UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES

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(to *^* Morgan E. Goodwin, Press Officer W. p. Leber, Governor-President Publications Editors LoLis R. Ghanceh, Tomas A. Cupas Hartline, R. S. News Writers Lieutenant-Governor Eunice Richard, Fannie P. Hernandez, Official Panama Canal Publication Frank A. Baix)win, Jose T. Tunon, Willie K. Friar, and Published quarterly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Panama Canal Information Officer Luis C. Noli

Printed at tJie Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Review articles may be reprinted in full or part without further clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees. Subscriptions, $1 a year; airmail $2 a year; mail and back copies (regular mail), 25 cents each. Postal mone\' orders made pa\able to the Panama Canal Company should be mailed to Box M, Balboa Heights, C.Z. Editorial Offices are located in the Administration Building, Balboa Heights, C.Z.

Contents OurC overs

Growing Orchids 3 THE tranquil Orchid collecting and grow- and somewhat ing is a favorite pastime in Grecian scene on the Canal Zone. our front cover is -•_^. ^ »"'-' 3MdM ^'" *^^ home of Eyes and Ears of Panama 6 W^i^-^J^P*^ Mr. and Mrs. INTERCOMSA brings ivorld Henry A. Tooke of Los Rios. events to the Isthmus. Both covers feature or- Balboa Gun Club 8 chids. On the front is the Cat- It offers instruction and tleija skinneri, a competition for Canal Zone wild plant native to Central and South shooters. America. The national flower of Pan- ama, the Peristeria On the Malaria Front 10 elata, commonly known as the Holy Ghost or dove Monkeys are taking the orchid, graces the back cover. place of liumans in malaria research. Tooke is one of the many avid orchid growers in the Canal Zone and presently Culinary Capers 14 has a collection of approximately 2,000 For the gourmet we feature wild and hybrid orchids.

fish cookery garnished icith The Cattleija .skinneri grows from the history. lowlands of Panama up to approx- imately 2,000 feet. The best ones are Following the Conquistadores . 16 found in the western part of the Sailing the Spani.^h Main Republic. The flower blooms in the

with Captain Kapp. fall. Although the skinneri is sometimes found near populated areas, says Tooke, Panama's Money Trees 20 for some unknown reason, these urban Dried leaves and seed pods plants rarely produce a flower. turn into cash for the Ste- A migrating moth, the Cydimon ful- venson brothers. gens, comes to rest on the Holy Ghost Anniversaries 23 orchid. The shape of the flower calls to mind a do\e which hovers over an Statistics and Canal Feature 24 altar formed by the lip. This fragrant orchid blooms from to September Shipping Notes 26 Jul\' and can be found at low to medium Panama Canal Headquarters 27 '<3!

Photographs by Arthur L. Pollack, front cover, History 31 and Melvin D. Kennedy, Jr., back cover.

2 May 1970 "ROSE IS a rose is a rose is a rose," said Gertrude Stein, noted author and poet. And that was fine, for a rose does look like a rose no matter what the size, shape or color.

If Gertrude had said this about orchids, she would have been in trouble. Under no given set of circum- stances can an orchid be an orchid be an orchid be an orchid.

In the first place, orchids represent the world's largest familv of flowering plants. At present there are more than 30,000 different species and the num-

ber is increasing as new h\'brids are developed. In the second place, in spite of the general popularity of orchids, few per- sons can give a fairlv accurate descrip- tion of what distinguishes an orchid from other similar or allied plants. Paul H. Allen, who wrote the book "The Orchids in Panam.'V," said that in the American tropics, any plant found growing on a tree is called by the natives a "planta parasita" or parasite plant and hence all parasites are automatically presumed to be orchids. Orchids are air plants, not parasites.

Orchids By Eunice Richard

They grow well with lots of air, water and plant food but never take suste- nance from another plant. The roots do Orchids do not require elaborate not penetrate the living tissue of the arrangements to bring out host plant or extract nourishment from their beauty as the above photo shows. A single spray it as do true parasites such as dodder of the scorpion orchid produces a graceful and mistletoe. display. A simple black teapot Other plants such as bromeliads and below is used by Mrs. Mary Linden aroids are frequentK' found on the trunks to create an interesting and branches of trees along with orchids. vanda arrangement. A hint of During the drv season, orchid grow- of the Orient comes ers sometimes water their collections through in the display at with a hose using a fine sprax' twice a right by Mrs. R. Arosemena. dav. In the rain\' season, spraving ma\- sometimes be skipped; orchids can die bv too lavish or too limited watering. Most tropical orchids are known as epiph\tes, a term meaning to "live upon" some supporting bod\', usualh' a tree or a rock. But there are other orchids knovvii as terrestrial. These grow in the ground and, in the tropics, are far less numerous than the epiphvtic type. Of the terrestrial orchids there are two classes— those with green leaves and stems which behave like most other plants, and those which are saprophvtic or living wholly upon decaving plant (Please see p. 4)

The Panama Canal Review (Continued from p. 3) celebrated Spanish voyage around the is a thing of the past, the interest among 1 matter. Epiphvtic orchids are sometimes world under navigator Malaspine from local orchid growers has not dimin- apparentlv terrestrial growing upon the 1789 to 1794. Nee visited Panama and ished. Members of the Canal Zone , ground in beds of moss and other plants. is known to have collected plants on Orchid Societx' on the Pacific side of In temperate regions almost all orchids Ancon Hill. Several of the most com- the Isthmus and of the Gold Coast are terrestrial. mon tropical plants were first described Orchid Societ\' on the Atlantic side take from specimens obtained by him there. their orchids in their stride as part of Well Guarded Secrets During the earh da\s of the Canal a wav of life. Most of them, while not The preface of a book on orchids b\- construction, workers arriving in Pan- scientists or natiualists, have learned

Walter Richter, a German orchidologist, ama from the United States scarceK the language that identifies most species « sa\s orchidolog\' is a cult and its secrets could fail to take notice of the more and are adept at producing fine h\ brids. are well guarded bv its "high priests." conspicuous plants such as the orchids. Some of the fijie local collections He said their verv name summons up Some of the earh orchid collectors were started b\ Harr\ A. former Dunn, ; visions of strange lands and high adven- were Mrs. D. D. Gaillard, wife of the medical chief technologist at Gorgas ture, and onlv those persons who are division engineer in charge of the Cen- Hospital, who was one of the pioneers life rigorous prepared for a of sacrifice tral District; Mrs. H. H. Rousseau, in the orchid growing business in the | its orders. can hope to enter wife of a member of the Isthmian Canal Zone. Before retiring in 196-5, he ' Whenever the uninitiated is con- Canal Commission; and Mrs. Maurice had one of the finest orchid collections fronted with literature dealing with Thatcher, first chief of Canal civil on the Isthmus. orchids, he is soon lost in a labyrinth of affairs. Although theirs were amateui Orchid Enemies scientific and Latin terms. It has been collections assembled in a haphazard said that man either understands orchids vva\-, the\ were of considerable interest Writing in the American Orchid or he does not, and he who was not to visitors. One scientist reported that Societ\ Bulletin in 1948, he said he had

Mrs. ."Mice Clark, at left, sprays some of her orchids with a fine stream of water, part of an orchid growers ritual which keeps the plants in the pink of condition. At right, opposite page, this orchid, the Lockhartia Nlicrantha, looks more like a spider than a plant. It is growing in a piece of tree

fern and is owned by Mrs. Elizabeth Mercier. At the far right. Canal Zone Police Capt. George E. Martin examines a vanda growing in his orchid garden in La Boca.

born with the si.Kth sense required for he had oIjI.uullI specimens which were been collecting orchids as a hobb\ for caring for these extraordinar\' flowers found to represent species previoush the past 15 \ears, but even at that time will never acquire it. unknown to science. the roadside collection of orchids had < That ma\' be so, but the orchid lovers The late C. W. Powell, a construction become a thing of the past. The enemies living on the lush Isthmus of Panama da\ s emplo\ee of the Panama Canal, is of the orchid were the lumber compa-

have not been cowed b\- the apparent credited with providing scientists with nies that cut the trees on which the , pitfalls of orchid growing. the first major part of their knowledge plants grew, and the native farmers The local aficionados have gone of the orchids of the Republic of who burned the jungle to make wax blithK' ahead and acquired some col- Panama. for their crops. In addition, orchid col- lections that would be famous anvwhere lectors had sought and collected in most ' World Renown in the world. ApproximateK' 300 orchid of the accessible places close to home The Powell orchid garden, which species mav be found growing wild in and it became necessarx- to go furthei existed in Balboa from 1914 until the Panama and man\- of them are in local afield in the search for rare plants. beginning of World \\'ar II, was known orchid collections. Man\' others that Dunn took a lO-dax' trip each x ear to to orchid growers all over the world. have been introduced into this region Chiriqui Province in xxestern Panama garden was sponsored bv are now grown by orchidologists on The the Mis- and collected as manx- as 1,500 orchid ' the Isthmus. souri Botanical Gardens of St. Louis. It plants of about .30 genera and 54 contained more than 7,000 plants rep- species. It xxas his opinion that the Spanish Voyage resenting nearh- all of the species of Prox'ince of Chirifjui was the finest Orchid collecting in Panama is not orchids known to grow in Panama. Man\ place in the xxorld to get orchids, mainlx , new. One of the first botanical collectors of the plants were sent b\- Powell to because the area includes three \arie- on record to visit Central America and Missouri for classification. ties of climates— tropical, temperate, Panama was Luis Nee, botanist of the Although the Powell orchid garden and cold.

M.AV 1970 Panama, in occup\ing the narrow parts of Panama including Ancon Hill In Panama, the Hol\- Ghost orchid land bridge linking the two major di\'i- and islands in Gatun Lake. She has blooms not in the Easter season as one sions of tropical America, has flora imported some from the Far East and might expect, but in August, midwav indigenous to both north and south. the United States. in the rainy season. New growth starts Residents of Panama and the Canal Canal Zone Police Inspector Capt. with the first heav\- rains of the \ear Zone thus have the opportunit\' of see- in George A. Martin is another veteran Ma\-. ing a remarkably representative cross- The Mariposa, or butterflx' orchid, is orchid grower. He started his collection section of the orchids of the New World. another beautiful species native to Pan- of plants in 19.50 when he was living The Dunn collection was broken ama. It grows from sea level to 2,000 up on the Atlantic side and has obtained when he left the Isthmus in 1965. But feet on the espave trees along the banks some from the Gatun Lake region. Mrs. Alice Clark, who lives with her of rivers. Although he began with native blooms, husband and famih at the top of Orchid Cures he has branched out into the h\brids Ancon Boule\ard, got her start in the Orchids have been used for medicinal and the imported plants; man\- of which orchid business when her sister-in-law purposes. The\' cure very common ail- he obtained through trading. Trading, gave her fi\e orchid plants from the ments and not as one ma\' think, onh he says, is as good a way of making Dunn garden. exotic diseases. According to orchid friends in out of the wa\- places of the Since then, she has traded, purchased, expert Walter Richter in his book The world as being a radio operator. and produced plants that cover two ham Orchid World, a drug known undei trees, fill one greenhouse, and grow Captain Martin, Henr\' Tooke of Los the name of "salep" is made from the along the side of the hill behind the Rios. and most other orchid collectors dried bulbs of certain species of house in a profusion of white, \ ellow, here ha\e a number of the large terrestrial orchids. and purple. Most of those that are in flowered h\brid cattlexas. It is difficult The drug is important for the treat- bloom through most of the \ ear are the to persuade the ax'erage indi\idual that ment of serious intestinal illness in chil-

