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Cinema Na Internet. Espaços Informais De Circulação, Pirataria E Cinefilia

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Cinema Na Internet. Espaços Informais De Circulação, Pirataria E Cinefilia PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL ANGELA MARIA MEILI CINEMA NA INTERNET. ESPAÇOS INFORMAIS DE CIRCULAÇÃO, PIRATARIA E CINEFILIA Porto Alegre 2015 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL ANGELA MARIA MEILI CINEMA NA INTERNET. ESPAÇOS INFORMAIS DE CIRCULAÇÃO, PIRATARIA E CINEFILIA Prof. Dr. João Guilherme Barone Reis e Silva Orientador Tese apresentada como pré-requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Comunicação Social, no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social Data da defesa: 31.03.2015 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul ii CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE M513c Meili, Angela Maria Cinema na internet. espaços informais de circulação, pirataria e cinefilia / Angela Maria Meili. – Porto Alegre, 2015. 255 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Comunicação Social, Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social. PUCRS. Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Guilherme Barone Reis e Silva. 1. Comunicação. 2. Cinema. 3. Pirataria. 4. Internet - Crimes. 5. Cinefilia. 6. BitTorrent – Protocolo. I. Silva, João Guilherme Barone Reis e. II.Título. CDD 791.43 Bibliotecária Responsável Ginamara de Oliveira Lima CRB 10/1204 iii ANGELA MARIA MEILI CINEMA NA INTERNET. ESPAÇOS INFORMAIS DE CIRCULAÇÃO, PIRATARIA E CINEFILIA Tese de Doutorado em Comunicação Social Data de aprovação: 31.03.2015 Banca Examinadora: _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Guilherme Barone Reis e Silva Orientador _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Miriam de Souza Rossini _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Roberto Tietzmann _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Tiago Coelho Ferreto _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Tiago Ricciardi Correa Lopes Porto Alegre 2015 iv À minha família, que apoiou e iluminou esta jornada acadêmica. Aos amigos que inspiraram e questionaram. Aos professores e colegas, que apresentaram temas e novos campos de conhecimento na Comunicação, Letras e Ciências Sociais. Aos cineastas e artistas brasileiros, que lutam contra as adversidades materiais e políticas, pela riqueza da expressão cultural humana. Aos cinéfilos, engajados no desenvolvimento das sensibilidades e do conhecimento sobre a sétima arte. v Agradecimentos Agradeço à minha mãe Neuza Meili, meu irmão Lucas Meili e à minha cunhada Patrícia Nagliati pelo apoio incondicional. Ao meu orientador Dr. João Guilherme Barone Reis e Silva por ter se engajado nas minhas ideias e estar aberto ao diálogo, auxiliando na conexão entre todos os pontos com os quais trabalhamos na pesquisa. À minha orientadora de Estágio Sanduíche no Exterior, Dra. Laura Rascaroli (University College of Cork, Irlanda), que acrescentou ideias essenciais para a pesquisa, acreditando na capacidade inovadora do trabalho. Aos docentes da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) e da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) que, através de suas disciplinas, ofereceram conhecimento de grande utilidade para a elaboração desse trabalho. Aos colegas do grupo UBITEC (PPGCom, PUCRS), que proporcionaram excelentes discussões, aprendizado e experiência ao longo dos quatro anos de formação deste doutorado. Agradeço, também, à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior do Ministério da Educação e à Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul pelo suporte financeiro, elemento fundamental para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. vi Resumo Analisamos o fenômeno da circulação informal de cinema na internet, oferecendo uma orientação sistemática dentro do vasto universo das redes de distribuição que se encontram às margens do mercado oficial. A pirataria é estudada como uma atividade cultural que corresponde a uma gama de interesses coletivos de dimensão global e se relaciona com as políticas normativas, a crítica à propriedade intelectual, a desobediência civil, o mercado, as inovações tecnológicas, a cultura participativa e as economias informais. Fazemos um recorte no universo de circulação informal para analisar, especificamente, a relação entre as redes BitTorrent, a distribuição de cinema e a cibercinefilia, apontando para o caráter híbrido dessas redes, onde meios informais e formais convergem, elementos técnicos combinam-se, nichos e culturas globais dialogam, sensibilidades morais relativizam-se, discursos, práticas cotidianas e ações políticas se desenvolvem e onde mercados se transformam. Demonstramos que, dentro do