A SHORT AND EASY

MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

WITH

GRA MMA TI CAL A ND CONVERS A TI ONAL EXERCI S ES ,

MA T V BI A L PH A ES AND I DI O I C, PRO ER R S ,

F ULL V OCA B ULAR Y.

AFTER THE GERMAN OF CARL WIED

(1 MARY GARDNER

' WITH A PREFACE BY E NES AR N R G D ER MA , T ,

PI LLOW P NV I LLE AND I LL E M OE O CO GA US CO EG , “ , AND DI RECTOR OF THE B RI TI SH SCHOO L O F ARM O IDGY AT ATHENS

b x lonbon

' DA VID NU IT 270 mo 271 STRAND 1 892

’

TRANSLATOR S PREFACE.

MY very hearty thanks are due to all who have so kin dly helped me m F s mu VVied a e s s . s Mr . in y light ta k ir t I t thank , and t k the opportu nity to ask his pardon for the amou nt of alteration an d rearran gement of his tex t which I have fou nd it impossible

h m h n s f o r a . as a s to void Mr . Legrand l o y gratitude and t a k his a ua e es— F e - G ee an d ee - F en inv l bl dictionari r nch r k , Gr k r ch ; their ample information and clear arrangement w ere a great help .

m ess in Mr N l Eu ea. a e his To . o e of bo I ind bted for kindn putting an ex tensive knowledge o f the v ern acular idioms to use M m in i e e ose ed to r . look ng ov r and corr cting th cit , and Willia

t i D er Loring for similar help with he vocabulary wh le r . Walt

Leaf has completed the tale of my indebtedness by looking o ver

n the proofs. Others who have helped me I eed not mention by n ame b ut it is not o ut of place to acknowledge here my thanks

m u Mr E G e w e s . es se n s to y h band , rn t ardn r , to ho co tant h lp

e the w es its x alon book o e istence.

I hape that the book will be useful to all w ho visit Greece

I sho uld have been glad of something of the sort myself some

ea s y r ago.

R MARY GARDNE .

THENS Nov. 1 89 1 . A ,

PR EFA CE.

I T is hoped that this translation of a Grammar of the Modern

G ee Ro ma n u e as is s en the e a r k or ic la g ag , it pok in L v nt, will

u a ee E The a s pply n d in ngland. condition of the l nguage

ese s n n ume e difficulties e e ee s emse s pr nt i rabl v n to Gr k th lve , much more therefore to foreigners who would learn to speak and

r A n d the s fi read Mode n Greek . ab ence of any x ed an d recog n ised s a mm u e e s x t ndard of gra atical acc racy, of accid nc , of ynta ,

u o r s e has led m m e the sse of vocab lary, of tyl , any to ak a rtion

e e is su as a e ee ua e all that th r no ch thing Mod rn Gr k lang g at .

S e sa is m n the ee s emse es trang to y, it a o g Gr k th lv that this

has un th s es su s e m assertion fo d e trong t pporter . Th ir ethod is to ignore the Modern Greek or Romaic tongue as dialectical an d

fix s me s r s mes sa hybrid , and to on o arbitrary tanda d of pa t ti , y the Greek of the New Testament or even of Xenophon they m ee the u u e the in fin itive e s th ad it ind d that f t r , , and p rhap e

ve e e o ut use b ut ese e a e x dati , hav fall n of ; even th th y r an ious

es e ese ex e s e ul m e to r tor , and, with th c ption , th y wo d ak a pro f essedl e ee mm e s n d y Mod rn Gr k Gra ar identical, to all int nt a

u ses a r mm th ee n . n p rpo , with g a ar of e A ncient Gr k ma } A d it must b e admitted that many newspapers and books are pu blished in Greece w hich are in telligible to any scholar who is familiar An en ee has e me f w m with ci t Gr k, and l arnt so e idio s and peri phrases which even the strictest imitators of Classical Greek viii P REFACE.

fin d s e m e us F o r the s u e who w shes indi p nsable in od rn age . t d nt i to learn this artificial langu age the present Grammar is n o t

e But h mus m n e he fin d his int nded . e t not i agi that will

w e in kno ledge of mu ch use to him in travelling in Greec , or any

r h n He ma be e e se other pa t of t e Leva t . y abl to conv r with an educated A thenian who has learnt this same artificial tongue

who is su e s b e e s e F e and r al o to abl to p ak r nch , Italian, or

E But s ee e s se s mu e ee s nglish . with hopk p r and rvant , l t r , boat men an d e s s— ee h w omhe s to s ea , p a ant all ind d wit h will wi h p k in his travels outside the pale of European languages an d

mmun s he i fin d mse u e un e c . civili ation, w ll hi lf q it abl to o icate

T s mm the e e e u s e ern hi Gra ar, on oth r hand, nd avo r to t ach Mod

G th m The m is a reek as it is spoken by e co mon people. atte pt difficult o n e e e is as has ee s fix ed s o f th r , b n aid , no tandard,

e ess the d a e n m l e e is corr ctn , and i l ctical variatio fro p ac to plac

s e But a e s the e ul e con id rable. p a ant of Mor a wo d not r ally have a difficulty in making himself understood if he found

mse in Sm a us t u his s ee ro n u n hi lf yrn or Cypr , ho gh p ch and p ciatio n might seempeculiar and if this book can give some n otion of the common and living basis which underlies the w hole

s e ue ee e n o t be use ess. u ess the pok n tong of Gr c , it will l Do btl student willnotice small variations from the forms or rules here laid dow n in almo st any plac e where he may fin d himself b ut thes

se m e e him m e n u e s e he s e k o r will ldo pr v nt fro b i g nd r tood wh n p a s,

m e s th m n w he us h e e e s. T e re fro r cogni ing ani g of hat h ar h , if

u es the s m es n e ess es f e sa e w e the q ir i pl t c ari of li , y br ad and in , ’ ’ words npwmand k pam will fin d themfor himwherever there are

ree s ea but the en w s d f o oIvo hi he G k to h r anci t ord p sand s, w ch will fin d s me s n ew s e s e b e u e in o book and pap r , will c rtainlynot nd r s e en u he ma ask A e s d -ro tood, v tho gh y in an th nian hop with p ‘ t vro ccto v or o ivowwk eiov written in archa ic letters over he do or . s mm it E s m is e de b e u se u Thi Gra ar, in s ngli h for , int n d to f l especially to classical scholars who possess already some famili P F RE ACE. ix

arit A n e ee ar n x s y with ci nt Gr k, and e a iou to learn the modern u e e e the s e ac i e m lang ag ith r for ak of f lity in trav lling, or fro interest in the historical development of the lan guage an d its

m r u A t the s me me n w e ode n literat re . a ti no k o l dge of

A n e ee is ssume ex e e w ms us e ci nt Gr k a d c pt in d aling ith for , ag s, or

ms e e the ss u e u idio which prop rly b long to cla ical lang ag . Th s

the r mm ma b e use s se who w u u G a ar y d al o by tho , itho t a previo s

n e e A n e ee s u e ac in k owl dg of ci nt Gr k, wi h to acq ir a practical qua a e the m e n ue t nc with od r tong . A f ew words may b e added as to the relation of the study of

e ee has s me es e s A ncient and Mod rn Gr k . It o tim be n as erted that a conversational acquain tan ce w ith Modern Greek would be

u se ul as as s the u s n ss a ee f a b i for acq i itio of Cla ic l Gr k , or at

a its s u But mu s th fir least as help to t dy . it t in e st place b e remembered that by Modern Greek those who adopt this view

mea the n a e as s e the mm e e do not n la gu g pok n by co on p opl ,

b u t artificial sem - ss e e s me that i cla ical dial ct writt n by o , and mi s e a f ew . S e e s e be au B pok n by till , v n thi dial ct ght t ght. ut the fact is that the whole tendency of Modern Greek is so difieren t fromthat of A ncient that it is much t o b e doubted . whether a knowledge of o n e would greatly facilitate the

s the e e ee i m c u . ts a q i ition of oth r Mod rn Gr k, with co pound

e ses es e ses is c u e us as t n and r olv d ca , an analyti al lang ag j t

A n d e se wh ar m s e u h English is. ev n tho o e o t car f l in t e selec tion of a purely classical vocabulary can not escape the in fluen ce

e m ms i es the a e of French and G r an idio , wh ch d troy ch ract r of

he u e are m s difficult n e e me t lang ag , and o t to avoid if o c b co

l us e e is e e ex u s e] e e fami iar. Th th r littl l ft of that q i it y p rf ct

fl x io n al n s rumen ex ess n the A en ee in e i t t of pr io , nci t Gr k lan gu age an d the intellectual train ing o fiered by its accurate and u m s e s b e u scien tific acq isition co pletely di app ar , if it ta ght merely as an analytical language in a transition al stage : to the student of the history of language such a stage is most in ter PREFACE.

esting and instructive . but not so to a beginner whose min d is

x ss to b e trained in a n ew and accurate method of e pre ion . The future of the Greek language will be watched with the utmost in terest it is ex posed to most serious dan ger for there is some dou bt w hether it is stron g enough to survive the attempt at a classical and artificialrenovation that is now being made an em to e e s e but to att pt not only r j ct all word of for ign origin , m ss a me S u return to the accidence and the idio of cla ic l ti s. ch a ru de amputation of the ‘ growth of 2000 years can not safely m S u th ss e be perfor ed . ho ld e advocates of cla ical r vival attain

e e ee e he G ee s e se be mu u th ir obj ct in Gr c , t n r k will c a to t ally

e l e u u the e ex e t artificiall int l igibl thro gho t L vant, c p in an y constructed dialect and no people has ever yet consciously

n en e a u e es e e o n e the e ula i v t d lang ag , or r tor d a d ad to lif of pop r s ee e we the a urse e p ch, aft r it had follo d ordin ry co of d cay and ana lyticalregeneration which has produced nearly allthe lan guages

u the e n the s edu spoken in E rope at pres nt day. Ma y of be t cated Greeks are fully aware that an y reform an d pur ificatio n of the Romaic tongue must start from the lan guage now learn t by ’ the m s ee an d e its u people at their other kn , nrich vocab lary withou t altering its essential n ature and it is to be hoped that the more moderate counsels of this body may prevailover the

s x r m th x m u ra h e pe i ent of e e tre e p rists. The analogy of anothe r language that has passed through the

I n th e e er same stage is instructive . e days of Dante th r w e m n u s s es se the u ue a n d a y p ri t who d pi d v lgar tong of Italy, thought that ancient Latin was the only language fit for an e u e man ad the m ume a d cat d to speak or write . H not on nt l work of the great Florentine at once raised the vernacular to a

e u e is e e ss e i seu - ssica lit rary lang ag , it v n po ibl that a fr gid p do cla l Latin might have first stran gled the popular ton gue and then

e u e e e ar m s an di d a nat ral death . In Gr ec th re e any ongs d

a s an d e e s me se the ' ue u ball d , v n o pro works written in tr lang age x PREFACE. i

o f the people ; and the in fluen ce of all is needed to strengthen

u th s is n w T that lang age in e danger it o passing through . here are already man y indications that the popular to ngue is begin

e the s u e . its e e me w has ning to pr vail in tr ggl If d v lop nt , hich e e u n the s fif t e s th s m be n r tarded d ri g la t y y ar by e cla sical ania,

b e e w e its ee u se e e is e u h onc again allo d fr co r , th r littl do bt t at it w ill be very rapid ; Modern Greek only requires a little organisation an d academic ackn ow ledgmen t on the part of educated Greeks to take its due place among the analytical modern languages of Europe and then its position will b e

un ue he a es a m s the s me e a to A e iq , aring s it do l o t a r l tion nci nt

R ua e Greek which the omance lang g s bear to Latin . The difficult question of pron unciation cann ot here b e entirely

sse e es as se e ea n i n A pa d ov r, pecially tho who advocat l r g ncient Greek by mean s of Modern often assert the identity of pro n un ciatio n e ee the the u n s s b tw n two . In pron nciatio of con onant

the e en e e is n o t so e u the e e div rg c in principl gr at, tho gh w ak ning an d assimilation that has taken place in Modern Greek in volves

c o n s e a e n es an d is er n us ea w id r bl cha g , v y co f ing to a l rner, hen h fi d m ’ e. e n s he u u e Be re th G m n n g. st prono nc m p as e er a ame Weber

’ ‘ o r ha n s n me is e esen e Mvra t wv o r w en h t t Byro a r pr t d by p , h e

r e n ses in the m er Sév o o ee a ami w w cog i od n n (tr ) f liar ord, of hich

the first 8 is s th w e the se n has s e it a oft , hil co d only av d s soun d

c n n it w B ut it is two o n s chi fl by ha gi g s ritten symbol . p i t e y that ar e matters of con troversy the pron un ciation of vow el s an d

t e r c h p onun ciation a cordin g to accent . That an y should seriou sly assert that the Modern Greek

u we s w 1 t v a o n m are all ab so pron nciation of vo l , in hich 7, , , , , ,

lu tel en a in s un is the same as the A e G ee y id tic l o d , nci nt r k

n u n ma seem n edi e E s s et pro nciatio , y i cr bl to any ngli h cholar y

s s s em A n en ee is a u u e as e thi y t , for ci t Gr k , ct ally ph ld corr ct by

m n r an d s me En s me so ma n o t be su a y G eeks o gli h n, that it y per

fl uo us n e e two ume s the t er s e . F rs a to ot w or arg nt on o h id i t, s REF E P AC .

to euphony — let any o n e pronounce after the Modern Greek

° fashion o i vial{x o u v r ip, 1 1 7;c (Which may be transliterated 00

ee—eé éhee- en ee w eém - an e sse he can t t n y ), and th n a rt, if , tha Greek in this form is a lan guage likely to be tolerated by a

e e a e u e as to m u people with a ke n appr ci tion for b a ty th n, a big ity , is it probable t hat there was no distinction in pronunciation

w e se s u the u at bet een th first and cond per on pl ral of prono n, th w e and yo u were identical ? Yet accordin g to the modern

a But th pronunciation and re both eemeé ss. e u nanswerable argumen t is this if there were no distinctions in

u s t s in s e n se ere pron nciation , how did di tinc ion p lli g ari , and how w they preserved ? A n y studen t of early inscriptions knows tha t

the ee s a du e t e ess e th Gr k , by gra al and t n ativ proc , adopt d e

e s m o s ex ess e s ee ac t o Pho nician y b l to pr th ir p ch , not cording

u es e n b ut rd n the s u an d philological r l of d rivatio , acco i g to o nd each dialect adapted the characters to ex press the sou nd it used

s me e s e ed o u 0 e s O Y the o dial ct d not by , oth r by , according to

e e un t n Y et e is a sh w o f br adth of th ir pron cia io . th re not ado

e r a e e e e e n us urin the pig aphic l vid nc for any g n ral co f ion , d g ass a e i e een th ifi n t s use e cl ic l p r od , b tw e d ere ymbols d to d note

th s u s w e o nd hich in Modern Greek have become identical . 8 0

so as the us e s e n e e s o on conf ion b gan in pe ch, it pe trat d al o int

’ w r n as was n ev e us i f n w iti g , i itabl ; th x a c s o te ritten K E afte r

t he e u A . D. t e ea e third c nt ry , and locally a li tl rli r. Tha t

s us did e ac e s e n o t e e thi conf ion tak pl at thi p riod , and b for , in writing may be taken as an unanswerable proof that it did n o t

ex s e e s ee . Y et st e to sa s i t b for in p ch , rang y, thi very fact is quoted by some to prove t hat in classical times the pronunciatio n

w as us i s conf ed . Wh ch i the true i n ference may fairly be left t o he e s n an t u e u e e e . On the e n d ci io of y npr j dic d r ad r oth r ha d cc.

c mus s e ee s m s u s a u and , which t alway hav b n i ilar o nd , re conf sed in writin g in Boeotia and sometimes even in A ttica as early as the fourth century That a similar confusion does not o ccur E PR FACE. in e so u s e s e ec m e ex e f w oth r nd that hav inc b o e id ntical, c pt in a e late or dialecticalinscriptions in which the beginnin g of this

e e be see is suflicien t r the m t nd ncy can n , a p oof that in com on G ree the est e su us ex s e k of b p riod no ch conf ion i t d .

We E s a e sa e in scu ss n s m e ngli h r at a di dvantag di i g thi att r, b ecause the system n o w used in o ur schools and u niversities i s us e su s u o ur h E s obvio ly incorr ct, in b tit ting t in ngli h v owel scale of a e i for the broader sounds almost un iversal among other lan guages (it wou ld be a simple change

u h ut t o e s as a e so o n . prono nc a alway in f t r, and ) £ e e s e s a we e s ese e the v n in pit of thi drawb ck , do at l a t pr rv d s e ee the difieren t e s ee e e e i tinction b tw n vow l , and k p th ir r lativ v ues a ro x ima r e an d e e e o ur n u al pp mco r ct ; th r for pro nciation, e e u e m is su e o n e w s s allthe w e s v n witho t r for , p rior to hich ink vo l to e while a slight reform would bring o ur system very n ear to c e ess es the ue E sm u orr ctn by r toring tr ra ian pron nciation .

Whe we a a the ues u e n ppro ch q tion of pron nciation by acc nt, w e are on more delicate ground for here the practice of many f oreign scholars is w ith the modern Greeks against u s. A n d we must at once ackn owledge that it is o ur English practice to n e the e s e e s ee so e ec me u e ig or acc nt altog th r in p ch, that th y b o p r ly e lsi s ex s the e e c onv ntiona gn , and a v ation of pirit to l arn r and s u n e ven sometimes to the advanced t dent of A ncie t Greek . That a familiarity with Modern Greek pronunciation would be a great help in thi s respect cannot b e den ied b ut whether this pronun ciation afi ords a true indication of classical usage is u Whe e the ce A e t ee q uite another q estion . th r ac nt in nci n Gr k w s e s me e u e eas m e a a pitch acc nt, or of o oth r nat r not y for od rn r e 1 8 difiicult m e ues e a s to d tect and follow, a and co plicat d q tion But e ar e e w hich cannot here b e discussed . th re e v ry cl ar indi c a s was ass mes s ess c e su as tion that it not in cl ical ti a tr a c nt, ch u s W t hat now sed in Modern Greek and Modern Engli h. here t e e is fix ed s s em o f s ess e s the s t h r a y t tr acc nt , long and hor x iv E E PR FAC .

u e s mus e s e as in e e k q antity of vow l t at onc di app ar, Mod rn Gr e ,

e e 0 w n st e are in distin uishable n u n wh r and for i anc g j pron nciatio .

The e e e e r see ms u s e o n s m vid nc of po t y concl iv thi atter. If

un e s ress a e An en G ee e se is i d i prono c d by t cc nt , any ci t r k v r n ist n guishable fromprose an d in reading A n cien t Greek poetry the order of the words may b e an d is often in verted by a Modern

ee w u an s m t e t e e e ea er Gr k itho t y di co for i h r to r ad r or to h r .

The is as s n as a s ess e e mes mn fact , that oo tr acc nt b co predo i an t

n u n i n s an s n se mus b a n in pro c atio , all c io of ver t e by th t a d that

e as is in En s an d de n G ee an d as a alon , it gli h in Mo r r k ; it c me

e G ee e s an a A to b in r k wh n thi ch ge had t ken place . n d there

re z an n e w e s as e n G ree en on fo , in By ti rit r , in Mod r k, acc t al e ’ u es the e se n u e a en S es r l v r pro o nc d by cc t, ophocl

w a I w I ex ecs n x eumx o va a s 7) (re ha V Oa vec

’ is u e r se n su a n e as z e z es p r p o , and o ly ch li T t

’ I I A A a I Ayo pax pvrcg x apt'ra s 77 0 v T? epwp cmg

a w as s can be scan n ed as verse . That all cl ssical poetry canne d

r b trar s s em w had n o e a n the u by an a i y y t , hich r l tio to act al

n the an u a e is su e ra x w is n t pronunciatio of l g g , r ly a pa do hich o

n n d s er w u ve en th s uss . A e e sé worth di c i g thi c tainly o ld ha b ca , if the pron un ciation of the accen ted syllable ln A ncient Gre ek

a in G s was similar to that he rd Modern reek peech .

u s muc has een s u n s me n s r e s Th h b aid po o poi t of cont ov r y , becau se they are u sually raised by the advocates of the advanta ge of learnin g Modern Greek an d by puttin g this stu dy upon a

a se e e her at s u en s mis a en e so n s f l footing, th y it tract t d t for t k r a ,

em sse s w h h ass s w ese n t or repel th by a rtion ic a cl ical cholar ill r .

w a m ese e r n e u s n s e n s e n ee k i s No ap rt fro th r o o co id ratio , Mod r Gr of the greatest u tility an d in terest and in its presen t develope d

e ma w el a ra man s u the ua e stag it y l tt ct y to t dy living lang g .

u the er e ema e 2000 e s u n e O oth hand , to hav r in d y ar witho t cha g PREFACE . o r e e me mm u n as s me m e d v lop nt in gra ar or pron nciatio , o i agin to be the se n ee u b ca with Moder Gr k, wo ld e a proof of death

e t u e rath r han of vitality in a lang ag . Nothing could be more arbitrary than the distinction made by s me the u s s ree e re defin e e e me t o of p ri t in G c , who appa ntly d v lop n or improvement as a chan ge which took place in the classical ’ a e the ese e u u as e g or in pr nt c nt ry, and corr ption a chang ’ w i a u m e me h ch took pl ce d ring edia val ti s.