vanda hxbrids and the bamboo orchids, there are others. And \et SO percent dren but the production is small because both of which are terrestrial or ground of the wild orchids are small to minute. attempts to cultivate salep producing orchids. Her garden is on the side of plants for commercial purposes have Fragrant the hill and is in the line of march for been unsuccessful and the world sources tourists taking the Ancon Boulevard The hxbrids can be produced b\ are becoming exhausted. sowing the microscopic seeds and bring- route to tour the Canal Zone. The roots of some orchids are used ing the plants to maturitx' mider pre- Orchid Eaters against inflammation of the joints and cise modern methods, which takes about the flowers of another against d\sentery. Man\' visitors arrive at her house 2 years. Some of the varieties are Orchids are used for nian\ varied thinking it is part of the old Powell quite fragrant. medicinal purposes. Some species from botanical garden. Although her garden The most celebrated of the Panama Mexico are used as fever cures and is constanth' putting on a show, she for coughs, and some are even good seldom loses any of the exotic blooms orchids is the Peristeria data commonK for the treatment of wounds. The bulbs to human thieves. Orchid-eating deer known as the Espiritu Santo or HoK of another are eaten in Jamaica to are her trouble. Thev sometimes come Ghost orchid— the national flower of the aid digestion. The bulbs of the Japan- down from Ancon Hill and eat a whole Republic of Panama. It is a terrestrial terrestrial stand of vandas in one night. t\pe that inhabits the lowland forests. ese orchid are a remed\ for toothache. Mrs. Clark savs she has learned to From a cluster of green bulbs, a few know Panama as well as manv far awa\- narrow leaves rise and a flower stalk No orchid is known to be poisonous places through the hobb\' of orchid col- .3 or 4 feet high bears a raceme of although the Chinese have been known lecting. She has collected orchids in El fragrant white wax\- flowers resembling to extract alkaloids from some species

Valle, El Volcan in Chiriqui Province. miniature doves which give it the and the lea\es of others can cause Cerro Campana, and manv other popular name. inflamation of the skin.

The Panama Canal Revie^v THE EYES AND EARS OF PANAMA

By Jos6 T. Tun6n

INTELSAT 11 blasts off Antenna brings world from Cape Kennedy. events to Panama.

A 98-FOOT BOWL-SHAPED antenna munications in which the United States Canada, Mexico, and Puerto Rico; Ar- rising from pasture land amid primitive is represented by COMSAT (Communi- gentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, surroundings approximately 20 miles cations by Satellite). COMSAT owns and Colombia, in South America; and east of Panama City, at Utive, marks 53 percent of the stock in INTELSAT. Cermany, Italy, and Spain, in Europe the site of Panama's ultramodern Sat- The highlv specialized equipment In addition, an agreement has been ellite Communications Station. It was required by INTERCOMSA, both in reached to route telephone traffic from the link between the Isthmus and the Panama City and in Utive, was provided Central America to all points served bv efKK'h-making live telecast from space and installed by Page Communications INTERCOMSA. Already there are di- of man's first steps on the moon that Engineers, Inc., of Washington, D.C. rect circuits available to nations in areas thrilled viewers in Panama, just as it Page is managing the local companv where telecommunications demand has did millions of others throughout the until Panamanian personnel are fullv made communications via satellite more world. trained to take over all operations. economical.

The station is part of the worldwide Late in December 1968, the first Panama has received several telecasts INTELSAT communications svstem- of two INTELSAT III satellites was bv satellite from the United States, International Satellite Telecommunica- placed in operation high over the At- Europe, and Asia. Of course, the moon tions Consortium—and has placed Pan- lantic. The Panama earth station made telecast— carried in color bv Channel 4 ama in the forefront of Latin American the transition from the earlier INTEL- in Panama Citv—topped all. Among nations in the field of telecommuni- SAT II satellite to the new and more others there were the transmissions of cations. powerful satellite early in January 1969 President Richard M. Nixon's inaugu- The system is represented in Panama and has since operated commercial cir- ration in Washington; a soccer game via by the Panamanian companv INTER- cuits through it. INTELSAT III added carried from Liege, Belgium, Spain; '70 COMSA, S.A. (Intercontinental de Co- Me.xico and Spain to the countries the opening of E.xpo at Osaka, Ja- municaciones por Satelite, S.A.). The previously linked with Panama—United pan; and the Cood Frida\- service from current president of the companv is States, Italy, and Chile. Next will be the Colosseum in Rome. Both of Pan- Fernando Eleta Almaran. England, Colombia, and Canada. ama City's television stations carried The INTELSAT system includes 68 By the end of 1970, Panama will these programs and some were carried nations which have signed an interna- have direct access through the INTEL- bv the Southern Command Network in tional agreement for this type of com- SAT III satellite to the United States, the Canal Zone.

6 May 1970 Cost has been the limiting factor in munications Maintenance, in the Avesa commercial satellites in fixed orbits over these international TV transmissions, Building on Via Espana in Panama Citv, the equator. Thev are known as "geo- but once this problem is solved they are where it is handled by the INTER- stationary satellites" because their orbi- expected to become a regular feature. COMSA international operators. The tal velocitv at 22,300 miles above the The INTERCOMSA installations voice signal is combined there with surface of the earth is such that thev were completed in a surprisingly short many other channels and is processed remain over the same area in relation time. Page Communications Engineers for transmission by microwave to the to the rotation of the earth. was awarded the contract in March earth station at Utive. There, the signal There are two INTELSAT III satel- 1967; construction began the following undergoes additional processing before lites in operation over the Atlantic. A month and the first commercial messages being transmitted 23,000 miles to the new series of satellites, INTELSAT IV, were transmitted September 7, 1968. All satellite over the Atlantic by the 98- providing greater power and increased this was accomplished within the first foot-wide antenna. circuit capacity, is now in the produc- 4 years after international communica- The satellite receives the signal, com- tion stage. The first satellite of this tions by satellite became a reality. bined with many more from other series is scheduled for launching in INTELSAT III is far more powerful points, amplifies it and converts it to early 1971. than INTELSAT I, which became uni- the carrier frequency of the recei\ing A group of Panamanian telecommu- versally known as the Early Bird sat- satellite station. This one, in turn, re- nications experts is being trained bv ellite. Panama's system utilizes 60 chan- converts the signal from the carrier INTERCOMSA in the secrets of one of nels, providing telephone, television, frequency to the original voice fomi. the world's newest professions: satellite photo, telex, and data communications. The international operator at the receiv- communications specialist. Their know- A telephone call via the satellite sys- ing end then plugs the call into the how will contribute greatly to the tem begins with the call being received local telephone system. Republic's efforts to keep pace with by the International Center for Com- Presentlv, there are seven INTELSAT modem communications.

ABOVE: Frank Santomenno, right, general manager of INTERCOMSA, and Gary Ross, engineer in charge

of operations, study the complex network

of satellites. UPPER LEFT: Justo Finilla examines cables which link the communications station at Utiv^ with the 98-foot antenna. LOWER LEFT: Electronic technician

Nicolas Peters is in training

as a satellite communications specialist.

He is checking signals sent by central control to the antenna seen through the window.

The Panama Canal Review THE YEAR was 1914. The Panama Canal was newly completed and the thousands of men who labored to finish the gargantuan task were ready to give themselves the luxury of some leisure time.

It was then that the Balboa Gun Club was born. The abundance of wildlife available on the Isthmus and the large number of hunting enthusiasts were instrumen- tal in organizing the club, located then on Gavilan Road in Balboa. The club- house was adjacent to where the All American Cables Office is today. The shooting ranges created no particular hazard as the targets were on Reservoir Hill. Shooting matches attracted a larger number of spectators and the number of shooters increased BALBOA GUN CLUB rapidh'.

Toda\- it is the oldest and largest rec- reational organization on the Isthmus. SET ON SAFETY First Class SIGHTS

Shortlv before World War II, the Balboa site \\'as taken over for housing AND COMPETITION and the club was mo\ed to its present location occupvmg 8 acres ot well- has six stationary positions for precision landscaped grounds adjacent to Farfan firing at a distance of 25 yards. Also in near the Pacific entrance to the Beach this area is the range for small caliber Canal. Here there are first class Panama rifle with 20 positions for match shoot- facihties for skeet and trap shooting, ing at 50 feet, 50 yards, 50 meters, and pistol, small bore rifle, large bore rifle, Father, Son Team 100 yards. and bench rest rifle firing. Perhaps the most popular place on In the early 1950's, the club was the lower level of the grounds is the incorporated and became known as the shooting gallery used strictly for "fun Balboa Gun Club, Inc. Membership shooting" with .22 caliber rifles using today is comprised of approximately light gallery ammunition. 600 adults, both men and women, and The 200-\'ard range for high-powered 90 junior members, ages 12 to 19, from rifles and bench rest competition is at the civilian and military communities an intermediate level above the small of the Canal Zone. There are many bore rifle range. father and son teams that spend hours and trap shooting are done on together practicing on the club's ranges. Skeet the highest level, on the crest of a rise President of the 56-year-old shooting about 30 meters above Ezra Hurvi^tz group is Albert S. Adams. Other officers road. include: Archie Turner, vice president; Neil A. Doherty, secretary; and James Hit The Tack Thompson, treasurer. Competition and Many kinds of shooting competitions are: Ferry, Rob- activity managers Bovd are held at Farfan. Among the newest ert Jeffrey, Nat Litvin, Beverly Salter, is the "tack driving" contest. The shooter and Fred Wells. aims his precision rifle from a bench a Safety, Competition rest at a thumbtack in the center of small white target at a distance of Over the vears, the club's main 200 vards. This is so difficult that since interest has changed from a hunting this competition began 2 years ago, organization to an activity promoting onlv five members have "hit the tack." the safe handling and use of firearms, Balboa Gun Club is affiliated and for competitive events. The National Rifle Association, The clubhouse and main shooting with the National Skeet Shooting Association, ranges are located on the lower level of and Amateur Trap Shooting Association. the neatlv landscaped grounds. The members are coached every pistol range is divided into two sections, Junior An important function of the club is shoot- Saturday morning in small bore rifle one with 30 firing positions and turning ing instruction. Here James L. Collins, Jr., marksmanship and safety by trained targets (used for time shooting) at a coaches his son, James L. Collins III, in Sgt. Beverly Salter distance of 50 and 25 yards. TTie other .22 caliber prone position firing. instructors such as

8 May 1970 of the U.S. Air Force. The senior members provide rifles, targets, and other equipment for the boys' use at no charge.

Manv fine marksmen ha\e been rated as Distinguished Experts b\- the Na- tional Rifle .Association. Among these outstanding shooters of the Balboa Gun

Club is Dana Ferr\ , 16, a junior at Bal- boa High School. He scored 387 out of a possible 400 in the recent National Junior Sectionals placing him with the 2.5 or so best junior shooters among the " .5,000 listed in the United States.

Only Shooter Women members of the club, although few in number, have distin- guished themselves as shooters. Mrs. Klara McKeen is the onlv pistol shooter to participate in the U.S. .\vm\ South- ern Command, Commanders Pistol

Matches, for 2 consecutive \ ears.

