Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference 2018 Government of the - Background Guide

Government of the United Kingdom Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR 3

LETTER FROM THE PRIME MINISTER Error! Bookmark not defined.

BACKGROUND GUIDE PURPOSE 5

THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE TWENTIETH AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES 6 An Empire in Decline 6 The Welfare State Under Attlee Error! Bookmark not defined. “Suez Syndrome” Under Eden-The Beginning of the End of the British Empire 7 The Iron Lady- Margaret Thatcher and her Legacy in British Society Today 8 Blair and New Labour Error! Bookmark not defined. Means Brexit- 11

ISSUES FACING THE UNITED KINGDOM TODAY 12 Brexit 13 The Middle East 16 The Israel-Palestine Conflict 16 The Scottish Question Error! Bookmark not defined. Health and Education Funding 17

THE ISSUE OF SYRIA 18 Protests in Damascus 18 Organised Armed Rebellion 18 Russian Involvement 18 American Involvement 19 British Involvement 19 French Involvement 19 Turkish Involvement 20 The Refugee Crisis 20

CLOSING REMARKS 22

Appendix A- Character List (as of 1 August 2018) 23

Appendix B- British Intelligence Community 25 Domestic Agencies 25 Foreign Agencies 25

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Appendix C- Rules of Procedure 27

Appendix D- Award Philosophy 30

Appendix E- Position Paper Guidelines 30 Basic Requirements 31

Appendix F- Glossary of British Political and Parliamentary Terms 32

Appendix G- “God Save the Queen” 33

Appendix H- Bibliography 34

Appendix I- Recommended Further Readings 35 British Government and Politics 35 Current Party Policies and Proposals 35 “Great Man/Woman History” 35 International Relations Theory 36 Other Readings 36

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LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR Dear Delegates, It is my pleasure to welcome you to the British Government committee at the 2018 Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference. It is my hope that you are excited for this year’s conference, and that you will find this committee challenging and intellectually stimulating, as I found each of my previous committees both at this conference and around the world. Please allow me to introduce myself. I was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, and graduated from ‘Iolani School this past June. My next four years in university will entertain a change in scenery, trading the sunny beaches of Honolulu for the distinctly more overcast beaches of the Scottish Lowlands. I am a first-year student at the where I am pursuing an undergraduate degree in International Relations and Economics. My Model United Nations career began some six years ago in the seventh grade, and continues to this day. I remember the first PacMUN of only two committees, which I attended as my very first conference as Germany in SOCHUM. It fills me with pride as I look at what PacMUN has become now, and appreciate the small roles that all of us have played through the years to develop this conference. Those of you who attended PacMUN last year will remember me as the Undersecretary- General of Committees/Crisis Director, where I speed-walked into committees delivering briefings as “Jack from the FBI,” “John from the CIA,” and, on one occasion to the U.S. Senate, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, gaining some 20,000 steps per day in the process. It is a distinct honour to be invited to return form halfway around the world to participate yet again at this conference. The British Government Committee represents a summary of my observations of this activity in Hawaii over the past six years. I hope this committee will help delegates to develop the skills that are vital both for Model UN but also for the wider world, such as critical and independent thinking, researching, collaboration, and oral argumentation. I expect each delegate in this committee to be an active participant throughout the entire committee, and that each delegate will have prepared to do so by thoroughly researching the issues which face British Government today, even some which are not presented in this guide. I further expect a very high level, nuanced debate for the entire conference, where we will work through many of the problems that Theresa May’s Ministry faces in the real world.

Onwards and upwards,

Jake Steiner [email protected] LETTER FROM THE PRIME MINISTER

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10 DOWNING STREET The Prime Minister 16 Nov 2018

My Right Honourable Friends

It is my pleasure to welcome you to this meeting of the cabinet as we endeavour to tackle the important issues facing the United Kingdom today.

The United Kingdom today is at a crossroads, in many aspects of our ministry. This government must choose whether to become fully independent of the to conduct our own deals, or we can choose to remain partly in the EU and be subject to EU regulations and institutions. In particular, we must decide the best course of action for Northern Ireland.

This government must decide a course of action in the Middle East and Africa. Due to British colonial involvement in the regions in decades before, I feel that the United Kingdom is responsible for assisting in whatever way the cabinet sees fit.

We must continue to encourage unity within the United Kingdom, and to that end, we must appropriately deal with the current situation in Scotland.

In all of these matters I welcome a warm, lively debate among ministers, as we determine the paths that this great nation will take into the future.

To the continued prosperity of the United Kingdom,

The Rt. Hon. Theresa May The Prime Minister

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BACKGROUND GUIDE PURPOSE

This guide will provide general background information for the committee. It will not provide answers to the questions that the information poses in the hope that delegates will be capable of critical thinking to derive their answers through additional research. This guide is unfortunately insufficient to fully prepare for this committee. The inadequacy of this guide is purposefully designed, as a guide that does somehow provide all the information necessary for this committee would rob delegates of one of the most important skills of Model United Nations: research.

Therefore this Background Guide should not be the only thing a delegate reads prior to the conference, but should serve as a springboard into further research into the issues that the Background Guide outlines. This is set in the present day, and delegates should be able to find a wealth of information at their fingertips, therefore no excuses will be accepted for unpreparedness.

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THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE TWENTIETH AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES

It was once said that “the sun never set on the British Empire,” as it stretched from a home in the British Isles to Africa, the Caribbean, India, and Asia. The Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries saw the United Kingdom enter as the greatest colonial empire in the world and one of, if not the dominant force in the world, and leave a shadow of its former self. Rocked by two world wars and a fight against communism, we can trace the decline, and re-emergence of the United Kingdom through a number of key events and leaders, which have shaped the new role that the United Kingdom plays in the world today.

The United Kingdom was considered the dominant force in the world, with an unparalleled navy feared by all. was the hub of international finance, and the Pound Sterling was the dominant currency throughout the world. As a result, Governments were able to exert a considerable amount of hard power, both in the form of direct influence over colonies, and use of the financial and military resources available to it.

One such example of the latter form of British hard power came in the Great War, as the British Empire declared war on the German Empire, due to the German invasion of Belgium, a neutral country. The British Empire had previously extended a security guarantee to Belgium for it to remain neutral, and gave the Germans an ultimatum to vacate the nation. By declaring war on Germany, the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith was seen by the British public as standing up to the bullying Germans and defending righteousness and decency. This use of hard power by the United Kingdom was not uncommon in this time, and was used to further her goals of regional and, historically, world hegemony.

An Empire in Decline

The Second World War and the following decade presented the preeminent world power with two new rivals, one friendly and one hostile, in the United States and the Soviet Union. The reliance on the US first seen in the first World War in the Lend-Lease scheme, was extended further in the Second War due to the massive industrial complex that was set up in the United States following the bombing of Pearl Harbour. As a result of the massive economic and military might of the United States, the British Empire effectively ceded hegemony over the course of the war to the United States. As a result, the British Empire naturally experienced a period of decline for the remainder of the twentieth century.

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The Welfare State Under Attlee

The British public rewarded for winning the war with defeat at the polls, as the United Kingdom voted for and the Labour party in 1945. Attlee enacted what is known as the Post-war Consensus policies, based on the writings of John Maynard Keynes and William Beveridge, and was promised by the wartime coalition government headed by Mr Churchill and Mr Attlee. The package included nationalisation of major industries- rail, coal, steel, and automobile production, among others, were major industries to be put under state control, effectively creating what Keynes called a “mixed economy” (a mix of capitalism and socialism). The Consensus also delivered on other promises such as higher regulation, taxes and the creation of the , or NHS, the UK’s universal single- payer healthcare system1.