It ma b e su erfluo us f e w s m a y not p to add a word , fro a practic l

e as the u a n e A n e e point of vi w, to tility of k owledg of ci nt Gre k ea the u e is us su in l rning Modern lang ag . It obvio that ch

ed e mus be e e e an d is ee s e s e knowl g t a v ry gr at h lp, ind d indi p n abl

u m u Y t scien tific s u th R e . e for a thoro gh and t dy of e o aic tong , x as it ma seem e se e n s es parado ical y , I hav known v ral i tanc in w hich those who started without an y knowledge of A ncient

' G reek made even more rapid progress at first than others who e e the s me t es f o r e n w e e njoy d a facili i l ar ing, and a kno l dg of

u No e s esu to the A ncient lang age as well . r do I believ thi r lt

du e n i the ss ee e e e . O e e have b n ntir ly to accid t ft n , wh l cla ical studen t is ransackin g his memory for the ancien t word or idiom w hi seems himm s s m e m s e to su e o r ch to o t i pl or o t lik ly rviv , w hile he is trying to fit the sounds he hears into the spelling of s m e m his e ess e - u e m o e anci nt for , appar ntly l w ll eq ipp d co panion w ill have learn t or recognised the word commonly u sed by the

e h is m m e u ess first e p ople e a ong. To ak q ick progr in b ginning

e ee tw o s are n e ess — first ea ear Mod rn Gr k thing c ary , to l rn it by and not by eye otherwise the confusin g spelling an d the variety of symbols that may denote o n e soun d will make it almost

m ss e e se fi st s e se i po ibl to r cogni at r any pok n word and condly , e u the m s i a s i ms are m s ere to forg t, ntil o t famli r word and id o a t d , su u e as s x s s that any ch lang ag clas ical Greek e i ts. In a hort me u se se are m ss G ee ti , of co r , tho who fa iliar with cla ical r k will fin d their knowledge invaluable for enlarging their vocabulary x E vi PREFAC . and f o r ex plain ing usages— n o t to spea k o f reading bo o ks an d e s a ers But must be e mi n w p p . it born in nd that all dialects now in use for an y purpose vary between the two ex tremes of classical Greek and the Ro maic o f po pular speech and that anybody who kn ows bo th will nud he can by the help o f his knowledge under stand any compromi se or mix ture that he may come across w e he s n l is se c m ro ms he hil if learn o y what it lf a o p i e, is always liable to meet some n ew dialect co nstructed on difieren t lin es or compounded in difieren t proportions. It is impossible to fin d an y Modern Greek which can be set up as a universally recogn ised standard ; but the classical scholar who has learnt the true spoken tongue need n ever be un able to ex th e men he ma mee u plain any of e ph no a y t, or to nderstand and make himself understoo d in any written or Spoken dialect w h u hich e may have oc casion to se. E E G DNE RN ST AR R.

TH S Nov 1 89 1 . A EN , .

T CON ENTS .

THE A LPHABET

V OWELS

DI I’ HTB ONG S

CONS ONANTS

THE ARTICLE AND THE NO UX

THE ADJ ECTI V E

I’ RONOUNS

THE V ERB

EXERCIS ES I N CONJ UG ATION

PREPOS ITIONS

ADV ERBS

CONJ UNCTIONS AND INTERJ ECTIONS

IDIOMS

V OCA BULARY

A SHORT AND EASY M MM ODERN GREEK GRA AR.

THE

m l a lletters. Pro n un i t n S c a io .

a alpha.

veeta.

ha a g mm .

e dh lta . ‘ A

M AMMA A SHORT AND EASY ODERN GREEK GR R.

W LS V 0 E .

N — B. Th fin ite w a the . e following table is put in a de y for sake of clearness ; thou gh the vowel sounds vary irregularly e ee t b tw n he two ex treme so unds given in each case .

The e s ar s um vow l e even in n ber .

e are u e as ws e var in s un Th y prono nc d follo , each vow l y g in o d a e um t ccording to acc nt and circ s ances .

a e e e a he a0mm ron . a . cc nt d , lik in fat r, y , ilk , p ghal u léss e e a ma e ka . F r. k nacc nt d, ll , n a og, good ;

’

i . e e like a in me e c ron . acc nt d , na , x p , hand p ha ri un ce c met m e e dh6dhek a e 868 m . ac nt d, , , tw lv ;

e ed e cc mee hero ron . eéro s. acc nt , lik in t, 6pm, ; p m é i i se e t . mn ), no '

Sa o t eédha . yc , g a y

e e m . pain , y ati

i u ron . vreé ssi . s m, fo ntain p « u e e e i in a s s ee hlik eé ss. nacc nt d, lik hit, m s, w t g

lt me see ce e k e a n u u m y a. i863 e ac nt d , li in a t n , , h li n a id a . pron .

u ed e 0 dhc r o n . naccent , lik in on s, all, p u s a lo .

DI H :

The sim le - S f a rc c f w n w n b p . in riti g y

‘ is u ?in aim a i z e r o a t e e cm a n . prono nc d lik , and p x p , knif , p i u en makhairi s therefore eq ival t to e .

’ ' ex eivo t ron . ek eé n o , tha p . a i te meé ra e or , fa . fl meéa lavia , y .

a o u m are e e e e u a e t v . , , th r for q iv l nt to ,

1 m mis n o t co m on . R E M E EE A AR o A SHO T AND ASY OD RN GR K GR MM .

i e a tya, ggs

on . a v ha pr g . ’ atmi ese , th

se th first e has its r . In the e vow l p on afta . ' usu s un the se s un s cta ckco v s e al o d , cond o d yy , go p l ; e w the like 1 ) b fore vo els and promevan ghélio n .

s n s 8 t v an d stk o zafi sm - o x con o ant B, 7 , , C, p , , p, y , all p

e e e the er s ro n evlo hizi . lik f b for oth con o p . g

n ts. efix oh e s na o s, a y éfk lo s r o . p on . fi a u n p , I fo nd ro n eévra p . .

i u e 0 0 in m sh o v s e e ro n . k o o n ati prono nc d lik oon , I ak , p .

W en the se w e s has iae es s ve it h h cond of two vo l a d r i o r , eac w elis r n u n e as it w u be n e x aii é r vo p o o c d o ld if alo , p vo s, poo ' l w ka main o s. e r o n . e f llo , p A n y i- sou nd followed by an accen ted vowel is pronoun ced as

m - v is r e &c the se e . i ow l 9 , and w itt n 9 , g , NSONA N S CO T . The conson ants are pronoun ced as follows E m a ters. Pro n un ciatio n . x z es. Pr n un i l c atio n . dk w i fir w v. o . V é fi0 . E i , t h or rather half- way 9 ' a ra cat. b y , g éta . bet ween 9 and 3/ “ w ma , o n . e e c s u ds. 3! b for 1 or o n fizzy £333:

n e e . 5 6 1 0 an n h s e . d lo 9 b for 6, X» 7 77 9 , g l g e . fi t h N tie. u a t . Séx a ten . d e . in tho gh, , ” S h ka - — z 61 I d esi . . 1 e z itafi ( 11 , r . '

th t k s th. Gu af e a dau e thi ha ai a t r . in hin , harp y p , ght r . g

k. x a hé o . k alé ss. s, g od

701 0 6 an d L '

Kv ta d . khire a p , la y é . 20 23552 mi m i 7 6V co v s e rio n . p , a t r ton g 9 after v and y.

Mo » me t lia n o A l. m li , I l . .

1 n An o ther ex am le a be see r This is a true diphtho g. p m y n in such wo ds — as é o Aé w when the which is n ot hear in ro n un ciation stillserves to p y , g, d p , le in i z ee he v wels o 1 fro mcoa sc n to o . k p t o , g 4 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR m .

n . 1 es v0 . , y . m in the article be ‘ n w w m b filmo e be u m ék w the ar. to a e for a word gi q , .

lning with 7r. 5 m et o ut 1 6 , g

war d r es . s, p i t

6 a . w me c a e . v ft r p and Ep opo s, r h nt. t i r lled 502n tailor .

a d ofvr . p a, forty 8 3 (hard f as. z (“ ft before B Sm . Zmirn e yrna e . 8 A v . , , p, , p

i a n o w . a r u t6r . p , '

d te v. 1 rew e five . é n de . af r , p d at the beginn in g d re e e Sév era c ui u d e deri ahz i of a wor p c d d p f , it h n . ’ t e es t by the v of h do n t fi . a i e o r 1 rt cl by 861 . 1 1 d I . n 6 1 k 1 . se loo 16 a . in , or x , lo kh o so e li e u t— ft r, k a g l’ u 71 e e 5 e 1 d. t ral b for x p , han a u n d 1 so nds. I '

; . ( e w i . e d f b p , I br ng f ro. m é / a w f e . so e gl p . np p , br ad p . u u e n s n n s are e m e n ree Tho gh do bl co o a t writt n in od r G k, 1 1 1 01 h s o u n has n o eff e o n the u a x 3 , t i d bli g ct pron nci tion, e ce pt in the case of W S uBsc R IOTA I PT. 1 ; (an d w in literary forms) is sometimes w ritten w ith an iota s is o u n it ' u s w e . w}. a a o u b cript, hich not pr no c d yp tys, th t y ma y

w e n n a ré fis. rit , pro . g

ROUGH AND S M BaEA'rmNGs .

e ee the n ien ue to ex is in w t In Mod rn Gr k a c t m contin t ri ing , a the en u s e in s e k n ccording to anci t ag , b p a i g .

- 81 1 0 ron . o s. 7 9, holy , p ah y é dh t o saw ro n . e e e. y u , p a fti dc r i r ro n . r h s. fi fi qg, ta lo , p ’

dvo ma u t essn ess ron . is cea . q , tho gh l , p an

6 E N EE R MM R A SHORT AND EASY MOD R GR K G A A .

F o r the u ses e u 1 w the n s u p rpo of acc nt ation 7, , and diphtho g co nt as s l es e an d 0 s t w e a 1 an d v ma be e er long yl abl hor hil , , y ith long or short .

NB s s n an d sh s es is sur . Thi di ti ction of long ort yllabl a vival r m n en G ee in w w as m e un a f o a ci t r k , hich it ad in pron ci tion . In e G ee it ex s s n in w its use in e Mod rn r k i t o ly riting, and d ciding h n is e a The u t t e a c centuatio therefor rbitrary . r lesof accen uation a re as m t b e ex e e u e the u ms es e ue , igh p ct d nd r circ tanc , fr q ntly v e in u S o en G ee es e e s iolat d pop lar p k r k, p cially wh n a word change i s r m u in e en s n t accen t f o r le d cl io .

Pn o cmr' rcs AND E NCLITICS .

The f ew w ords w ithout accent falling in to the class of pro cliti s are the u ses a e tu si e e as t c , for p rpo of cc n ation , con d r d par of the l wi em word fo lo ng th .

e are the e 6 f o i a t an d the e s t ( i . Th y articl , ), , 75( ), pr po i ion s

The en s t e a e s a o n the e e n d clitic hrow th ir cc nt b ck pr c di g wor , u n ss e n a le th y begi sentence.

The genitive an d accusative cases of the personal pronoun ar e ex am es e s pl of nclitic .

— ha i R . e i s c rc mfl x ULES I . If the prec d ng word a u e accent o n the s s l e an ute c e e e the s tw la t y labl , or ac a c nt on ith r of la t o

s es the en ses its e . yllabl , clitic lo acc nt

’ m e k a o u s ea 7 6 k a a i . 7 5 p m. y in t d of p y Win

7 0 531 ra 1 31 o i3f o v f o il1 ra 1 81 o i3 7 0 0 his . , of child ' 7 6 1 r1 ' 1 G a 7 0 -1 1 0 6 ur u se a 1 s 6 9 , yo ho .

I f he e e n has ircumfl x the e u m 2 . t pr c di g word a c e on p n lti a te s l e an a u e c e the an e e u m e the e i yl abl , or c t a c nt on t p n lti at , ncl tic a s ers its a en the s s e the e e a tr n f cc t to la t yllabl of pr c ding word, n d c u e that a cent becomes ac t .

E in hi . 7 6 of 1 6v r v s e To d n o v 7 0 13 s n d 9 7 p ¢ p o t ad of yp tlp , ha

writing . R EA M E EE R MM R 7 A SHO T AND SY OD RN GR K G A A .

PUNCTUATION .

The semicolo n is u sed as the mark of in terrogation and for the semicolon a dot placed above the line is u sed

The e m s u u are u se as oth r ark of p nct ation d in English .

Ex n am n n s IN Rm me .

— N. B The o w s e mus b e e as . f llo ing tran lit ration t e r gard d me e a x mate a s the s un s En s e G ree r ly ppro i , o d in gli h and Mod rn k difie r so widely

' ' f Ea ‘irAOp evo s 1 rpo dAAa u; d ; 7 739 A w x o vpa s‘ r o ths Xaplo main o s taiss pro alless esss teess Lyako orass to o ss

‘ ’ 1 3 ‘n v «Adi x a u 7 6 é 1 p y o y o 9 x p , ma eem blauska mo o ss a y t to h iri ,

' é¢ a w da €nx a 1 1 -61 9 1711 0 1 1 1 , pi r o ts yepo vs' e f an dasthik a pauss eémoo n may to o ss yairoo ss (rvv'rpdcbo vs‘

sin drauf o uss

’ ' ” ‘ ma mas 1 11 1 6 7 0. s 7 6 Anp epu k a thauss prafita sto limairi ;

’ ‘ ' eAa cfipcz 7 6V vo ilv p o v ( Ix : 7 6 yhvx ?) k paa i mpmnra

’ e laf ra ton noon mo o eéhay to glikd k rasseé sik ati ssi

’ ' ' ’ ’ x 3 mm T v x a e 3da cvflvp o up o vv waAno. 4 9 b fi e n thimoé mo o n ta palya mas k aipsala steen kathe dhafissi

9 I d A 9 w ( GLV G V 77 0 1} GLV G L Tl. Y

a u tee ai- yin an po o éen ay

' a i {71 1 1511 1 1 1 p a s“ éx eiva a

m a m k n a a y ee air y ass e eé y. 8 A SHORT AND EASY MOD ERN GREEK G RAMMAR.

' i r o a To BaA'ré rm k f at Sci wax 7 0 53 é x i mp m. p s d s d m,

emb ro stamoo V e s ma ta ss dhaf n ess ef ahn i to alt t i y i too ,

’ Moi ' é e 7 V ' ec afw i. m av K a 6 px o s jp 6 p apn fpwv 7 6 fi ,

u eéra u marte ro n to stef ahn i k ay o Marcos a tan ep y ta n é ,

' ’ ‘ ' ‘ m ' A .7rAa a i a fi ac d ) To v x o v Ka i. n js p vfig y p s p s

ka t lan a mav s To brk o o ss aidhiadhess y eess A mb eéss y res apo p ,

' ’ 11 86x 1 7 V A ¢i wv 1 A1 é 8a 1 KAeca o a 7. 1 13 Ka i. f f); fl s p fl x 9 ,

‘ k a teess K leé sso vass a e u A ravaun hil adhess y y dh ka ta n y ,

’ ’ Ka i 6 K aifcrx o arav fi v A of o a v vcx o iio e ap s s l p x fl ,

k a K ar 1 sk s af1 tan s ee A rak van n ik o é ssa y o a o t n ho y,

‘ ’ ’ ‘ - ' x d r . c mro iio c Ka i fl w x dp lro v Ka i. o mo s p p ’ k a u m airo to bssa cambo s m airo to ossa y ta n ga bon , kay o y

9 l d A

w w 6 0 . 7 1 eyewav o n tv 1. a u tee ai- yinan po o censy

é a éx ef va a a i fip p t. ay eemairay mass ek eé n ay.

° ‘ Q - £8 1 1 c1 o a fa. 7 EAA¢ 1 r a Ka So a f qp 69 0 9 aA i. f a p m A u seemiiya teses Ellé dho s lpalaya kay dho x az main ee

’ ’ ' s x aAéfla (I)? mir e 06 va. c r ime o x o v éw; steen g galeé va mo o a uss patitay thay na staikeess sk o n iz main ee 2

’ ii e o v d ew eve ( i 6 m a i l o v e va p a p p p p , s 7 V p y p s ’ m v ra mo o an dhreeau main a eess stav lo mo o rn h s a y y, ton ye an s

‘ ‘ ‘ m d w e 7 0 8 7 0 v ex 1 0 0 o u r i p o v r v y d. A a o vd ; px s ¢ y Bp fi n p s,

k arkheéssess to o f ek é o mo o teen vro n teé n n a leesmo n éhss y too y ,

’ ' ‘ f ex a0 ' es 1 1-171 9 KaBaM ofpw ( is “myv fidx 1 o ' o v pus efx e x aikhassess pause kavallareen sess teen rakhes so o may eé khes

’ ' - - K a i. o dw dvep o s 1 1 61 0 00 6 ; 11 2 dypw p eva ts kay sahn ahn emauss peto o ssess may aghreeaumain ess

T f a ‘ p x ts.

treékhess. R A SHORT AND EASY MODE RN GREEK GRAMMA .

9 I v 0 (0 e e 0 1 ) e1 a 1 f l. y wav 77 v

au tee ai- yin an poo eé n ay

a i f wépa t pa s éx efvm.

a eemaira m ss ek é n a y y a e y.

T “ “ N HE A RTICLE A ND THE OUN.

— m i n eu e Gen der T e e ar ee e e s m s u e e e . . h r e thr g nd r , a c lin , f in n , t r

N — w umber . he e ar t o s u an d u T r e number , sing lar pl ral .

Casa — ere are ur ses m e c us e e Th fo ca , no inativ , a c ativ , vocativ , e t g ni ive.

The t e is a is e e the e e da iv w nting, and r plac d by g nitiv or cus e the c us e re ositio ac ativ , or a c ativ with a p p %

T E E H A RTICL .

ere is d fin fin i Th a e ite and an in de te article.

The defin ite article is declined as follows

M 7 600 m(v) 7 0 1 59 V afsm‘ fis 7 739 7 6>(v)

N B — Th n al w . . e fi v the e is re e e re e s of articl only tain d b fo vo l , the s n ts x 1 r 7 b ut e en e is en and con o an , f , , , up, v th n it oft dropped .

The in defin ite article is declined as follows

Ncut. Mace. em F .

zi m s 11 1 6. 2m.

3va (v) M(V ) 3m.

c A e I Q A c A e I Q ‘ CV OUS , 6 7 0 9 , ( VG. ( VO S, ( V0 0 1 0 E E R K M SHORT AND ASY MOD RN G EE GRA MAR. REE R MM R 1 1 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN G K G A A .

m E E F sr D CL NSION .

“ The first e n s mas u e u s e n in a i decl nsion contai c lin no n ndi g s, }; ’ ' c 0 0 an d em e u s e an d o i)“ c, 9 , f inin no n in

' n o No n Skel6 ton Declen sio f a u of F irst Declen szon .

i n . Plu r S g .

F N n . em. o u s Bo th

No m. 611 3

A cc . 811 1 ;

V o c . 811 1 s

Gen . 31 1 W

s a th w Th n w The dash t nds for e stem of the ord. e fi alv follo s the same rule as in the article .

i vi i the masc n o un s f rm he i iv It s thus s ble that . o t Gen t e singular by d o n fro mNo m the f emin in e a in to the No m t m r i s . 5 . o h asc pp g , by dd g ; b . t A he V a v i m add v t the s em f r the cc. t c ti e n h ma a d an d fe o o o ot . n em sc f . . ; b e the w r The luralis f o rme in o th in is simply th stemo f o d . d b the same d 1 or in 81 1 to the t m f t e No m V c. an d A a wa b ad s s e . o ce c se an d y ; y g . s ; r h en itive f o t e G .

r d the r es 6 wa . s, p i t

n Si g.

‘ N h r es . i. mu rdSa i o m. m wd t e o 6 s, p i t s,

‘ h r es . d A ce . 7 6V 1 ra1 r8 v t e To t 1 ra 1 r 8a 1 (), p i t s s,

V o c es . 1 r d3a 1 . wa r d a 1 r , pri t s, ‘ G n the r 13 1 r f w e . r o v 1 ra7ra es . 7 V 1 ra o 6 v , of p i t ,

‘ dAerro i), the f o x .

‘

No m. dk wo t f ,

A c e. T v dlevro v the f o x . b( ) fl ),

- V o c . 0 6 1 1 0 0, f o x .

G en o x f th f . . 7 7 m o e 39 g, 1; 1 2 R A SHO T AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

’ m u s e vo mo mf mas e the use are Co po nd word lik pm, t r of ho , s m e e the 9 e the en w i ilarly d clin d only b ing in acc t, hich is the s s e not on la t yllabl .

E SECOND DECL NS ION.

The se e e s n s m u in 1 cond d cl n io contain asc line nouns ending 79 , an d f em1 n in e s e n word ndi g in a , n.

kelet D mi S on eclc on .

A cc. V oc.

Gen a c . . 9 «W c ented

Fro mthis it is visible that fo r the Gen itive the masculin e n oun s dro p their

No m fi e mi oun s d a fin al3 to the No o th mass. . na w il e n l3 , h the fe nin ad m. b an d f 1 m l t stem f o r em. add 1 to the stemfo r the ccusative an d have si he A , p y tho V o cati o a oth an d em n o un s ta e em fo r ve t form the plur lb f . k No m . A lwa s accen d fo r the Gen cc. an d 8 9 a te , V oc. , , y .

’

6 x k ec the e . 1 051 1 1 0 0 1 1 the sea . frrm, thi f } ,

in Sin . S g. g ’ No m «Ai 01 1 1 0 0 01 1 . di n g KAGtfrmts 9 9 ' x dha a a A ce. hedrmv O oz fi)

' V o é 03 4 0 0 . c. x A c/yrq 0 0 ’ r a Aa mJ-Gw G en . e dmp «Accbrfiv 001 11 0 0 1 1 9 G

the e . the se. f, x apSui, h art no

' ' m a Suu No m. ur? 1 57 11 1 ; 1 61 6 o . a x N x p81 a. p s p p ” (1 )

cc x a 1 d A ce. 1 1 51 1 A . p8 (v) 1 10) ' V V o c. 1 6 o c . x apfiw. 1 m '

n 11 1 x a Sufw Gen . 1 1 57 7 .1 1)e G e . 4 1 31 89 p 1 79 1

1 4 AND EA M ERN REE AMM R A SHORT SY OD G K GR A .

’ ' eAm8a e. mi r , hop x a .

Plu r .

’ ' cAmBa w

’ ' eAm «w

’ h h 6 warc a t e e . th men t p s, fat r e h.

r ar épa 1 9

' wa r epwv

F E E OURTH D CL NSION .

m The u t e s t s as . s 0 eu e fo r h decl n ion con ain c word in 9 , and n t r w s in o an d ord 1 . s e s the ea es um e w s Thi d clension contain gr t t n b r of ord .

De len' Skeleton c siom.

as s 0 . m . M c . word in 9 o

' Sin . Plu r g .

0 9 O I.

o vs'

— ' 0 ) V A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR 1 5

Neu Neu e w s ter words in 1 . t r ord in

Ex am les p . m 6 dva on ro dO wr o the an . p s ( p s),

S in g. dvapum' o s dvflpwwm ' ' 6v0pw1 ro (v) civflpom' o vs dvflpum' e dvflpw‘n‘ m

' ' ’ dv0p1 67ro v d pom' wv B1 BA1 ov B1 BA1 wv

’ ' he w 7 6 e 1 the 7 6 wo vAc t . x p , hand , bird (fo l)

u . Plr Sin g.

’ '

e No m. 1 x pw. 1 ro vA 1 ro vA1 1i

A ce .