Safet\ is the watchword of the gun club. During its .56 \ears, onl\ one minor accident has occurred, and that was

.30 \ ears ago.

Accidents are avoided as all match firing is done bv specific command and eas\- to follow safet\ rules are rigidK' enforced at all times—J.T.T.

TOP: Targets appear only as small black dots on the 100-vard small-bore range. From left are Ken Andersen and Boyd W. Ferr\'. Andersen has just fired and

is checking his target through a scope. ABOVE: Scoring a target can be a difficult job

if the grouping is close. Ferry uses a pointer to determine whether a slug has touched the white line which would give the shooter the next highest count.

In center is Fred E. Wells. Supervising the scoring

is Robert S. Jeffrey, administrative assistant to the Governor.

Tracy Howard staples .22 caliber targets at Following a round of firing. Ken Andersen the 100-yard range. All shooting stops when "scopes" his target to check on his score. targets are being put in place. Such safet>' The targets are so far away that shooters rules keep the club accident free. must use telescopes to see the holes.

The P.\nama C.\nal Review Malaria The fight goes on

By Willie K. Friar

-«? Breakthrough in malaria research made in Panama

MONKEYS ARE becoming man's best friend in the fight against one of the world's most destructive diseases- malaria. Scientists working in Panama have succeeded in infecting Panama monkeys with human malaria which means that monkevs can partially replace human volunteers in the testing of anti-malarial drugs and that the disease can be Cebus (white-faced or capuchin), well known as the monkey that collected money more carefully studied under laboratory for organ grinders in years past, is among the species in which human malaria conditions. is being grown for research purposes. This breakthrough has far reaching implications, for despite the develop- mosquito. But until recently, all efiForts the building of cities, roads, railroads, ment of new drugs and new insecticides, to grow the human parasite in small industries, and manv of man's great malaria remains a major health problem animals failed. The importance of this undertakings. Its destructive role in the

in manv parts of the world and much breakthrough can best be understood by construction of the Panama Canal is a more research is needed. a look at the history of the disease. classic example. During 1906, the rec-

Malaria is caused bv a minute animal ords show 821 Canal emplo\ees out of Wartime Casualties that lives, prospers, and multiplies ra- ever\' 1,000 were admitted to hospitals Malaria is an old enem\'. Julius pidlv in the livers and blood streams of for malaria treatment. Caesar saw mans' of his men suffer humans once it has been injected by Newcomers to the tropics quicklx- and die of the disease during the blood-sucking female the Anopheles learned that it was not the visible pests, Roman civil wars. Napoleon's forces the snakes, the biting ants, the stinging were ravaged bv it. Malaria caused fish, or the jungle animals, but a min- more than 5,000 deaths during the ute organism unseen bv man that was Spanish American War, and in World the dangerous enemv. War I campaigns were stalemated for months because British, French, and An Old Enemy German troops alike were immobilized Later, new drugs and new insecti- bv the disease. cides were discovered and the old During the battle for Sicih' in World enem\' of ancient armies seemed close War II, more American and British to being conquered. Then came disturb- soldiers were put out of action b\- mala- ing reports from \'ietnam. American ria than bv the weapons of the enemv. soldiers were getting malaria and it was Not onh' has malaria determined the a kind that the new drugs didn't cure. outcome of wars, but it has stvmied Also, DDT and other insecticides were not killing the mosquitoes as they once did.

1 It became apparent that more re- Examining a blood sample containing search was necessarv. Man's old enemy malaria parasites is Dr. Martin D. Young, far being conquered. Better director of Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, was from urgently who has 35 years of experience in anti-malarial drugs were H^JjS malaria research. needed.

10 May 1970 Scientists' success in infecting the disease. Control measures such as miles of drainage ditches each year. eliminating breeding places by drain- They help the health authorities apply these monkeys with human age or putting oil on the water of residual insecticide twice each year lakes and ponds, protecting people in the dwellings of more than 150 malaria means they can now with screens, and killing mosquitoes land licensees. with insecticides proved effective in Blood smears are taken regnlarU partially replace humans in preventing the disease. and the residents whose smears are methods employed found positive for malaria are given the testing of new drugs. These were the b\- Col. William C. Gorgas in the sanita- weekly doses of an antimalarial drug tion work that made possible the build- for 14 weeks. ing of the Panama Canal. These meth- The budget for the Division of Sani- ods, however, were successful onl\' if tation is $400,000 a year and its em- vigorously pursued. plo\ ees spend 60 to 70 percent of their Gorgas drove his men relentlessh time in the continuing fight against and once told a story about a weary malaria. The operation still includes sanitation inspector, who on a very hot such well known practices as draining day after pouring oil on a number of mosquito breeding areas, cutting away mosquito breeding places, returned to underbrush, and the use of chemicals his hotel and in a final gesture of com- to kill the larvae throughout the plete exhaustion dumped his remaining Canal Zone. supply of crude oil into the cistern on Although the malaria rate among the hotel roof. Canal Zone employees may, in the Soon, a Navy officer arrived at the future, decrease to zero, it is practically hotel, and went to his room to bathe. impossible to eliminate the mosquito. He stripped off his clothes, stepped into The practical control objectives of the the shower, covered himself with liquid sanitation forces are to reduce the num- soap, and pulled the chain to release bers of mosquitoes breeding and to the water. Out came the stick\- oil which selectively kill those mosquitoes resting mingled with the soap to make a gooev on walls in houses by putting residual A lively Ateles (Black spider) with his tail coating that could not be washed off. insecticide on the walls. wrapped securely around Dr. Young's arm warns intruders they are not welcome.

The fight against malaria has been an international one. It was a French doctor who in 1880 first saw the malaria parasite. He discovered the minute an- imal living in the blood of malaria pa- tients. Later, in Italv, doctors connected the periodic fevers of malaria patients with the periodic reproductions of the parasites already in their blood, and

demonstrated that it was possible for attacks to come later in places where there were no mosquitoes. British doctors tried to infect volun- teers by mosquito bites but failed.

Finallv it was discovered that the mala- Pancho, the lab's pet, looks for cigarettes Human malaria parasites were first grown ria parasite needed an incubation period in Dr. Young's pocket. successfully in the night or owl monkey. in the mosquito. Then in 1898, British Maj. Ronald Ross, while dissecting mos- There was no other water available. Colonel Gorgas used all these meth- quitoes in India, discovered the truth. The officer couldn't put on his clothes, ods along with daily doses of quinine The parasites reproduced asexually in so he wrapped himself in a sheet and for all construction workers. Quinine their human hosts, but in stomachs of went to bed. The next morning, still became known about 3 centuries ago wearing set the mosquitoes they developed a kind the sheet, he out to find the after Count Chinchon sailed from Spain of sexual reproduction. Their hordes sanitation inspector. But someone, in an to become Viceroy of Peiti. One story of offspring migrated to the insect's attempt to calm the outraged bather, is that at Lima, the count's wife, the salivary glands where they waited until, told him that the sanitation inspector Condesa de Chinchon, contracted mala- if they happened to bite an uninfected had died of vellow fever. The well oiled ria. A local citizen recommended a med- human, the transmission cycle was com- Navy man responded with, "I'm damn icine which the Indians made from the plete. It was Ross who made the im- glad of it." bark of the quina-quina tree which is portant discovery that it was onlv the There has been no letup in the fight native to the Andean foothills, and now Anopheles mosquito, and only the vam- against malaria since the Americans first named in honor of the Condesa. pire female, who performed this task. took over the project of building the The countess drank the bitter med- One of the first steps toward the Canal. The Canal Zone Division of icine and recovered. The Jesuit mission- conquering of malaria began after it Sanitation now has 123 men, all Pan- was found that mosquitoes transmitted amanians, who clean more than 400 (Please see p. 12)

The Panama Canal Review II old turkey to keep him awav from the quinine until he recovered his sight.

Malariologists work todav toward ' finding a wav to control malaria not onK' in small sanitized areas like the Canal Zone where through strict con- trol measures the disease has been almost eradicated, but in the vast jungles of the world where such meth- ods as drainage and spraving with - insecticides are impractical. But for effective research, there was an obvious need for a small animal that could be infected with malaria. Since the discoverv of the malaria parasite Thousands of Anoph- 90 vears ago, the parasites have been ~ eles mosquitoes which found in reptiles, birds, apes, and mon- transmit malaria are kevs, but attempts to grow human grown in the Rand In- malaria in birds and monkeys in the sectory at Gorgas Me- laboratory were not successful. morial Laboratory for research purposes. Dr. Scarce Animals D. C. Baerg examines It was known that human malaria mosquito larvae grow- would grow in chimpanzees and gib- , ing in white metal trays. bons whose spleens had been removed. But these animals are scarce and very expensive as well as difficult to handle.

(Continued from p. 11) have never been enough human volun- * At Gorgas Memorial Laboratory- in aries to collect the bark and teers and although prisoners volun- began Panama, Dr. Martin D. Young, director, spread the word of its medicinal value. teered during the war, questions of who has worked with malaria for 35 Bv 1750, the value of "Peruvian" or security often posed big problems. years, began trying to grow malaria . " well to the is Jesuits' bark was known Also, it difficult to know that the in Panama monkeys, although past medical world even though the facts patient has taken the human medicine attempts to grow malaria in small malaria were still shrouded in for about even in hospitals. Sometimes rea- monkevs had failed. mvstery. sons his the person does not of own, The new technique which Dr. Young take the drug. Quinine remained the usual treatment planned to use was based on the reason- for malaria until World War II when Gorgas ran into this difiicultv in his ing that the inmiunitv of the monkevs the shortage of quinine resulted in malaria work. He reported one some- to human malaria might be reduced b\' an intensive search for other drugs. One what humorous and unexpected inci- using some of the recentlv devel- of the drugs developed in the early dent. He had built a convalescent hos- oped drugs that have been used for ' 1930's was Atabrine which had the pital on the island of Taboga for pa- suppressing immunitv in the case of disadvantage of turning some people a tients with the more severe cases of organ transplants. These drugs prevent yellowish color. malaria. The convalescent treatment the bodv from rejecting foreign sub- Most people objected to the coloring, was designed to rid the patients' blood stances, such as transplanted hearts. but a doctor told a storv of a Fiji of malarial parasites and prevent Also, the monkev's spleen, which helps Islander who found his new color made them from becoming carriers. The fight disease, would be removed. treatment him so attractive to the local girls that consisted of large doses of The experimental work was begun at quinine continued for 10 days after the he stole Atabrine from the Army dispen- the laboratorv. Blood was taken from fever ceased. sary to keep up the coloration after he patients who had malaria and was in- jected into various monkexs belonging had been cured of his malaria. Turkey Gobbler to the seven species of Panama mon- Other drugs were developed without Gorgas noticed one dav that an old kevs. After 6 months the first successful such side effects, and quinine began turkey gobbler which was a hospital pet results were obtained when the para- to plav a smaller and smaller role in was acting strangelv. He staggered site, Plasmodium vivax, a species of malaria treatment until in recent vears around as if he couldn't see. On inves- malaria, grew in the small night or tigation, Gorgas when drug resistant strains of malaria discovered that a num- owl Actus monkey. appeared. ber of the malaria patients, when the\' were given their dailv dose of quinine Allowed To Bite No Substitute in the dispensarv, threw their tablets Later experiments showed that the Now the search is on again for new out the window. The old turkey devel- mosquitoes which transmit human and better medicines. The finding and oped a taste for the tablets and the malaria could be infected bv biting testing of new drugs, however, is always stimulating effects of the quinine and these monke\s. To further prove that a long, expensive, and complicated pro- gobbled up all the tablets he could find. the malaria in the monke\' was the same cess. Until recentlv, new malaria drugs He became so dissipated in this way himian malaria that had been injected had to be tested in humans because that he finallv developed amblvpia, a into the monkev, these infected mosqui- there was no practical animal substitute. kind of blindness caused bv too much toes were allowed to bite two human This has man\- disadvantages. There quinine. The doctor had to confine the volunteers who were staff members of

12 May 1970 the laboratory. Within the normal 11 to 12 day incubation period they devel- oped malaria. To complete the cycle, blood from these volunteers was in- SOME ODDITIES jected into other monkeys and produced infections. IN THE HISTORY This work proved for the first time that human malaria could be grown in small monkeys and soon laboratories OF MALARIA in other parts of the world verified these findings. Continuing investiga- tions showed that other monkeys com- .* .» «}^k ¥-.>jki~'Sl>4g mon to Panama could be infected with vtihi^. human malaria. The parasites grew well in the black spider monkey, the red spider monkev, and in the Panama marmoset. So, in Panama, in the laboratory that is a memorial to one of the world's greatest malaria fighters, a very im- portant breakthrough in the war on malaria was made.