“Suez Syndrome” Under Eden-The Beginning of the End of the British Empire

In late 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt ceased to be a British Protectorate in 1922 although military presence remained until the revolution in 1952) nationalized the Suez Canal, which set nations who use the canal for shipping (such as the United Kingdom) on alert. The British had, in 1954 signed a treaty with the revolutionary government which stipulated the evacuation of British forces from the Suez, but further agreed a British “right to return” for seven years.

The crisis had Cold War implications as well. Mr Nasser was pressured by the Eisenhower Administration and in particular Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to join an anti-Soviet alliance. To this request, Mr Nasser responded that the Soviet Union

never occupied our territory ... but the British have been here for seventy years. How can I go to my people and tell them I am disregarding a killer with a pistol sixty miles from me at the Suez Canal to worry about somebody who is holding a knife a thousand miles away?2

This isn’t to say that Mr Nasser sided with the Soviets, instead trying to play each bloc off to have them compete for his friendship, having taken a meeting with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai to this effect.

Each of the nations which invaded Egypt in this crisis had a personal vendetta against Nasser- the Egyptians had supported a rebellion in Algeria, causing French Premier Guy Mollet to draw comparisons to Adolf Hitler in a statement, and the Egyptians used their control of the Suez to disrupt trade to and from Israel in violation of the 1888 Suez Canal Convention and drawing the ire of the Security Council in

1 O'Neil, Patrick H., et al. Cases in Comparative Politics. Fifth Edition ed., W.W. Norton Et Company, 2018. 2 Gaddis, John Lewis (1998) p. 168.

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Resolution 953. Mr Nasser also ticked off Prime Minister Anthony Eden by supporting demonstrations in Jordan against the British, causing the sacking of the British Commander of the Arab Legion Sir John Bagot Glubb4.

After the nationalization of the canal, Mr Eden was under immense pressure from Conservative Backbenchers to take immediate military action, despite a lack of support from the United States. At a dinner with the King and Prime Minister of Iraq, they advised him to "hit Nasser hard, hit him soon, and hit him by yourself," but Mr Eden’s cabinet did not want to draw condemnation of the Security Council if it acted alone5. With the Eisenhower Administration determined to stick to diplomatic overtures, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel then planned a triple invasion of Egypt, with the Israelis invading through the Sinai Peninsula, and the British and French attacking the Canal Zone directly. Despite successes, American threats of economic sanctions and blocks of economic support from the IMF led to Mr Eden declaring a unilateral ceasefire on 9 November 19576.

Despite the success of the alliance and the war effort, from Prime Minister onward (until Thatcher) a psychological toll was inflicted on British leaders and the public. Mr Macmillan accelerated the process of de-colonialisation, as the United Kingdom fell squarely under the sphere of influence of the United States. This psychological effect was dubbed the “Suez Syndrome.”

3 Mohamed ElBaradei (1982), "The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the Gulf of Aqaba: A New Legal Regime", American Journal of International Law, 76 (3): 532–554. 4 "1956: Egypt seizes Suez Canal". BBC News. 26 July 1956. 5 Eayrs, James (1964). The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey. Oxford University Press. 6 Williams, Charles Harold Macmillan (2009) pp. 259–261

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The Iron Lady- Margaret Thatcher and her Legacy in British Society Today

Perhaps the most polarizing figure of modern British politics, The Rt Hon. (later Baroness) Margaret Hilda Thatcher took No. 10 after triggering a General Election after a vote of no confidence which was successful by one vote (311 to 310). In the campaign, the Tories campaigned on economic issues, criticising the high inflation under the previous Labour government.

Economic Policies In office, Thatcher almost immediately set out to keep the promises she made. Economic priorities were switched to prioritise inflation controls over employment rates7, as she began to implement a monetarist economic policy. The Value-Added Tax (VAT) was increased to 15%, and interest rates were increased to 18%8. Despite the unpopularity of her policies, with unemployment exceeding 2 million and homelessness exceeding 2.5 million, Thatcher pushed through, and the relationship between the money supply and inflation proved correct when the latter began to fall.

Thatcher was also committed to reducing the power of trade unions which, as she claims in her autobiography, had a “stranglehold” on British business. The campaign was held in the background of the “winter of discontent,” a widespread strike which effectively froze British industry. Thatcher chose to weaken unions incrementally, not all at once, enacting policies such as making secondary strikes- strikes in support of other strikes in another industry- illegal. It was also made illegal for unions to call a strike without first winning a vote of members, and repealing the closed shop, a practise which made it impossible to be employed in many circumstances without first joining a union. The decisive victory against the unions came in Thatcher’s second ministry against the National Union of (coal) Miners, which had previously defeated Prime Minister Edward Heath’s previous attempts. Thatcher’s confrontation of the NUM began in 1984, when the miners’ union declared a strike in response to plans to close several unprofitable mines. Thatcher had already prepared for this by building coal stocks and co-ordinating police to stop mass picketing, which effectively defeated the NUM’s usual strategy of eliminating the energy supply. While the strike lasted for an entire year, the NUM conceded without any new deal, and led to a long period of demoralisation among unions9.

7 Roger Middleton, Government versus the Market: The Growth of the Public Sector, Economic Management and British economic performance, c. 1890–1979 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996), p. 630. 8 Datablog (2009). Following the introduction of the 15% VAT rate on 18 June 1979, inflation rose from 11.4% in June to 15.6% in July—reaching a high of 21.9% in May 1980. UK inflation since 1948. .. 9 Thatcher, Margaret Hilda. Downing Street Years. Harpercollins Publishers, 2012.

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The Iron Lady, as she was now known, set her sights on industries which were nationalised since Mr Attlee. A firm believer in free markets, Thatcher began to sell off most of these nationalised industries, including British Telecoms, Freight, Leylands, and most major utilities.

Foreign Policy Thatcher was tested early in her first ministry when hostages were held in the London Iranian Embassy in 1980. Thatcher then christened her “resolute approach” to such issues by ordering SAS commandos to raid the embassy. Such was her intention to lay the “Suez Syndrome” to rest.

In April 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands which Britain had always ruled, but Argentina claimed. Thatcher immediately decided to attack the invaders, rounded up diplomatic support, and launched a naval task force to take back control. The Argentinians surrendered on 14 June with only 258 British Casualties. The victory was heralded as the end of the Suez Syndrome.

Thatcher’s Legacy The Legacy of Margaret Thatcher continues to be felt in the United Kingdom today. Her privatisation scheme, continued by later Prime Ministers, has caused British services such as trains to become more expensive relative to other similar services in Europe. As of 30 July 2018, for example, a train ticket for one person in second class from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh on 1 September 2018 (it’s always better to book in advance) is £50.50, while a similar journey on Deutsche Bahn from Berlin to Munich on the same day is €24.90. This difference in expenditure makes it more expensive for all Britons, but mainly tight-budgeted university students, to travel around the country. But I digress. Her economic policies as a whole expanded the free market in Britain and remain the foundation for Conservative economic policy, and her namesake school of thought, Thatcherism.

Blair and New Labour

After a diluted continuation of Thatcherite policy under , the British Public elected Labour and to Government. Mr Blair ran on a platform called “New Labour,” a rebranding of the Labour Party which introduced market ideas into the primarily socialist Labour. There was a shift from emphasis on equality to social justice, as equality of opportunity prevailed over equality of outcome. New Labour accepted the efficiency of free markets, and acted for a truly mixed economy, achieving the aims of socialism while maintaining the efficiency of capitalism. Public ownership was not efficient nor desirable, instead pursuing public-private partnerships10. In line with this thinking on social justice and equality of opportunity, Mr Blair increased spending on health and education, introduced a minimum wage (which currently stands at

10 New Labour New Life for Britain: Policy Handbook. Labour Party, 1996.

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£5.80, or $7.61). The Bank of England was decoupled from Government, allowing it to set interest rates, a task that was previously under the jurisdiction of the Chancellor of the Exchequer11.