Voc .

‘

Gen . wo vAw i) 7ro vA1 6 w

d r » 1 F IF TH DECLENSION .

fi u es eu e n u s a a The f th declension incl d n t r o n in , s,

Skeleton Declen siom.

um No m

A ce um. .

' a ra Voc .

- G n o v ar cs ait m(v) e . s 1 6 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

W s ord in mo w.

1 11 0 1! 1 11 0 1 1

f r o f a ro v m s, p

37 0 the e . 7 6 9, y ar

in S g.

37 0 9

7rPw u imt')

7 6 6 1 1 the . 7 11 191 1 0 1 , writing

N m V ! a ' a o o c A cc. 05 1 1 1 0 1 a t r . . 7 11 4 1 yp flp ' ' a 1 d w v Gen . 7 pa 11/ 1 1 1 0 1 0 9 7 p ¢ p r ( )

E WORDS F OR EXERCISE IN THE DECL NSIONS .

6 1 1 0 1 the ma a the sievemak er . 6 e . 6 m 4 1 9 , bak r s, '

6 th m evex e the . wawovr e s e e . 6 f lfis, ho ak r s, tin ' ' the ff e a i th a 6 x a c x e. o i) e e . / s, co p p , p

2n d.

h w h 1 a a d t e ro . o miAa t e s . ) p , 6 , tair ' 7 ' m m n eA a the bee the e . } p w a , . 6 o t [ ’

A160 0 a the o n ue . 1 mi) “ m m the . 7 , t g } ( i s), town

4 aix a en th m 6 dé a th air . e . e . 7 m (g wo an p s, , wind '

M r dSa the . h a 0 v t e . p , torch ¢p r 1 80 , c re E A SHORT AND EASY MOD RN GREEK GRAMMAR. 1 7

4 th .

~ 6 cA 6 the e . 7 6 ého v the w . 6 6 ¢ s, broth r f , ood '

6 ( A the e . 7 6 e 1 61 the k e . MW , fri nd , y h 7 1 the er . 7 6 1 017 1 t e e e . 6 0 1 11 1 69 , riv 1 , y h h fl w t e ea . 7 6 o Ao i381 t e r . l f , o e

5 th .

h 7 6 363 1 11 the e ra e . 7 6 t e hi e . 1 , t r c t ck t ' 1 ' me 7 6 ciA ' t the x ea the . o o v s n . p s, at By p , di locatio - 6 6 1 1 60 the flo wer 7 6 ( é m o v the e ehav ur 1 9 , . t p p , fr ight, b io

N E O H THE E E OT S D CL NSIONS .

S everal words are of difieren t gen ders in the singular an d

ur 6 . pl al , 9 ' l - 6 «o r o e h 7 6. 1 rA0 1 5 es. s, w a t m, rich h t 6 vo t e e 7 6 he e s. x pd s y ar ; x pd , y ar

e w r s e u a ms the e a i O th r o d hav two pl r l for , brid d O ers a a n a e tw s me o f the micpa ug an a i w ¢66a 1 sn th g i h v o forms in o

1 ' 1 an d 0 1 1 0 Ge e ms va . es : . 7 0 1 6 c as 1 q ; 1 5 , two nitiv for of pfi s

N n) 1 an d 1 u o . o i 1 7 1 0 1 i Pl ral 1 3 o 1 1 131 11 1 9 .

A . 1 ce 7 0 69 1 1 1 5v and 7 0 69 1 1 51 11 1 9 .

’ ' c s e h man 6 e o 6 o vr a t e . y p s (oc a ionally y p s), old ' é 0 ' G en . o v 7 0 é o w a f o il e o ro v. y p , y p , y p v

' do a the a sman . 6 p ro p s, cr ft n 4 10 7 0 an d ' d Ge . 0 0 1 a o r o v. 1 1 , p p

Dmm ' I E Ur V s.

Modern Greek has several en dings like o ur English kin in &c b ut e a m re mm u n lin in . re se l ambki , g darling , th y o co only d, m b e e m st s m n u es a n d ay in fact add d to al o any word . Di i tiv m a re often used as terms of endear ent .

1 ' i i ea‘ro s Gen t ve x p . 1 3 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

The most important are

l s w — - ' He o m m . s ai x II é r o r ( ) to for a c ord n s, p s,

d e e e e n 651 1 1 1 1 dv o A man ma n n . p ms, P t r, P t rki 71 9 , rp J ns, , n iki

2 m w r — dSeM 685 A >0 1 5Aa m f e . s o ii h a { f a ( ) to for o d , ( , M, 4 , ’

s ster e s s e n f a wef ér a s n e e e . i , littl i t r ; p , p f , to , p bbl

3 m u w r s— (i s is the m s mmo n e e ofm l. ( ) to for n t r o d , p (thi o t co ), ' maf' o ww ofm ate e e 1 m1 61 1 ra 1 60f 1 ld r , r , pl , littl plat ; , p , chi , t e li tl child .

A MPL IATI V ES .

There are also se veral en din gs for amplifyin g words

1 m m . w s a w f s 0 a o e s em. ( ) to for a c ord , s, or p s, dd d to ord of ' n e o se m n o se o r n eu e e vr o 1 1 57 11 1 0 . t r g d r, p s, or 1 1 9 , big n , fro

' 2 a a a 0 i} K Aa m em n n e w s c a e o fia ( ) , p , to for f i i ord , x p , x p ,

r m é 1 . f o x p , hand

PATRON YMICS .

’ ’

mm n en d 1 r 0 v A 0 6 7 e 1 8 7 1 8 1 . m s 6 of. 9 Patrony ic co o ly in s, 7 9 , 7 g, ;

’ ' 61 r0 vAo v a mw w cfs . 6 . A v s . 9 py p s, q

E FORMATION O F THE F EMININ .

The common en din gs f o r the formation of corresponding femi n n w ar i e ords e 1 0 0 11 and p a .

’ ' f m Ba x oA a . é a x ako e e e . a w o S s, t ach r

1 1 91 1 50 7 7 s e m f em. wh im a . 79 , wa h r an p 1 9 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

T E A D E H J CTIV E.

The adj ective has diff eren t en dings for each of the three en e s we v e v es i r n s g d r di id adj ecti nto th ee declensio .

F I S DE E S R T CL N ION .

The e es s e e s en d 0 1 a o v . adj ctiv of thi d cl n ion in 9 , ; ( ), ()

T m n e m e s in w en the e m is re e e he fe ini for nd a. h t r ination p c d d b e i u but s me imes e e in h s se the en n y a vow l or l q id , o t v n t i ca di g

in u la r S g .

F e m. Neu t. M1 1 8 6 .

x aAfi K aA6(v) x aAo f

' Ka Arflv) x aA6(v)s x aAmis KaAé' KaA6(v) KaAo f

' x aAfis‘ x aAo ii n aAtBv

h oly .

r l. Sin gu lar . Plu a

M F m Nea . 1 1 3 6 . e . t

d 6 1 657 1 0 9 ym. 7 1 0 1 V I Q (I7 1 0 1! a yu y ) a1 w 67 1 : 67 1 01 67 1 0 1/ dyto v

The followin g are similarly declin ed

l 1 k d . fi a . u c e a o 1 10 0 7 6 n w n . p p , litt p p s, bl ck 7 9 , k o ' 1 6 1 0 rea x r d K a x d . 0 . x x w e . s, bad 1 7 9 , g t d o s, 20 R AND E EE R R A SHO T EASY MOD RN GR K G AMMA .

S E N DEC E S I O F J E IV E CO D L N ON A D CT S .

The se n e e n s n n a n s ad e es en n 1 a 1 K o v co d d cl io co t i j ctiv di g in 79 , , ( ) an d in 1 0 0 0 1 x o v . m, ( )

Eat. htd e o us {n pfl9 , j al .

n u lar Si g .

m Neu t. . F m e a c F e . aac e . N u t. M s . M

l ‘ ‘ N. {nh dpng t tdpa t uipuco b) {nk uipa ts CnAwfpat s Cnhwfpma

A 1206 1 610 770) V h . Cn wfpa

' G h hwf a h mo i} ALa c v hux dw Ma c w , Cn dpn {n p s {n wp Cq p b Cn p {n p

i m n 11 6 68 e s r n 11 6 681 57 0 0 a 6 661 x 0 v s s e e . 9 9 9 , h ad t o g, 9 , 0 , i ilarly d cli d

HI D E T RD ECL NS ION .

Th e s n t n s e t es e n n e e 1 5 u é 6. third d cl n io con ai adj c iv di g in 9 , ,

Ex sw ee . . Avmi y s, t

Plu ral .

' o m ‘ hvmf Avx eui Av Avx et A n N . v A y s y y y s y a cu s y vx cf.

A cc kvmi l Avx eui v . y b) 7 ( ) ' V o c A hmcew . . y vmi y

G en Avmi hvx eui Avx eq Avx a Gw A . y y s y y y vn a

The followin g are similarly declined

a ii he . 1 0 1 61 5 r B p s, avy 4 1 9 , b oad.

‘ f at. li ln wa e ax . x s, p p s, o g

The a e es 1 5 e s la e a m dj ctiv in 1 hav al o a co l t r l for in és,

Avx d hvm Avx é . y s, y i, y

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

’

a e ar I n k is a . His n w n is n o t L di s clothes e dear. bl ck ha d riti g

- Sh i Th w a i r a a . n the e s . e e e s e b d d O good . not ill th r v y to y first da the a y of ye r .

are o u n ot a rai o f 6611 6 0 1 1 1 61 rd lac fi o s. y f d , “3 b k , M p

w i 66 1 d y e. ith Acc. she s n o t, 1

- : lo u sa much time time the weather 6 x a1 6s. g y, ( , p

- in Co n stan tin o le tran s a s with to da a e a . p , . by y, fip p A r s all all o n tran s sim l Ace cc The ee usu c . . . G k y , p y by Co n stan tin o le 1 p , ;

the in k ek é m da i é a. i é a . , \ 6 p . y, mp ( ) p p )

Dmm r rv u n s.

The m s mm n m n u v e en n s a e i es are o nir mo o t co o di i ti di g for dj ct v f s,

‘ ’ O lil tK O an d o niA o fiAa 0 0A1 . 0 C , ns, ,

‘ ‘ Ex . x a \0 67 1 x 0 x a Amir u x aAo nir mo r e . { 9 , Zm, f , ath r good

' do wr miA dc r o fJAa dmr o iih w s . p qs, p , p , hiti h

CO MP ISO N AR .

The n en m a a v e sufiix r e o T ( ’ T ( o v s l ex ists a ci t co p r ti p s, pn, p ( ), ti l , an d i s occasio n al ly u sed ; b ut has f o r t he mo st part given way to the w r 71 -6 1 0 lace e e the a ec e o d p d b for dj tiv .

' 7r1 6 w o e e . 1 1 K 1 e 0 sm o o e . p p¢ , pr tti r 1 p p 9 , all r

The suffi x f o rm is preferred by literary dialect ; w o r 0 is then written e r the su ffix acc r in the an cien le b f o e o d g to t ru .

The followin g adj ectives form their comparatives irregularly

1 15 01 0 9 rea e a Az re o rea ter e a Acfr e . 1 7 , g t p y r p s, g (p y po s) K a A ‘ d ' Av e x a x M w e . o s, goo rr po s ( a po s) ' Ka k o S b ad e1 o r € o Ka x urre , ; x p p s [ p ' 7ro z\v much 1 re 1 0 0 ' 6' e s, ; p r p0 9

The En glish than after the co mparativ e is u su ally translated b 6 71 6 w t the A ce s me imes ' w y i h . or o t by 71 a ith the Nam

cive e a Aef‘re o 61 1 -6 V h is 7 6 o ho e e an es. p y p s d , bigg r th Charl

The su perlative is ex pressed by placin g the defin ite article ' e re t he m arat ve 6 Ka A e ‘ m6 s th ALr o 6 c A e es . b fo co p i p s, or é g, b t R MM A SHORT AND EASY MO DERN GREEK G A AR.

R N NS P O OU .

PE N P U S RSO AL RONO N .

E m m ha t m hati e . m ha i n e c Un hatic E t c. U p . p p p

I Q A No m ( . 1 7 19 p a s A cc £ . 1 1 69

G en mf) 6 1 0 1 0 0 6 1 6 9 . e , 1 1

3 rd Em F m. . phatic or

M0 8 6 .

9 I 9 I a ur as a vr o

11 67 661 0 ) ’ ' 11 67 0 0, a in o vvo fi, 1 1 67 0 0, a trro vvo i}

(airmvo ii)

Fem .

’ (a irmvo cf) a irra fs‘ (mrmva fs)

D f 3 I o I a ur o u a vro vvo v 11 s, s m (amvai s)

1 r 0 67 1 0 v 0 67 631 , hi rwvfiv («W M 2 4 A SHORT AND E ASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

3 rd n F m . U emphatic or

S in ular g .

N a m e t. F e Nea t. M sc . . a

' 7 6v(e) tru sTys) 1 779 7 61 V (7 0 159 ) 7 6 W (7 0 1 59 ) 7 631! (7 0 1 59 )

1 the su e the e is e s a r n un i s If bj ct of v rb a p r on l p o o , it usu ally n o t ex pressed as it is made clear by the verbaltermi n a w h e n i tion hic p rso s meant .

' ’ ’ ' h s s Ae m sa Ae a u s est Ae u e a . y , I y y s, tho ay y , y

The pronoun must be inserted if the su bj ect is to b e empha z si ed .

’ ' - ‘ Aé w sa eort Ae a u sa es . y , I y y s, tho y t

2 I n r m h c . o e u e em h s z e the n u the e rd to f rth r p a i pro o n, p ati an d the en clitic forms are often u sed to gether in th e o bliq ue

cases.

’ ’ ep eva p1 6 66pm; do yo u kn ow me ?

ec 3 . When the pron ou n to b e emp hasiz ed is the in direct obj t o f th v er i w e s en u se t re s n si . b , it oft d ith he p po itio s

d ; 60 6 9 7 6 7m 7 6 ( b ra sa o u it w as o u ( ), I id it to y ( to y I i said t).

The m d 4 . obliqu e cases of the en clitic pron oun stand i me iatel ef re the e n i n e ex e w hen the e is in t he y b o gov r g v rb, c pt v rb m e a v e mo in w h ase t e o w it i p r ti od , hic c h y foll .

7 6” é w n w him 7 0 6 6 6811 saw em 815V T O f p , I k o ; g , I th ' " ’ (1 m be Aevrw 6 n o t see 7r1i r o e cig T O V le t hi . B , I it p , tak it ‘,

I n the m u n en ses er the l ue ses the 5 . co po d t of a v b ob iq ca of r n u n s an e he e ween the aux r an d the a e o r p o o t d it r b t ilia y p rticipl , he u x befo re t a iliary .

7 6V ei a ( ir e? ci u 7 6V eiwci had him. x or x , I told

6 he a v e has t a e an d an n re t e the . W n rb bo h dir ct i di c obj ct , m s t in direct always co e firs .

0 161 1 71 0 13 7 eir a im 6 h . 7 0 7 0. ( ), I told it to m 7 0 1 5 7 0 3610 0 1 1 e t e . 9 , I gav it to h E EE R MM R A SHORT AND EASY MOD RN GR K G A A .

EM S V E Pn o n vn s D ON TRATI o .

A I A 0 - To v r o vro 1711 1 8 . 7 0 1 1 7 0 9 , m, , th e.

i o éx etvo t . éx e v s, , tha

’ ‘ - ei is e the em 7 0 01 0 9 is declined regularly . ex vo s declined lik a n ph tic pro oun 11 67 69 .

The demonstrative pron ou n s have the defin ite article after t e m h .

' ‘ 6 11 0 0 1 1 1 7 9 s n - ss 611 4 1 1 1 vva ix a 1 69 1 , thi looki g gla ; ) y , a w m n th t o a .

nssxvn P U S Po ss RONO N . l Sin ular Plu ra . g .

- o i i o r 6 a 7 6. , , (fi),

9 ,

3 , Q ,

3 , 9 9

(1 ) The possessive adj ectives are thu s ex pressed by the gen i ve the ers a un ti of p on l prono .

' ' 6 vra 'rc a ‘ o v m e a ‘rwv e m er 7 6 p s p , y fath r f mfl p , th ir oth ;

' dx o hé a o u . p w , thy watch

2 en the ssess e e e is em i the a e t v e ( ) Wh po iv adj ctiv phat c, dj c i 6 s 6 361 x 15 261 x 15 o wn is use e e the o i 9 , 9 , ) d tog th r with ‘ h en e t e e s. n g itiv of p r pro . This form is always used when in En glish the possessive pro u no n stands alone .

' 1 1 0 0 7 6 Kar eAo e e 1 11 6 dip opcfio 1 6 61 x 15 hat is e e a u s My pr tti r th n yo r .

N T — The re etitio n of the article as a o ve is n o t absolutel n ecessar O E. p , b , y y . M R 26 A S HORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAM A .

EL V E R ATI PRONOUNS .

'

r o t who ec e . , , which (ind linabl )

- - - 6 61 1 0 20 61 1 0 20 7 6 61 1 0 20 in te u e l . 9, 6 , , which ( writ n lang ag on y)

E R G V E INT R O ATI PRONOUNS .

w td 1 36 1 7 0 1 6 ? ? g s. 9 , who Which ’ 7 1 What ?

71 -0 6 is e e e u a The en i e has the e a ms 1 9 d clin d r g l rly . g it v collat r l for

7r0 1 a v0 i3 1 7 0 1 01 1 4 wo w véiv. 7 6 is in e n e e c ur s , 59 , d cli abl wh n it o c ' a n e mea s wha t 1 11 061 6 1 w t are o u ? I n c o n lo it n 7 9 , ha y doing ’ u n n w e mean s a s what kin d 7 1 j ctio ith anoth r word, it l o of , ’ 1 A1 0 ei e 01 is w is 1 BB v 67 6 what kind of book that, or hat book that

7 0 1 6 is u se e an d w su st t e ; d both alon ith a b an iv .

REF EX V E P S L I RONOUN .

T r x 1 . he eflex ive pronoun éavré v is used in the compound e ress n 7 6V 611 0 7 6 1 o u m se 7 6V se f 7 6V p io 0)y , y lf ; thy l ; im 1 m ma 7 0 0 se se 7 6V 601 7 7 1 e se . s , h lf, it lf, 0 61 79 , h r lf Thi for y ’' b e in ten sified 1 by adding 1 6 0 g.

' év7 pe1 ro vpa 1 7 6V 661 0 7 6V 60 0 7 6 I em ashamed o f m yself .

' The fl w is b e 2 . re ex ive pronoun is only ex pressed hen it to m a z n e s e e se is u e s the e . ph i d , oth rwi it d r tood in v rb m wAfivo m s se . p , I wa h y lf

INDEF INI TE Pno n o mms A ND PRO NOMI NAL A DJ ECTIV ES .

- 61 1 50 677 1 0 he she w ho e e e e . 0 9, 9 or , who v r, What v r

- d w e er sees o u au . 8 6. eA o 61 1 0 1 0 9 0 6 { 9 0 y y , ho v y will l gh

’ - it 61 1 0 1 0 9 sometimes has K ai dv used together with .

- 61 1 0 1 0 mi (iv E w e e ma me. ; M”, ho v r y co H R E R E R MM R 2 A S O T AND EASY MOD RN G E K G A A . 7

1 '

2 . 11 0 00 eve e a e is w a s use as an e t e , ry (ind clin bl ), al y d adj c iv , 11 7 1 61 1 11 e e h 05 1 1 01 e e da 1 : 7 1 1 71 , v ryt ing ; 11 0 7 60 , v ry y ; 11 0 0 , ’ e ve t n 1 £ n him 11 010: 7 1 7 61 e 1 e1 e e s . ry hi g p 0 C , v rythi g annoy

1 m 1 n 6 e e n e n . 11 01 1 0 o u 0. o e 0 9 , v ry , (co po d of 11 0100 and Z1 9 , ) ’ 01 61 1 01 6 c a e e o n e n w s it 11 0 7 . ; f p , v ry k o

01 is a s use w r n u e e 11 0: l o d ith othe mbers to den ote recu rr nc . ’ ' 1 11 01 6 7 6 6 . e 1 e ve five a 0 1 7 p pa 9 ry d ys. ll 671 0 6M 6M a has the i w E s . s, ), , , art cle follo ing as in ngli h

‘ ll 6M 7 6. 7 d a7 a a the s p yp , thing . 6A 1 i 1 1 all h n o o 0 0 7 0 1 t e s u e s. 1 7 33 1 , t d t

3 dvr 11 7 n a . x o 021 1 01 11 01 0 1 0 s me o e e ain . g s, 91 , , o , c rt «6 1 71 - 0 0 0 9 x d ro a 11 6 1 7 0 0 0 a er t n um e d 1 , w n, 1 , c ai n b r, a goo m n a y . a' H7 01 ve 6 1 1 7 0 d ' ' e e w e e a 11 1 0 0 9 K o p o s sis 7 6 Oéa rpo v. Th r r o m e e the e 11 60 0 = F e g od any p opl in th atre. ( 11 9 r nch I I 7 67 0 1 0 “ 7 11 7 57 0 su h a . 9 , 91 , 91 , c

h w h w man ho w e 60 0 61 60 0 o mu ho . 9 , m, , c , y, gr at man s 7 60 0 7 60 1 7 60 0 so mu so o e . 9 , 7, , ch , y , gr at

11 01 7 1 s me is u se in th s u a w eu e s n l , o , d e ing l r ith n t r word o y , in the u r w w r s en ers pl al ith o d of all three g d . ' «6 1 2 1 i it mus be s e n im 7 0 77 0 1 1 66 1 r e1 r 6. ( m 0 1 p e1 V n , t o thi g r an po t t .

m s i r s h n «5 1 7 11 7 1 6 7 0 1 s e e s. me 7 0 1 7 . 1 9 , o old 1 , o t i g

001 0 0 1 1 1 31 1 01 11 67 1 7 1 w 1 ll e o u s me i n , I t ll y o th g .

6 6621 1 36 71 1 3621 4 1 1 , 7 6 1 0. o u n s and so s ch an o e. 6 16 7 6 i

6 8021 1 01 11 01 2 6 an o n e an d su an e ch oth r . m c mo f e uca f e mof s e . p p , p p s, p p , o

' 1 1 1 - 4 . 11 1 1 1 61 0 11 11 1 4 x a wi awewa an o n e o n e is u se in ; or 9 , pp , K , y (no ) d n e ve an d n te a i e se te n es th F re c un n gati i rrog t v n c like e n h ow .