New Findings Later experiments showed the para- site could be grown in monkeys with- out resort to immunity suppresant drugs and without spleen removal. Attention was given then to the growing of the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in monkevs. This possibilitv was partic- During Canal construction days these men were part of an army of sanitation ularlv important as some strains of this workers whose job was to spread oil on mosquito troubled waters. The barrels in species were resistant to the best mala- the foreground contain the oil. The mule is hauling drinking water for the sprayers. rial drugs. A scientist in the United States then found that an African strain of this malaria would grow in the Aotus monkey from Colombia. Later work at Gorgas Memorial Lab- EVEN AFTER the discovery of quinine The colony established by the English oratory showed that this African mala- it was not universally accepted as a at Jamestown, Va., was almost destroyed ria strain and strains from Southeast treatment for malaria and many home twice by malaria. It is believed that Asia would grow not only in the Pan- remedies were used. Beverages made the colonists moved to Williamsburg ama Aotus monkev but also in the white of sassafras roots, cherry bark, or horse because of it. faced capuchin Cehus. manure were used and one country % Continue Learning doctor treated himself with salt and % doors Now Gorgas scientists are using these pepper. In the Canal Zone, all screened swinging monkeys to continue learning more W' swing outward because inward about malaria and how these animals doors favor entry of insects which may For many years, people were con- may be used as a partial replacement be on the doors. vinced that malaria was caused by water for human volunteers for the develop- vapors. ment of better antimalarial drugs. Dr. Young, while discussing this Although the Anopheles female is a vampire which dines on important breakthrough in malaria, So many workers were infected with voracious opportunity, the male is said: "The bright possibilty that mala- malaria when the banana plantations blood at every world is mild-mannered vege- ria can be eliminated from the were being started in Central America a namby-pamby, a breathtaking prospect charged with tarian. that there is good reason to believe that -^^ far-reaching significance. It would mark there would be no bananas today except first successful elimination of a the for quinine and other antimalarial drugs. disease this planet. It would At one time it was believed that major from * +- improve the health, happiness, well- whiskey would prevent malaria and it being, and economic status of vast seg- A doctor in Apalachicola, Fla., once was issued to sailors in the Confederate ments of the world's population. It gives recommended that Washington, D.C. be Navy every morning. A popular cock- hof)e and a design for further conquests enclosed in a giant screen to keep out tail during Canal construction days was of disease, especially those transmitted malaria carrying mosquitoes. 4 grains of quinine in an ounce of rum. by small insects or those which can be ik^ .*, attacked by drugs."

The Panama Canal Review 13 Culinary

Pan a ma pan ah ma), n. Capers ( [probably Choco Indian.] An abundance of fish,

By Fannie P. Hernandez other food supplies so great a degree ing. It is recommended that if the fish EARLIEST HISTORICAL chronicles of these essentials of the dailv diet. cannot stare back at you, have nothing is on dining sav the eating of fisli was Most important, too, the fact that the to do with it. calorie in fish prohibited to mortal man in pagan low content permits In buying frozen fish, make sure it weight times and note that the gastronomical watchers to indulge almost is frozen solid and has little or no smell. at will in the delight of succulent privilege was reser\'ed soleh- and ex- Frozen fish stays fresh for about a clusively for the gods. Fish was held fish dishes. month if it is well wrapped and kept sacred and holv. And there was At the 1969 Fish Expo held in Boston, frozen. It should not be thawed at room weeping and wailing for the dead Dr. Frederick Stare, professor of J. temperature or in warm water, but in aquatic creatures which washed upon nutrition at Harvard University, and the refrigerator. Frozen fish sticks and the shores. a great believer in fish as a major item portions are cooked without thawing. Down through the ages, legend after in today's diet, said, "Fish belongs in Before cooking fish, wipe it with legend has carried the s\'mbolism of diets designed to lessen the develop- a cloth which has been dipped in salt fish as it has been depicted in pagan- ment of our main cause of death today— ism, Christianitv, love, romance, fertil- coronary heart disease. It has less fat water and wrung out. This does not take away the flavor as washing does. ity, prophec\ , and hieroglyphics. and fewer calories per ounce than In prehistoric eras, manv people in other meats." If the fish must be washed, do it quickh' Asia worshipped a fish god. So did the In purchasing fish the main thing is and pat it drv. For better flavor when

Eg\ptians and the Greeks. At the time that it must be fresh. If it smells like sei-ving the fish whole, let it keep its of Christ, Ichthus, the fish, was the fish, it isn't fresh. The skin and scales head. A headless fish loses its juices. symbol worn bv the Christians in the should be brilliant, the flesh firm and In cooking fish, leave the skin on it catacombs of Rome. if the head is still attached, the eves as the best flavor in fish is found just In the Middle Ages, the fish s\mbol should be bright, clear, full, and bulg- under the skin. meant light and intelligence. And in the Zodiac, the sign of two fishes de- notes love and wisdom. Fish are still honored as sacred symbols in parts of India. The symbolism of fish remains also in parts of the world where the traditional blessing of departing fishing Corbina, a prized fleets and their catches still takes place. catch from Panama's Pacific With the passing of the Dark Ages, waters, is displayed by the taboo on fish eating disappeared. Cristobal Villarreal, During medieval times, the eating of head chef of the Union fish became a way of Christian life. Club of Panama. Counting Frida\s, Lent, and all the other days of fasting, meat was ex- Corbina is a favorite cluded from the menu for almost half food on the Isthmus. The recipe for Corbina a la the year. Fishing came to play an im- Villarreal is on the portant role in the destinies of nations next page. as it prepared the v/ay for sea trade. Fish contains a rich combination of vitamins, minerals, and proteins and ocean fish contains 50 to 200 times as Nr.^'!^ much iodine as anv other food. No

14 May 1970 Corbina Villarreal A La not soggy. Flake the cooked fish which may be cod, turbot, haddock (fresh, 2 pounds fillets of corbina ot course, not canned). Heat the butter in 4 tbsp. melted butter, plus 6 tbsp. butter Fish a saucepan. Chop the hard-boiled egg for sauce and add it. Season. Add the rice and I tsp. salt then the raw egg. Turn down the flame dash of pepper and stir all together. Add as much 1 tbsp. flour cream (milk will do) as vou need, re- Fare 2 tsp. chopped parsley membering not to make it runny. Sprinkle with parsley before 1 anchovy fillet, mashed chopped serving. Serves six. Use thick fillets and cut into portions. Brush with melted butter. Preheat oven Escabeche and broiler at 500 degrees for about 10 minutes. Dust the fillets with flour, Escabeche, which probably origin- salt, and pepper. Arrange on oiled broil- ated in Spain during the rule of inches from Red Snapper is perhaps the most er pan and place about 5 the Moors, is common in all Spanish flame. Baste with melted butter colorful food fish in the sea and it is in the speaking countries. Here is a version twice while cooking for about 8 min- season all year around. The meat is juicy our readers may want to try using utes, or until the fish flakes easily. Re- and white and has a fine delicate flavor. grouper, corbina, snapper, or any fish move from oven and cover with hot It can be broiled, baked, steamed, or fillets available. butter sauce to which chopped parsley boiled but manv consider a baked red 2 pounds fish fillets and anchovy have been added. Or add snapper a real treat. 2 onions, sliced thin chopped toasted almonds in place of the parsley and anchovy. Serves six. 2 cloves garlic, minced

Baked Red Snapper

3 or 4 pound red snapper, whole

I'A tsp. salt

2 tbsp. melted butter

Sprinkle inside and outside with salt and stuff the fish loosely. Place on a f well greased baking pan and brush with butter. Bake in a moderate oven at 350 degrees for 40 to 60 minutes or until the fish flakes easily. Baste it occasionally with the melted butter.

Fish and Rice 3 tbsp. flour, cornmeal or fine Stuffing breadcrumbs for dredging A breakfast food common in parts of % cup celery, chopped India called Kitcherie was refashioned 1 tsp. black pepper % cup onion, chopped by the British Colonials to suit their 1 tsp. salt % tastes. By substituting fish for beans cup melted butter bay leaf lentils in the original recipe, they 1 quart bread cubes or 1 tsp. oregano came up with a delicious fish and !i cup sour cream tbsp. parsley rice dish called Kedgeree. Here is a 1 chopped a cup lemon, peeled, and diced recipe for Kedgeree contributed to ^ cup olive oil, (ii cup for frying) 2 tsp. lemon rind Culinary Capers by His Excellency 'A cup vinegar 1 tsp. paprika Ronald Scrivener, Ambassador of Great 'A cup water Britain in 1 tsp. salt Panama: onion slices Cook the celery and onion until soft halved black olives and combine with all other ingredients. pimiento pieces (If it looks too dry add a little more Kedgeree Cook onion and garlic in oil until melted butter.) Serves six persons. 1 cup rice soft. Remove from oil. Dredge fish fil- For the broiling method of preparing lets in flour, to which salt and pepper 1 pound cooked fish fish we have selected the excellent cor- have been added. Fry in hot oil for I tbsp. butter bina from Panama's Pacific waters. The about 5 minutes or until brown. Arrange 1 hard-boiled egg following recipe has been contributed the fried fish in a serving dish. Mix the 1 by Cristobal Villarreal, the head chef of raw egg vinegar, oil, water, and spices and pour the Union Club of Panama, whose out- a cup fresh cream over fried fish. Cover with onion slices standing success in cooking the fish has salt and pepper and olives. Put wax paper over dish and made it one of the true epicurean Wash a cup of rice, boil it and dry refrigerate for 24 hours. Occasionally treasures in this area: it in the oven. It must be very firm and spoon marinade over fish. Serves six.

