Population Growth and Changing Land-Use Pattern in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India
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CAMINHOS DE GEOGRAFIA - revista on line www.ig.ufu.br/caminhos_de_geografia.html Instituto de geografia ufu ISSN 1678-6343 programa de pós-graduação em geografia POPULATION GROWTH AND CHANGING LAND-USE PATTERN IN MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION OF INDIA Arun Kumar Acharya Ph.D Scholar Instituto de Investigaciónes Antropológicas - UNAM, México Parveen Nangia Ph.D Reader, Department of Migration and Urban Studies International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), India ABSTRACT The rapid population growth and the process of urbanization have resulted into changing land-uses pattern. Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is one of the fastest growing region of India. Its population increased from 7.7 million in 1971 to 18.3 million in 2001 and is projected to be increased 22.4 million in 2011. With the saturation of land in the city followed by suburbs, other parts of the metropolitan region plows now experiencing the fast growth. Due to growing population pressure the total built-up and industrial area in Mumbai Metropolitan Region has increased from 4.9 percent in 1971 to 12 percent in 1991 and is projected to constitute 31 percent of the total area in 2011. On the other hand, area under forest cover has declined from 30 percent in 1971 to 27 percent in 1991 and is expected to it declines further to 22 percent by 2011. Using various demographic and spatial analysis techniques, this paper attempts to shows the effect of population growth on land-uses and subsequently on the regional environment. It also evaluates critically the development plan of the region. The dates it goes the study have obtained from the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority and Census of India. Keywords: Population growth, Population density, Lan-use change, Mumbai, India. CRESCIMENTO POPULACIONAL E MUDANÇAS NO PADRÃO DO USO DO 1 SOLO NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE MUMBAI NA INDIA RESUMO O rápido crescimento da população e o processo de urbanização resultaram em mudanças do padrão de uso da terra. A Região Metropolitana de Mumbai (MMR) é um das regiões de crescimento mais rápido da Índia. Sua população aumentou de 7,7 milhões em 1971 para 18,3 milhões em 2001 e é projetado para o ano 2011 uma população de 22,4 milhões de habitantes. Com a total ocupação da cidade seguida por subúrbios, outras partes da região metropolitana estão experimentando um crescimento rápido agora. Devido a pressão da crescente população, a área urbana total da Região Metropolitana de Mumbai aumentou de 4,9 por cento em 1971 para 12 por cento em 1991, com uma projeção para chegar a 31 por cento da área total em 2011. Por outro lado,a área sob cobertura de floresta foi reduzida de 30 por cento em 1971 para 27 por cento em 1991 e espera-se uma redução 1 Recebido em: 32809/2003 Aceito para publicação em: 17/12/2003 Caminhos de Geografia 11(11)168-185, Fev/2004 Página 168 Population growth and changing land-use pattern Arun Kumar Acharya in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India Parveen Nangia para 22 por cento em 2011. Usando várias técnicas de análise demográficas e de espaço este artigo tenta apresentar os efeitos do crescimento da população no uso da terra e conseqüentemente no ambiente regional. Também avalia criticamente o plano de desenvolvimento da região. Os dados para o estudo foram obtidos das Autoridades de Desenvolvimento de Região Metropolitana de Mumbai e do Censo da Índia. Palavras chaves: crescimento de População, densidade de População, uso da terra, Mumbai, Índia. The rapid growth of population and the aesthetic quality. The conversion of process of urbanization have resulted in prime agricultural land to urban use an increasing demand for land in urban may increase costs for locating, storing settlements. A city grows not only by and purchasing food (Bernstein: 1994). population but also by changes in The pattern of city growth and its spatial dimensions. The prime factors of spatial structure are determined by increasing spatial dimension of the city various historical, economic, social and are also the population growth and ecological forces that influence urban related requirements of urban life, such land-use. The improper use of urban as development of transport and land poses serious problems in all communication and others countries simply because the supply of infrastructure facilities. The mismatch surplus land is limited and subject to between the supply and demand of land many competing claims. Dissatisfaction leads to the degradation of with the emerging urban forms is environmentally fragile land, almost universal. Therefore, proper occupation of hazard prone areas, and planning of urban land-use is most loss of cultural resources, open space essential for an orderly and efficient and prime agricultural land. Within the growth of urban areas. existing built-up areas of cities A variety of