Previous Ministries dealt with the Provisional Irish Republican Army12, a terrorist group which has carried out numerous attacks in the United Kingdom with the aim of reuniting the entire island of Ireland. Mrs Thatcher was the most severely threatened- the hotel where a Conservative Party Conference was held was bombed by the IRA. On 10 April 1998, Mr Blair signed the , where Northern Irish Parties, with the British and Irish Governments, agreed on a framework for the governance of Northern Ireland.

Mr Blair further changed the British Constitution by devolving many powers to a Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly. The Freedom of Information Act was passed in 2000, opening greater transparency in Government. Mr Blair extended civil rights to the LGBT community as well, with the 2005 Civil Partnership Act, legalising adoption by gay couples, and allowing gays in the military.

The Iraq War Mr Blair gave strong support to American President George W. Bush’s invasion of Iraq in 2003, after quickly aligning with the United States after the attacks of 11 September 2001. On 24 September 2002, Mr Blair’s Government published a dossier of assessments of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. The United Kingdom sent 46,000 troops to assist in the subsequent invasion. As the war became increasingly unpopular both domestically and abroad, the fallout led to demands for a public inquiry of whether or not the war was justified. It should be noted that there is some agreement that the power vacuum created by the Iraq War led to the creation and rapid rise of the Daesh, which is currently terrorizing both Iraq and Syria.

Brexit Means Brexit- Theresa May

Over the last decade, the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) has won the support of an increasing number of Britons; they received 919,546 votes in 201013, and 3,881,099 in 201514, representing an increase of almost three million over five years. After rejecting calls for an EU Membership Referendum in 2012, then-Prime Minister campaigned in 2015 by promising Britons the “time for the to have their say” on the “European question.15” It can be reasonably inferred that Mr Cameron’s desire was to have a close referendum vote, but one which ultimately favoured remaining. Had Mr Cameron gotten what he wanted, the “European question” would

11 "Poverty and inequality in the UK: 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 23 July 2016. 12 The Provisional IRA is not covered in this guide because of the peace that was created by the Good Friday Agreement. I do not expect the IRA to be a significant problem to this committee unless the committee takes actions which would damage the relationship with the Irish or Northern Irish. I expect the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland to be sufficiently prepared in this matter. 13 "2010 UK General Election Results." UK Electoral Commission. Accessed July 07, 2017. https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk 14 "2015 UK General Election Results." UK Electoral Commission. Accessed July 07, 2017. https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk 15 Watson, Iain. "David Cameron Promises In/out Referendum on EU." BBC News. January 23, 2013. Accessed July 07, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21148282.

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Government of the United Kingdom Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference be resolved, UKIP would no longer threaten Mr Cameron’s Conservative Party, as UKIP voters would return to the Tories with their saliency issue having been resolved, and Mr Cameron would have the leverage to re-open negotiations to reform the EU and Britain’s part in it. To Mr Cameron’s apparent dismay, the population voted to leave the EU, by a 52% to 48% margin. According to Sophie Gaston of the Demos think tank, “It was a vote that laid bare profound divisions in ideologies, life experiences and social attitudes throughout British society in a powerful, cataclysmic way.16” Mr Cameron duly resigned, and Theresa May subsequently won the party leadership election, making her the Prime Minister.

The - Neither Strong Nor Stable On 8 April, Prime Minister Theresa May called for a snap General Election, intending to capitalize on a disoriented Labour party to increase her majority in the House of Commons. Mrs May faced criticism that her slim majority could reflect a divided nation, weakening her and the United Kingdom’s clout in the . She intended to strengthen her hand by sweeping the election from Labour and walking into Brussels with a nation united behind her. She was fearful that in her current state the opposition Labour and Scottish National Party (SNP) could have blocked potential Brexit bills, which would obstruct her strategy and make her government look weak. However, due to her arrogance- she refused to participate in any debates, and most of her statements included little more than the mantra of providing “strong and stable leadership”- and the surprising strength of Labour leader , Mrs. May’s plan completely backfired. Mrs May failed to unite the country behind her agenda, and has confirmed previous suspicions about the divisive nature of British politics and society. The Tories lost a total of thirteen seats (Labour gained thirty-two by comparison) and what slim majority they had possessed. As a result, the Tories were forced to partner with the Northern Irish ultra-conservative Democratic Union Party (DUP), and this government only has a two-vote margin to hold a majority.

16 Shackle, Samira. "How Has the UK Changed since the Brexit Vote?" Europe | Al Jazeera. June 23, 2017. Accessed July 07, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/.

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ISSUES FACING THE UNITED KINGDOM TODAY

Brexit Hard Brexit Mrs May favours a “hard Brexit", which means withdrawing from the single market which allows businesses in the EU to sell and operate easily across borders, withdrawing from the customs union where EU nations cannot impose tariffs on one another, closing free movement of labor, and withdrawing from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. The effects of such a separation could benefit from a trade agreement between the EU and the United Kingdom, similar to ones which the EU currently holds with nations such as Turkey, South Korea, and Canada17. Both Mrs May and European Council President Donald Tusk have shown willingness on a number of occasions that negotiations could conclude with no agreement, on trade or otherwise.

The European Union has reason to make life difficult for Mrs May- many nations are sceptical of the Union, and have talked about leaving as well, and Eurosceptics across the continent are watching the current situation very closely. Mr Tusk has stated that while the United Kingdom wishes “to have their cake and eat it,” he retorts that British negotiators will be met only with “salt and vinegar” from the Europeans, and made it clear that the priority of the negotiations shall be to “protect the interests of the EU as a whole and the interests of each of the 27 member states", and promises to “stick unconditionally to the Treaty rules” including “the conditions for access to the single market with all four freedoms.” The European Union, therefore is unwilling to compromise with the United Kingdom, and will not hesitate to walk out of negotiations, pushing the United Kingdom off the cliff18.

Mrs May is not afraid of this- the Conservative Party Manifesto before the 2017 Election clearly states “we continue to believe that no deal is better than a bad deal for the UK.19” The Prime Minister has repeatedly threatened to walk away from negotiations with no deal whatsoever. If negotiations conclude with no trade deal, Britain faces a “cliff edge", where trade regulations will devolve to the World Trade Organization (WTO) standard. If this were to happen, the United Kingdom’s market share in Europe could fall by as much as 72%, as tariffs and other measures are set by the EU, making British goods very expensive compared with others. Such declines would cause the United Kingdom’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to decline by as much as 3.7%, a loss of billions of pounds20.

The Cliff Edge

17 "Map of EU Free Trade." The European Union. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/june/tradoc_149622.pdf. 18 Tusk, Donald. "Speech by President Donald Tusk at the European Policy Centre Conference." European Council - Council of the European Union. Accessed July 08, 2017. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press- releases/2016/10/13-tusk-speech-epc/. 19 "Conservative Party Manifesto." Conservatives.com. Accessed July 08, 2017. https://www.conservatives.com/manifesto. 20 Ebell, Monique, and James Warren. "The Long-Term Impact of Leaving the EU." National Institute of Economic and Social Research. May 2016. http://www.niesr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/

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The “cliff edge” into WTO standards would negatively affect British businesses and citizens. WTO standards mean that tariffs must be imposed on Britain- these rules force nations to impose tariffs equally among all nations unless there is a trade agreement. This rule was created to avoid trade wars, by barring tariff increases on any one specific nation21. The UK and the EU would therefore be forced to levy tariffs on each other, or lower them for all other nations.