1 0 0 11 11 1 6 1 0 ( i 7 6 - 1 1- 7 1 did o u fin d an o n e the 761 9 1 . s 0 13 y y in hou se (at home)?

861 1 11 01 1 1 61 1 01 o r 11 01 1 1 61 1 01 861 1 f u —o n e b I o nd no , or ( y

ll1 is 1 1 - n e s 1 61 o e . p ) 11 11 11 , no R A Y E EE MMA A SHO T AND E S MOD RN GR K GRA R.

an in h n use k e yth g, not i g, d li ' Ka wewa 9 .

' 1 37 1 7 197 0 7 1 did o u sa an n ? 8 1 037 0 1 7ro 7 e sa id 9 ; y y ythi g 61 7 , I n thln r o o 7 1911 0 7 0 n . g, , othing

5 . me 6 681 0 7 681 0 7 6 681 the sa . 9 , ) , 0 , C V ' m 0 67 6 0 7 6 ei1 re he s it se . 9 , aid hi lf

' 1 611 0 1 011 0 dva o o vd o va o a n e is u se d 1 9 , 1 , or p x g p x q, p x , lo , w the en it e the ers n l n un it mean s b m se ith g iv of p o a pro o y y lf , o urse &c y lf , .

1 m f 1 61 0 7 0 1 1 7 6 31m he se . 1 9 m, did it by hi l

0AA0 0M N o t er . 9 , ”, , o h

ODE O F A DD ES S M R .

The second perso n sin gular is u sually u sed in addressin g a pe r o n n n se uen ce r n in flu n w w h s . I co q of fo eig e ce those ho is to b e v r u n u h z d r r Th r i e re e t se t e u . e s u e ue e r n e y pol t f q ly p . pl . t Mod G reek form of polite address is to use 7 0 0 Adyo v 0 0 0 to defin e th e e s n s en 77 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 61 0 7 0 13 Aé o v a' o u e r e p r o pok to, 7 5 1 9 , y Wh w ere yo u born ?

Th rms &c ar l e 0 Ad o v 7 0 0 . e s u se . fo 7 0 y , a o d

7 0 0 Aé -yo v 7 o u dy e he is a doctor (this gen tleman is r a docto ).

7 0 0 Ad o v 7 1 6 61 1 6 9 1 7 61 1 1 17 17 1 0 she o r s ad is y 79 7 0 1 9 , ( thi l y) n i ur e ghbo .

4 A er the e s n s si 0 1 in to an d 071- 0 7 0 1 1 1 th ft pr po itio s ( ) , , f , e a rt c e is mi e in the o rm men e a e 81 6 Ad o v 7 0 i l o tt d f tion d bov , y v m n f o r him 1 0 01 a w r . 7 1 05 , I iti g

0 0 Ad o v 1 0 0 is a s use as reflex iv rm 7 y 1 l o d a e fo . ' ' 1 1 d o v 1 0 1 1 x 0 AA1 e 0 ee be er 0 i0 001 0 0 1 7 0 0 A 7 . 1 y 1 p , I f l tt

E — A 036 7 6 1296 2 . .

’

1 1 7 6 0 1 6 . A 61 1 5 é a . E 6 2 6. 6 1 Mo i) A6 6 1 7 039 0 0 1 1 1 f p 0 9 0 1 7 07 , 861 1 i - ( (06. 71 000 1 5 . 061 690 7 0 1 1 9 0 7 5 1w 69 7 971 Empvnv. 1 1 0 C 0 0 9 a w I V I I I I I I 1 1 P 1 1 e e 0 . A 7 V € 1 1 1 . 1 7 o u 7 0 £1 1 7 00 . 1 1 6 9 7 0 p0 / 7 7 9 T 7 0 41 7 37 E(7 5 0

3 0 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

Ex ercise 2 .

w m ave o u iven the w e ? A re o u Tell it to me. To ho h y g in y n o t from Con stan tin ople ? Do yo u know this gen tleman ? W h o

r th e e to o u He mse s a e o u n . ead e l tt r y ? hi lf . I h ll giv y nothi g

i u fin d an o n me ? No o n e . I have no other boo ks. D d yo y e at ho w W w u wi l r n e wi o . These pen s a e orse tha mine . ll g ith yo I l ’

sk him w is. tell yo u somethin g . A hat o clock it

’ m 7 6 7 7 1 67 6 with Ace. at ho e s 0 1 . f ro m, , 1 '

rea the e n 1 rew a. d , p , k 167 0 6 1v 1 have. as 1 lx , ( ) , 6 1 ,

o u f o un 1 6 1 1 7 1 . y d, 1 1

3 — B Ex ercise . .

He who has mo e is n o t a w a s ha We w i ve h n y l y ppy. ll gi bot h r u o n has en u o v n o u t o e s. e . e lette s to yo . N se I l o ly y W e n w it b ut o u n o t n w it W e o e eve t ee k o , y do k o . g to Mytilen ry hr Hav u an a u a n an c s he s weeks. e yo y cq i t e t re ? The lady there i H o t w He i i m u . a h s y co sin e does n feel ell . s s stu pid as e i r ch .

J 1 7 660 1 mo n e 0 1 1 . we o 1 1 y, 1 ( )g , “ 1 alwa s 1 7 61 7 0 7 6 . there 3x 6 1 y , , . ha 1 67 0 4 9 . the la k u ia ppy, x 1 dy, p . we shall ive 06 the co usin g , , 1;

th 11 0 1 7 6 860 . she is m e 8 o co usin m 11 66 1 1 0 0 . b , y , 5 1 0 1) 1

c. saw eibe the r (he & ) , . ( a ticle is n ot used in cases lik e 6 0 ml} I lo ve, 7 . 1 o n l 1 611 0 1 . he she oes n o t f eel 8 1 2 061 1 1 7 1 0 0 . y, 1 ( , ) d , 31 0

we n o w é o v . sa in ree f eelhims ( ) k , f p pd ) y, G k , elf ' ‘ three 7 e1 s w ell A , p . , n u d. 6 6 0 680 st wee . u i 11 0 1 1 7 6 k , 3 0 p d , 9 . to cl with Ace. , : rich, 1 7 21 0 60 1 0 9 . M R R K R 3 1 A SHORT AND EASY ODE N G EE GRAMMA .

HE V ERB T .

The has two v es Vo ices. verb oic

The t e d w w r e . ac iv , yp gt , I it

The ass e 1 61 1 7 0 1 is w i en . p iv , 7 1 6 , it r tt

Mo d — T e e ar ee m s o s. h r e thr ood

e 0 0 1 r te . Indicativ , 711 01 , I w i

1 Su u e 1 6 d a he ma e . bj nctiv , yp cpy, th t y writ

m e ai w e e tc . I p rativ , yp q , rit

he is n o in fin itiv r is ex esse mean s the T re e prope . It pr d by of

a e w the su un ve 831 1 1 1 6 oi z w n n o t p rticl ith bj cti yp q , I ca w e Two e a e in fin itives are in u se as a t c rit . abbr vi t d p r i iples these w ill be di scussed u nder the formation of the compoun d en es t s .

m es — There are three simple tenses

esen 0 0 » te . Pr t, W 0 , I wri iti m e e g a c a w as w n . I p rf ct, yp fi , I r g

A s € 0 1 0 w e . ori t , yp 1/ , I rot

There are fou r compo und tenses

er e 2 0 1 ti f u e e . P f ct, x yp ll , I hav writt n

u e e ei a 1 01 1 1 1 en . Pl p rf ct, x 71 1 , I had writt

F utu e 6 s a e . r , 0 I h ll writ

F u u e e e 6 i u1 1 6 1 0 1 s a e w en . t r P rf ct, 0 x 7 1 11 , I h ll hav ritt

There are two participles

ese A e 11 0 11 7 0 w n . Pr nt ctiv , 70 01 9 , riti g

e e ss e 0 1 1 61 1 0 wr te . P rf ct Pa iv , ” 1 1 9 , it n 82 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

— w m an 0 h ss cation . e e are t o n s e s : 1 s e d ifi Th r ki d of v rb ( ) i pl , 2 n a e ( )co tr ct d . I n con tracted verbs the 0 o r e preceding the terminatio n a es es w t the e the er m n 6 1 663 6 co l c i h vow l of t i ation, 0 for d ,

I speak . The letter immediately precedin g the termination is called the characteristic l etter.

Person alEn din s o 1 erb g f 1 1 0 V .

e se e . se u un Pr nt Indicativ Pre nt S bj ctive .

v9 y o vv (0 1 1 11 6 )

- he is n o diff eren ce in ro n un ciation e we n I N B. re t e n i r s an P e . d T p b d c.

Pres. S ub] .

m e n ve . F u u e ca I perf ct I dicati t r Indi tive .

in S g.

is a ed e e th a. pl c b for e S ubj unctive

to ex ess the F u ur pr t e.

n d t n Co i io al .

0 W in fin itive e 179 6 0. ith nding in

— E li h co n ditio n alma also be tran s ated b NOTE . The u s y l y the particle 90 l rf t 06 l a I should av I e e or u e ec . e h e . with mp rf ct p 9 x , ’ ro m 01 a shorten e fo rm o f 0621 0 1 an d mi 06 co mes f ( d ) . It is also used i n 1 1 this f o rm 06 1 6 3 21 67 0 , I shallsee.

- — v 2n d e s. s . e u . e . e Imperati , p r ing , pl r er Instead of these ' r n 1 é m an d the e e s s 1 6. the su u n for s, for oth p r o , or s with bj ctive is use d .

P ese i e r nt Partic pl .

0 1 1 7 0 9 3 3 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G RAMMAR.

T1 1 11 A vx mu mss 2x 1 » AND

e re cee the o u 1 the e ul e is B fo pro ding to c nj gation of r g ar v rb, it e ess to the e ul ux r es n c ary give irr g ar a ilia i . These possess o nly

the ese im e e u u e n ses. pr nt , p rf ct and f t r te

”

E w e . x , I hav

esen nd e. esen u un ctiv Pr t I icativ Pr t S bj e.

in S g.

a 1 a ma g 6 0 1 e. Z o e v 1 6 3 1 » e v6 w v x , I h v x p ( ) ( ) x , th t I y hav . ( ) x p d ) 2x e1 9 2x 1” 3x ere 3x 0 1 3x 3) 3x 0 w (e)

m e e n d i F u u e e . I p rf ct I icat ve . t r Indicativ

n Sin . Si g. g

'

( I a . ei a e S e . x , I had x p I hall hav Ix es ‘Ix c

n Conditio al . in S g.

1 06 0 . 3 0 1 s u e . 70 x , I ho ld hav 170A “ 6006 0

m e a e I p r tiv .

1 6 w S u u e 1 6 or 9 ith bj nctiv .

e Presen t Participl .

1 2 0 7 0 in . x 1 9 , hav g

— Th rfect o f 1 01 is so metimes ren ered an o ther ver (31 0 5 0 I Nm e pe x d by b , m rs n ll to mean there is it v ot The third ers. o f ( 0 is use i e o a ha e g . p x d p y ; c 4 1 1 0 la7 61 1 £66 is there n o doctor here ! he A00 . 0 1 11 0 1 takes t . 9 . (x p

ote also 7 1 1 0 9 what is the matter with ou ! N x , y A SHORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .

' ' ” ' ” 1 E 0 1 7 0 2 E “ 1 7 0 66 0 69 Ex 1 0 7 6 fl1 fl\1 0 . x 1 9 11 7 pa 1 1 0 11 1 1 7 611 11 ; X

1 1 1 1 1 1 . 0 0 . 0 80 0 11 1 1 6 0 66 57 0 1 1 9 1 7 11 680 1 9 . A61 3x 07 0 31 161 1 ' ' ‘ 1 0 1 680 1 0 7 o v . Ti Zx o vw o i 0 0 9 ; A61 eix a x ap7 1 . EIX 9 7 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 31 1 1 1 EI 0 1 7 31 0 1 7 1 0 8 . M1 6 6 0I a 0 51 0 0 7 61 1 1 1 0 1 0. 1 1 x 3 1 057 0 11 0 7. 11 1 ¢ 0 p x p 7 1 ' 1 1 1 1 6 0 5 0 0 1 i. 80 . 11 6 6 02 0 o 6 9 0 1 0 6 01 11 1 A61 cix u7 0 0. 1 p 1 1 Tf x 0 1 16 7 1 N6 6 . 6 7 a 1 0 61 11 1 66 63 0 .1 m 1 6 3 0 1 “ ci a 1 0. 6 0 3 (9 2 1 8 3 1 0 0 . 51 1 x p , p x x , yp pp 5 0 1 EI 0 1 7 0 6 6 1 11 60 1 011 02 61 1 3 0 11 0 6 6 67 0 1 0 x “ 131 7 0 1 1 0 1 1 5. X 1 1 1 0 1 ; A x 1 1 ’ 1“ 1" 1 1 0 06 61 7 . 1 6 0 0 66 0 1 1 . A 06 1 1 0 o. 3 11 11 6 1 9 67 6 A dx x pfipam. 0 x 16 9 4 1 ' 0 1 1 0 1 B1 01 1 1 1 1 T ?) 0 01 0 . 0 7 3x 09 1 7 04 1 680 1 9 . 0 0 1 1 861 61 9 31 0 8 9 ] , " 1 1 61 1 7 6 0 w 0 7 T6 w 0 A61 7 6 3x 0 /1 0 1 . Ex o w e 7 6 A x ( a

Zx o vvc).

- 7 8 1 1 1 10 the bo o . 0 4 0 0 0 to da . 8 3 , k 11 9 , y

- 7 t m c 6 to morro w. 1 1 0 0 he o ther. 1 1 11 , pm,

ltter. 6 1 01 0 the f rien d. 7 6 6 1 1 6 the e 4 9 , 7 11 1 1 , ‘

é aio eautif ul. atien ce. p s, b p

7 6 11 0 71 4 1 the little o . 86V n o t. 0 11 , d g ,

« man le. 7 6 a 7 i the a er. o m 1060 4 0 3 eo z p , p p 1 , y p p

680 1 01 the rmissio n . 3100 2 there. , pe ,

7 8 1 7 1 11 7 0 the late 7 6 C ‘ the fo o d. , p . ¢ 7 , - 7 6 1 1 17 1 1 1 th f r 7 6 a ra the mo n e . 1 1 1 0 , e o k . x pfip , y

1 1 0 o n o m . 7 6 O the coura e. 1 ce ( n e ti e) dppo s, g 7 li 6 7 1 10 the n d. 0 t l t. m a 7 , t e ea , 6 0 1 t e t 6 0 20 the n le 11 069 , h ime. 0 3 , u c . 1 1 6 1 7 31 7 0 to ien n a , i V .

6 68 11 1 67 tfi bro ther. 0 4 ,

4 — Ex erci B . se .

has e “Had Who the b st knife ? He has n o patience. they ' much to 11 0 ? Will yo u have time to- morrow i When shall w e m ha e e e ? had m e me s u a e e m e . v the l tt r If I or ti , I ho ld h v or on y Have yo u courage ? Were there man y people in the theatre ?

She w a e e an d in k to - m w H ve o u n o t t me ill h v pap r orro . a y i v n sh had n o w ? This e eni g I all n o t have much to do . If they f ien s e w u a e e o u him r d , th y o ld h v great r hopes. Go d l ck to ma o 0 1 1 n o t n s. e u Had ou 11 6 0 0 1 1 a (tra y he hav g od l ck). y (7 0 17 7 ) h u se ? Y es ve it s l H o u e ? Yes o , I ha til . ave y the tick t , I a i i m c H n is h e t n e . ad it ? N had o t T e e v y po k t he o, he . h r n o t a be e a s tt r book th n your . S AND M R R K R MMAR 5 A HORT EASY ODE N G EE G A . 3

‘

the n ife. 7 6 a ai u this eve in 67 6 1 0 k p x p n g, 4 . do u wo rk much to 3 m ch . ho e 011 7 6 1 1 . , p , wo r 4 80 1 1 11 0 31 o o d luc 1 k, ; g k , 3 time 6 x m ds t , p . ye , the theatre 7 6 the tic et 7 6 t 1 AA1 07 o , k , p .

the in k 7 6 ek dm. valor 1 A1 7 , y yes, 1 4 0 a.

I am.

rese ati e . ese Su u P nt Indic v Pr nt bj nctive.

6 6 (v ) I may be . (v )

W "

fin fi n

m e e e . F u I p rf ct Indicativ ture Indicative .

Sin g.

7311 0 1 1 11 06

wa I s.

1 50 0 1 11 , 130 W

1 1 0 1 0 67 6 , 67 0 1

t Condi ional .

6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s b 0 0 u e. 31 , I ho ld

m e a I p r tive .

l ml.

‘ le u e v6 G TC t s b . flM ,

1 V 6 0 6 1 be. 6 v 0 7 0 be e . 5 , 17 , y

1 v6 1 0 let him be . v6 ve let em be 5 , fi , th . o r 6 61 9 0 . 36 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

The missing tenses of are sometimes supplied f rom the A s 0 s S u r u a v er s 0 7 11 0 1 6 1 . ee e e . ori t of 1 , to tand ( nd r the ir g l r b )

00 7 6 1 1 1 6 w as 0 1 , I . en 2x un I have be . h n ela 0 7 6 ad ee . x 06, I b s av n 06 0x 1 0 I hall h e bee .

- Ex ercise 5 . A .

’ - 1 E61 0 71 1 7 1 1 0 1 6 0 31 0 6 5 9 x v fa 136 0 1 56 1 o v. II 0 1 6 9 7 6 0 3 1. 1 1 7 ) p ; 6 ) p ' 031 1 0 6 67 6 7 6 77 6 1 81 6 1 1 0 13 6 1 1 7 6 1 61 1 1 0 1? 1 0 0 1 11 1 6 ; 0 , 7 0 : 0’ 1 6 7 2 1 1 6 1 1 7 6 0 6 6 1 0 1 0 6 6 0 1 7 0 0 6 77 6 0 01 1 6 1 1 0 . 2 11 0 9 1 131 9 0 6 0 30 1. A v7 69 1 77 1 7 11 9 ’ 696 031 1 0 7 6 71 -1 7 6 A 1 0I 6 7 6 11 1 60 0 1 vro v a 6 67 6 06 9 0 1 1. v 1 x 9 7 9 x 9

' 1 1 1 - 1 m o w a 0 67 0 1 . 61 1 7 6 1 0 1 06 7 6 1 6 66 1 1 7 1 1 r6 1 0 a v a 7 a fip x 79 2 7 , 1 1 9 r p p p ' " 6 1 1 1 7 6 0 31 0 60 1 rp6 . To v 6 0 7 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 60 1 1 70 0 1 1 1 6 ¢ o p6 9 7 o u M1 x 66 1 )

- 0 1 1 7 H o vva 6 6 7 1 106 0 011 6 1 6 1 o 1 rw6 0 1 o . 0 6 0 1 1 1 6 0 7 0 1 3 1. p 711 6 6 9 1 9 BB 11

1 6 1 o . . 6 0 66 1 . N 0 v appw0 7 0 1 Avp1 0 1 9 0 61. 10 1 1 6 1 9 0 3 x q ’ 1 1 - 1 1 A9 1 0 0 6 0v00 0 9 . A 6 1 7 0 7 0 1 6 o vva 0 1 0 9 ! H611 7 0 7 0 1 6 1 0 6 1 0 p , pp 7 1 5 x 6 6 6 .

’ 9 7 6 0 1 1 7 1 a ho e 11 06 o un 1 rl. 53 , t m . , y g g

r u ia the la 7 6 1 6 6 6 1 6 the hair. p , dy . 1 , 1 1 m rien f rien in e a v o s blac 01 1 0 11 f d a d o f m . . 4 1 1 , y , p p , k 7 m ust h c f w 60 7 0 s white 6 t e hil o un ello . , d , y g , p ,

h re ar le r . waiter 6 c. 0 t e sec t c , y , k = 1 7 0 71 0 6 1 1 ro i) 0 1 0 6 1 usualwa to calla 7 6 1 6 1 0 7 10 6 0 1 0 1 the oo sho . , y 3 3 , b k p w aiter 6 w 7 o s ill . pp 0 , . ' ' ' ’

m s er a 7 1 61 6 1 a ix o cloc . fi s e t . s 6 1 3 2 s t s l , y d y 5 p , k in 0 1 1 0 1 uiet 6 71 , q .

7 073 th ree . 06 0 1500 1 0 3 f ree. 11 , 1 , l 0 6 6 0 17 0 1 0 3 i er o ler. 6 1 7 0 7 0 if o n . 6 7 1 , b gg , d 1 , y 1 1 1 61 0 1 the ac uain tan ce . stron . 3 7 , q g 0 1 0 lw s 67 0 1 1 fo rtun ate luc . 7 61 7 07 a a . x 1 , , ky , y 1 0 61 w en . 106 6 1£well. , h ,

E se — B x er ci 5 .

w as n o t at me este is she n o t e e n o w He ho y rday. Why h r 1 e e o u m m? m m G e m w as er Wh r do y co e fro I co e fro r any. I v y

A t su me e n o t at e s . n o ill . ch a ti th y will be th ir hop Was he t ' l ve Mr A r ulo l N w a s n ae l e . ro o s s o a r ati of gy p o, he the of Mich ,

S H R AN E S EE GR MM R A O T D A Y MODERN GR K A A .

A oristo

0 6 1 6 w te . 7 11 4 , I ro

1 01 1 67 6 6 1 1 051 0 1 6 (671 11 1 (61 1 1

Perfect. Pluperfect .

- 2 0 1 0 1 v w n h n . 1 6 1 e e . 0 3 01 1 6 1 01 ad e x 7 1 0 , I ha ritt x 71 11 , I writt

F u ut re .

o r 0 7 ’ 6 6 6 1 1 1 0 s a r e . 0 1 0 1 6 1 1 0 ? M I h ll w it 7 1 41 1 , 7 1 0 1 6 0 711 6 111 01 ,

96 1 4 1 4 1 9 013 61 1 6 " 1 1 611 9 , 1 1 11 11 1 1 1

96 1 6 1 4 1 00 1 61 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 10 011 » 1 1 4 11 1 1 1 0)

F utu re Perfect .

6 0 1» 1 6 1 0 1 v e w e . 0 X 71 11 , I ha ritt n

Con ditional .

6 0 6 6 s u w te . 06 0 6 0 1 0 1 61 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 111 41 , I ho ld ri 7p ¢ 1 (71 1 1 ) 37 1 1 6 111 09 0711 601 07 0 31 1 11 q 31 9600 1 1 6)

1300 66 711 601 0 1 13006 0 11 01 1 711 64 1 0 1

13006 6 1 1 (13006 6 1 1 0 )711 6111 0 1

Past Con ditional .