The Panama Canal Review 15 Ih \n< v/alu Of T\w Con<^ui^ic^dc^'l^ By Louis R. Granger

NAVIGATOR, mapmaker, explorer, ancient towns and Spanish gold mines. in his work that mav have come from sailor— Kit S. Kapp, master of the ketch He has headed nine official expedi- \ears of not having to worT\' about Fairicinds, has made his home in the tions under the auspices of the famed house pa\ments, the stock market, and wake of the Conquistadores. Explorers Club of New York. Tra\eling whether or not he gets to work on time. The gregarious man from Cincinnati in his 50-foot sailboat, Kapp was accom- Bom in Cincinnati, Kapp was grad- who once was heading towards the panied bv interested adventurers made uated from the University of Cincinnati "normal" nine to five life behind a desk, up of "spirited, intelligent men and in 1950 with a B.A. in business admin- has pro\ed that there are still plenty of women" willing to spend weeks and istration. After serving 2''2 \ears in the virgin territories for the historian, arche- sometimes months sharing the finances Armv and later receiving an ROTC ologist, and explorer. and the duties afloat and ashore. Man\ commission in the Air Force, Kapp Along the Spanish Main and in the have come from the Canal Zone and decided he needed a vacation and a bit jungles of Panama and Colombia, Panama Citv, and others from the of adventiu'e. He headed for the West Kapp's expeditions have taken him to United States, South America, and Indies. iminhabited islands that once were Europe. There he bought a 41-foot ketch pirate hideouts or Spanish fortifications, At a boyish 43, Kit S. Kapp (his real named the Fairicinds and got into the and deep into the Darien jungles to name) has retained an excited interest charter business. It was a financial suc-

16 May 1970 OPPOSITE PAGE: Sleek and sturdy, the 50-foot ketch "Fairwinds" heads out on another voyage to adventure.

RIGHT: The Explorers Club flag, displayed by Capt. Kapp and his wife Valerie, has been taken on many of their expeditions.

LOWER RIGHT: The arrow points to where Kapp expects to find the old city of Santa Maria la Antigua, the first Spanish settlement of Central and South America.

cess almost from the beginning, but the Leeward Islands, and that he had produced a preliminar\' large scale chart there was something lacking. "It was spent many years in that area of the of the uncharted coast between Isle of like running a seagoing taxi service," Caribbean. Pines and Ailigandi and has submitted laments Kapp. innumerable chart corrections of man\' Unruffled Stride He bought his present SO-foot ketch, Caribbean areas to the U.S. Hydro- signature of also named the Fairtciiids. in 1955 and He compared an original graphic Office and the U.S. Nav\' to that on the St. built a home in St. Thomas, Virgin Admiral Nelson Oceanographic Office. Islands, shortly afterwards. "But this John's chart. They appeared to be Off and on for the past 8 \ears, Kapp wasn't for me. It became a rat race the same. British Museum historians has sailed among the islands of the in the Caribbean. It wasn't creative thought so too and were quite surprised lower San Bias, from Pla\on Chico Vil- enough," he said. at the discovery. Kapp took the dis- lage to Anachucuna (near the Colom- Heading south to Panama, Kapp covers' in unniffled stride and left the bian frontier), making painstaking sight- began a self education program of museum authorities scratching their ings and depth soundings in an area heads. exploration. Cartographx , he explains, that was last surve\ed more than 160 was like doing his graduate thesis work. His inteiest in cartographs' has led \ears ago. He made trips to Europe to systemat- to the publication of charts of Jamaica, The latest San Bias chart is published ically search museums, libraries, and Isla Roatan, Honduras, and Mandinga by the U.S. Na\y H\drographic Office archives in an attempt to locate the and Carti Ke\ s in the San Bias. He has (Please see p. 18} sites of earh' Spanish settlements from centuries-old charts and prints. These documents sometimes reveal historical and geographical facts not found in books and manuscripts, he said. Often, such searches give tips to old spellings and former names no longer used. Dual Purpose Kapp also buvs old maps and charts which serve a dual purpose—to verif\' his studies of place names and locations, and to sell at a profit to help defray his exploration expenses. While stud\ing old charts in London a few years ago he discovered some- thing in British naval historx' that caused ([uite a stir among museum historians. While examining an 18th Century chart of St. John's, Virgin Islands, Kapp noticed that the cartographer signed himself H. Nelson Adm. Lord Horatio Nelson, the most famous of British naval heroes, was not known to have ever been a cartographer, but Kapp had a hunch. He knew Nelson had married a woman from Nevis, a British island in

The Panama Canal Review 17 74'. v^. foni^cadTros I REPl'BLICA .1 COLOMBIA "lJ> COSTA NORTE

^*'***" -•- r'i>_j_ -^vH iOtj- J.^ufi' •jf,.,;. fM,«- c-«

r

This chart of the northern coast of Colombia was made by Kapp (luring expeditions along the Spanish Main.

(Continued from p. 17) the start of a series of three beginning about 6 hours. Finally we lost them in and is of the northern part from Nom- in 1961 stretching from the Virgin a squall, but not before the crew opened bre de Dios to Brava Point. Where this Islands to Cariipano on the Venezuelan up on us with automatic weapons." (The northern part ends and the southern coast near Trinidad and then on to Fairwinds was not hit.) part begins the chart states that "the Bocas del Toro at the northwestern end Not associating the ship with the coastline and off-lving reefs to the east- of Panama and back to the Virgin island, the Fainvinds saOed back to ward of Mono River is enlarged from Islands-a total of 3,500 miles. Orchila where all hands were imme- a Spanish chart published in 1817." diately arrested on suspicion of being Forgotten Tidbits Kapp's chart will be the most up-to-date. part of a political escape plot. Kapp's first sailing expedition was "We were in search of abandoned LuckiK', the island commander, a forts and lost settlements and endeav- Venezuelan naval officer, had attended ored to uncover anv forgotten tidbits Columbia University in New York Cit\ of Hispanic history. We were amazed and greeted his unwanted and surprised to find a number of inaccuracies on American visitors like cousins. Even so. the modem charts. Li the San Bias the\' were held captive for a da\- until Archipelago alone we uncovered two other government officials determined ancient Spanish fortifications, unknown the\' were not attempting to release an\' to the National Archives of Panama," of the prisoners. Kapp said. In 1962, with a crew of seven, the Lightning Strikes Fairwinds sailed out from the Virgin On that same cruise, in a squall off Islands and headed for the tinv island the Darien coast, the Fairwinds was of Orchila which, unknown to the struck bv lightning. It stunned the crew- adventuresome group, was used bv the member at the helm, started a fire in Venezuelan government as a political the engineroom, knocked out the entire prison. Their chart, however, showed electrical system, and burned the mast. it to be barren and abandoned. Repairs made and the injured treated, An incident that would make a Holly- the journe\' was resumed. wood writer envious occurred while "The purpose of investigating the antiquated tacking up to the island to find an fortifications along the coast anchorage. was to make a comprehensive studv of their construction, design, choice of Pouring Smoke location, and specific materials used. "A large grey ship about 120 feet This information will prepare us for long without a flag or an\ identification locating the ruins in the Darien which The captain explains the secrets of map bore down on us. She was realK- pour- have been abandoned to the jungles for making. On the table is a chart of Port ing smoke (moving fast). We got out hundreds of \ears," Kapp said. Royal Harbor. of there but the ship chased us for One of the tasks set b\ the expedition

18 May 1970 -

"// was to locate the site of the first capital Valerie. She properlv fits in with the a man does not keep pace with of Terra Firma (on old charts the area nautical life, having been born on the his companions, it is because hears tliat comprises parts of Panama and seafaring Isle of Wight off the southern perhaps he Colombia), Santa Maria la Antigua, in coast of England. Eric, his 14-vear-old a different drummer. Let step to the music which the western part of Colombia near the son of a previous marriage, some- him he hears, Panama border. The\ located an area times joins the expeditions when his however measured or far auaij." 12 miles in the jungle which once was school vacations allow. believed to be the site, but ruled it out Greatest Undertaking on the basis of logic and a historical description of 1516 which indicated it Kapp is now preparing for his great- should be close to an anchorage. est undertaking— to locate and explore "We proceeded to investigate every the fabled cit\" of Eldorado. He is pre- possible harbor along the Gulf of Uraba senth' working on financing the trip. and were able to narrow the possibil- According to legend, Eldorado was ities douTi to four locations. In one of fabulouslv wealthx' and the most cul- the most logical bays, we found an tured cit\ of northern South America. batter\- and man-made sub- unknown What drives Kapp and that exclusive merged seawall," Kapp said. frutemitN of men and women who have Time for this portion of their journey left the grass cutting, the carpools, ran out and the\- were unable to con- church outings, and mortgage pa\ tinue their in\estigations. Kapp sa\ s, ments? Independence? Freedom? A however, he ma\- return and possibl\' drive to do the unusual—something that make excavations if more evidence is been done before? Or mereh found to indicate that the site was the has not location of Santa Maria. escape? It is possible all of these things are part of it. For example, Kapp Gulf of Uraba applied to the National Science Foun- During the search for Santa Maria, dation for a grant to help finance an Kapp was able to chart the Gulf of expedition to Roatan, an island oft the Uraba. This has been published by the the northern coast of Honduras. "The Republic of Colombia. request was turned down, but I went During his travels along the coasts ahead and did it anvwav. I get carried of Panama and Colombia, Kapp devel- awa\' sometimes." said. oped a scholarh' interest in the Cuna he Indian culture. He became so inter- Kapp has difficultx in explaining his ested he moved his base of operations wav of life and the satisfaction he gets

from the \'irgin Islands to Cristobal, from it. on the Atlantic side of the Panama Swashbuckling Canal, and to Cartagena, Colombia. A sometimes freelance writer, Kapp "I real]\ can't sav in one paragraph

is stud\ing Cuna medicine dolls and what it's all about. As much as I've Kapp takes time out his work in charting "mola" designs as the\ appK to the explained it to mv father, he still doesn't from the San Bias Islands to make Indian medicine. He plans eventually understand what I'm doing. I wanted friends with two Cuna Indian girls. to write a book on the results of his to do something scientific and I enjov The children are wearing studies. traveling and the romance of the old the typical "mola" blouses and The mola consists of la\ ers of various da\s—the swashbuckling da\s of the one girl a nose ring, colored cloth sewn together and cut pirates, not the blood and guts of it, traditional among the Cuna women. through to bring out a particular color but the times, the treasures and the which forms a design. Cuna Indian people," Kapp explains enthusiasticallv. women make blouses out of them. Each "I have pride in seeing mv charts blouse consists of two brightlv colored published and being accepted bv the molas plus short sleeves and a soke. / scientific communitv. The Explorers Nose Rings Club says that exploration should be The Ciuja women also wear large well planned, sophisticated, and some- rings, gold nose and beaded legbands. thing that hasn't been accomplished Medicine dolls, made of balsam and before. The difference between adven- other harder woods, are used b\' the ture and exploration is scientific ad- medicine men to remove the e\il spirit vancement and that's what we attempt from within a sick person. The doll in each of the expeditions." rescues the abducted spirit and the Kapp's effort cannot be measured b\ patient is restored to health. standard as those of Perr\ Kapp has published "The Printed the same or Lindberg, but he and the rest of Maps of Jamaica Up to 1825," and is working on two other books, maps of the world's wanderers are from the Panama, and maps of Colombia. same mold.