For many UK industries, this could have dismal results. A senior executive at Jaguar Land Rover, a UK-based car manufacturer, remarked that tariffs on UK automobiles would “frankly be disastrous.”22 At the current rate, automobiles would face a 10% tariff if the UK and EU revert to the WTO scheme. This problem is compounded by the fact that while these vehicles may be assembled in the United Kingdom, many of their components are produced in other countries, including continental Europe, and face tariffs of their own when imported to the UK. Only as much as 40% of car components are produced in the UK, and the rest face a 3% import tariff. This causes the tariffs to be compounded on top of each other as car parts and finished vehicles are shipped back and forth between the EU and UK. Many in the UK car industry speak on the danger of these tariffs, saying that UK citizens may need to be laid off to stay afloat if access to the single market is cut off. 57% of the 1.6 million vehicles that the UK sells are to countries in the EU- the next largest importer is the United States, which imports only 12%23. New tariffs imposed by the EU on British cars would make them substantially more expensive to European consumers compared to German-made Volkswagens, which are produced in the EU customs union and therefore not subject to tariffs by any EU nation, or Toyota vehicles produced in Japan, which has just concluded a free-trade agreement with the EU. As a result, the amount of vehicles sold by UK car manufacturers would decline sharply as European consumers switch to more cost-effective alternatives. The decline of the auto industry under such a scheme would have effects on the communities that produce them, and will affect the entire range of UK-produced cars, from the simple and affordable Astra to the ultra-luxury Aston Martin DB11. Because of the decreased demand for these cars, many companies would need to lay off workers or even close factories altogether, putting thousands of British citizens out of work, which would harm the economy further because of the lack of purchasing power among Britons. This would lower demand for all goods in the UK, similar to what the United States of America faced in the Great Depression.

These tariffs will not not only hurt car makers, but also all of British manufacturing, industry, and even agriculture. Tariffs on most goods entering the EU average around 4%, but, depending on the good, as much as 14% can be payable to the EU. In addition to the tariff burden, all UK goods would no longer be accredited by EU regulatory agencies, and could not be sold for a great deal of time until the EU recognizes them. British pharmaceuticals would no longer be authorised, and would not be sold. British- based airlines, such as British Airways, would not be allowed to fly into any EU airports.24 British-based financial firms would not be recognized by the EU. Douglas Flint, CEO of HSBC, confirmed in January

21 Springford, John, and Simon Tillford. "Why No Deal Would Be Much Worse Than A Bad Deal." Council for European Reform. June/July 2017. http://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/bulletin_114_js_st_article1.pdf. 22 O'Grady, Sean. "Tariffs on UK Car Exports to Europe Would Be 'disastrous' for Jobs Says Jaguar Land Rover Boss." . September 28, 2016. Accessed July 08, 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/ 23 O’Grady, The Independent, September 28, 2016 24 Springford, John, and Simon Tillford. "Why No Deal Would Be Much Worse Than A Bad Deal." Council for European Reform. June/July 2017. http://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/bulletin_114_js_st_article1.pdf.

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Government of the United Kingdom Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference that many key banking operations would be transferred to the Paris office, causing thousands of high- paying financial jobs to leave London. Westminster would also lose the corporate tax revenue that HSBC generates from these functions- those taxes would be paid to the coffers of the French Republic. A study from Ernst & Young estimated that close to 250,000 similar high-paying financial jobs were at risk of being relocated to Paris or Frankfurt as a result of the UK’s “no deal is better than a bad deal” mentality25.

Alternatives to Hard Brexit or WTO The United Kingdom is a victim of Keohane and Nye’s “asymmetrical interdependence.” The UK depends on trade to the EU more than the EU depends on the UK, giving the EU far more clout in negotiation. In order to avoid economic disaster, the UK may need to concede some matters to the EU so that British businesses will be able to trade on the continent freely. There are many different options for the UK to choose from.

The UK could end up in a situation like that of Norway, which participates in the European Economic Area, which provides for free trade and access to EU financial markets via passporting. This option would keep the United Kingdom in a free-trade system, but would still subject the UK to a number of EU laws and the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. Almost 5000 EU laws are in force in Norway. Such an arrangement would facilitate free trade between the UK and the EU, but would also include participation in the Schengen Area, which allows for the free movement of workers and people.

The UK could also conclude negotiations in a situation similar to Switzerland, which is not a member of the EEA, but participates in the European Free Trade Agreement. In 1994, the Swiss and the Europeans negotiated a series of bilateral treaties between the EU and Switzerland. They include a number of stipulations by the Swiss, one of which is the free movement of people as signed in the Bilateral I agreements of 1999. Furthermore, these Bilateral I agreements, of which there are seven, are expressed to be mutually dependent, meaning that if the Swiss do away with one clause, they do away with all seven, making it impossible to trade in the EU.

Internal Cabinet Struggles Due to Brexit There is clearly discontent within Mrs May’s Cabinet on what approach to Brexit the UK should pursue. The Government has delayed the publication of a white paper on Brexit Strategy for months, and a recent meeting at Chequers to encourage support for Mrs May’s (as of writing, unpublished) plan caused the resignation of both and Brexit Secretary David Davis.

The Northern Irish Question The Government must also consider what to do with the border of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. While border enforcement was not a problem because of the free movement of people under the EU-Schengen area, leaving the European Union presents the possibility of a hard border between Northern Ireland and Ireland, which would separate families, and was one of the causes for the historic activities of the Provisional IRA.

25 Piet, Remi. "Why a Hard Brexit Will Cost the UK More than Europe." UK | Al Jazeera. January 27, 2017. Accessed July 08, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/

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The Middle East

There are a number of issues that the United Kingdom may attend to in the Middle East.

Syria The Civil War in Syria is one of the most perplexing crises in International Relations today, and will be covered in its own section of this Guide.

Iraq While the Islamic State has not controlled any meaningful territory since December 2017, the terrorist organisation, and similar ones like it, are troublesome for the local governments and splinter cells may undertake attacks like the one in Manchester in 2017. The UK could also assist in strengthening the government of Iraq to prevent future insurgencies.

Iran- The Nuclear Deal Since the Trump Administration withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the United Kingdom should consider what action it should take regarding Iran and the JCPOA minus the United States. Delegates should keep in mind that Trump has demanded secondary sanctions on any nation which trades with Iran.

The Israel-Palestine Conflict

There are a number of issues, both humanitarian and diplomatic that could be addressed in the Israel-Palestine Conflict.

Humanitarian Situation in Gaza The humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip is dire- unemployment nears 20%, sewage is dumped into the Mediterranean Sea, and Israel refuses to allow anything in or out of the region, fenced in like animals in cages.

Trump’s Embassy Move- Implications for Lasting Peace On 14 May 2018, Trump moved the US Embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv, in an apparent show of support for the Israelis. This has important implications for a two-state solution as both states claim Jerusalem as their capital.

Settlements in the West Bank Israeli PM Binyamin Netanyahu seems uninterested in peace and instead has allowed Israelis to settle in the West Bank, which makes a two-state solution nearly impossible.

The Scottish Question

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After the Brexit vote, Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon was quick to demand another Scottish Independence Referendum in order for Scotland to remain in the European Union. In 2014, such a vote was held, where Scotland narrowly decided to remain in the United Kingdom by a vote of 55% to 45%. Since the Scottish vote, however, support for the Scottish National Party has risen, winning all but two Scottish Constituencies in the 2015 General Election, making them the third largest party in Britain with 56 seats (from 6). In 2017, support waned as the SNP saw their parliamentary party fall to 35. The Scottish people feel that they are being “dragged out” of the European Union, having voted 62% in favour of remaining, and with no Scottish constituency voting to leave.