6 1 61 1 01 s u a ve w r e n . 6 0 1 71 00 6 71 1 , I ho ld h itt 7 p ¢ 1 6006 0; 13006 6 7 0 13006 6 11 (1 3006 6 1 1 0 )

06 0Z 6 1 6 1 01 s u e writtefi. X 71 4 , I ho ld hav

u u t S bj nc ive Mood . r sen P e t.

1 1 6 6 6 1 t I ma te 1 1 6 6 w 0 6 0 1 1 1 0 ( ) 711 4 1 , tha y wri ( ) 7p ¢ p (711 16 1 ) 711 6 1607 0 YPa ¢9 ypci¢ o 1 1 1 1 (0 ) 39 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

Aorist .

1 1 6 t ma e . 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 1 0 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 0 ( ) hat I y writ ( ) 7 1 11 1 1 , 71 51 1 7 11 01111 11 9 Ypfillf m 7 11 4 41 113 m I perative .

Present.

0 6 1 0 r e . 1 61 07 0 r te e . 7 1 0 , w it 7 1 6 , W i (y )

w 1 m r e . l w r e 6 of let hi 6 o 1 0 et em . 9 yp cfrg, it yp ¢ 1 1 , th it

t A oris .

1 61 1 0 w i e . 1 6 1 07 0 1 61 1 7 0 . 7 5 1 , r t 71 11 , 71 1 l him i 6 6 1 et e. 9 7 11 11 31 , wr t 69

I n fin itive u se l in the m u ( d on y co po nd tense s).

r s . A s P e ent ori t . 711 641 0 1 .

1 ese e . 1 61 1 0 1 7 6 w . Pr nt Participl 7 1 1 9 , riting

Passive Vo ice.

Present . n Si g. a m w 6 m 6 >0 1 6 1 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 a e . 1 6 1 0 6 6 0 7 0 1 6 1 6 11 006 yp 4 1 , 71 4 1 , I ritt n, 7 1 4 6 (7 1 0 1 ) yp6¢ 00 6 1 7 p6¢ 0 0 7 0 (7 11 6 1600 0 yp6¢ 0 v1 1 7 6 1

Imperfect . w I was ritten .

- 6 o1 10 0 1 11 1 0 6 60 0 v1 1 6 1 6 1 60 6 7 0 yp ¢ , ( )yp ¢ (671 0 0 (6711 6 01 67 6 1 1 0

A s ori t. w n (6 711 641 0171 1 6 I was ritte . (0) ’ 6 6 1 e a x afl 01 501 1 0 1 (311 1 11 9 0 1 ( hp q i , (670 1 5 1 1 (61 9 61601 1 11 0 ( 11 6 1 1 6 0 1 ( 11 1 0 110 0 :

0 0 1 1 6 1 v e ee w r e . Perfect. x 7 1 4 06, I ha b n itt n

3 11 had ee e . Pluperfect . 0 x I b n writt n 4 0 AND M E R M R A SHORT EASY ODERN GRE K G AM A .

F uture .

06 1 6 0 1 1 6 1 o r 1 6 61 06 1 6 6 1 6 0 7 0 1 6 1 00 6 1 0 71 111 1 , 7 1 160 , 71 41 1 , 71 6 1 w I shall be ritte n .

‘ 1 6 60 01 1 1 1 1 i 7 1 6 : 71 159179 vmwm

6 6 1 1 6 1 6 0 61 1 0 711 01 1 7 , 7 1 1 160

F u u e e e . 6 0 01 1 6 5 s a e ee en . t r P rf ct 0 x 71 01 0 5, I h ll hav b n writt

t Condi ional .

Sin g.

6 1 h w 06 0 1 6 1 0 0 1 s u te . 6 71 4 6 , I o ld be rit n 0

0 6 1 0 0 v11 1 1 7 p ¢ $ é yp6¢ ov1 1 7 6 11 (0hp6 4161 1 7 0 1 1 0 6 1 1

1 06 6 s 30 I hould b e written .

I 1 u v n n n 6 0 6 e . as n . 0 1 6 1 s e e e P t Co ditio al x 7 1 111 03, I ho ld ha b writt

u u S bj nctive . r P esent .

1 ma w t 1 6 1 6 6 0 1 1 6 1 e . 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 0 7 0 ( )71 1 41 1 , that I y be rit n ( )71 6 1 , 7 11 41 6 7 1 1 6111 00 6 1 751 641 0 0 7 0 711 641 07 6 1 711 64 1 0 1 6 1 7 6 1

A s ori t.

1 1 1 1 6 6 06 ma be en . 1 6 1 6 00 3 0 ( ) yp ¢ , that I y writt ( )71 16 6 0 ) 1 1001 116069 711 01 115061 0 wa 4>05 1 11 1 1 9500 911 1

m e I p rative .

be w en 6 1 0 " 6 0 1 1 . 1 1 7 11 16 , ritt 1 1 16

lt him w r n 6 61 1 6 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 07 6 1 e e . 9 1 0 0 1 7 1 1 0 1 7 6 1 9 71 4 , be itt 71 0 (71 6 )

A r s I n fin itive er ec ti e o i t . P f t Par cipl .

1 6 1 01 1 e 71 11 1 0 9 , writt n E A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GR EK GRAMMAR.

' ‘ CO NTRAC I ED V En es.

Most co ntracted verbs en d in there are also some in b ut the peo ple usually conj ugate themlike verbs in

6 0. 7 e e e 1 7 6 to d c iv .

3 A0 1 1 1 10 Voice.

resen n a e P t I dic tiv .

61 61 0 61 7 6 d e 76 7 7 171 e e. 61 7 6 7 6 0 1 0 61 7 6 7 0 8 1 0 , , I c iv 1 , 1

61 7 6 7 60 1 67 6 7 1 61 7 0, 61 6 7 607 0 , 61 76 7 67 0

61 7 6 7 601 61 7 6 7 61 7 6 7 60 1 , 6 1 1 1 (

m e I p rfect.

61 7 6 7 0 130 6 w as e , I d ceiving .

61 7 6 7 0 60 0 61 7 6 7 0 130 6 1 1

61 7 6 1 e e ed 7 70 6 , I d c iv

6 1 7 67 1 1 0 0

e fe . u er e P r ct Pl p f ct.

2 10 1 0 6 76 7 1 0 1 e de e ed. ez a had e e x 5 , I hav c iv x I d c ived.

F u u e. F u ur r c t r t e Pe fe t .

sh ll ha s e - a ve I hall d ceive . 06 0x 1» 61 7 6 1 130 0 1 c v de ei ed .

. as C n n a Conditional P t o ditio l .

06 151 76 7 0 60 6 o r 006 6 61 7 6 6 7 60 0 1 06 dx a 61 7 6 7 61 7 0 1

S u u e bj nctiv . s Pre ent . 4 2 SH S E EE RAMM R A ORT AND EA Y MOD RN GR K G A .

I m ra v pe ti e .

r n A . P ese t . orist

61 7 67 6 0 61 7 67 61 7 6 7 67 0 61 7 6 1 0 0 61 7 6 7 1 07 0 61 7 6 1 - 0 7 0 , 6 7 1 50 , 6 “ 69 69 61 7 6 7 6 69 61 7 6 7 0 174 0 ) 69 60 6 7 1 50 7) 69 61 7 6 7 60 0 1 1 1 4 0 )

I a 1 6 . A r st iti 0 res. r t c . 61 76 7 171 1 7 o i nfin v e. 6 1 76 7 1 50 1 P P i iple 9

ass e c P iv Voi e .

r s n n dicative P e e t I .

61 7 7 3 am c v 6 0 1 6 1 . 1 , I de ei ed

61 7 6 7 60 6 1

61 7 6 7 67 6 1

xh rf t I fie ec .

61 7 6 7 0 5 0 0 6 was b ein c v 1 0 4 ) I g de ei ed . 61 7 6 7 0 1 50 ovv(6 )

61 7 6 7 0 61 1 7 6 1 1

S me e s av o o win n n s f o r I n dlc o v rb h e the f ll g e di g the Pres.

1 0 311 7 6 1

a w fi m to ar . B p p , be we y

n i v Present I d cati e .

m we r 6 1 1 a 1 6 6 0 0 a w fi m 6 1 0 1 6 1 a . 3 0 1 5 6 0 7 7 fl p p , 3 0 7 , I a y [ 0 1 6 fl p p ' ' ' 6 1 0 1 30 7 0 a 1 00 7 0 Bap1 0 0 6 1 B p , B p ’ B6 p1 07 6 1 fiapwfiw m

m erf ec I p t.

ar I w as we y . (636 1 1 1 0 60 6 0 7 0 S M E 4 3 A HORT AND EASY ODERN GRE K GRAMMAR.

r t Pl upe fec .

F u ure F u ur r c . t . t e Pe fe t

A 06 6 1 76 7 6 111 6 1 06 0x 10 61 76 7 1 1013 06 61 7 6 7 0061

n n a as C n i n al. Co ditio l . P t o dit o

61 7 6 7 0 1 51 1 0 1 6 ! or 61 7 6 7 1 7013 06 0Ix 6

u un c v S bj ti e .

n t 6 6 7 1 6 1 A r s . 6 6 6 1 61 . Prese . v 1 76 0 91 o i t v 1 7 7 10

Imperative .

r n A r st. P ese t. o i

6 1 7 6 7 60 1 ) 61 7 6 7 7 50 0 1 ) 61 7 6 137 0 6 9 61 76 7 67 6 1 69 61 76 7 0 91 1 7 6 69 61 7 6 7 1 1 013 69 61 76 7 000 s

1 A o ris I n fin itiv r ar c . 61 7 6 7 1 01 0 t e . Pe fect P ti iple 16 9 m m s 010 .

v I belie e .

Active Voice.

06 000 1311 0 11

0appo f'v

Passive Vo ice.

is s all has f s in 6 6 c e a v . Occasi n Th u u y the orm , it d bo e o ’ a lly the f o llo win g en din gs occur

G I 0 1 4 1 6 1 0 1 4 1 6 0 7 0 0 14 1 006 )

030 6 1 030 7 0

rema n n rms f llw 66 c n u a n The i i g fo o o the o j g tio . 4 4 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

N EXERCISES I N CONJ U GA TIO .

E O H THE PRESENT Tn n sm(A CTIV ).

En din gs f or u n co n tracted fo rms

The A ctive Presen t of the fo llowin g verbs is con j ugated above (lik e 711 66 10 )

Sm w r a . flfl , I e d

56 r . 1 w , I th ow

En din gs f o r con tracted forms f o r the forms in 010 we ha v e f o r 61 0 we have 171 6

60 1 9

I

(la .

Bo th the forms in 61 » an d 63 are often used in difieren tly in t h e v r n ar n l us i n rac rms sin gular ; e bs i e o y ed n the co t ted fo .

Con jugate the followin g v erbs like 61 7 6 7 60 »

ask ‘ GH Q ’ au 6 6 1 7 610 6 1 07 61 0 sa u t e I ; Y , I l gh ; 7 , x p , I l

s ak 1 A6w k ss. las are m r o t e n I pe ¢ , I i (The two t o e f a k con jug ted li e 0app6 . )

61 0 v is c n u at as s 61 1 1 1 - 0 ( , I li e, o j g ed follow ( , (fig, (3, (3 .

u u n c v is sam as n d ca v x c t t The S bj ti e the e the I i ti e, e ep h a t f o r 01 n v r ccurs in rm n a n is r en , whe e e it o the te i tio , g w itt .

4 6 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

t lan ua e 6 6 6 0 0 . the a et te 5 1 0 1 . he g g , 7 pp i , 1 5 1 fin e 0 16 10 3 . to chan e 6 6 1 13 . , 1 g , 71 t e n ews a er 0 € i8¢ a ur sh un 1 1 6 Af a 7 0 11 1 11 1 11 1 . h p p , ¢ fl p p T ki po d , 1 p 1 1 0 1 6 e 7 b K fl d ‘. to whis er 11 0 1 1 6 0 . the win , p p , 0 4 1

7 hut 6 6 v6 . the o r 6 1 7 0 1 1 1 . to s 0 d o , 1 1 , ¢ 1 to 8 oil 6 6 1 13 . to ss 1 6 13 . , 31 ki , 0 e rt a the r, m p .

ON THE 1 1 1 9 1 1 11 0 11 0 7 .

rm m er c au m 0 is usual ac e r To fo the i p fe t, the g ent ly pl ed b fo e d v r n d r r rm n a n s v n are afiix e . the e b ; a the p ope te i tio , gi e below, 6 9 37 9 01 41 0

Ex ception s

l v r s u n c th au m n 60 6 n ract sua e . 7 0 . Co t ed e b lly egle t g e t 36 0 ,

I kept f o r 036 0 7 0 130 6 .

2 un o e v r o w . c n rac s s f m r han t o Of the t t d e b , th e o o e t s a s usua n o t ak the au m n . 106 7 6 6 6 6 1 1 0 u n yll ble lly do t e g e t 3 3 , I der tan d s 106 7 6 6636 1 1 0 .

3 r s n n n v s c m n . Ve b begi i g with owel o mo ly n eglect the au g m n b ut r u n serv is a n a v e l e t ; the le . whe ob ed, th t the i iti l ow n n s ro m an d 0 1 an d r m o 01 a a s le gthe f 6 to 7, f o to while 6 1 lw y r ma n s u n chfin ed E m ls e i g . x a p e

s Pre . Imp.

6100 1 501 ar. 610 o r 10 1 6 . , I he 0 1 1 6 13 0 1

0 1 01 uc . 0 o r 1 37 2 , I to h 7 7 1 6 137 3 1 6 .

0 1 1 6 61 s ak 1 , I pe . 011 1 6 0 30 6 o r 61 11 1 6 0 30 6 . ' fi 0 1 1 1f0 100 1 n d. r p , I 01311 1 0 106 o 7 1311 1 0 106 .

' Fr m s s x c n s it is us a o n v r b s o thi li t of e eptio , obvio th t the ly e w h c u sua ake au m n are s c are d ss a c i h lly t the g e t tho e whi h i yll bi , a n d also begin With a con so n an t b u t mo st of the verbs in o r din ar u se o n s c ass. 6 0 6 06 1 6 . y bel g to thi l 7 , 7 The augmen t 1 , is used in the verb 006 01 (origin ally a n d man r cas s r m an al 6 a o in a s . 1 0 6 1 6 0 6 ls y othe e f o f l e ogy 3 7 , 5711 11 .

m — I n cas v r s o o un e r s t on s No . the e of e b c mp d d with p epo i i , u men if u s is afiix ed r r s n n o t a e r the a g t . ed, befo e the p epo itio ft

as in an cien t Greek . M R EE MA 4 A SHORT AND EASY ODE N GR K GRAM R. 7

END NG r THE 1 1 1 1 1 11 0 I S o 3 1 1 0 7 .

Fo r un c n trac v r s. F o r c n v o ted e b o tracted erbs.

in . Plu r . Pers. S g l 6 6 1 1 0

2 6 7 0 o r 07 0

3 0 80 0 0 30 6 1 1

Ex am l p es.

6 m r k 0 1 . t Imperfect li e 7 0 41 I pe fec like 61 7 6 7 171 .

1 1 0 1 1 01 n k . 06 61 lau . 1 2 , I thi 7 , I gh

rin k 1 7 0 7 1 1 61 r r . I d . 0 1 , I p efe

81 6 6 1 1 r ad. 1 7 0 1 7 6 7 61 Wa k . 3 6 , I e 0 , I l

1 1 1 1 01 u rn . 6 1 0 1 0 1 61 r . 7 0 2 , I t 7 1 , I fo get

10 171 ar . 4 0 , I we

10 6 7 61 . 0 , I hold

The Imperfect is u sed like the Fren ch Imperfect to den ote an action o r state in past time which is repeated o r lasts a certain

time. I us a k ed to w l . n a k d I o fte w l e . e. 1 7 0 1 76 7 0 30 6 g. 0 w a a k n r I s w l i g f o some time. [happen ed I was walkin g at the time when somethin g else

r dx I used to w ite .

— Ex ercise 7 . A .

' T0 71 81 50 61 6 1 9 7 0 1 00 1 1 0 1 0 6 0 6 1 ! 6 1 1 6 7 6 . p 0 , 1 71 0 3 0 0 70 0 1 ' " ' A1 7 0 10021 1 7 01 1 1 0 1 3 6 1 6 Q ,1 1 6 0 1 50 6 7 0 106 2 7 6 6 0 1 50 1 1 7 6 . 0 6 00 1 1 6 0 000 001 6 7 1 K 6 0 01 7 0 1 1 0 130 0 61 7 0 7 0 a a f I. O . T61 171 6 1 7 0 3 000 0 0 60 0 . 0 0 p y g [ S 1 0 3 O 1 S1 6 6 0 7 6 6 1 1 6 7 6 0 01 001 6 6 6 7 1 00 1 1 0 036 . 6 1 1 7 1 ) 0 3 C 70 1 1 , 7 3 5 0 071 0

1 h m . 1 17 blac 21 s t in t e orn n 6 0 0 . 7 pa , i g 1 0 , k

11 the hour. 0 G dress. 6 0 , ¢ p M , 0 0 1 1 6 60 0 I call in a 860 , two . 0 , ( ) t.

1 - 1 1 1 0 1 at mid da . 7 1 1 6 1 1 1 70 6 wh le. 7 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 0 , y 1 0 , i

61 7 0 s n ce. , i 4 8 AND EAS M A SHORT Y ODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

E r i — x e c se 7 B .

v r mo rn in u s r a the n s a r t n w e dran k E e y g we ed to e d ew p pe , he ’ o ff A t i o c o ck w n f o r a a k in ar n an d c ee . e ght l we e t w l the g de v o us n s Was n t ar w h hat spo ke of ari thi g . he o we in g a ite ? We r h u s v r da W o u u a called at thei o e e e y y. hile y were la ghin g n d n w r adin an d r n W n w a r urn n r m talki g I as e g w iti g . he I s et i gf o m k r v a us to s a c a . the ill ge, I ed o e ig

then (0 0 1 7 6 . wh te 60 1 7 0 . , i , 0 0 0 the h t 0 6 1 7 0 0 the co ffee 1011 : a 7 10 6 . , 0 , ’ ’ 1 at e ht o clo c s 7 6 23 0 7 0 6 6 1 s when 1 was return n the res. art. o f ig k, x 0 , i g, p p the arden 7 0 0 0 1 06 1 . 11 111 . g , 0 3 7 px 1 6 0 I smo 1 0 1 1 1 6 0 1 d ff eren t 8 1 0 9 . e i , 0 0 k , 4 1 0 ' 1 1 1 7 the c r 7 0 1 r o . the th n 7 0 6 6 . a o 1 3 i g, 0 7 0 ig , p

I s ea o f 6 1 1 6 6 1 6 . p k , 1 7

ON THE A o ms'r .

ru s f o r au men are sam as in m r c The le the g t the e the I pe fe t .

A r s n n s o i t e di g .

O ' a

O "?

- 0 6 1 1

The characteristic letter of the verb u n dergoes a chan ge w h e n brought in to con j un ction with the 0 of the A orist en din g

l 1 7 1 c m n w 0 to rm 1 . 3 , , 4 o bi e ith the fo 4

. 10 1 5 0 1 010 11 1 6 . 9 0 3 , I hide 0 11 6 01 3 10 , I dye 5

OTE — v r s in 0 1 50 1 hav n 1 1 in r n un c a n 1 b e o r e N . The e b i g ( p o i tio 4 f i (7 ) as characteristic letter also form their aorist n 4;

1 7 1 0 7 0 1 50 1 v 01 7 10 7 1 6 . , I belie e ; 6 1

1 1 01 511 1 s k 0 1 5 01 1 6 . 7 0 , I ee 7 0 1 M ER EE R MM R 4 9 A SHORT AND EASY OD N GR K G A A .

m n to rm 1 2 . 10 c 0 y, , X o bi e with the fo $

1 1 1 6 6 0 1 uar 0 1 1 56 6 6 . 4 7 , I g d 4 5 l k n 1 7 6 0106 1 a 01 7 6 0 6 . , I p it, it 5

ccas n a c an s 3 . go io lly h ge to f

1 1 01 1 1 6 1 1 ca 0 1 6 . 00 6 , I ll 0061 6 5 1 m 1 1 1 10 7 6 10 e s ee 01 1 5 6 . 4 , I l py 0 7 6 6 1 7 6 1 1 1 la 2 1 , I p y

er s in w 001 an d s a av a v as 4 . V b ( , , tho e th t h e owel i i r ave A r s n d n s a ir c st c lette , h the o i t e i g dded d e tly v owel m ear 0 1 . n , I t 0 71 0 6 1 0 s 1 1 001 n 0 0 6 . 7 , I pi 7 1 0

6100 1 56 1 ar 6 10 . , I he 0 v0 6

n n 6 c an s c a r s c d 0 No m. (a ) The e di g 0 h ge the h racte i ti 6 an con tracted verbs in to

61 7 6 7 601 001 6 001

Ex ception s to the abov e rule

1 1 1 7 01 1 60 1 am un r 01 7 0151 6 0 6 . , I h g y 3

81 1 60 1 am rs 0815 1 6 0 6 . 11 , I thi ty 11

1 0 01 1 1 0 0 61 ar c s 00 6 00 6 . 0 0 , 0 0 , I we ( lothe , 0 0

06 6 au 06 6 0 6 . 7 0 1 , I l gh ; 07

° I can 011 1 7 0 01 0 0 6 .

1 7 0 106 6 61 n 01 7 0 0 1066 00 6 . 00 , I i vite , 0

' (3) A f ew con tracted verbs have 8 1 6 their Aorist (as if formed f m 6 Presen t m 0

1 1 0 60 1 0 1 50 1 6 . 41 , I blow ; 01 78

7 6 611 1 ull 07 6 1 6 . 0 3 , I p 0 3 75

(6 ) Verbs who se characteristic letter in the Presen t is v e ded 0 6 o r 0 s 1 1 r A r s rm n a n 0 6 p by , , , lo e the befo e the o i t te i tio , an 0 is written 01 in the A orist

1 n 0800 6 . 801 01 , I bi d ;

151 sc 0 1 666 0 0 6 . 0 6 66 1 0 1 , I old 3 7

86 10611 11 1 i 086 106 0 6 . 7 , I b te 7 E M 5 0 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GR EK GRAM AR.