While in Jamaica. Kapp met and Henr\ David Thoreau explained it married a petite, prettv English girl. succinctlv when he WTote: -

THE OLD ADAGE that money doesn't To date, neither brother has taken grow on trees doesn't hold true for a salary nor any profits from the farm Panama. It does, and probably in vour operation. All earnings are returned to own back yard. the company in the form of land pur- Two enterprising brothers saw the chases, salaries, seedlings, machinery, green shimmering in the trees years and raw materials. ago and now slowly but surely are But they see a lucrative future not cashing in on a relatively untapped only for themselves, but for the Pan- Panamanian resource— dried plants that amanian economy as well. All the raw can be used for table arrangements. materials including seedlings, plastic The pair, Davis and Svdnev Steven- bags, paper collars for the bags (these are printed son, both U.S. citizens bom and reared with the name of the plant are in Panama, operate the Tropical Plant and stapled over the bag opening), Products Co. on a 50-acre farm in the cardboard boxes for shipping, and Pedregal area between Panama City many other small items, are bought and Tocumen Airport. in Panama. Even farm machinerv not manufactured in the Republic is pur- The products literally grow on trees chased through local companies. and vines. They are the large curly cecropia leaves, acacia pods, ferns, Bankrupt hops, sea oats, sea grape leaves, wood The future was not alwa\s as bright roses, palm spra\s, ginger lillies, the as it now appears, however. When the

handsome heliconias which grow wild operation was first starting in 1960 it along the roads, and dozens of miscel- came close to failing. Less determined laneous flora eagerly sought by florists men might have given up. Following in temperate climates where tropical the first harvest, a Florida distributor plants are rare. ordered $8,000 in dried plants. But

Rmu!Mm»'> m cnmj Tt^e^

With the help of 10 men and women before the shipment was paid for the who harvest, drv, fumigate, and pack- wholesaler went bankrupt and the ac- age the marketable foliage, the Ste- count was never settled. Except for venson brothers are working toward a the farm itself, and the energies and half-million-dollar a \ear industr\-. It business sense of the Ste\'enson broth- may be the largest export compan\- of ers, the compan\' was just about out dried tropical plants in Central and of business.

South America. Slowly they brought it out of the Already the "product of Panama" doldrums. Stockholders who invested label printed on the packages can be in the original venture are being repaid seen in nearly everv State of the con- their original investment, plus interest. tinental United States. Da\is. who takes care of the adminis- Airfreight trati\e side of the company, said the obligation to the stockholders will be So far this \ear thev have shipped totalK' repaid in another 2 or 3 years. to the United States approximatelv weather provides an 250,000 wood roses and about 200,000 While Panama's ideal growing season, it also creates other plants. Ever\thing is sent air- something of a problem. Har\est time freight from Tocumen Airport to the on the Ste\enson farm is at the begin- nationwide distributor. Horticultural ning of the dr\' season. But if the rainy Sales in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Tropical Plant Products has grown season ends late, as it did this year, un- seasonal the plants. Dr\' from 10 to 50 acres since the farm storms damage season rains in Januarv destro\ed 10 started 10 \ears ago. Although it was a .50 But everv struggle for them in the earlv years, to thousand wood roses. thing consicleicd, nature is generous to the Stevensons now feel there is a vast market for tropical dried plants, not persons who till Isthmian soil. A collection of dried Panama The U.S. Department ot .Agricnitinc plant life transformed into an attractive only in the United States, but Europe, re([nires that before being shipjied to table arrangement is held England, and Japan. Thev plan to in- by .Mrs. Gladys Burdick of the crease the size of the farm to 200 acres, the I'nited States, ail plants must he Curundu Flower Shop. which will provide jobs for 50 persons. iPii'dsc see p. 22)

20 M.w 19TU A closeup view of the seed pod shows why it is called a wood rose.

It is actually the seed pod of the Ipomoea Tuhcrosa vine which produces a bright yellow With his homemade, plywood collection box flower during the latter part strapped to his back, of rainv season. Jeronimo Garcia snips seed pods from the vine with his right hand and flings them accurately over his shoulder into the box.

Just prior to fumigation the plants are sorted and packaged. Mrs. Maria de los Santos Molina, who li\es nearby, earns extra money during harvest season.

Approximately 100 dozen wood roses are in this wire box about to be placed in a gas-heated drying room by Ricardo Torres. Although the plants are almost dry when picked, further drying is necessary and assures better coloration.

The Panama Canal Review 21 \\w v/ood Ro^ U Apwmj> A fvrv^mi^

(Continued from p. 20) fumigated to destroy unwanted and possibly dangerous insects. Fumigation

is one of a series of processes carried

out between the time a plant is picked

and the time it is shipped to the airport. Wood Roses

In the case of the popular wood roses, a team of har\'esters moves through the rows of vines carefulh' selecting and cutting the flowers. They are then put into shallow boxes with wire bottoms and placed in a gas-heated drving room. .Although the plants would dry natu- ral]), the artificial method does a faster job and results in better color. The plants spend 48 hours in the chamber and then are moved to the sort-

ing table where each plant is inspected for color, size, and general quality. The best of the plants are then hand bagged (a dozen to each perforated plastic bag), stapled closed and moved to the fumi- gating room where menthol bromide gas kills the insects, .\fter this necessary procedure, the plants are placed in card- board cartons for ti-ucking to the airport. Braniff International and Pan Amer- ican World .Airways fly the packages to Florida. An average shipment consists of 50 cases which contain 4,000 dozen Surrounded by the lushncss of Panama, wood roses. David Stevenson, left, and Besides the pleasant climate of Pan- his brother Sydney, inspect a new batch of wood roses ama, there are other advantages for before the plants are packaged and businesses in the Republic. Davis points fumigated. Their efforts mav eventuallv turn into out that the Isthmus ac- a $500,000 a year industry. has excellent cessibility to world markets; the invest-

ment climate is good because it is a dollar economy, and the business com- munity is a progressive one. Also, there are certain guarantees for foreign busi- nessmen; ability to move dollars in and out of the country without restrictions, and a liberal dividend tax. On The Ground The Stevenson farm does not produce Packaged in plastic all the items that Tropical Plant Prod- and labeled, ucts exports to the States. Some of the the finished product is ready to be flown dried plants such as the white cecropia to Florida lea\es are provided bv suppliers who """O ROSE for distribution. So far simph- pick the leaves off the groimd this year and take them to the farm. Other flora approximately supplied in the same manner include 450,000 dried plants sea oats, sea grape leaves, heliconia, have been shipped out and royal palm spravs. of Panama. Panama, like other tropical countries, has a wealth of items that can be dried and made into attractive arrangements for the home or office. Anybody can

do it. All it takes is the right plant, a little imagination, and a vase.—L.R.G.

22 May 1970 =ANNIVERSARIES (On the basis of total Federal Service)

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES DIVISION Charles W. Rager Jorge Duncan Lock Operator (Pipefitter) Laborer (Cleaner) Malcolm E. Smith Servio T. Rueda Vivian Blandford B. and Leave Clerk Time Helper Lock Operator Motor Vehicle Dispatcher Francis V. Lord Alfred E. Thompson Nicolas I. Caput Cylinder Pressman Air Compressor Plant Operator Chauffeur MARINE BUREAU John W. Urey Antoine Bruno Lead Foreman Pipefitter Truck Driver Elton H. Sealey William W. Anderson Leonard D. Saunders Marine Traffic Clerk Painter Train Baggageman Herbert G. Forbes Willard O. Robinson Guard Alson T. Boyce Painter Helper Electrician Leighton F. Franklin Arthur Edwards Seaman Joseph N. Gill J. Laborer Materials Handling Equipment Repairman Arthur C. Willocks Barnes Joscelyn H. Evering Machine Operator Charles A. Supply Clerk Clerk TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS Justo Navarro Lee B. Hunnicutt BUREAU Carpenter Supervisor.' Cargo Checker Elwin Maitland Onofre Coronado S. M. Scantlebury S. (Deckhand) Liquid Fuels Wharfman Motor Vehicle Dispatchertier Line Handler James Kennedy Albert W. McKinnon E. S. Harrison Truck Driver (Hea\'y) Messenger Motor Launch Operator Calvin Best Albert A. Smith Sixto De la Cruz Blocker and Bracer Time and Leave Clerk Seaman Clarence A. Taylor U. W. Wallace Earle H. Holder ^ Parts and Equipment Cleaner Time and Leave Clerk (Ty^ng) Mate Trainee (Towboats) Roosevelt Bryan McDonald A. Evans SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY SERVICE (Deckhand) Stevedore BUREAU Line Handler Eric B. Phillips William R. Graham Railroad Operations Officer Zilla M. Worthy Leader Line Handler (Deckhand, Boatswain) Marker and Sorter Luis De Le6n Wilson H. WaHron Mechanic Allan A. Faulkner Cement Finisher-Maintenance Lead Foreman Automotive Leader Laborer (Cleaner) George L. Curtis Carlos Segreda C. William A. Woodcock Helper Lock Operator Grounds Equipment Repairman Meat Cutter Walter F. Jarvis SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY SERVICE ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Lead Foreman, Lock Operations BUREAU BUREAU Miguel Batista Line Handler Gwendolyn Cumberbatch Julian S. Heame George E. Phillips Counterwoman General Engineer (Dredging) Fiberglass Worker (Boatsj Ethel M. Harding Ernest T. Wallace Grover R. Barnes Counterwoman Asphalt or Cement Worker Leader Lock Operator-Iron Worker, Welder Abelardo Reluz William A. Howard Alfred E. Ferdinand Garbage Collector Leader Painter Leader Seaman Newton E, Skeet HEALTH BUREAU Carlos Romero General Foreman (Grounds) Seaman (Launch) Norman Davis Ernest A. Welch Ashton E. Crichlow Leader Laborer (Cleaner) Medical Aid (Sterile Supplies) Launch Dispatcher Jame^ Jesse Henry Montgomery Laborer (Cleaner) Toolroom Attendant William K. Mapp Jos^ M. Castro Laborer (Cleaner) Line Handler Booker T. Alleyne OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR-PRESIDENT Chabel H. Moses ^ Laborer (Pest Control) William M. Whitman Painter Harlington G. Davidson Secretary-, Panama Canal Company and Julio Rodriguez Laborer (Heavy-Cold Storage) Assistant to the Governor Boatman (Locks) Robert Davidson MAGISTRATES' COURTS Jose del C. P^rez Marker and Sorter Oiler Luisa O. de Sanchez Cleveland E. Stevens Anthony Williams Marker and Sorter Court Clerk (Typing) Painter Remi O. Grimaux ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES DIVISION John Jackman Warehouseman Supply Clerk Pedro Beleno Wells Fred E. Henry I. Beimett Carpenter (Maintenance) Supervisory Transportation Officer Helper Machinist (Marine) Cleveland G. Meikle Robert G. Hammetter Gilberto Myers Supplv Clerk General Foreman-Printing Plant Motor Vehicle Dispatcher Lillian C. Holder Edna E. Newton Amoldo J. Sinclair C. Sales Store Checker Bindery Worker Launch Dispatcher James N. Miller Phyra I. Decoster Edward R. McDonald Commissarv Store Department Manager Bindery Worker Helper Lock Operator Irene V, McClean OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER Sales Store Checker TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS Rafaela Salas Wilfred W. Jones BUREAU Snack Bar Operator Accounting Technician Adolphus L. Osborne Eric L. Wilson Carl M. Paiak Truck Driver Leader Cook Staff Accountant Andres Ross Manuel Morales P. Donald J. Bowen (Dock Stevedoring) Gardener Supervisory Accountant Leader Samuel Barrios Hilario Rojas PERSONNEL BUREAU Automotive Equipment Serviceman Grounds Maintenance Equipment Operator Robert A. Stevens Alfonso Heiuy Jos^ G. Santana Operator Supervisory Position Classification Specialist Stevedore Field Tractor Marcus Aird Edmund Reid MARINE BUREAU Cargo Operations Clerk Laborer Carmelo Zuniga Joseph E. Frederick Gerald S. Oakley Line Handler Helper (General) Laborer (Cleaner) Ira B. Knieht Basil E. Curtis Randolph V. Perkins Seaman Helper (General) Sales Store Clerk Florencio Ri'os Eric E. Glasgow (Please see 30) Lead Foreman (Operations— Lock Wall) Clerk Checker p.