The “Power Grab” The SNP are currently protesting parts of the EU withdrawal bill, which in the view of the SNP takes devolved powers away from the Scottish Parliament and gives them back to Westminster. This has been denounced numerous times as a “power grab” by Parliamentary Party Leader Ian Blackford in recent sessions of Prime Minister’s Questions, and in one such session, was ordered to withdraw from the session after demanding a motion to debate the matter in private, and refusing to resume his seat when the vote was not allowed by speaker John Bercow. The SNP Parliamentary Party quickly walked out after this order was made.26

Health and Education Funding

There have been questions directed at the Prime Minister about education and health funding during Prime Minister’s Questions, specifically relating to budget cuts in real terms.

26 Videos of the SNP walk-out can be found on Youtube.

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THE ISSUE OF SYRIA

As the primary crisis of PacMUN 2018 is Syria, it will be to the advantage of the committee to know the history of the conflict and the web of interests which make this matter one of the most challenging in the study of International Relations. While there are some primary causes to the war, such as the authoritarian rule of Bashar al-Assad, the conflict has spread to encompass a vast entanglement of interests and insurgencies.

Protests in Damascus

The conflict initially began as a protest demanding democratic reforms and the release of political prisoners. This slowly grew into calls to overthrow the Assad Government, and on 8 April 2011, they occured in 10 cities simultaneously. On 25 April, the Army initiated a series of attacks on civilians, where it is estimated that 1000 died. As more protesters took up arms against the Assad regime, the conflict got more and more bloody.

Organised Armed Rebellion

Although there were armed rebellions in Syria before, the organised armed rebellion against Assad began with the formation of the Free Syrian Army on 29 July 2011 which was composed of army personnel that had defected. Despite efforts for a ceasefire by UN Special Envoy Kofi Annan, the armies ignored attempts at negotiation and continued to fight when a ceasefire was attempted. After a massacre in the town of Houla in May of 2012, the FSA began nationwide offensives against the Government, and on 12 June of 2012, the UN declared Syria to be in a state of civil war. Later that month, a Turkish fighter jet was shot down over Syria. Despite threats of retaliation from Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, none materialised. It is estimated that by July 2012, over 16,000 people were killed as a result of the war.

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Russian Involvement

Russia as been an ally of Syria since 1956, and continued to support the Assad Regime throughout the civil war. In 2012 it was discovered that the Russian “advisers” were manning some of the anti-aircraft defences that Russia had sent, and this deterred the United States from becoming involved in the conflict militarily even after Assad had crossed President Obama’s “red line” of using chemical weapons. In 2015, Russia became directly involved in the conflict, sending airstrikes against Daesh, and other enemies of the Government, and after 2 months of direct involvement, Assad claimed that the Russians had done more in Syria to fight Daesh than a year of involvement by a US-led coalition.

American Involvement

The primary hegemon of the west, the United States reluctantly involved itself in the civil war. The Americans began by implementing targeted sanctions on high-ranking officials in Assad’s government, including Assad himself. The State Department soon began distributing non-lethal aid such as food, water, and medicine to civilians, while the CIA began a covert military training program. CIA operatives began distributing light weapons such as rifles and rocket launchers in 2012. President Barack Obama was wary of plunging his armed forces into a long, drawn-out conflict in the Middle East. The administration approved sending arms to the Free Syrian Army after Assad used chemical weapons in the civil war. By 2015, the Americans were supporting Kurdish fighters against Da’esh. In 2017 during the beginning of the Trump Administration, President Trump launched 59 tomahawk missiles at a Syrian air base, but to little effect. This was in reaction to a chemical attack perpetrated by Assad.

British Involvement

Since August 2011 the British Government has maintained the position that Assad must step down. Like the Americans, the British assisted with non-lethal military aid, such as communications equipment and medical supplies. Intelligence support was provided from its bases in Cyprus on the movements of Government forces. On 29 August 2013, a vote was held in the House of Commons as to whether or not to use force in reaction to the chemical attacks. The motion was defeated, and Cameron promised to uphold the decision of the Commons, although he was not required to. In 2015, the UK co- sponsored a resolution with France to “take all necessary measures” to fight Daesh, which passed unanimously. As a result, British Airstrikes targeted oil fields in Syria, without the permission of Syria, much to the chagrin of Assad, who insisted the British follow Russia’s example and co-ordinate with Syrian Government forces. Assad’s insistence fell on deaf ears. In 2016, remarked on the Russian air campaign that “It's a source of constant grief to me that everything we are doing is being undermined by the Russians.” In August of the same year the BBC published a photo of British Special Forces guarding the perimeter of a New Syrian Army base.

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French Involvement

French Involvement falls along the lines of British Involvement- insisting that Assad step down, and communications/medical supplies. In August 2014, President Francois Hollande confirmed that France was supplying Syrian rebels with arms. Citing self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter after the attacks in Paris of 13 November 2015, France significantly raised its level of airstrikes in Syria, and co-sponsored the aforementioned resolution with the United Kingdom. The same day the resolution was passed, France dismissed the allegations by Russia that the airstrikes were illegal asserting that they were a “necessary riposte” to attacks by the Islamic State.

Turkish Involvement

Turkey has supported the rebels from very early in the conflict, having trained the founders of the Free Syrian Army on its own soil, and using its sovereignty to shelter rebels. Along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Turkey provided the rebels with military equipment. Since 2012, the United States and Turkey have been training rebels. Turkish efforts have been complicated by the Kurds, however, and have been accused of fighting them instead of Daesh or the Syrian Government, and the conclusion of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff is that Turkey has transformed the American plan to train moderate rebels into an indiscriminate training program for all rebels including Daesh. Turkey has also been one of the primary recipients of Syrian refugees, and is keen to move them either back to Syria in safe zones, or farther into Western Europe. Turkey’s reaction to American support of Syrian Kurds can only be described as chilly.

Delegates should note that this is by no means an exhaustive coverage of all actors in Syria, only those with committees in PacMUN 2018 and is a summary of the actions they have taken. Such exhaustive coverage would extend the length of this guide to 50+ pages, and the Committee Director would need another month to complete it.

The Refugee Crisis

The Syrian Civil war has created an extreme refugee crisis, as civilians flee fighting in their home country, and has produced over 6 million Refugees distributed throughout the world. Turkey has taken the full force of this crisis, registering over 3.5 million refugees, due to its proximity to the fighting and sharing a land border with Syria. Germany has been feted and criticised throughout the world for Angela Merkel’s Willkommenskultur, or welcoming culture towards refugees, as shown by letting all Syrians enter the country. Chancellor Merkel has said that “The fundamental right to asylum for the politically persecuted knows no upper limit; that also goes for refugees who come to us from the hell of a civil war.”27 In September of 2015, thousands of Germans applauded Syrians as they arrived. This policy has been taken advantage of, as some countries only allow refugees to enter if they are in transit to another nation.

27 "The Latest: Merkel Says No Legal Limit to Refugee Numbers". ABC News. 10 September 2015

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Some nations have taken the opposite end of the spectrum from Willkommenskultur. The Hungarians, for instance, under far-right leader Viktor Orban. Hungary challenged EU plans to share asylum seekers across EU states formulated at the European Court of Justice. The Hungarian border has been closed since 15 September 2015, and razor wire fencing has been erected on its southern borders. Orban’s government thinks that “illegal immigrants” are threats to Hungarian security and culture. The country has conducted mass deportations of refugees, who are outlawed, in violation of many laws protecting the status of asylum seekers and refugees.