(b) Verbs whose characteristic letter in the Presen t is 1 pre c o r receded s 1 o r v an d ; o r eded by 41 , u p by X1 lo e the , the 4 X combin es with the 0 of the A orist termin ation to form 41 o r 5

10 6 1 cut 10 6007 , I 3 0 011 6 . 805 1 0» s w x 1 , I ho 3

m 6 . r s in 66 6 1 01 1 an d s in a n o 0 in the Ve b , 0 , o e h ve A orist ; the characteristic letter remain s the same as in the r s n b ut if 0 is r r c i n it is n ra c an d P e e t, the lette p e ed g ge e lly h ge

to 0 1. s n 01 I e d 30 7 66 .

6 01 1 r n 0 41 0 , I b i g 241 06 . 0 ma n 1 0 01 1 r 2 01 . 0 3 , I e i 0 1 6

— NOTE r s in 6 01 1 an d 6 1 av a u ar rm f o r th . Ve b 0 h e pop l fo e Presen t in mo

f o r 0 7 666 01 1 . ’ < f vw M » I> p 1 1 M ’

0 0 vo1 0 15 6 1 ra A o rlst 20 1 1 6 . p 0 , I d g 0

' r s in a1 a 1 in A r 7 . Ve b a cw h ve 6 1 6 the o ist

0 1 0 arm ( 0 1 6 3 011 , I w

n m m an m 8 . a r s 1 d s rs a a c a r M y ve b 2 , o e othe , h ve oll te al form f o r the Presen t in wiw ; b ut the A orist always comes from the first form

1 1 1 6 1 u w6a1 u rn 1 5 7 0 2 , 7 p , I t (67 01 0 6 .

0 1 6 6 1 01 1 0 0 6 6 1 1 66 1 s u 0 66 1 6 4 2 , 0 , I h t (6 41 0 '

0 6va1 0 v6w r e w . £x , f x , I fo get f x a

m r v r s a a n av n n l rm in 1 So e othe e b , g i , h i g o y the fo y é.0.1 ' Pr s n rm r A r s as r m a 1 e e t, fo thei o i t f o P msen t in a cvw o r 61 0»

1 66 1 n 16 01 , I serve Wi e 1 0 0 16 1 an u 0 0 , I h g p EA M ERN G EE R MM 5 1 A SHORT AND SY OD R K G A AR.

SE r THE A U o ORIST .

Th A r n ca s in d fin ite as ac n - n e s e : s . o i t i di te p t tio 20 1 6 66 , I e t is s n u s o n o n e an r m m r c ic It di ti g i hed the h d f o the I pe fe t, wh h n s r n o r c n n uan c a n d o n r r m the de ote epetitio o ti e, the othe f o m r c c n s ac n c at the r s n m . Pe fe t, whi h de ote tio o pleted p e e t ti e It o ccu s h r r sa m s n as Fr n c assé in dé n i pie t e efo e the e po itio the e h p fi , an d is o ften used where the En glish idiom prefers the Perfect

- 2 0 16 6 1 5 6 6 av s n the r . 0 1 7 0 0 0 , I h e e t lette I n v r s s r s n x r ss s a s a o r c n n e b who e P e e t e p e e t te o ditio , the A orist ex presses the begin n in g of that state as past

1 m u n r 31 7 01 1 6 av un r am n r 0 a 6 u . 1 7 1 1 61 , I h g y 3 0 , I h e got h g y, I h g y

- 6 1 1 am s 01 6 50 1 6 6 1 6 10 1 31 , I leepy ; 5 .

I n particularly viv id speech the A orist is u sed to ex press future action the action is re presen ted as so n ear an d certain as to be practically past

’ ’ 0 0 1061 0 1 6 o a a o r I llk o u o r u r a 41 1 57 0 13 0 0 , g w y, ill y ( yo e man dead ).

NOTE — I t s r a a ru s are m r . will be ob e ved th t the bove le e ely practical an d the philologist may tak e ex ception to the lack of ex plan ation of the fo rms given b ut such ex plan ation s would n ecessitate a k n owledge of an cien t Greek on ly po ssessed by tho se x lan a n s u su erfl uo us I n man cas to whom the e p tio wo ld be p . y es an c n Gr ek ru as o n ca r as n s is a the ie t e le, b ed philologi l e o , viol ted from the in fluen ce of an alogy

31 76 1 6 5 150 1 6 . 6 , 00 76

— Ex ercise 8 . A .

” ” 5 1 106 1 0 0 1 8 0 6 60 . Ava tzav 1 6 101 1 6 . P1 6 1 2 80V 1 30 101 1 41 0 10ai. 0 5 3 3 l 10 " Ex o e ‘ é t 0 o u 1 6 171 1 6 111 0 ; gb s x p

1 1 0 0 EI O J. 6 6 1 0 1 0 I : 1 6 7 0. 1 1 U 000 0 60 6 1 6 0 6 9 WOMO S 41 0 06 13 7 0 x § ; 00 ; ! 0 M0 1 5 0 1 0 b 3 1 1 0 1 6 1 7 6 0 6. 0 0 33 6 6 41 6 1 1 6 [36 0 0 1 6 (06 7 1 6 . T v 7 0 11 1 7 7 0 11 ” ' 1 ‘ ’ ' 0 1 86 1 0 6 0 1 5 01 1 0 106 1 059 . A 0v 1 0 01 7 10 1 01 1 6 . I Es eés 0 0 é z 6 0 x , 9 7 0 1 1 (x ) x 0 l0 H60 6 1 ‘ 1 6 6 1 36 0 6 1 0 56 1 ) 7 6 mix ra . s 7 0 ; 1 5 2 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

0 10151 1 1 I ben d sto o 71 6 1 1 1 I n ure. 0 9, , p. 3 0 , i j 1 0 1 11 61 6 1 I lf t 6 1 1 0 1 0 3 ill. 1 , i . 00 , 61 1 6 1 6 1 I l ht 6 153 heav 0 , ig . 3 0 , y .

1 11 f the can dle. 11 0 156 1 I lo o f or ask for. mp , 7 0 , k , 6 6 1 1 6 t m 1 1 1 v r where e la . 6 1 0 17 e e . 0 , h p , y ’ 1 106 1 6 I ut o e v I dan ce. 10 , c . x p t w, ' 1 1 8 0 1 the han d. 3 1 1 15 1 6 the n ht. x 0 , 1 x , ig

61 1 111 I B6 W. 86 0 all. 0 0 , 3 , 1 8 1 6 0 6 the 0 I m en t d ess A I1 76 1 a a s . 0 0 0 , n . , b 0 i » I r x 0 , tea .

— Ex erci e 8 . B s .

She h the am Wh a o u n o t r n er ? lig ted l p . y h ve y w itte the lett av cut m fin r Ha o u s n r ss ? av I h e y ge . ve y ew the d e The he y W n has n m w n d u ck u a n n a e . i e do e yo h r . I be t do lifted p the ti t ' m o n e ask f r o u Ho w ln did o u an c l Hav o u So e ed o y . o g y d e e y ar s r t r a ear he d the to y ? He did n o t believe i . They we e y a aw y . 1 the fin er 6 86 1 v7to the ear 6 061 0 3 . g , x s. y , 70 ‘ the to r 1 s 1 1 0 o i6 . y, 3 p

3 1 7 60 1 00100 f; 80 56 6 1 6 1 7 1 61 6 ; Mo i) 380 1 60 1 8 0 1 7 131 1 1 0 1 1 : ’ ' m f E1 7 6 1 6 1 0 a 1 1 E u e 1 8 £ x p1 1 6 ; M69 2106 0106 1 31 6 6100 6 67 1 . pp fl ’ 8 6 1 61 7 8 1 8 1 7 6 1 0 1 8 1 6 6 a 0 1 8 1 106. II 61 5 0 91501 . A01 0 00v6 f 1 01 v0 1 9 41 1 6 50 A 31 1 30 1 6 60 ; 1 11 1 1 10601 6 06 P067 0 06 01 1 150 7 6 5 0; 801 1 0I1 1 0 6x 1 8) ” ' " 6 106 1 . E0 1 1 0 1 8 0 1 o v . 1 66 6 6 0 1 7 0 68 f 1 0 7 06 x 0 p 6 ) 811 1 0 o v . 1 1 1 8 0 1 7 6 0 8610 A 01 61 0 1 50 1 6 1 0 1 1 . n o ?) 31 0 056 1 1 1 6 1 7 6 1 81 6 ; ' 1 A 1 6 1 }. 6 1 0 1 8 0 10v6 1 A 01 106 6 T 0101 51 1 6 6 30 1 7 0 5 9 ; 0 6 0 1 1 . 8v 5 ‘ 106 68. i 3 1 6 0 . 106 6 6 . I 1 6 1 1 061 6

1 a 8 1 6 e h 6 m e . 0 1 0 66 I clean clean . t 0 , , k x , ig 0 1 1 80 66 6 the ma dservan t. 0 1 6 I ress s ueez e. 3 , i 4 77 , p , q 1 b 6 ard the a er 671 6 6 1 to h 1 f the c . c an e. x 0 , , p p 0 , g 11 6 0 1 l 1 51 1 1 the a a 1 6 I stea . e ran ce. 4 , 3 1 , pp

1 21 w h clo c . I o en 6 0 71 6 1 the atc . 0 7 , , k p 1 8 1 76 1 8 1 76 1 0 61 1 the st c . 1 1 0 66 1 the box . 0 0 , i k 1 , ‘ 1 8 1 7 the win do w 1 0 1 61 1 the 6 5 1 . e e. 06 01 0 (13 1 , y 1 1 5 6 61 7 6 o ut of . 0 1 6 1 6 I ush. 5 , 0 x , p

1 1 1 6 6 6 to ee to uard. 1 0 0 1011 6 1 the do . 0 7 , k p, g , g 1 8 1 e 1 1 1 1 1 6 0 I see 1 1 1 0 1 1 11 6, the s cret. 1 0 , .

0 1 6 1 to ut to r hts to t d u . 11 6 6 6 K 6 6 6 ver well tho ro u h l 0 , p ig , i y p , y , g y . 1 0 1 0 I m m 0 0 60 , a af rai d. 106 “ the ro o . MP . 1 0 6 u c l so on 7 0 1 7 0 , q i k y, .

5 4 Y M E E A SHORT AND EAS OD RN GR EK GRAMMAR.

I turn 1 1 5 1 1 . I b u 6 0 6 1 1 , 7 0 0 y, 7 0 0 . o laf 1 8 1 1 1 a 1 the e 6 6 0 . ci l 8 1 7 0 . , 0 g , 0 11 0

I fill 0 1 1 1 . the li 1 8 1 633 . , 7 0 0 ght, 0 I refill 6 1 1 6 0 6 1 I ut o ut 0 151 1 , { 7 p . p , 3 6 1 . ’ ’ at eleven o c o c 3 1 6 1 3 31 1 60 11 6 the n ame 1 8 51 1 0 1 6 l k, , 1 . ‘ th mar 0 6 the han er f 1 6 1 e e 1 6 d ch e 1 8 6 615 . k t, 1 7 0p . k i , 0 I rea 0 1 7 61 1 61 is bro en I leave 6 1 1 1 1 6 1 b k , ( k , , 4 1 .

‘ the rin 1 8 86 1 v6 681 . he1 e 086 g, x , . the la sa the re resen tat o n p y ( y p i ), 1 1 7 6 60 1 6 0 1 } 0 .

Ex ercise 1 1 — . A .

” c

1 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 0 6 A 01 0 0 1 1 71 66 1 70 0 106 1 1 9 07 1 0 0 3 1 7 0 6 1 1 0 170 006 . H 0 71 0 ’ E 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 6 1 1 1 . . v 1 1 5

1 1 1 1 . 1 1 E 1 0 6 6 01 6 1 6 0 6 0 6 . 6 1 8 13 6 6 1 0 815 A 01 0 0 6 0650 01 1 1 1 1 10 0. 0 X ’ 1 1 1 8 1 0 1 . 1 6 1 010 156 1 0 6 81 1 1 6 1 6 . II 0 9 0 100 1 51 1 0 0 1 8 1 6 1 7 0 1 H60 6 1 7 6 1 65 X , 0 7 0 2 , 70 ” " 0 6 1 0 81 6 1 8 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 01 0 ; E0 1 0 1 6 0 3 1 6 7 0601 01 6 1 6 1 7 0 1 1 706 111 6 ; E0 1 1 00 1 8

1 1 1 8 1 0 1 81 6 0 1 1 1 1 . 0 6 10100 7 1 0 6 1 1 0 1 1 . 6 1 0 0 6 86 1 6 1 3 0 0 6 1 O 1. 0 1 06 1 1 6 11 9 ( ) 0 17 1

0 1 7 6 1 7 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 v . 679 10 00 1 6 1 7 6 1 7 0 151 1 1 6 0.

6 000 6 58 to be late 61 1 11 6 1 6 adl lit. stron l . 07 , 07 , . , b y ( g y)

0 1 0 6 t - da 0 11 1 1 18 1 mo ve o 10 . 10 0 , y. , 6 6 1 61 I lo v 1 8 1 1 6 the ta le e. o r st I have o t 6 . 7 , A i , g 0 0 , b 1 f o n d o f 1 6 1 61 6 1 I a . . 10 , p y 1 6 1 00 3 the o un man 81 6 1 6 f 0 1 . , y g . , 7 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 I wa en 0 1 06 1 00 I 8 3 1 1 11 . { k . , 1 1 61 0 061 6 I co rrect 6 0 611 11 0 3 the sac . 0 , . , k ’ 1 8 00 6 the ex erc se 81 7 50 6 1 1 l0 w b eh n d. 0 , i . , , i 1 11 11 6 151 6 1 I seal sto 0 0 156 61 0 6 I 6 0 1 6 1 1 061 1 3 the sold er . 3 , , p ; 3 , 0 1 i

have had a to o th sto ed 80 1 1 6 1 I str e heat. ( ) pp . 0 , ik , 61 1 1 1 1 8 6 the to o th 6 6 0 1 1 3 the robber. , . 11 1 , 1 0 6 61 6 1 I swee 1 8 1 6 1 0 11 1 the boo t sho e. 0 , p. 0, ,

- ma r 1 8 the cold in the head 6 r ar o w s the sho e e . . ffi , k 11 11 151 1 6 1 I catch co d 0 , l .

— Ex ercise 1 1 . B .

m n W n did We asked the gen tleman if he w as a Ger a . he y o u r a H e h wake this morn in g ? They stayed o ut late yeste d y . a d a H cau t co He u m a r . W s e . e tooth topped . gh ld p lled y h i

k n - five rac h ma av s k f r im. a s h e ept thi boo o h We p id twe ty d . Mr Stilan o o u l a i u s av n o t s n t h . i p o s h s sold h s ho e . I h e e t e rs et Ha v r u n s a r ? uarr e le d lette y . e they b o ght the ew p pe They q l . SH MM 5 5 A ORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRA AR .

if 61 1 I ee 11 6 1 66 1 , . k p, 0 . man 6 e a w t - five 6 3 0 0 1 1 611 1 0 the er P wis. t en 11 . G , py y , when 7 1 7 61 0 the draehma 1 8 6 1 1 , , 3 0 x 1 ). ’

at what o clo c ? 1 £81 6 I sell 1 7 0 1 1 6 6 . k 0 , th morn n 1 6 1 7 I l 6 1 6 1 s 1 61 1 uarre 1 6 6 61 . i i g, 1 . q , 1 the ha 1 6 6 1 ir, 6 1 1 6 6.

S UBJ U CTIV MPE A V E CO ND O NA . N E, I R TI , ITI L

0 1 1 the com o un d ten ses an d the co n un ction s which in troduce p , j m the .

Both the presen t an d the A orist Subj un ctive have the same n n s as r s n n ca b ut it is usua r 6 1 in e di g the P e e t I di tive, l to w ite

u un c v n s ea the 0 1 o n ca i v . T the S bj ti e i t d of , , of the I di t e he A o rist Su bj un ctive has the same characteristic letter as the I n

dica tive .

art c 1 is usua e u un c v an d The p i le 1 6 lly follow d by the S bj ti e , ma ran s a n En i h n w n ar w a s y be t l ted i to gl s i the follo i g v ious y .

n iv W r in 1 . B I fin it e o r u to c i y the , with itho t p e ed g t.

’ ’ 1 1 6 can n r a u k s : 801 $ epw 1 1 o vp101 106. I ot e d T r i h

1 1 5 6 1 . w s o aw a . 1 8. 41 7 I i h to g y

h m ra v 2 B t e . . y I pe ti e

1 1 1 6 106 6 6 106 6 Wa im c h . 1 6 61 0 101 1 1 1 51 1 9 6. t h well 1 L t hi 1 6 1 0 7 0641 3] 6 151 69 I e m write it .

NOTE — I h s cas an d n 1 1 81 ms u . thi e the followi g see to be sed after m v r un rs k 1 7 7 0 il au so e e b de tood li e 01 1 1 ( f t).

B m u va n r u y so e eq i le t of the ve b o ght .

1 1 6 1 0 61 1 6 1 em r it 2 7 0 1 , I to w ite 1 1 6 1 61 1 0 1 700 0 106 6 60 6 1 Ought I to in vite him? 1 1 1 8 6 1 1 6 I S r a er o u 1 6. 0 0 1 7 0 1 1 he to e d the lett to y 1

B s m u va n r w s y o e eq i le t of the ve b to i h .

1 1 1 7 6 8 6 1 5100 ! uc ak e him = W0 1f 1 6 1 0 1 07) 9 The de e t (8 6 1 5100 9 ). 66 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

1 m A wish may also be ex pressed with 1 6 o itted.

6 G d r . 8 0089 41 11 650. o fo bid

1 1 6 occu rs in oaths.

1 B ss m s. 1 8 x upe 1 8. le y eye

The particle 06 with the Subj un ctive is u sed f o r the F uture .

' 1 1 i 881 06 1 0 1 f cx da w 1 70 1 0 I shall n ever forget h m.

The Su bj un ctive is also u sed after a large n umber of particles

1 6 1 1 6 in r r a so a . 7 o de th t, th t

1 1 6 1 6 1 1 es . 7 1 i, l t ’ 1 0 61 , if . an in d fin ite r n un an d a r d after the e p o o dve b,

- 0 v r . 81 7 0 1 9 , who e e

1 7 r v r . 8 0 1 1 , whe e e

an d a r 10 6 1 rha s n s a u ure. fte 9 , pe p , i te d of the f t

4 1 6 13 1 1 1 1 1 7 81 0 1 0 10 10 6 1 1 7 1 8. 0 6 0 0 8 1 0 6 1 7 61 7 1 1 7 1 2279 9 11 89 1 006 1 0 9 . I u n k a i a bad ma e ou s o u s s n . t ll y , le t y ho ld thi th t he r a m { 6 1 61 7 6 1 0 s c s n n . 0 9 36 017 11 , he will pe h p o e thi eve i g 81 7 0 1 0 1 1 281 1 o 1 1 1 761 9 r o u see him a g; whoeve y , tell th t

c m un n s s r c u r c u ur r ec a r e The o po d te e (pe fe t, pl pe fe t , f t e pe f t) rm r m n s an d A r s I n fi tiv Th fo ed f o the te es of 3x 6 1 the o i t n i e . e n a ris in fin iti e din g f o r the presen t n d A o t ve is 01 . n n i x r s ar c 6 o r r 0 n a s s es 0 d . The Co ditio l e p e ed by the p ti le 0 (P . n m r c v r 006 6 1 s m er c 1 006 6 o ly) by the i pe fe t of the e b , I wi h (I p fe t 3 , A r s an d the m er c o r u r c the r b o i t I p fe t Pl pe fe t of ve . O ccasion ally the third person of the Imperf ect of 0156 6 1 is u se d in stead of the particle 06.

a ‘ 081 0 0 1 8 1 9 1 iW x 9 we s u be a e ho ld h ppy.

The Imperfect Con dition al of a depen den t clause in En glish i s ran a e Gr k m r c n ca t sl t d by the ee I pe fe t I di tive .

r . 1 If I we e 171 0 1 1 1 . A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

I n r lu erf n n c aus s c n a n n r a r 0 0 n d. o . depe de t l e o t i i g eithe pe f: p p c n n a v r r 1 8 a a tran slated n Gr k the o ditio l e b, the ve b lw ys i to ee by m r . o n n a I pe f C ditio l .

1 1 k n i e. . 6 m m an h r if w t g 1 1 0 qf epa 06 1 0 26 07 0 1 ay e eit e I e I — s u sa it o r ii had kn n i t s u av sa it . ho ld y I ow , I ho ld h e id

Th m n d rs n r s an d A r s en n s 0 01 0 e ra 2 . I pe tive pe o (P e o i t di g , ) ma n us in affirmative s n n c s in n a v s n n ces y o ly be ed e te e , eg ti e e te n is us with the S ubj u ctive ed .

l I“ o r ! e. write ? do n t w ite

The particle 6 9 with the Subj un ctive is the usual ren derin g o f the Imperative f o r the first an d third person s 3 bu t it is n o t u sed o r s n f the eco d .

8 l him c m ih 9 et o e .

61 1 6 1 0 let u s r . 7 0 1 6 , w ite 8 let him r 9 w ite.

Mu st is ran s a 1 n k F r n ch t l ted by 1 7 001 7 0 1 with 1 8. followi g li e the e u t q e .

1 m . 1 7 01 7 01 8. 1 01 1 6 50 1 o u mus a hi . 9 0 1 A 1 70 6 130 , y t p y

— Ex ercise 1 2 . A.