espaço não autorizado de circulação, podem ser encontrados centros especializados de distribuição com dimensão simbólica própria, que manifestam sentidos sobre o cinema, que se desenvolvem sob a influência de um imaginário cinéfilo e multicultural. Palavras-chave: Comunicação, Cinema, Circulação Informal, Internet, BitTorrent, Pirataria, Cinefilia. vii Abstract This research analyses the phenomenon of informal film circulation on Internet, building a systematic orientation within the vast universe of distribution networks. Piracy is a cultural activity that corresponds to a range of collective interests of global dimension and relates to regulatory policies, critical intellectual property, civil disobedience, market, technological innovations participatory culture and informal economies. This study explores the relations between BitTorrent networks, cinema distribution and ciber- cinephilia, pointing to networks with hybrid nature, where informal and formal media converge, technical elements combine, niches and global cultures dialogue, moral sensibilities-relativize, speeches, daily practices and political actions are developed and where markets are transformed. We have shown that, within the space of unauthorized circulation, specialized distribution hubs have their own symbolic dimension, which manifest particular senses about cinema, under the influence of a movie buff and multicultural imaginary. Keywords: Communication, Cinema, informal circulation, Internet, BitTorrent, Piracy, Cinephilia ] viii Lista de Tabelas Tabela 1: Filmes mais Baixados da Semana de 19.01.2014 ....................................................... 18 Tabela 2: Percentual de Fluxo de Dados para Streaming. ........................................................... 45 Tabela 3: Indexadores BitTorrent mais Populares ...................................................................... 59 Tabela 4: Tipos de Sites Indexadores (elaboração do autor) ..................................................... 150 Tabela 5: Comunidades Privadas de Torrent ............................................................................ 158 Tabela 6: Top 20 filmes mais acessados MKO ......................................................................... 197 Tabela 7: Top 20 Filmes Mais Comentados no MKO .............................................................. 204 Tabela 8: Top 20 Filmes mais Antigos MKO ........................................................................... 224 ix Lista de Gráficos Gráfico 1: Diagrama das variáveis da circulação digital (elaboração do autor) .......................... 32 Gráfico 2: Diagrama das variáveis do Netflix (elaboração do autor) .......................................... 33 Gráfico 3: Diagrama das variáveis do YouTube (elaboração do autor) ...................................... 33 Gráfico 4: Diagrama das variáveis do Crackle (elaboração do autor) ......................................... 34 Gráfico 5: Diagrama das variáveis do Popcorn Time (elaboração do autor) .............................. 34 Gráfico 6: Diagrama das variáveis dos Bundles BitTorrent (elaboração do autor)..................... 35 Gráfico 7: Aplicação do Diagrama da Circulação On-line para os GTPs ................................. 167 Gráfico 8: Disponibilidade dos Filmes Brasileiros do MKO na Loja Amazon.com ................. 196 Gráfico 9: Percentagem das Áreas de Formação dos Usuários do MKO .................................. 211 x Lista de Figuras Figura 1: Diagrama da apropriação Tecnológica na Circulação Informal de Filmes (elaboração do autor) ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Figura 2: Logos do Google e do YouTube .................................................................................. 66 Figura 3: Logos da Apple e ITunes ............................................................................................. 66 Figura 4: Conjunto de Logos do Complexo Amazon .................................................................. 67 Figura 5: Capa de Suzy Q (1999) ................................................................................................ 79 Figura 6: Símbolo Sagrado e Slogan do Kopimismo. ............................................................... 129 Figura 7: Página referente às categorias de conteúdo de site de Torrent Aberto Kickass.to ..... 151 Figura 8: Página referente às categorias de conteúdo do site de Torrent Aberto Piratebay.se .. 152 Figura 9: Interface do Indexador e Buscador de Páginas de Torrent Torrent.to ....................... 153 Figura 10: Lista de Sites de Torrent Especializados em TV e Cinema no Indexador Torrents.to ..................................................................................................................................................
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