British Response to the Crisis The United Kingdom has so far granted asylum to 5,102 refugees, but only 216 have been actively resettled. The stance of the Cameron ministry (who described Syrian Refugees as a “swarm”) has been denounced by human rights groups. In May 2015, a YouGov poll showed 42% of respondents said Britain should not take in refugees.

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CLOSING REMARKS

“ . . . That is the resolve of His Majesty’s Government-every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. . .” -The Rt. Hon Winston Churchill, 4 June 1940 Speaking in the House of Commons after the evacuation of British Expeditionary Forces at Dunkirk

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Appendix A- Character List (as of 1 August 2018) Please note that this is an exhaustive list of positions, and is subject to reductions due to attendance and allocations. Due to the nature of this committee as a modern-day cabinet, changes in your character name may arise from the publication of this Guide up until the day of the conference. Should a Minister resign in real life, your committee title and portfolio will not change, only your name.28 As the start date of committee is 16 November 2018, anything that happens before this date will affect committee, but subsequent events will not. Name Title

Theresa May Prime Minister (Chair) Minister of the (Vice Chair)

Philip Hammond Chancellor of the Exchequer

Jeremy Hunt Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

Sajid Javid Secretary of State for the Home Department

Dominic Raab Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

Gavin Williamson Secretary of State for Defence

Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Leader of the House of Lords

Matthew Hancock Secretary of State for Health and Social Care

Michael Gove Secretary of State for the Environment

Greg Clark Secretary of State for Business

Chris Grayling Secretary of State for Transportation

James Brokenshire Secretary of State for Housing and Communities Secretary of State for International Trade

Andrew Parker Director-General of MI5

Alex Younger Chief of the SIS Chairman of the Conservative Party

David Mundell Secretary of State for Scotland Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Secretary of State for Wales Julian Smith Chief Whip in the House of Commons

28 E.g. if in real life were to resign and were to replace him as Transport Secretary, and Delegate A was Chris Grayling the Transport Secretary and Delegate B was Penny Mordaunt the International Development Secretary, then Delegate A would become Penny Mordaunt the Transport Secretary and Delegate B would be (Penny Mourdaunt’s Replacement) the International Development Secretary. If we’re being completely honest I expect a resignation or two from now until September and thus feel the need to spell this out.

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Nicholas Carter Chief of the Defence Staff Peter Hill Principal Private Secretary to the PM James Slack Downing St Press Secretary

David Gauke Secretary of State for Justice

Penny Mordaunt Secretary of State for International Development for Immigration

Claire Perry Minister of State for Climate Change

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Appendix B- British Intelligence Community

Domestic Agencies Agency Logo Agency Responsible Ministry Security Service- MI5

Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism

N/A National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit

National Crime Agency

National Fraud Intelligence Bureau

National Ballistics Intelligence N/A Service

Foreign Agencies

Government Communications Headquarters

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29 While GCHQ is the responsibility of the Foreign Secretary, the agency is considered part of the civil service, much like how the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Central Intelligence Agency are considered separate from the White House

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Secret Intelligence Service/MI6

Defence Intelligence

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Appendix C- Rules of Procedure

The Rules of Procedure for the British Government have been modified from standard crisis committee procedures to suit the design and purpose of this committee. Delegates are encouraged to review the following rules carefully and direct any questions to the Director before the start of the committee. There will also be an opportunity to ask questions at the start of the first session. The rules may be altered at the discretion of the Director at any time to better suit the needs of the committee. The modifications are designed to more realistically simulate a true British cabinet while still maintaining a structured format for delegates. Delegates should note that as the Prime Minister has drastically more powers than a typical committee director, the powers of the committee director are expanded. This also allows for greater discretion while also simulating the executive authority of the Prime Minister over both the process and substance of the Cabinet. Other changes are made to allow debate to flow more organically such that rules of procedure do not inhibit delegates from actively participating and responding to the many crises they will face in this committee.

1. Scope- The rules will be applicable for the British Government at the Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference. 2. Procedural Authority of the Prime Minister- In addition to any other powers accorded in these rules, the Prime Minister shall: a. Declare the opening and closing of each meeting of the Cabinet b. Maintain order of the meeting and complete control over the procedures c. Accord the right to speak d. Put questions to a vote e. Announce decisions. 3. Discretion of the Prime Minister- The Prime Minister will have the discretion to entertain a motion, deny a motion, or to decide that a particular motion would be appropriate or inappropriate at any time. Decisions made by the Prime Minister are final. 4. Substantive Authority of the Prime Minister- The Prime Minister will have the final authority to determine any actions taken by the Cabinet and the United Kingdom as a whole. 5. Delegation of Presiding Authority- The Prime Minister may delegate authority to any member of the PacMUN staff if the Prime Minister is indisposed for any reason, whatever. 6. Attendance- Attendance at all meetings of the British Cabinet for the duration of PacMUN 2018 is mandatory for all delegates, without exception. Failing to attend all committee sessions, leaving early, or arriving late, may jeopardize the possibility for the offending delegate of a committee award. 7. Roll Call- The Prime Minister and their staff will call roll at the beginning of each meeting. Delegates shall indicate “present” as a response- there will be no “present and voting” response. 8. Quorum- The Cabinet will convene and adjourn at the pleasure of the Prime Minister. There is no minimum attendance required. 9. Majority- Unless otherwise specified, all committee votes, procedural and substantive, require a simple majority to pass. The Prime Minister may ask for a two-thirds or unanimous decision for certain questions at their discretion where that decision holds considerable weight to the outcome of committee (e.g. military deployment, sanctions)

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10. Language- English shall be the official and working language of the Cabinet. If any other language is used at any point in the session, an English translation must be provided immediately after the foreign language is used. This should be kept to a minimum. 11. Debate- Debate within the Cabinet will take the form of a perpetual moderated caucus with unlimited speaking time. Delegates will be allowed to continue to speak unless asked to stop at the discretion of the Prime Minister, for example if, in the opinion of the PM, the delegate is incapable of contributing further in the current speech. The total amount of time taken will be measured, as opposed to number of speeches, and used in order to ensure that all delegates have an adequate amount of time. A delegate who has spoken for a total of 90 seconds will be called on before a delegate who has taken 900 seconds. Delegates are encouraged to explain themselves fully, but also be mindful that a large portion of time taken now will effectively remove them from debate in the near future. The Prime Minister reserves the right to institute a set speaking time should this privilege be abused. 12. Points (Procedural)- Points raised in committee such as personal privilege, order, and information, should never be raised when another delegate is speaking. The Prime Minister will rule on all points immediately after they are raised. Delegates may raise a point of information to ask the director about a certain crisis element, not for information that, at the discretion of the Prime Minister, that delegate should have researched beforehand. 13. Right of Reply- There will be no right of reply in the Cabinet. Ministers must refrain from personal attacks in committee, and will not be tolerated in the professional environment of HM Government. There are far more important issues to address. Any blatant intentional personal attacks not only violate PacMUN’s code of conduct, but also the ethos and spirit of this committee. 14. Misconduct- The committee director reserves the right to demand a delegate withdraw from the committee session for either a specified period of time, or, in consultation with the Secretary- General, the entire conference for offences including but not limited to unparliamentary behaviour, or personal attacks on another delegate or the Director. Gross misconduct, determined at the discretion of the committee director, will immediately disqualify a delegate from any awards, and a school adviser will be notified by the Director of this decision. This is not subject to appeal, and a warning will not be given. 15. Decorum While Another Delegate Is Speaking- Delegates must not speak while another delegate has been given the right to speak by the Prime Minister, or when the Prime Minister is speaking. In keeping with British Parliamentary traditions and customs, delegates may voice their support for a proposal mentioned by another delegate by saying “here, here.” It is considered rude, however, to comment any further on another delegate’s speech while they are speaking, either in favour or against, from a sedentary position. Applauding or desk-knocking are further considered unparliamentary. 16. Yields- There will be no yields in the cabinet. It is assumed that at the conclusion of each speech, the right to speak is returned to the Prime Minister. A delegate may indicate that they are finished speaking by resuming their seat. 17. Unmoderated Caucus- Delegates may move to suspend the meeting for unmoderated caucus. The sponsor of the motion must specify a set duration. At the Prime Minister’s discretion, they may either suspend the meeting unilaterally, or exhaust an existing unmoderated caucus if the Prime Minister believes that delegates are wasting time.