' II 0 1 5 0i1 1 0 8 T81 1 7 up01 5e1 8 1 6 1 00 9 ' (9 06 6 1 1 6 81 1 1 6 1 70 1 ) 81 6 1 7 0 1 56 1 70 1 1 0 0 1 71 11 1 0 6 T15 1 1 81 7 005111 6 1 1 0 v d8e6 ¢ ev [1 0 v ° P0600 1 cv 05 ' 81 1 00006 0 0 0 1 7 6 1 006 9 11 0 v 106 1 x 6 1 001 v0 0 1 0 11 61 7 8 [1 000 9 11 0 6 2 0 1 7 6 06 5 ° 1 1 6 1 8 T15 06 01 0 1 1 6 6 0 6 1 1 0 E0 0 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 1 106 ° 60x 60 n9 . 0 0 C7 0 7 0 5 7 H81 0 06 1 8 36 1 7 801 ° (9 06 0 1 0 1 1 6 1 rc v6 1 50 'r71 0 1 6 ' ’ 1 6 0 8 6 M 1 1 6 100 1 50 s 81 1 6 0 o v1 6 11 1 0 15. A 100 v0 0 1 6 1 63 0 1 0 v1 0 1 7 0 1 1 1 1 6 . 1 7 n 7 81 1 81 6 86 O 1 01 1 6 6 6 6 2 1 1 0 6 00 1 0 1 66 1 1 01 1 6 6 1 6 1 0 , C1 , 71 0 0 ’ 1 ° 0 6 cv 100 6 0 1 61 7 8 1 171 1 6006 0 1 9 1 6 1 0 80 101 11 60 11 9 Av 1 1 1 7 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 5 9 ’ 1 6 1 A 0 1 1 1 1 7 0 0 v11 1 1 6 0 60 0 v1 1 0 1 0 156 6 1 1 7 6 06 80 9 1536 0 1 50000 9 006 6 1 1 6 C . [ 0 6 x

° 1 1 1 M 1 0 0 o 1 0 106 1 81 . T 0 0 1 T 0 0 ! 6 66 6 1 9 6 151 1 71 1 1 71 1 0 1 0 01 6 . 1 71 1 0 x 279 x ; 0 0 5 0 6 ' 1 II e1 7 01 06 A 9 G KOI5G wp € 01 6 61 7 8 1 6 1 06 7 0 1 581 6 1 7 0 v £000 1 9 . p

1 1 0 11 1 1 0 6 1 1 0 . 1 6. 7 0 10 1 H E A S ORT AND EASY MODERN GRE K GRAMMAR.

1 8 ia1 153 he doctor 0 1 1 6 1 1 11 6 erman . p , t . 7 1 1 , G 1 7 0 1571 1 0 1 the sale I tr taste 1 , . y, . ’ 61 8 e o 11 m 36 0 1500 r e s 1 0 f o r e 0 9 f e . p p 1 , . 0 ,

- 1 6 1 6 11 6 6 66 1 I be re uest 1 21 1 1 11 0 681 the so n . 1 g, q , 1 7 , g

1 7 6 1 6 11 6 71 65 f ormf o r lease 66 71 6 1 9 o therw se. 1 ( p ). , i

— Ex ercise 1 2 . B.

Ma r n u s 6 an d y I b i g yo a glass of win e (tran . by v o u s an d r a h k a av u ? D yo wi h (06 Subj . )to e d t e boo th t I h e bo ght ’ When will he sen d yo u the mon ey ? Do n o t forget (v6) to in v ite him a k car da o u I f s n o t a me . T e e the g will bite y . he doe p y

s a av n m n - m rr A s s n as o u av r ad it I h ll h e o o ey to o ow . oo y h e e

o u w i v it. A s s n as 6 0 13 use A o r . Can he y ll belie e ( oo 111 , s m? Hav o u n o t cut ur an ? R un u ck so as n o t wi e y yo h d q i ly, ' He h a s c m a n t rs so c a . to o e too l te. We will o sell the ho e he p

o r n to fix ur A sk him r is a rsian o r a. f gotte the ho . whethe he Pe u k can n He mus ak th e r . v such a n T We ot belie e thi g . t t e n u t h e letters to the post . May she open the wi dow ? Sh t ’ ’

w n Go 77 0 1 1 7 61 u ck . Do n cut a r . Do n t i dow . ( 11 6 1 ) q i ly t the p pe u H b an 1 n d u ars it W en a e r if a . . l gh . will e g y (81 11 1 S bj )he he h will the lect m a ur r r D c n a it When a . o n o t c . the . C ll yo b othe o e l ' ex pect themto- mo rro w l Y o u must tak e care n o t to tak e c et u o u ck r W a can o fier o u ? L s g q i e . h t I y

' ' I ta e care w o ae w I cut 11 6 1 1 6 1 . k , p x . , 4 I sw m 11 0 6 1 1 1 1 766 1 I em an r 011 1 d i , 1 . g y, 1 .

to co me to o late I co n ceal 11 15 6 1 . , , 0 3 1 1 1 7 60 0 1 1 6 chea 1 1 1 1 I ex ect 1 7 1 0 0 1 61 6 1 . Ao r. 0 1 1 . p, 4 7 6 . p , 1 1 1 1 h 1 t e ers an 6 1 1 61 0 1 9 . 11 6 7 0 1 6 . Ao r. P i , 5 1 0 1

such a th n 1 61 0 1 0 1 7 1 81 1 6 I o ff er 1 7 1 0 0 1 6 1 6 1 . i g, 1 7 1 , 1 4 1 the ost 1 1 1 6 1 6 p , 3 0 .

PA VE M SSI FOR .

‘ v r r s r n a m an i LI The Passi e p ope eldom has its o igi l e n g. a n y v er s cur n in s o rm an d n av m s an ac t b oc o ly thi f , the h e o tly i v e ea m m n n 2 o 1 6 1 c . i g, px p , I o e v s n v n a v o rm m Some erb occur i both acti e a d p ssi e f . So e o f these have the ordin ary active an d passive sign ificatio n o f t h e verb b ut the majority h av e R M 5 9 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G AM AR .

’ m 1 1 c m m l. A reflex ive rc : 1 0v1 6 1 c 7 01 1 0 6 6 fo e x z , I o b ; 75 2 6 , I o b y a r h i .

1 w me ac r . 2 . A r c r ca rc 61 1 6 1 6 00 1 6 e t e ip o l fo e 1 6 , e h othe

r n P ese t .

l r. Sin g. (Ou‘ p u t) 61 1 00 1 6 00 6 1 0 0 1 0 (0 0 00 )

3 01 6 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 0 vv1 6 1 )

En din gs f o r con tracted verbs in 66 1

P n i . ers. S g 1

2 60 6 1

3 0 81 1 1 6 1

F o r con tracted verbs in an d man y in 66 1

P1 1 1 1 . P 01 11 .

I 1 0 811 6 1 1 0 1 51 1 0 0 1 6 ) 2 1 60 1 0 (1 0 80 1 0 )

3 1 0 81 1 1 6 1

r Impe fect .

0 1 56 6 0 1 0 0 1 50 6 0 1 0 150 6 0 1 0 ) o vv1 6 v o vw a v 1 51 1 1 0 v0 6 v)

F o r con tracted verbs in 66 1

o 8v1 6 v(0 )

F o r some con tracted v erbs in an d 66 1 the same as abov e i t 1 re fix ed — 1 0 1 5 1 0 vv 1 0 1 50 o vv W h p , ; , , 60 E N EE RAMM R A SHORT AND EASY MOD R GR K G A .

Con j ugate the Presen t an d Imperfect Passive of the followi n g v erbs

m 1 1 1 as s 1 7 6 01 6 1 as . I w h y elf ( , I w h) am s r 6v0 1 1 s 6 6 1 s . x 1 6 , I lo t, I pe i h (x V , I lo e)

100 1 1 0 8 1 6 1 s . 1 1 , I leep 0 ' 0 1 0vo 6 1 o 8 1 6 1 0 1 0vo 6 1 06 1 am s ra n c m 0 x p p ( x p , I t ite ed, o pel).

1 06 0 1 1 sit n . 0 1 6 , I dow

A r s o i t. En din gs (In dicativ e)

P81 8 Sin . g. 1 01 1 106 01 5106 1 1 0 2 01 71009 01 51001 0 (01 5106 1 0) 3 01 7 01 1 106 1 1 (01 5106 11 0)

The A orist Passiv e is formed from the stem of the A or i st A ct a v ass v rm n a n n su u e f o r t he ive, the bo e P i e te i tio s bei g bstit t d &c v ff n s 0 6 0 6 . A c an d a c n r c n c o n a n . 9 , , of the ti e, e ti g the p e edi g o t difieren tl r m A c v A r s o w n a sh o ws y f o the ti e o i t 0 . The f llo i g t ble these diff eren ces

r s n . r a P e e t A o ist P ss. C x 0 1 7 0 1 6 6 1 an n p § to oy . 1 «w

1 6 1 6 1 8 6 1 106 wrlte. 7 7 4 7 p 41 0 7 , to

Z, 0

8 . 15 6 1 9 0 x to tear . " vowel o r 11 0

6vu1 6 u0 a 8 6 10 s 01 6 . x x ( )x 7 , to lo e

6 61 7 0 6 . 6 6 1 7 1 1 106 lv . 7 7 7 50 7 , to o e

a v 6 ' 51 1 6 1 00 1 6 1 € 00 1 arm. ( C 6 V 6 . to w

6 an d p 6 an d p 6 0 an d p0 é 6 1 8 1 0 6 0 0 1 106 carr . ¢ p 4 p 41 11 0 7 , to y

— N E. Ex c OT n s ccur suc as 6100 1 56 1 61caua a 61 00 1 50 0. eptio o , h , , 9 1 711 s n li te .

62 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

The secon d perso n plural is the same as the Passive A orist u un ctive S bj .

— I t s rv a s m ra e s r v m N. B. will be ob e ed th t thi I pe tiv j de i ed fro an c n A r s an d n o t r m ass e the ie t Middle o i t, f o the P iv .

NF N E I I ITIV .

The A r s is us in rma n c m un en s s an d o i t ed the fo tio of o po d t e , is the sa me as the third person of A orist Su bj u n ctive in pro i n u un c c m n in I n fin i iat o 1 tiv . n un c , the y of the S bj tive be o i g ; the e

r s. a ss. A r s . A r s I n fin itive P e P o i t o i t .

’ 6 1 01 0 1 6 1 0 86 V 01f0 01 106 86 1 1 01 0 0 rr w 8 1 2 1 ( ) 7 8, to bo o .

COMPO UND S S TEN E .

T rma n s an d n n a is us a n d he fo tio of the e the Co ditio l obvio , may be seen in the table .

ERFECT PA P E P RTICI L .

' n n is 1 0vo 9 1 01 1 1 r c ar c The e di g 1 (1 1 , The Pe fe t P ti iple is formed fromthe Passive A orist in the followin g man n er

1 0 in ass v A o r s co m s 0 1 01 1 in e r t . 0 the P i e i t be e 1 0 9 the P fec Participle :

A ct A r . o A o r r s . ass. . ri ass. Pa r . P e P Pe . P t

1 0 15 6 1 ar . 80 1 0 6 0 0 61 0 x C , I te x 70 6 9

2 c m s . x 0 be o e

6 a1 an n . 01 7 0 1 6 6 1 1 re1 p t , I oy 21 6 1 7 061 6 7 6 61 0 9

3 1 0 ec m s 1 1 01 1 0 9 . 4 b o e 1 1

6 61 r . 8 8 . 1 1 6 1 6 . 6 9 . 7 1 6 , I w ite 7 1 11 87 51 41 01 1 106

4 u su a c m s 1 01 1 0 9 . 0 lly be o e 1

1 1 1 1 1 7 051 6 1 ress. 01 151 7 6 1 0 6 . 6 1 1 , I p (61 1 1 1 7 1 0 ) 1 0 17 6 16 61 0 9 M ERN EE MM R A SHORT AND EASY OD GR K GRA A .

Some verbs in 66 1 hav e 0 11 01 1 0 9

81 1 661 rs . 11 , I thi t

1 h un . 1 7 01 1 66 1 , I ger

The Perfect Passive Participle is often used in stead of the I n fin itive in ac o r ass v c m un n s n s a A orist tive p i e o po d te es. I te d i a av ei a 1 6 1 1 01 1 0 had r n an d n s a of e x h e x 7 1 1 1 , I w itte i te d o f 0I 0 6 0 w e m r c mm n a 81 6 11 0 0 6 1 01 0 1 it had x 7 p ¢ fi, o e o o ly h ve 1 7 7 1 6 1 1 , n n bee writte .

In tran sitive verbs may have a Perfect Passive Participle

n d 1 7 01 66 1 a v . 1 7 0 v66 1 ass has 1 . a 1 1 7 0 1 6 0 1 6 0 . (qf bo e) p , I p , 5 1 9

Ex amples of so me verbs in the Passive Voice (where the A ctive is n o t given there is n on e)

A m o r . I . r . ar c v p Pe f P t . A ti e . ' 60 o v a evm 6vo1 x x p x ,

I lose .

' 1 0 6 1 0 8 6 1 1 6 8 1 o v 1 a 1 1 0m 7 3 6 p , 5€ p fl 171 9

ra I d w .

' ' 66 1 0 1 6 1 0 v6 6 0 150 ov 0 v660 1 0 1 0V O 0 v 0 7 C1 7 7 / 9 ,

c n s r . u u n s v I o ide (tho ghtf l, pe i e).

1 0 1 01 106 1 0 3 1 0 0 v (3 4 3 5 7 4 , 5 (I am afraid) (I make afraid)

8 1 6 1 100 1 1 0 106 100 1 1 1 0 o v 1 00 1 111 0 1 , (0 6 5 7 1 i

I sleep .

’ ' fifx vo mc (efififmm 151 711 69 0 9

6 o a 1 1 00 1 1 6 0 09 0 9 100 v 6 6 1 x o vp § p 4 6 p § , r I ti e.

The n n 01 1 06 is n r n un c 1 1 106 s c a e di g 7 ofte p o o ed 7 , e pe i lly

r 0 . fte x , 41 , 64 E M ER EE MM A SHORT AND ASY OD N GR K GRA AR.

' 6 0 0 1 x p. vo 9 (loathsome)

' (06 4 1 61 017 6 0pa1 c ov 6 070 0 1 1 01 1 0 9 s l I oi .

1 Go v1)120 1m 0 60 0 10 {0 01 7106 Go vP1 0 11 6 0 9 sha e I v .

06 11 1 50 0 11 (I remember)

’ (0)x p01 60 017106 (I n eed)

{6 1 76 1 51 1 0 1 1 6 1 (0756 1 76 6507 0 6 66 1 76 0 1 1 01 1 0 9 (I go to bed)

Ex erci I — se 3 . A .

1 1 1 6 11 8 88 1 051 0 106 0 . 1 106 8 T 1 0 0 0 11 1 1 1 56 0 v T81 1 81 7 0 v 6 43 3 ; x , p '

1 861 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 51 0 v1 1 6666 0 1 1 0 1 106 . M1 811 0 1 1 1 6 9 1 1) 1 6 3 1 , 818 0 1 6 0 31 50 7 5 " ' 1 0 1 1 60 381 0 6 1 ! 081 0 6v0p6 1 1 7 0 9 881 1 06 0 0 0 1 1 106 2 6 1 1 ' " 1 K o 1 1 1 i1 a 1 6806 0 0 v 0 1 801 1 01 00 1 1 00 881 06 1 8 6159 x , 6 601 7 ’ ' 1 0 1 6 1 K 1 . K A6 0 8 020 6 1 100 vp6 0 6 1 0 9 1 1 00 1 1 1 1 0179 . 0 p1 50 0 v 1 51 1 6 £0 ’ ' ' 1 1 5 1 0 1 1 0 6 6 1 . pr?) 6 0p6 1 059 021 0 6 60 1 76 1 9 9 1 81 8p y o . T8 M 7 866 t 0 0 v 0I1 1 1 6 01 0 ’ N6 6 10 1 6 1 100 . 1 6 M 6 0 T8 0 10v6 15 6 0 1 6. v 1 6 x 0 ] x 0fi9 , 1 1 b 66 71 9 ' ‘ 1 6 1 1 6 6 . 8 1 6 1 7 0 1 1 6 1 2 06 6 00 81 1 . T a 1 0 1 00 1 91 a d 7 71 7 1 1 9 1 p { , 7 x p fl 5x q 9 1 d p ' ' 1 1 e u 1 0 66 1 0 1 6 1 1 15 . A01 po v. T1 0 v66 o7 1 0 ; 3 0 7 2 1 1 8 6 60 6 0 1 1 ’ ’ ‘ 1 f 1 8 1 106 . 8 106 0 1 1 0 100 1 7 61 6 1 r v 6 15 1 0 10 6 1 10p6 0 15 1 0 1 x 60 7 6 79 8x o 10 1 0 0 151 0 0 . ’ T1 61 p6 06 100 1 1 1 1 70°fi9 691 111 60 6 1 1 81 1 1 1 00 1 1 010081 1 0 1 1 1 70 8 71 1 6 0 80 0 1 6 ’ ' ’ ' Ap1 1 01 1 1 106 11 0 8 100 1 6 60 1 0 E100 1f11 0 1 81 1 106 1 p81 1 0flp1 0 10151 6 1 1 0 9 1 1)

6 1 n o 1 1 6 : a curse ma ou be lo st x , . a fi , ( y y ). 1 15 1 11 m — 1 81 106 1 1 81 81 0 11 when . 0 106 1 811 as er foo l z an . 1 , 1 1 , k , y 801 1 — 1 6 1 6 o mo 0 0 9 S ros. n re. 13 2 9 , y , b 11 11 11 0 1 1 th hief 61 71 6 ut. 1 e t ro er. , 0 1 , , bb 1 1 1 61 when ever. 0 100 1 151 6 1 I ll. 81 1 106 , , ki 1 6 “ 1 0 1 1 1 6 men I loo . 10 Ar an . k 01 , i the m d 0 8 f0 o a1 13 u . ( p 1r y ) I am (J o

6 8 1 6 0 3 the wa r ad. 1 6 , y, o 1 1 1 1 8 1 6 1 8156 1 the han d erch ef . 3 1 61 1 1 V enna 1 , k i 8 1 , i . AND E Y M EE R MM A SHORT AS ODERN GR K G A AR.

— Ex ercise l3 . B.

m him A cc use A r s e a ra . v r No w e m I f id of ( ) ( o i t of e b). I n n u u A o r thi ki g of yo r frien d ( se . of w M o yif opm o r

Yo u u c n s r a . rs are all s av o ght to o ide th t The lette lo t, I h e n r a n an d r n da n o w e m r bee e di g w iti g the whole y ; I ti ed . I

w as in Nau a. as k sa the as e k He wa r pli l t wee ( y p t w e ). s d essed Hé is n o t r ss in ack . Dr ss urs . c u n o bl e yo elf d e ed yet . I o ld t

o He l s av . He s r g to sleep . Wi l get h ed t etched himself o n the r u n as o u an g o n d (x dp o v) a d fell leep . Do y w t (0 0 53” 01 0201 6 0 the k n e s ll? Lie n o n s a met n n if ti dow the of . They o e a other.

N 1 au lia 1 6 ah h a. the so fa 6 1711 1 6 1 0 N p , , 3 . I dress 5 1 évwm t meet o n e an o her 1 1 1 1 , ( ). o t , 0 0 11 0 1 (from ’ ’ m elf 611 1 1 r t 1 7 1 ta I dress s v1 0 a . o s d I e . or st 1 1 d0 0 n a y , ; A i , , k ) A i , n . ’ 1 m rat or. v1 60 ov erf P 1 7 1 5 1 601 11 11 . I e . A . . ass. ar £0 1 p P P t , 11 0 p v 3 . 1 art c le erf ass 5 1 1 1 01 1 0 3 . P i ip P . P . 4

V EsBs wrm CO NTRACTED PRES ENT (INDICATIV E AND SUBJ UNCTIV E) A ND A o ms'r S BJ NC V E U U TI .

I n speakin g some verbs are con tracted in the terises above r rr to c n rac n s re as s efe ed . The o t tio a follow

No m — The shorten ed forms are also u sed f o r the A orist 1 7 6 araim r s a o ? b u n c e. . 6 S u j tive, g 0 v whe e h ll I g 66 E EE R M R A SHORT AND EASY MOD RN GR K G A MA .

Con tracted A orist Con tracted m r . u . r fo S bj fo m.

1 6 ai w iw us a A a ed s o r. S b ( ) ¢ y ¢ , u j. ' Of 1 or m p y .

1 p037 0 vv(0 ) ¢67 °W 5

' x haive

’ ’ m1 m am r n is c n rac k x Muw. ¢ , I w o g, o t ted li e

— Ex ercise 1 4 . A .

’ ' 11 0 13 06 1 7 69 61 7 61170 ®6 9 1 6 006 1 p0 2 6 1 70 1 6 0éa 1 p0 ’ " ' E11 0 1 va a v6 i 2 1 0 00a 1 p0 1 1 1 9 AMpfipa 9 . 0 T

06 (ban AV 7 0 1 60 V 1 pwv0 1 7 0 1 0 ¢p0 frra . A 1 a 1 1f ¢ o fio fiv1 az

‘w 1 6 0 1 a. u. 1 o u9 006 1 0 v6 WAv 0 v. T1: K M IS pm x p , , x 0 1f1 1 M0 086 16 1 0 1 6 6 0 2 80V 01 7 1 01 7 0 v6 1 3 . p § 7 0 2 051 9 , 1 0 0 1 7 51 0 59 9 ’ 1 1 0 1 69 6 00 1 61 1 041 001 0 0 6 151 7 0 011 7 69 E;L0?9 1 0

1 6 1 1 0 81 0 the fru t. 0 w 1 6 I ush . 4 1 , i p w , p 1 7 71 61 1 1 » I wash 6 w o u ds the ca n et mn ste r . n , ( bi ) i i . 1 811 11 61 10 I i t . 7 , b e E G EE R MM R 6 A SHORT AND EASY MOD RN R K G A A . 7

1 4 B Ex ercise . .

t n an d d n sa at W r i n Le a go i e ( y e ). he e s he goi g ? He is i v W a ar o u a n m a n s a . e ? e n ru go g to get h ed h t y e ti g I e ti g f it . ’ What would yo u like (1 1 009 ) to eat ? Shall I go home n o w ? W u n f o r av m hat are yo cryi g ? We h e lo st o ur on ey . Y o u din e v r W a o u sa sa r a . ? ha o u are n N0 e y l te h t do y y I y t t y w o g. , u r a r n yo r brothe s re w o g .

B IRREG ULAR V ER S .

st Aori .