factors affect the supply uncontrolled growth of population and and demand of land and its uses in a inadequate infrastructure may cause city. The supply of urban land is irreversible losses of cultural resources affected by such factors as location of and open space. Poorly managed city, laws related to land-use, structure development may also cause excessive of land markets and urban management. urban sprawl and negative impact on air Nevertheless, increasing population size quality, energy consumption and of cities and physical expansion of the Caminhos de Geografia 11(11)168-185, Fev/2004 Página 169 Population growth and changing land-use pattern Arun Kumar Acharya in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India Parveen Nangia built-up area beyond the city limits as to another affects the natural and well as rising demand for more land for cultural resources of the city. It may various purposes induce changes in also have negative implications for the urban land-use. urban poor. It is observed that in developing The metropolitan cities in India have countries cities are growing very experienced rapid growth of rapidly. The land related problems are population, particularly in the post impounded in these cities because of the independence era. Many of them have distorted land markets and ineffective also experienced tremendous urban land management (Bernstein: expansion of their statutory limits 1994). Since 1950, the urban population (Ravindra: 1996). For every in third world cities has risen from 300 metropolitan area growth has spilled million to 1.3 billion and by the year beyond the city boundary, which is 2030, the cities in the developing expected to bring many undesirable countries are expected to grow by 160 changes in the land-use pattern within per cent (World Bank: 1991). In most the city as well as its surrounding developing countries, the expansion of areas. But not enough is known about urban population has resulted into a the magnitude of these land-use rapid rise in the demand for housing, changes and the relationship of these land for industry and commerce, and changes to population growth. This public buildings and infrastructure. Due study is an attempt in this direction to many competing claims for urban and focuses on Mumbai Metropolitan land and the consequent rise in land Region (MMR). The purpose of this prices, supplying land which can be study is to see the population developed at the pace and scale required distribution and its growth trends in is a challenge for authorities in most of different constituent units of MMR the cities in the developing countries. during 1971, 1991 and 2011. The study is also aimed at finding the Although urbanization process often land-use changes in MMR during this means accelerated economic period. In addition, it attempts to find performance for a country, the out what kind of land has been accompanying rise in prices of urban converted into built-up area. land and its conversion from one form Caminhos de Geografia 11(11)168-185, Fev/2004 Página 170 Population growth and changing land-use pattern Arun Kumar Acharya in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India Parveen Nangia Sources of Data, Limitations and plan for 1996-2011 have been collected Methodology through more sophisticated techniques like remote sensing and GIS. Therefore, The data for this study have been for comparative purposes, in this paper obtained from the following secondary land-use data have been reclassified in sources. the following broad categories. 1. Draft Regional Plan of Mumbai Metropolitan Region (Part I, II and III), 1971-91. 1. Built-up area: residential, commercial, and institutional. 2. Draft Regional Plan of Mumbai Metropolitan Region (Part I and II), 1996-2011. 2. Industrial. 3. Agricultural. 3. Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region, 1971-1991, Vol. 1. 4. Forest: dense forest, sparse forest, scrub land. 5. Wet land. 4. Census of India, 1971 through 2001. 6. Water bodies There have been changes in the 7. Other areas: airport, harbour, beach/grooney, recreational zone (RTZ) and rocky out boundary of MMR during the two plan crops. periods. In 1991, the boundary of the Using the square graph technique, area MMR was extended to include Alibagh was calculated in each of the above- and Pen regions. Apart from that the mentioned categories directly from the sub-regions of MMR were also maps given in the two draft reports reclassified at that time. Similarly, the (details of the technique are given in land-use categories were also expanded Appendix No. 1). To see what kind of in the second plan period. For instance, land has been converted into built-up in 1971 there was no sub-classification area, the land-use maps for three time of forests, but in 1991 forests were periods were superimposed and areas classified as dense forest, sparse forest were calculated. This also gives us and scrubland. Therefore, it is difficult some idea of land-use changes due to to compare the land-use pattern of 1971 urban sprawl as well as population with that of 1991 and 2011.