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18. Moderated Caucus- Delegates may move to focus the debate of the committee on a specific topic. The sponsor of the motion must specify a topic, total time limit, and speaking time. 19. Adjournment of the Meeting- There will be no motions to suspend or adjourn from the meeting. The Prime Minister reserves the sole discretion to suspend and adjourn meetings of the Cabinet. 20. Introducing a Proposal- Delegates may move to introduce draft committee directives whenever the Prime Minister Calls for motions. All proposals must be submitted to the director before it may be introduced. The Prime Minister reserves the right to unilaterally table or introduce a proposal at their discretion. 21. Closure of Debate and Voting Procedures- Delegates may move to close debate and begin voting procedures on all introduced directives, or on one specific proposal on the floor. The motion requires a simple majority to pass. 22. Committee Documents- All substantive committee decisions will be conveyed in the form of written directives, which contain only operative clauses. The Prime Minister reserves the right to limit the number of directives on the floor at their discretion. The Prime Minister reserves the right to accept verbal directives during an emergency, and will notify the cabinet when such directives are acceptable. 23. Amendments- Delegates may propose amendments to draft directives that have already been introduced to the committee. An amendment is considered “friendly” if all sponsors of the directive approve of the amendment, and any others will be considered “unfriendly” and will be voted on separately before the final directive. All amendments should be proposed and introduced prior to the closure of debate and voting procedures. 24. Voting Rights- The Prime Minister extends one vote to all delegates present in committee, regardless of whether they are official members of the cabinet or not. 25. Division of the Question- During voting procedure, delegates may move to divide the question. A successful vote to divide the question means that each clause of a directive will be voted upon individually. 26. Vote by Acclamation- The standard method of voting for all substantive votes in the British Cabinet. The Prime Minister will ask for objections, and if there are no objections, the proposal in question in adopted unanimously. 27. Vote by Division- The standard method of voting in the cabinet on procedural matters. The prime Minister will ask members to raise their placards to indicate their support or opposition. 28. Vote by Roll Call- A vote by Roll Call may be initiated under two circumstances: first, when the initial vote by acclamation fails on a substantive measure, or when a delegate moves for a vote by roll call. The Prime Minister will call upon each delegate to indicate support or opposition. Delegates will not be allowed to abstain in the Cabinet. It does not make sense for any member of the cabinet to abstain from the critical matters that will be considered by the Cabinet. Delegates are expected to have an opinion and to be ready to argue and justify those opinions to the committee. 29. British Accents- No delegate shall use, nor attempt to use a British Accent, nor any other manner of foreign accents during the course of this committee.

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Appendix D- Award Philosophy

Economists argue that no person will do something unless they have an incentive to do so. While ideally your incentive would be increased knowledge of the world around us and the skills that you obtain through attendance and active participation in this activity, for many incentives in Model United Nations come in the form of pieces of paper or wooden mallets distributed at the end of the conference. As such this committee will distribute awards based on the following principles:

1. The British Government will make the standard four tiers of committee awards available to delegates: Verbal Commendations, Honourable Mentions30, Outstanding Delegates, and Best Delegate. 2. This committee will grant awards to all delegates who reach the absolute level of achievement expected from them. The type of award will then be determined by the relative level of achievement compared to other delegates within the committee. a. This committee will grant as little, or as many, awards as is deemed prudent, with a maximum of every delegate in the committee, and a minimum of zero delegates. 3. Differentiation of committee awards, following the absolute achievement determination, will be judged through a system which rewards active participation, facilitating debate, communication skills, and clear knowledge of topics discussed, while penalising unruly behaviour. 4. The position paper award will be judged separately from committee performance. Unlike other committees, the Research Award will not disqualify a delegate from other awards based on committee performance. I find that the policy of other committees gives a perverse incentive to delegates to write a poor paper on purpose in order to not be disqualified. In theory, for this committee, the Research Award recipient may also receive the Best Delegate award. a. The Director will be grading and making a decision on papers on the 20+ hours airplane ride from Edinburgh to Honolulu, will seal this decision after it is made, and will likely have forgotten who they awarded it to by Friday due to jet-lag and other concerns.31 5. It will not be the policy of this committee to at any time reveal either specific criteria other that those loosely outlined above (Principle 3), nor who is in any position for any award at any time. 6. Requests for feedback from the Director at any point throughout the conference should not be centred around awards or award positioning.

30 Since this is a British Committee, the Director will make a point of including the “u” in “Honourable” 31 I mention this to make it clear that the Research Award will not affect committee performance awards.

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Appendix E- Position Paper Guidelines In order to be eligible for an award at PacMUN 2018, delegates must submit a position paper. Due to the unique nature of this committee as a national cabinet, the position paper for the British Government committee will be altered significantly, and delegates should not follow the guidelines on the conference website. All delegates are required to submit a memorandum to the Prime Minister in their individual character, and should understand that they are writing to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Memorandum Topic This memorandum will take two parts. In the first part, the delegate will explain what they believe this Government can and should do with regards to the crisis in Syria. In the second, the delegate will explain and propose solutions for what their character believes is the most pressing issue facing the United Kingdom at present. Delegates are expected to fully explain their reasoning using outside evidence wherever possible. Basic Requirements ● Memoranda must be submitted at midnight Hawaii Standard Time on 10 November 2018 (10:00 GMT 11 November) in PDF or Word form to the Committee Director at [email protected]. Delegates with special circumstances may request extensions from the Director, who will grant extensions on a case-by-case basis32. ● Memoranda must use a professional typeface such as Time New Roman, Georgia, or Arial, and must consist of no less than 1000, and no more than 2000 words33. ● The memorandum must include the committee name (United Kingdom), position represented in the cabinet, the delegate’s name, and the word count in the top-left corner. The header should be single-spaced. ● Memoranda need not include in-text citations nor bibliographies.

Suggestions for Writing a Strong Memorandum ● Memoranda should be clear and concise. The ability to communicate complicated ideas is a skill worth training. ● Assume that the reader has a strong understanding of policy issues. Do not waste precious words explaining the basics. ● Be organized and follow a clear logical progression. ● Avoid broad generalities or assumptions. These may be untrue and thus undermine your argument. ● Use evidence to back up your claims. ● Avoid errors in grammar and spelling. These detract from your message. Red squiggly lines should always be addressed!

32 The Committee Director cannot guarantee that papers submitted (even with extension) after departure on the aforementioned 20+ hour flight will be considered for the research award due to lack of internet connection in the air. If an extension was granted, your paper will still be considered “on time” for the purposes of committee awards. 33 Delegates may use Ctrl+Shift+C in most word processors to determine the word count.