The Pawama Canal Review 23 CANAL COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC BY NATIONALITY OF VESSELS This situation resulted in a stud\' of the pilot-control svsteni. The Marine Traffic Control (MTC) which was centralized in Balboa 5 years a^o, provided the pattern. Up to that time it too was being handled like the pilot assignments— separately at Balboa and at Cristobal. Streamlining was needed to cope with the increasing workload. The Executi\e Planning StafF saw the success of the centralized MTC and recommended that pilot assignments and record keeping should also be centralized. Captain Gundersen was given the task of developing a workable svstem. He devised se\eral methods, and after a series of experiments, one was finally put into operation. It called for a large magnetic color coded tab board show- ing the name of each pilot, the size of vessel he was qualified to take through the Canal, his home base, and his availabilit)- on a given day. Magnetic Tabs The information can easil\- be up- dated b\- simph- changing the magnetic tabs. Different color tabs denote the home base and pilot qualifications. An alphabetical directory board shows the name of each pilot, his tele- phone number, home base, and qualifi- cations. This board and the tab board are in clear view of clerks as the\- de- velop daih rotation papers that are sent to the MTC, which phones pilots and assigns them to the ships.

^^ SH t P ? I N G (Continued from p. 25) Savill Lines are members, and two and 19 hours. Margaret Johnson was The unit is responsible for all func- by Blue Star Line and Port Line, mem- launched last fall and was to make her tions pertaining to pilots' timekeeping. bers of Associated Container Transpor- initial trip through the Canal last month. This centralization of time records tation Ltd. Panama Agencies is the local agent reduces the jMSsibOitv of errors in deter- The ships, plus their containers, will for the Johnson Line. mining night differential, and other cost approximately $132 million. They extra pay factors. will operate a 14-day service from Til- Liners Being Sold bury Captain Gundersen is also the admin- and Southampton to Auckland and TWO WELL-KNOWN passenger ships istration's liaison with the elected offi- Wellington and will charter 80 percent which have visited the Panama Canal of containerizable cials of the Panama Canal Pilot Asso- exports from Britain on various occasions under the flags of ciation with regard to agreements on and nearly 50 percent of New Zealand their previous owners may be coming the interpretation and application of the export cargo to the United Kingdom. here soon as cruise ships operated by Pilots Work Rules. (Please see p. 30) Centralizing the pilot record and Speedy S^^'^edes assignment system "was a tremendous THE SWEDISH flag Johnson Line, a improvement," said Rufus C. O'Neal, regular customer of the Panama Canal, PANAMA CANAL TRAFFIC chief marine traffic controller. "There has added three new speedy container- STATISTICS FOR FIRST 9 MONTHS is better utilization of manpower, uni- ships to its to the United Europe States OF FISCAL YEAR 1970 formity in administration of the pilot and north Pacific run. They are the Axel TRANSITS (Oceangoing Vessels) force, and better equalization of pilot Johnson, Annie Johnson, and Margaret 1970 1969 overtime." Johnson. Each vessel cruises at 23 knots Commercial 10,151 9,672 with a full load of 610 containers and Accurate Records U.S. Government 853 1,046 200,000 cubic feet of palletized general Free 81 46 Other benefits, said Captain Gunder- cargo. Each ship has two high efficiency sen, include removing clerical chores Total 11,085 10,764 gantry cranes, seven holds with a million from assistant port captains, keeping • cubic foot capacity, and a sophisticated TOLLS pilot time records in a single office, and Commercial remote control system. The enginerooms $70,355,589 $64,342,447 keeping more accurate pilot rotation U.S. Government. 4,936,460 6,442,040 on the three vessels can operate records. unmanned for 16 out of every 24 hours. Total $75,292,049 $70,784,487 He also noted that this is the first The new ships entered service last CARGO" time that anyone connected with pilot year when the Axel Johnson made her Commercial 84,226,250 74,054,281 assignments and pilot schedules has had maiden voyage through the Canal to the U.S. Government— 3,365,077 5,660,210 complete information readilv available U.S. west coast and Vancouver. The Free 173,949 74,871 for the status of anv of the 185 pilots. Annie Johnson arrived at the Canal a Total 87,765,276 79,789,362 Working with Captain Gundersen few months later and broke the com- are: Kenneth Gibbs, supervisor; Ashbv ° Includes tolls on all vessels, oceangoing and pany's speed record between London small. Smith, alternate supervisor; Claude and the U.S. west coast in 14 days '•Cargo figures are in long tons. E. Burgess, timekeeper; and Hubert Weeks, Ernesto Evering, Arthur Barter, 1.200 and Ricardo Roberts, watch standing N clerks. U <:; M $ $ cf 1,100 B Container Ships Ordered 1,000 FOUR 41,000-ton container ships will R begin using the Panama Canal in 1972 in the United Kingdom to New Zealand 900 trade, according to an announcement made recently by the chairman of the New Zealand Conference. 800 The vessels, which will be the world's largest refrigerated ships, have been 700 ordered from British yards for delivery in 1972 and 1973. They will carry approximately 1,420 containers, 1,160 600 insulated and 260 general cargo, at a speed of 23 knots. Two were ordered by Overseas Con- 500 tainers Ltd. of which the New Zealand Shipping Company and the Shaw -N> :• .

iMiers i

£^'^'

^^^m^mm m:

1st

"SUCH A VARIED collection of functions has seldom before of final construction was still going on around them. By June women, working been assembled under one roof, and the building is probably 1915. there were 424 employees, 39 of them unique and not liable to be duplicated until some undertaking in the Administration Building. is 15th century Italian renais- as great in magnitude as the Canal is to be consummated." Architecturallv, the building sance. Except for landscaping and the addition of parking That statement, somewhat formal as was the st\le of the areas, the exterior of the Administration Building has changed times, capped the description printed in The Canal Record little since 1915. Changes, however, have come to the inte- on December 30, 1914, of the new Administration Building rior. Offices have been shuffled, reshuffled, extended, cut up, in Balboa Heights. rearranged, carpeted, curtained, and cooled. And although the "varied collection of fimctions" still re- Gone are the ladies' reading rooms, pool tables for men, mains, the edifice that serves as headquarters for the Panama and a small room on the landing between the first and second Canal organization "was planned without any definite know- floors where candv and cigars were sold. ledge of what offices were to occupy it, how much space they would require, or how thev were to be correlated," The Canal Cold Beer Served

Record stated. Gone also is the cold beer which was available in the res- taurant in the basement. A library once occupied the porch Under One Roof at the front of the building. It was moved to the Civil Affairs During the construction days various offices and admin- Building in 1949. istrative units were spread throughout the area. As the Canal Man\' of the porches, which were necessary to protect the neared completion it became obvious that a structure was offices from the direct rays of the sun and which also served needed to concentrate the oflSces of the several departments as corridors for public communication to and between the under one roof for the sake of efficiency and economy, and various offices, were covered in 1942. The Graphic Branch, for the convenience of the general public having business originally in the attic, was moved to the basement in 1954. with the Canal. Canal organization functions which have remained at their

Actual work of excavating, filling, and leveling of the site original places include the Engineering and Construction the telephone ex- was begun in March 1913 bv the Department of Construc- Bureau, the main vault in the basement, Balboa Heights Post Of- tion and Engineering. The United States Steel Products Co. change, and the seismograph. The fice, whose main purpose was to expedite official Canal mail, was able to start erecting the steel skeleton on June 18, 1913. has alwa\ s been on the first floor just off the rotunda. The first employees occupied the "E" shaped building in November and December 1914, while the noise and hubbub (Please turn to p. 28)

The Pan'.wia Canal Review 27 Canal Zone Go\ernor \V. P. Leber, right, discusses one of many administrative matters that arise every day. At left is Lt. Governor R. S. Hartline with Paul M. Runnestrand, executive secretarv.

Lijuking west from Ancon Hill on March 14, 1914, one could see the almost completed Administration Buildint;. In 1953 the American Society of Civil Engineers chose the "E" shaped structure as one of the seven modern civil engineering wonders of the United States.

Major changes to the interior were made about 12 vears ago. A number of impro\ements were undertaken at a cost of more than SI million. These included an air-conditioning system, fluorescent lighting, suspended acoustical ceilings, conversion of a suite of rooms adjacent to the Governor's Office to be used as the Board Room, a new self-ser\ice elevator was installed, and glass doors replaced wooden doors The Engineering and Construction Bureau is at all outside e.xits. responsible for all design, construction, inspection, and maintenance of buildings. Nan Ingen Murals Restored Col. Charles R. Clark, Bureau director, right, uses a model of the Panama A bronze bust of former Presideiit Theodore Roosevelt was Canal to explain how a ship transits the water^vay. unveiled in the rotunda during the Roosevelt Centennial cele- Listening are Julieta .Arosemena, stenographer, and brated on the Isthmus in .\ovember 1958. A bust of Ferdi- Richard Lopp. budget and projects coordinator. nand DeLesseps had been placed in a niche of the rotunda in 195.5. The beautiful \'an Ingen murals circling the upper walls of the rotunda, w hich show the monumental construction of the Panama Canal, were restored in 1960. More recent innovations in the Administration Building are new windows and doors, rehabilitation of restrooms, car- peting and general refinement of offices. Latest additions to the interior of the -Administration Build- ing are epo.w reproductions of the seal of the Canal Zone Government and the seal of the Panama Canal Company which embellish the two columns facing the east entrance.

Extends To \\'ashington Approximately 730 persons, including some 230 women, are now employed in the Administration Building. Headquarters for the organization which emplo\s close to 16,000 persons, the building is the hub of an organization extending to Washington, D.C. where the Office of the Secretar\- With health directors from the past seeminglv looking for the Panama Canal Company is located. on. Col. H. H. Ziperman, present director of the Health The photographs on these pages show some of the dav-to- Bureau, center, confers with two colleagues. day activities that take place in the Panama Canal's Admin- Col. Robert \V. Green, director of Gorgas Hospital, right, istration Building. —F.H. and A. B. Carr. assistant to the health director.

28 May 1970 A Myriad of Functions The Marine Bureau's primary responsi- the Canal. bility is to put ships through Maintenance of the teletype circuits and bureau direc- Capt. Alvin L. Gallin. USN. microwave equipment is continuous. Wade talks o\er a project with Walter tor, left, Huffman, Jr., leader central office repair- A. Dryja, assistant director. man, checks the circuits. More than 185,000 calls a dav go through the exchange.

