität München ein- gereicht und durch die Fakultät für Informatik am 26.02.2016 angenommen. Abstract With the development of mobile robotic platforms that can operate in domestic do- mains such as a human household, for instance Willow Garage’s PR2, solving tasks such as cleaning up or cooking food has become possible. The software that controls these robots became more and more complex and recent research provides solutions for navigation, manipulation and perception. With rising complexity of the tasks to be performed, the requirements for a high level executive that orchestrates arm mo- tions, navigation and perception changed towards a tight integration of planning, reasoning and action execution. This thesis describes CRAM, a complete framework for implementing cognitive high-level robot control programs to enable robotic agents to execute their tasks more robustly, reliably and flexibly. CRAM combines a powerful language for programming robot actions with sophisti- cated reasoning mechanisms. This allows the programmer to state plans more ab- stractly by letting the robot make decisions based on its current belief about the en- vironment and the predicted future course of actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Class — Object-Oriented Programming (Classes)
    Title stata.com class — Object-oriented programming (classes) Syntax Description Remarks and examples Also see Syntax class classname extends classname { declaration(s) } Syntax is presented under the following headings: Introduction Example Declaration of member variables Declaration and definition of methods (member functions) Default exposure in declarations Description and Remarks and examples follow that. Introduction Stata’s two programming languages, ado and Mata, each support object-oriented programming. This manual entry explains object-oriented programming in Mata. Most users interested in object-oriented programming will wish to program in Mata. See[ P] class to learn about object-oriented programming in ado. Example The following example is explained in detail in Description. class coord { real scalar x, y real scalar length(), angle() } real scalar coord::length() { return(sqrt(x^2 + y^2)) } real scalar coord::angle() { return(atan2(y, x)*360/(2*pi())) } class rotated_coord extends coord { real scalar theta real scalar angle() void new() } 1 2 class — Object-oriented programming (classes) real scalar rotated_coord::angle() { return(super.angle() - theta) } void rotated_coord::new() { theta = 0 } One could use the class interactively: : b = rotated_coord() : b.x = b.y = 1 : b.angle() // displayed will be 45 : b.theta = 30 : b.angle() // displayed will be 15 Note that executing the class as if it were a function creates an instance of the class. When using the class inside other functions, it is not necessary to create the
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10: Object-Oriented Programming in Labview
    Bitter, Rick et al "Object-Oriented Programming in LabVIEW" LabVIEW Advanced Programming Techinques Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2001 Object-Oriented 10 Programming in LabVIEW This chapter applies a different programming paradigm to G: Object-Oriented Pro- gramming (OOP). New languages like Java and its use on the Internet have created a lot of interest in this programming paradigm. This chapter explains the concepts that make object-oriented programming work, and applies them to programming in LabVIEW. This chapter begins with definitions of objects and classes. These are the fun- damental building blocks of OOP. Key definitions that define OOP are then presented which give a foundation for programmers to view applications in terms of their constituent objects. Once the basics of OOP are described, the first stage of objects is presented-- object analysis. Fundamentally, the beginning of the design is to identify the objects of the system. Section 10.4 discusses Object Design, the process by which methods and properties are specified. The interaction of objects is also defined in the design phase. The third and last phase is the Object Programming phase. This is where the code to implement the methods and properties is performed. This type of structuring seems foreign or even backward to many programmers with experience in structured languages such as LabVIEW. Object-oriented is how programming is currently being taught to computer science and engineering students around the world. A significant amount of effort has been put into the design of a process to produce high-quality software. This section introduces this type of phi- losophy to LabVIEW graphical programming.
    [Show full text]
  • Coding Conventions: 1.03
    Fiercefun.com Coding Conventions: 1.03 Please note that these conventions are not optional. Any project not following these conventions will not be used in production. Coding conventions are style guidelines for programming. They typically cover: ● Naming and declaration rules for variables and functions. ● Rules for the use of white space, indentation, and comments. ● Programming practices and principles Fierce Fun primarily uses C# and scripting languages (ActionScript, JavaScript, PHP) so our coding conventions follow those used primarily in Java/JavaScript standards. The Importance of Naming Choosing good names for variables, functions and classes is critical to creating code that is easy to use and easy to understand. You should always take the time to think about whether you have chosen the right name for something. Properly naming and commenting items is one of the most critical task of software projects. At all times, developers should care about and adhere to this critical task. Version Control GitHub Unity Collaborate Links Our conventions are based on the following https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/inside-a-program/coding- conventions C# https://pear.php.net/manual/en/standards.php (PHP) Fierce Fun ©. Private and Confidential General Coding Practise At Fierce Fun, we classify code as development and production. Development Code Development is what you work on day-to-day. It can be messy at time, undocumented and buggy. Effectively it is your in-progress work and only you will see it. Production Code Production code is what you submit for review on a weekly basis. This code could be used in the final production build so it should be clean, organised and commented before submitting.
    [Show full text]
  • ASTG Coding Standard Recommended Coding Styles For
    ASTG Coding Standard Recommended Coding Styles for Software Development in Fortran, C++, Java, and Python Version 1.7 ASTG January 20, 2015 CONTENTS CONTENTS Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose Of Conventions . .1 1.2 Why Use Conventions . .1 1.3 When NOT To Use These Conventions . .1 1.4 When To Use These Conventions . .1 2 Files 2 2.1 Naming Files . .2 2.1.1 Use Class/Module Name For File Name . .2 2.1.2 Extensions . .2 2.2 File Organization . .2 2.2.1 C/C++ Header Files . .3 2.2.2 C/C++ Source Files . .3 2.2.3 Fortran Files . .3 2.2.4 Java Files . .3 2.2.5 Python Files . .4 2.3 C++ Preprocessing . .4 2.3.1 Minimal Includes . .4 2.3.2 Brackets Verses Quotes . .4 2.3.3 Inclusion Protection . .4 2.3.4 Avoid Macros . .5 3 Formatting 5 3.1 Blank Space . .5 3.1.1 Blank Spaces . .5 3.1.2 Indentation . .6 3.2 Lines . .6 3.2.1 Line Length . .6 3.2.2 Line Continuation . .6 3.2.3 Single Blank Lines . .7 3.2.4 Double Blank Lines . .7 3.3 Fortran Free-Format . .7 4 Naming 7 4.1 Expressiveness and Scope . .7 4.2 Abbreviations . .7 4.2.1 Avoid Uncommon Abbreviations . .7 4.2.2 Use Mixed Case Acronyms . .8 4.3 Case and Underscores . .8 4.4 Naming Rules For Identifiers . .8 5 Declarations 9 5.1 Routines . .9 5.1.1 Verbs for Routines . .9 5.1.2 Accessors and Mutators .
    [Show full text]