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Appendix F- Glossary of British Political and Parliamentary Terms

Downing Street- Used in reference to the Government, as the Prime Minister resides at No. 10 Downing Street. Frontbenchers- Used in reference to Government Ministers and members of the Shadow Cabinet, who occupy the front benches of their respective sides of the House of Commons Her Majesty’s Most Loyal Opposition- Referred to simply as “the Opposition,” the largest party not in Government is deemed the official opposition, and creates its own shadow cabinet to challenge government ministers in debates. The opposition parties sit on the right benches of the House of Commons when facing the Speaker’s Chair. The current Opposition party is Labour and its leader is the Rt. Hon. Jeremy Corbyn. HM Government- Her Majesty’s Government, in reference to the executive arm such as the Prime Minister or Cabinet, usually shortened to “the Government.” The party (or parties) which make up the majority of the House of Commons are invited by the Queen to form a government and sit on the left benches of the House of Commons, when facing the Speaker’s Chair. The current government is a coalition of Conservatives and the Democratic Unionist Party (N. Ireland) and the leader is Prime Minister Theresa May MPs- Members of Parliament, usually the House of Commons Peers- Members of the House of Lords Prime Minister’s Questions- Formally known as “Questions to the Prime Minister,” PMQs is a minimum of thirty minutes of questions from any Member of Parliament. The questions are alternated from the government benches and the opposition benches. The Leader of the Opposition gets six questions, and the leader of the third largest party gets two questions. Currently the third largest party is the Scottish National Party, and their parliamentary leader is Ian Blackford. Resuming one’s seat- To sit down. Sedentary Position- While sitting down, not recognized by the chair to speak. Shadow Cabinet- The official opposition to the government forms a shadow cabinet to challenge government ministers in weekly debates. Withdraw from the Chamber- To leave the room, usually when ordered to do so by the Speaker of the House of Commons

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Appendix G- “God Save the Queen”

God save our gracious Queen!

Long live our noble Queen!

God save the Queen!

Send her victorious,

Happy and glorious,

Long to reign over us:

God save the Queen!

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Appendix H- Bibliography "1956: Egypt seizes Suez Canal". BBC News. 26 July 1956. "2010 UK General Election Results." UK Electoral Commission. Accessed July 07, 2017. https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk. "2015 UK General Election Results." UK Electoral Commission. Accessed July 07, 2017. https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk. "Conservative Party Manifesto." Conservatives.com. Accessed July 08, 2017. https://www.conservatives.com/manifesto. Eayrs, James (1964). The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey. Oxford University Press. Ebell, Monique, and James Warren. "The Long-Term Impact of Leaving the EU." National Institute of Economic and Social Research. May 2016. http://www.niesr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/publications/. Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford University Press, 1997. Mohamed ElBaradei (1982), "The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the Gulf of Aqaba: A New Legal Regime", American Journal of International Law, 76 (3): 532–554, doi:10.2307/2200785. New Labour New Life for Britain: Policy Handbook. Labour Party, 1996. O'Grady, Sean. "Tariffs on UK Car Exports to Europe Would Be 'disastrous' for Jobs Says Jaguar Land Rover Boss." The Independent. September 28, 2016. Accessed July 08, 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/. O'Neil, Patrick H., et al. Cases in Comparative Politics. Fifth Edition ed., W.W. Norton Et Company, 2018. Piet, Remi. "Why a Hard Brexit Will Cost the UK More than Europe." UK | Al Jazeera. January 27, 2017. Accessed July 08, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/. "Poverty and inequality in the UK: 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 23 July 2016. Roger Middleton, Government versus the Market: The Growth of the Public Sector, Economic Management and British economic performance, c. 1890–1979 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996), p. 630. Shackle, Samira. "How Has the UK Changed since the Brexit Vote?" Europe | Al Jazeera. June 23, 2017. Accessed July 07, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/. Springford, John, and Simon Tillford. "Why No Deal Would Be Much Worse Than A Bad Deal." Council for European Reform. June/July 2017. http://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/bulletin_114_js_st_article1.pdf. Thatcher, Margaret Hilda. Downing Street Years. Harpercollins Publishers, 2012. Tusk, Donald. "Speech by President Donald Tusk at the European Policy Centre Conference." European Council - Council of the European Union. Accessed July 08, 2017. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/10/13-tusk-speech-epc/. Watson, Iain. "David Cameron Promises In/out Referendum on EU." BBC News. January 23, 2013. Accessed July 07, 2017. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21148282. Williams, Charles Harold Macmillan (2009) pp. 259–261.

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Appendix I- Recommended Further Readings For delegates wishing to learn as much as possible from this committee, or are curious about anything related to British Government and Politics, as well as International Relations Theories, I would like to recommend a number of books, articles, and videos relating to many topics.

British Government and Politics

Bagehot, Walter- The English Constitution, 1867 Bagehot’s work is considered one of the foundational documents regarding British governance, as the United Kingdom has no written constitution, but rather is a collection of precedents and acts of Parliament. This work is in the public domain, and a PDF can be accessed online. Prime Minister’s Questions In my opinion, there is no better way to experience the process of British politics than watching a recent session of Prime Minister’s Questions. Politics in Britain are centered around point-scoring between the Government and the opposition, and watching PMQs gives weekly examples of this in action. The UK Parliament Youtube channel posts recordings of PMQs very quickly after they finish on Wednesdays. The Crown/ The House of Cards Trilogy (UK) For those who need a break from the intense preparation for this committee, they may be semi- educationally entertained by The Crown and The House of Cards Trilogy, both of which can be found on Netflix. The former follows the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, and follows loosely some of the issues presented in this guide, for example, the episode titled “Misadventure” follows the Suez Crisis under Eden. While some artistic liberties are taken, it can be deemed accurate in general. The latter follows the rise and fall of Francis Urquhart, a ruthless Conservative politician, and is set after the resignation of Margaret Thatcher.

Current Party Policies and Proposals

Most British political parties publish a manifesto of policy proposals that they would pursue if elected to government. As this committee is a Conservative government, it would be prudent to read the Conservative Party Manifesto, but I have also included the manifestos of all major parties as part of this recommendation. Conservatives-https://www.conservatives.com/manifesto “Forward Together” Labour- https://labour.org.uk/manifesto/ “For the Many, Not the Few” Liberal Democrats- https://www.libdems.org.uk/manifesto “Change Britain’s Future” Scottish National Party- https://www.snp.org/manifesto “Stronger for Scotland”

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Government of the United Kingdom Hawaii Pacific Model United Nations Conference

“Great Man/Woman History”

The autobiographies or speeches of certain British leaders may provide further insight into their policies, and may improve delegates’ rhetorical skills. Winston Churchill- The Second World War (Six volumes, 1948-1953) “We shall fight them on the beaches…” (4 June 1940) Margaret Thatcher- “The Downing Street Years” (Memoir, 1993)

International Relations Theory

Bull, Hedley- The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 1977 Bull’s work is considered the foundational text of the British School of International Relations. In The Anarchical Society, Bull synthesizes both the realist (Hobbesian) and idealist (Kanitian) schools to form a new theory of how states interact with each other. Waltz, Kenneth- Man, the State, and War, 1956 Waltz introduces us to his concept of defensive realism, where states go to war to maintain a balance of power, and to keep one state from attaining Hegemony. Mearsheimer, John J.- The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2001 Mearsheimer’s work is an expansion of neorealist thought where he develops his theory of offensive realism, which is that countries take actions through both hard and soft power to attain hegemony, in contrast to Waltz. I find that both Waltz and Mearsheimer’s theories are very prevalent in the current state of international politics.

Other Readings

While these readings are not necessarily related to this committee, I feel that they are still worth reading, and delegates may derive some value out of them. Machiavelli, Niccolo- The Prince, 1532 Considered a foundational text for realism, and the source for maxims such as “the ends justify the means.” Carrying this book may also provide an intimidation factor to others who understand the connotation of Machiavellian thought and practise. Marx, Karl- The Communist Manifesto- 1848 It may be worth reading the foundational work of communist/socialist thought. I find it important to gain multiple perspectives of anything.

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