ABOVE; The purse strings of the Canal organization are held by Comptroller

Philip L. Steers. Jr., left, talking over n

budget matter with Arthur J. O'Leary, deputy comptroller. BELOW; Telephone Hugh A. N'orris, Executive Planning Staff operators Joan Chevalier, foreground, and senior economist, seated, discusses shipping Mariela Vielo are at the switchboard in statistics with Iris Peralta, statistical clerk, Communications Branch. Five operators the and Donald Schmidt, economist. handle from 500 to 750 calls a day. li k.

Programers in the Data Processing Division discuss a systems configuration. From left are: Richard Gayer, Norita Scott, and Edgar McArthur.

The Balboa Heights Post Office is always busv. Checking parcels are, from left; Corirad Blades, Neville Fraim, James Beds- worth (standing), and Edmund Johnson.

Legal counsel and litigation are integral parts of the Canal organization. From left, Branch provides a wide range attorneys John L. Haines, Jr., Stephen A. The Graphic services. Carlos .Mendez, prepares art- Bemiard, Jr., and Earl R. .McMillin discuss of a point of law as they prepare a brief. work for photographic reproduction.

The Pana.ma Canal Re\iew 29 Victor Griffith (Continued from p. 23) E. I. Robert Berger Laborer (Heavy) Chief, Out Patient Service, Gorgas Hospital Constantia T. Lawson Austin G. Mapp Muriel Levene Supervisory Sales Store Clerk Upholsterer Nursing Assistant George C. Clark Rafael Molinar C. Roy A. Watson Guard Maintenanceman, Distribution Systems Pharmacy Assistant Claude L. Goodridge Raul Leinch Fitz G. Bowen Laborer (Heavy-Cold Storage) Electrician, Lineman Nursing Assistant (Medicine and Surgery) Samuel U. Johnson Reginald A, Mason Thomas A. Barrett Guard Helper Cable Splicer Medical Aid (Ambulances) Santiago CrifRn Carlos A. Valderrama Sales Store Clerk Seaman Marcelino Martinez Crist6bal Murillo Laborer (Heavy) Oiler, Floating Plant Everard S. Levexier Miguel A. Garcia Lead Foreman (Materials Handling) Oiler, Floating Plant (Continued from p. 26) Drakes Alfred C. Cresencio Rivera the Greek Chandris Leader Stockman Seaman Lines. They are the Wilbcrt H. Kellman Candido MeUndez President Roosevelt of the American Assistant Baker Lead Foreman, Debris Control President Lines, which recently Manuel E. Hernandez Juan A. Ibarra com- Truck Driver Oiler, Floating Plant pleted a round-the-world cruise, and the Sadie D. Belle Mauricio C. Poveda American Export Isbrandtsen Line's Office Machine Operator Sandblaster Constitution, Clifford W. Edwards Owen Carlyle which has been laid up in \V ashman Leader—Deck Operations, Dredge Jacksonville for more than a year. Clarence Levy Isaac Bermudez T. A report in the Marker and Sorter Motor Launch Operator-Small Marine Digest said Charles Hogan Frederick M. Palmer that Chandris will pay $8 million for Laundry Worker (Heavy) Laborer (Cleaner) the Constitution and Jestina Trusty F^lix Ramos $L8 million for Sales Store Checker Laborer (Heavy) the President Roosevelt. The company Alma V. Larrier Waller R. Weeks would use the Constitution on round- Supply Clerk Supply Clerk Ruth D. Jaminson Ernest C. Taylor the-world passenger service and the Pantrywoman Truck Driver President Roosevelt for cruises. Chan- Egbert E. Davis Orlando P. Lashley dris has Supply Clerk Helper Electrician been operating with many other Ignacio L6pez G. Ovidio Caceres liners including the former U.S. flagship Laborer Oiler (Floating Plant) SS American now sailing Rafael J. Femenias Euribiades Ramos through the Truck Driver Sandblaster Canal as the Australis; the Elinis, form- C. M. Dandrade Mike N. Bent erly the Matson Line Lurline, Sales Store Clerk Motor Launch Operator and the Inez C. Howell Carlos F. Joseph Queen Frederica, formerly the Malolo. Sales Store Clerk Motor Laimch Operator This last ship is still going strong de- Fabian O. Brown Frederick A. Watson Assistant Meat Cutter Carpenter spite the fact that she was built in Eugenio Ruiz 1928. Other U.S. passenger liners laid ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Maintenanceman BUREAU Robert F. Dunn up on the U.S. east coast at present Filix G. L6pez Operator, Dredge are the Atlantic, the United States, Oiler (Floating Plant) Alfred A. Reid the Argentina, the Brazil, Pedro A. Gord6n ""^ai^^^^^ Laundry Equipment Repairman and the Boatman Luis Cuentas Independence. Epifanio Salazar Cement Finisher Boatman Pedro Osses Aurelio Pozo Water Tender (Floating Plant) Stock Exchange Cruises Paver Degaska Pryme John Finlason Helper Machinist (Maintenance) DOCTORS GO on cruises, the bridge Chief Engineer, Towboat Mariano Garcia players join ranks and travel to the south Rupert C. Feimell Cement Finisher Motor Launch Engineman Ferdinand M. Graham seas, and the idle rich go around the Jorge A. Shuffler Wharfbuilder world. Added to this list of special Leader (Deck Operations, Dredge) James S. Daniel travelers Frederick Bums Wharfbuilder are cruises for stock investors. Motor Launch Operator The Prudential Grace Line's Santa Jose Z. Moreno CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Magdalena, Boatman Hoaglan A. Maynard which transits the Canal on Gilbert C. Foster Maintenanceman a regular schedule to the west coast of Leader (Quarry John F. Rice Operations) South America, has Hilton F. Hughes Fire Sergeant joined the "Wall Chief, Power Plant (Hydro) Samuel R. Prince Street Navy" for the first time. She and Gerald Fo« Fire Fighter J. her luxury sister ship, the Santa Rosa, Lead Foreman Machinist (Maintenance) Richard J. Salvato Harvey W. Sauter Customs Inspector sailed on Investors' Special Cruises with Lead Foreman (Hospital Maintenance) her passengers enrolled in investment Eric T. Smoll HEALTH BUREAU Wharfbuilder Cuillermo Herman seminars provided for them by Oppen- Diet Cook Charles A. Sealey heimer and Company, members of the Helper Sheetmetal Secundino MoT&n Worker New York Exchange. Nicolas Estrada R. Exterminator Sur\'eying Aide Stanford W. Campbell Apparently so successful are these James H. Leader Cook Holder investors' cruises that Merrill Guard Roberto A. Torres Q. Lynch, Laborer (Heavy-Pest Pierce, Luciano Del Cid S. Control) Fenner & Smith completed its 3d Leslie A. Panther Laborer (Heavy) Annual Investors' Cruise last Nursing month Wilfred G. James Assistant (Medicine and Surgery) Granville aboard the Paver Brown West German-flag vessel, Nursing Assistant (Medicine Jose Del Cid M, and Siu-gery) the TS Hamburg. The 13-day "relax and Proscopio Londoiio Laborer (Heavy) Exterminator learn" tour sailed from Port Everglades Mildmay C. Lamotte F. ViUalobos Clerk. Work Order and visited St. Thomas, Martinique, Hospital Attendant Jorge Pierre Clara Z. Saarinen Trinidad, Granada, Venezuela, Curacao, Clerk Supervisory Chnical Nurse Jamaica, and Haiti.

30 May 1970 CAMAl HISTORY

The H.M.S. "Renown" steams info Colon Bay. Aboard the cruiser is the Prince of Wales.

of gasoline. Both were re- fiscal year I960. The amount of cargo 50 Years Ago her cargo floated and repairs made in the Panama carried through the Canal, the size of THE BRITISH cruiser Rcnoicn, carry- Canal shops. the transiting ships, and the tolls paid ing the Prince of Wales (now the Duke to the Panama Canal during that period of Windsor) and his staff, arrived at 25 Years Ago all reached the highest figures in Canal Cristobal in the morning of March 30, history. This was attributed to the in- PANAMA CANAL emplo)ees contin- 1920, and proceeded through the Canal crease in the size of ships during the ued to carry heavy workloads at both to Balboa. According to the Panama 3-month period. Among the customers Cristobal and Balboa early in 194.5 due Canal Record, the President of Pan- were such superships as the San Juan to the sharp increase in Canal traffic ama, the Governor of the Canal Zone, Merchant and the Sinclair Company's which was up approximately 73 percent and other officials boarded the Renoion Petrolore. above the previous fiscal year. The at Gatun Locks and made the pas- o o o limited docking facilities at Balboa, sage as far as Pedro Miguel. The used as a repair base for a large fleet The Japanese firm of Mitsubishi Shoji ship was delayed about 3 hours in Gail- of tankers carrying war cargoes to the Kaisha Ltd. made the apparent low bid lard Cut while the dredges cleared the Pacific, necessitated the berthing of ves- on a contract to furnish new towing channel of a slide which had occurred Canal. sels three and four abreast at the piers locomotives for the Panama The March 20. She arrived in Balboa at 1960. and doubling up at the moorings. bids were opened Februar\' 22, 8:30 p.m. having been I3y2 hours in The system of convo\s in effect up The\' called for 6 test locomotives, 33 transit. The Record said the Renown to the end of hostilities in Europe taxed additional locomotives, and three loco- was the largest ship in length and dis- personnel and etjuipment at Cristobal motive cranes. The Japanese finn placement to have transited the Canal to the limit in providing quick servic- entered a base bid of 83,829,900. at that time. She was 795 feet long and ing. Wartime precautions for safeguard- had a displacement of 33,379 tons. ing the Canal and vessels in transit Year Ago The Prince of Wales was entertained One continued throughout the year although during the evening of his arrival at a THE LINER Fairsea was towed back the war was coming to an end in Europe. dinner and reception, followed bv danc- to Balboa last February following a o e o ing, given by the British Minister to fire in the engineroom. The ship, en Panama at the Tivoli Hotel. The next President Franklin D. Roosevelt died route from Australia to England with day he was the guest of honor at a ban- in Hot Springs, Ga., April 12, 1945. more than 900 passengers, was towed quet and ball given bv the President of At the end of April, as allied troops to Balboa by the tug Gulf Raider from Panama at the Union Club. The Renoun marched into Berlin, there were reports a position nearly 900 miles southwest was on its way to New Zealand and of the deaths of Mussolini in Italy and of Balboa. Australia via San Diego and Honolulu. Hitler in Germanw o o o

o o o Monday, March 31, 1969, was set The Panama Canal salvaged two 10 Years Ago aside as a national day of mourning to freighters in March 1920. The steam- THE INCREASE in the size of ships mark the death of former President ship Olockson was towed in from sea using the Canal was reflected in Pan- Dwight D. Eisenhower who died March and was sunk in the outer harbor at ama Canal shipping statistics issued in 28 in Washington, D.C. As a mark of Balboa to extinguish a fire in her cargo February 1960. With the exception of respect to his memory. Governor Leber of gasoline. The steamship Marne sank ship traffic, all Canal records were ordered that all flags in the Canal Zone in Cristobal harbor, also with fire in broken during the second quarter of remain at half-staff for 30 da\s.

The Panama Canal Review 31 ^'

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