6 1 1 6 1 3 11 01 0 (6 vafia lvw) I go up 6 11 6 1 3 6 i va ifia 1 (6 1 0 1 18 11 11 01 )

die 1 re0d 61 70 06 14 1 01 1 0 :

' 0 w I leaso 6 1 0 0 1 0 6 p 0 , 1 1 c vw I eave 6 0 ¢v 5. m 6 0 1 0 6 1 1 1 01 0 : a pfi , M 4 m ¢fi 4 11 601 mm l¢ es 6111 131 0 6 : ' Ba Q v 71 I ut la 3 671 1 0 Ba dy “ (3 671 10 ) p , y n a (Bdrm) P ss. 3 0 11 1 0 171 1 6 1 I amweary 3 6 11 1 01 1 6 1 ) 3 7 4 00 ‘ dk re (3 7 671 11 0 ) I pullo ut By (3 7 4 1 1 10 ) Pass 6 1 1 1 10 I o out 3 7 , g

see 1 801 1 01 1 0 3 3 71 01 7 10 , I 1

' 0 w I wet 3 p x ,

Bpimt w I fin d Bpfin a ' 6 0 11 pf0 x w) (0 0311 1 1 ) 1 001 11 6 P3 88 . 61 1

’ ' — d)01 1 o is d r v m a es s r m éx dkkw an d No mf By e i ed by et th i f o fi , nmila rly B'ya w w from A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

‘ II o 1 6 0Iv0 11 61 10 EIV 0 6 x 6 M1 64\1 . A (ive 1 1 6 9 p x 79 9 fifl [ 0 1 1 mm}. ’ ' 1 1 1 A61 1 1 1 7 0 1 6 v6 61 11 1 63 1 6 1 6 1 7 0 1 0? 1 6 1 ro86 1 1 0 1 1 . 2 0 6 6 00 0 6 , p 3 , 7 p 1 p ' ’ ‘ M6A1 0 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 7 0 6 1 5. T6 11 1 1 1 7 06 0 1 : 6 7 1 1 7 0p1 1 ra 1 0 9 , 1 p 0 X 0 71< 0 801 ’ ' ‘ ' ' M w 1 6 1 0 a 1 0 héfl w 1 7 0 v00v6 . 1 1 7 9 6 1 1 0 9 9 K 6 1 1 0 v lé e f e fi 5 1 1 mp , p q ' 1 1 6 A01 1 0 i a Ka i. 80V 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 501 61 1 6 1 0 v6 1 6 1 1 0 63 w . 31 379 ( mp , p ' e ’ 7 ° 1 0 eI e 301 0 1 1 6 fi a 696 1 7 1 6 N6 1 0 15 80 56 0 . x [ 9 épp p 69 9 p aya Cf ' 1 0 x 0 6 0 10 36 51 1 0 51 1 6 1 v6 1 rdm 021 pa p 1 . 3 04 1 01 7 1 ’ 6 11 1 6 1m B a fva 11 6 0 68v 6 v 03 151 6 0 1 6) 63 a . 37 31 9 m“, y fip 9 x p 1 9 a' ’ ” ' E 1 7 0 6 6 386 . EI80 1 6V 6806 1 6 ! 1 80V a. 6 011 ? v 0 9 1 1 0 V 0 280 fly 6 9X , 1 ’ 0 61 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 6 . T6 1 6 1 1 81 56 1 1 0 1 1 071 0 é w o 0 1 0 0 0 x 1 9 0 67 51 1 [ 1 flp pp v 0 1 0 . ’ ' ‘ w i it o u ar 1 1 61 9 flp0 01 ,x 09 086 (Ho s y e here i) 0 1 7 6 1 030 6 9 0 0 0 {ii ” " 1 81 50 timi a O 1 61 7 606 1 1 6 7 0861 11 6 i. é vm. p y x , x p

61 01 a rs. 1 6 a d c the cu ard 1 1 downst o . , i pp p , pb i n a breviat o n o f 11 6 1 10 3 . k fl d f ar. p, b i 1 M p , men 5 m the f mo t . l e 0 1 1 1 1 the . 7 1 1 , ) f t , i 1 1 a l 1 7 0 1 65 I hurt. 6 k c the n a l. , pp , i

1 6 mad c the fo ot. 1 8 B 68u the even n . p , p , i g - e w l I dr 0 lr a1 o s th a . . 1 0 p , k y ' — 8 r 1 0 0 00 v6 n o where. 61 7 £86 11 6 ! 860 dma two ears a o 6 , x p , y g . i r ous erha s. F b , p p

Ex ercise 1 5 — B . .

Hav e yo u foun d my rin g ? What rin g ? (I n ever saw y o u

n . Yes r a had n o t s wn it to with (a) ri g ) , I fo got th t I ho yo u I n n ve f bought it yesterday eve i g. I ha le t it about so me ’ w here I don t remember id b e fin d t h e ‘ w ay alon e i The flo wers please aw tooth pulled o ut (use A ctive). We s him yester a is m ss his a r is n o t re father. Th t i po ible, f the he r 06 $ 1 0 W n o u o been his brothe ( 1 , he will y g e ven in g ? I shall n o t go o ut I have too much to do (tran sl ‘ Do o u see is scar - in lis it n o t re much work). y th f p p tty ? I a s n thoroughly tired of that ort of thi g .

1 — . the too th 1 b 8 m 01 1 01 0 61 . n ever, 8 , w 1 0 dau. the o r 4 80 0 71 0 1 ven n 6 . yesterday e i g, flp k , ; r Tb o k o fiba the flowe , scarfi in ¢ p ’ K P¢Effl

G 70 A S HORT AND EASY MODERN REEK GRAMMAR.

K 61/1 0 6 151 6 1 6 7 11 61 1 1 1 6 7 1 6 v6 1 1 1 i 1 0 Bpfi 106 6 1 0 T6 ’ ’ 0 6 1 1 71 - A01 1 e w 0 0 61 1 T6 06 1061 1 379 60 6111 69 1 0 6 1 0 9 1 6 0 61 1 . f p ' v6 0 61 0 K 6 1 6Aa 0 1 1 0 0 61 1 6 0 0 9 060 6 M66 1 0 1 6 106 1 0 6 6 . fi 9 ) ,

- - 1 a fvw 66 6 V 1 1 o ?) v6 0 0 61 1 6 1 1 1 0 01 . G6 1 0 1 0 5366 0 1066 0 1 1 fl , 60 6 w 5

‘ M66 1 6 II o fi 1 6 01 1 62106 T& G G. 1 6 0 1 6 , 0 1 0 6 1 0 6 1 ; F O ( ‘ ' ’ 1 1 a EI 1 ¢o 0 6 6 011 6 06 ) 9 1 61 7 106 1 106 6 9 1 69 A01 if 9 . 1 0 6pp 0 1 9 6 61 9 ” 1 1 1 1 1 ' 0 6v0pw1 1 0 9 0 X6 031 0 1 1 61 0 1 1 1 0 01 1 0 1 01 0 9 10600 0360 1 1 660 . 660 49 11 6 1 9 I" 1 1 6 ‘ ' T r a 1 00 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 01 1 0 1 6 1 1 1 0 1 0 . P1 6 1 3. v6v1 a 1r y 1 x , 5 1 1 p fi9

' 1 6 1 0 1 1 0 671 71 1 the oran e. 6 O a x o a alk h the ran sh 1 1 , g p y p x , F ki 1 1 m 6 uarter 6 1 vAAo the rose. . p ¢ , q 0 1 m 0 6 6 1 1 6 I than . 6 1 1 0 11 1 6 the oe . x p , k 11 , p 1 1 6 0 0 71 0 1 6 he scho l. 61 6 1 1 6 I an swer. x , t o ,

4 6 80 1 686 the wee . ; 3 1 , k

1 — B Ex er cise 6 . .

Y o u have come (too) late ; I have n o time n o w to speak to ’ w u m me sa m us a n ( ith yo . Co e to ( y to y ho e) t te o clo ck to

o o w b ut n o t r ur . Can o u lm m rr , do fo get the ho y tel e wh e re Mr Zamaco o ulo s iv s ? m me an d wills . p l e Co e with I how y o u

him n m - m rr us . o t c use u the ho e Tell to o e to o ow ( s bj . ) Pic k up all the letters that are (lyin g) o n the gro u n d an d b u rn ’ m Hav n m G v e k e . v n it ? the . i e the y e t I gi e to y o u Shall I say an ythin g else 1 51 -0 1 0 ) to yo ur bro th e r ! Y es v him is n an d ask him tr it e , gi e th bottle of wi e, to y . W ak did n o t un derstan d what he said. He spe s so quickly t h at

n r n m h — 51 0 1 1 n o o e can u n s a hi 106 v0 69 60v . arn t t o d a ( ) de t d ( ) I le y, ur wa urn o wn Do n o t o in : d that the ch ch s b t (d ). g the o g w ill o u me are a s S rn a au ul bite y . Tell , the l die of my be tif ? I n d e ed 021 1 0 66 1 0 1 6 51 1 av n v r s n r r m n an w ( 50 ) I h e e e ee p ettie wo e y h e r e. A bout a hun dred people w ere gathered together o n th e spot where the murder took place/ We have lived fo ur years in t his ’ us . Sit o w f o r a ! an k o u n sit o w n ho e d n little Th y , I wo t d , I ’ m o w n o u a r a av n m . t s om o d I h e t ti e Co e d of th t t ee ( y fr ), y

o n rasca ; will v o u s ck . as 1 1 6 d y u g l, 2 I gi e y the ti Ple e give ( a n m n n a r an r tu s b . e i k a d r e r 1 u j) p pe I w t to w ite to y b oth . D1 n o t leave the wi n e o n the table I k n o w quite well (0 1 7 0 531 1 6 ) t hat l d n if fin ds it he wil get ru k he .

’ ’ 1 murd r 6 1 1 at ten c oc 9 1 6 1 9 011 6 8 1 6 9 . the e 6 0 9 . o l k , 1 , 0 '

t he hour é a f ur 1 0 0 0 6 6 . , 6 p . o , p I tr 80 1 the tree 1 6 801 1 8 1 0 y, 11 1 6 09 . , 1

abo ut a hun dred 11 6 1 1 1 6 011 6 1 0 0 1 6 1 1 6. I ve the st c 0 6 1 rf w 61 1 6 671 0 1 1 , 1 1 1 gi i k, f 8 . e s o t 1 6 1 01 th , 1 0 9 . I p 1 E E M 1 A SHORT AND ASY MODERN GR EK GRAM AR. 7

IRREGULAR V En Bs

In die S u Im erat ve. . bj. p i

S in g. 1 6 0 I er 1 1 6 0 1 6 ln n, suff ( 6 600 1 1 1 600 1 1 6001 0 1 6 61 1 1 6 1 I ta e 1 5 16 1 6 m 1 6 1 0 1 6 1 1 0 1 6 1 1 01 1 0 9 1 , k (0 11 p 1 1 1 1 Passive Passive (01 611 01 1 11 6 1 6 11 06 a 1 1 0 1 6501 1 01 651 0 ggrgz Zé ay I go 01 517 6 1 601

res. Su P bj. 1 601 1 61 0

r im» I r n t l01 c , d i k

' f 0 f a1 I f all 0 1 1 0 ¢ , 1 00 60 r k ém I sa l 1 1 11 0 00 0 1 1 11 0 60 0 1 0 , i 1 1 1 06 I reathe 1 11 1 0 60 0 1 1 1 060 0 1 0 , b I swell 11 41 0 11 01 1 6 1 u1 a 1 1t 6m I lf 11 6 0 6 11 6 0 0 0 1 11 6 0 1 0 1 , i t 1 1 1 ass ve P i . 0 1 11 61 1 0 1 6 1 I tan u 1 6 0 10 0 0 1 10115 11 0 1 11 10 001 0 1 1 , s d p (0 0 1 11 1 1 6 0 1 1 11 1 0 65 1 0 0 1 1 0 41 11 0 1 1 0 61 11 6 1 5 (0 1 1 0 6 0 1 510 0 0 1 61 0 01 0 ( 1

0 1 6 06 0 1 60 0 0 0 1 6 0551 0

re Im er 0 1 0 6 P s. p . 11 1 1 0 1 01 I n o ur sh l0 0 1 a 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 61 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 61 1 0 9 1 4 , i p d 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 I run (1 1 0 6 1 0 0 1 6 01 0 1 70 , 1 5 0 5 p £ m erat v res I e. P . p i 1 p0x 6 1 p0 x 61 0 1 1 61 01 I eat 1 1 6 10 1 1 6 0 1 1 6 01 0 11 0 1 01 1 0 9 1 7 , 1 7 1 7 1 7 «7 1 1 1 6 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 61 0 Pass. (0 1 7 01 1 1 6 06 1 6 4 1 v a b m I ha en l1 u a 1 0 6 1 x , pp x x 1 6 1 1 0 ise 01 0 0 6 6 0 0 1 61 0 0 1 1 61 60 0 00 61 0 0 0 1 0 “ 6 0 x 0 6 6 , pr m x 01 1 11 6 1 00 x 6 6 x x 0 x 1 u fvo uu I a ear n ? 1 6 1 1 0 6 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 0 (p p , pp M 4 1 1 1 0 6 1 0 I o awa 01 11 6 1 6 01 6 01 0 11 7 , g y 6 7 4 7 6 7 m re I erat ve. P s. p i ¢ 0 57 6 0 0 0 7 61 0

w ‘ ififi }lrejo ice (0)x 6p1 1 11 6 x apéi x apo ni x apfin

1 0 11 1 6 1 1 1 1 0 x op1 60 w 11 601 6 0 0 x op1 60 1 0 x op1 6 0 11 6v0 9 M R 72 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRA MA .

” 1 31 1 6 ' ' 0 ° W a ha 00 6 10 1 01 106 1 0x 1 61 n 1 0 6 1 6 100 066 1 pov . T601 r6 0 9 ( h t s happen ed to yo u 1 ) II O 1 69 1 1 1 111 0 1 6 0 1 y6p6 po v ° A011 1 6 1 1 1 110 0 106 1 1 0 69 M 1 1 6 6 6661 1 6 1 6 1 6 0 1 6 0 1 6 6 1 1 60 6 100 v6v1\1 6 1 .0 v 0 01 7 50 , 7 x p § 1 1 x 9 ' ' 1 ra 1 0va 11 1 1 61 1 01 r 061 0 1 11 6 0 1 1 6 1 1 1 0 1 p1 9 1 1 6 ; 1 rp 0 1 1 6 1 106 1 1 1 6 10ap1 6. 011 7 01 57 0 11 6 ” ’ A0 1 1 0 o 1 0 106 s M 10 1 0 0 1 1 6 1 06 1 0 0 10 x 1 1 p6v v6 x 60 0 1 11 0 to lo e). 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 ' ‘ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 100 1 6 0 1 o T6 01 1 00 0 1061 0 1 0 1 101 00 0 1 0 . 1 10 1 1 7 1 x p p v. 1 2 6 60 ’ 0 1 1 1166 1 60106 611 1 6 1 9 2 6V 1 0 V 0666 6 1 16 11 6 1011 0 1 6 00 1 601 7106 ’ ° v6 10 v 001 . 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 T60 1 0 11 00 6 1 106 6 1 0 1 0v1 1 6 0 1 60 0 1 1 1 1 5 6 60 . p 0 2 , 1 1 0 711 9 1 § 9 ” T é a 1 1 1 6 1 6 0 p x 7 10 57 011 6 00p0 1 0 v 1 6 06 7 6! E1 1 11 “ v 1 11 0 1 M v . ' ' To v 1 1 1 1 -o 0 0 01 10a v6 1 1 1 r1\1 u1 0 0 1 v 1 o v Mo v 0 61 1 1 100 1061 1 0 1 x 1 1 0 1p 6 p . 0 1 9 ’ W C 0 6 p6E0v0 9 . Ex 6p1 1 106 1 0 66 1 ro v ( hen ) 610ov0 a 1 1 669 0 1 06 1 011 6 9 0 o v Q 0 0 1 0 10 . 7 1 6 6 6. 2 1 11 11 011 6 006 7 6 r o kv 106 1 1 1 1 o v1 o 60 V 0x 6p1 6 0 6

‘ r 1 1 1 dl w ai I str e. 1 6 0 11 6 the n ee e. x , ik 6 , 1 6 11 0 611 1 1 whe 0 , the head. 0 61 , n .

1 6 0 1 6 1 0 the c arette 10 1 61 61 I h de. 7 1 , ig . 1 5 , i 1 6 6 1 1 181 the o ether 0 , t g . 1 1 1 1 m w 6 11 0 8671 1 the en . 11 61 0 9 so e hat. , p , 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 0 7 0 n rfu 6 6 60 11 6 6 abo ut ten . 6 1 9 o e . 1 1 p , 1 5 , w d l ’

11 0 1 1 61 1 I s in . 1 811 0 1 0 11 1 0 in s ite o f that. , t g 1 , p

1 1 1 1 6 1 1 0 0 6 , the bee.

- Ex ercise 1 7 . B .

k k n n n r ak care h a t Ta e the n ife ; I do n o t wa t it a y lo ge . T e t

’ ° o u n all r is n o am o n stairs. Y o u1 an i s y do t f . The e l p the h d n m W h n a n o u ? A stu e . swolle . What has h ppe ed to y bee g y ’ c x 0 0 1 0 6 is he n o t up yet ? It is past seven d o leck (0Iv0 si 01 . 10 0 ’ clc o 1 He mu st get up every mo rn in g at six o o k . St p are yo u go in g ? No o n e is allowed to go l Y o u r m se d D u i k r o u a . in r . o n o r n o l the e t u so q c ly, y will f p o i me c m o u n o t k e o r ? ak e n o to o e. Why did y e p y ur wo d M r n be o f o u p omises (pro mise n othin g)that yo u can ot k eep. I g y Ho w n o t o awa He a ars he an En lis man . 1 6 to g y. ppe to g h ( )

m a ea r it . o m v r an k o u . a do y u do ? I a e y well, th y I gl d, (to h ) me That seems w on derful to .

6 the sta rs 0 11 671 6 . I ee 11 1 6 1 10 1 1 6 1 1 0 . i , k p, 1 , p ’ t ” ‘h W En lishman é 11 71 0 3 seven clo c 0 1 6 8 6 1 9 . the o k , 0 0 g f 7 7 , 1 n o on e is erm d 80 1 01 1 1 1 61 1 0 1 6 1 0 9 . p itte , 0 ( 1 1 ell 11 6 11 6 0 0 11 6 1 01 6 . w , . REE RAMMAR 73 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN G K G .

MPE NA V EaBs I RSO L .

Pr s. n e A s . e I di . ori t

6 6 i n s 60 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 . 6 1 1 05 , it l ghte p 1/

6 60 6 0 it o w la 1 63 0 6 1 1 s . flp § , gr te (631 6 9 ’ e a it r 3 0 0 s. 1 flp x , ain 31 5

’

vv 1 6v0 1 n o es o u . 0 V 1 5 1 01 0 0 x , ight c m ( ) x

’

ow i it u n rs. 0 61 1 1 1 0 0 Bp é , th de ( )Bp 1

6 w 1 0 1 0 v 0 1 it s s. 1 6v 0 x § , no x

’ 1 0 1 it driz z ies f fl m 11 q , . ( Nnx

m r I pe fect . ’ 1 i - i 1 r 0 0 1 it s n c ssar . 61 1 01 1 0 n o A r s . p , e e y ( 11 , o t)

1 66 0 1 o n e n s 1 , it c c r .

v0 1 6 0 1 it on e n s 1 6 0 0 1 1 0 1 6 0 1 W a s it ma r o u 1 § , c c r ( 5 h t doe tte to y ) A orist . I d ‘ it s 10 K K O V GTa-t e ses. 106 0 6 1 0 1“ M , di pl a 41 7

— Ex ercise 1 8 . A .

’ A 1 6 1 6 6611 37 6 61 1 01 9 ; M0 13 41 6 61 1 01 6 1 1 171 9 06 2 1 1) 21 1 1511 1 0 7 ’ " 1 1 621 w v6 0 1 0 v v6 . E 66 0 0 1 1 1 61 1 0 1 1 6 1 6 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 1061 0 0 x { x flp g9 , 1 4 11 1 x , 6 1 06 1 1 6 1 l 1 0 10 1 0 106 1 6 1 N6 1 1 0 6 1 1 60 1 0 1 1 1 0 6 1 6 (ti l) 1 6 29 51 6 6 e 11 1 . 6 ’

is rai alread . o r n n B o w 106 3. 60 1 61 1 0 1 fip x fi (The e falli g y). p gi 11 11 ’ év 1 u 1 66 0 a t o n o t ma r A 1 o 1 1 61 6 61 1 6 (Th d es tte to me).

0 1 1 1 1 6 o ft n x , e .

E i e 1 8 — B x erc s . .

I am so rry (it displeases me) that I can n ot give yo u an b e a it is a i n in ar has n r n u m r ll r g h d . It bee thun de i g an d ’ li n n . Y o u mus et o fl b e o e n o es o n so a o u ghte i g t g , f r ight c m , th t y a n o t ls o u w a n m y o e y r y. It does o t matter so much to me f o r 6 o n e as f o r e a 6 1 v s . ( )the m y, the fri nd I h e lo t

m re 1 1 1 67011 1 the u 6 6 1 6 . hard 1 0 1 0 1 6 b lla, 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 . 4 R 7 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G AMMAR.

N MEBAL U S .

s. r n a s Cardinal O di l . Q I Q ' 1 01 1 6 1 1 6 01 1 6 7r 0 1 1 0 . 9 , 1 , p 9 , first

6v0 6v6 601 51 0 o o v ( ) p 9 , ( ) 1 0 1 1 66 1 1f1 0 o v p 9 , p p 9 , ( ) I ' I 1 c0 0 e 1 1 0 0 0 a a 1 1 00 0 0 6 1 61 6 1 1 0 o v ( p 9 ), p 9 , p 1 9 , ( ) 1 1 61 1 1 0 4 1 60 1 0 o v 0 9 , ( ) 2101 0 9 0 061 6 0 x 1 0 ) 0 7 60 0 9 61 6 1 1 6 311 1 1 6 1 0 9

66106 66106 1 0 9 Q Q C 01 1 1 0 106 (0 1 1 60106 ) 0 1 1 60 106 1 0 9 661 60 106 60 1 66106 1 0 9

60 106 1 1 06 60 106 1 66 66106 1 0 1 61 o 1 9 , p 9 p 9 ' 60 106 1 00 0 0 0 1 60 106 1 60 0 0 1 60 106 1 161 6 1 1 0 p ( p 9 ), 1 9 ' ' 1 00 0 0 0 60 106 1 00 6 p 9 , 0 6 p 60 106 1 1 61 1 1 0

60 10651 , 60 106 651 60106 061 6

60106 11 11 1 6

06100 0 1 0 6100 0 1 69

06100 0 1 06100 0 1 1 1 6 06100 0 1 51 1 6 0 610 6 1 1 61 1 0 1 , 0 0 1 9 p 9 0 6100 0 1 6v6 60 1 51 01 1 0 9 ' 06100 0 1 1 e6 610 1 1 66 p 9 , 0 0 0 p ' ' 0 6100 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 00 0 6 1 1 60 0 6 1 6 1 p ( p 9 , 1 9 , ' 1 c0 0 apa ) 0 6100 0 1 1 1 61 1 1 0

661 6011 1 6 6x 1 6 61 1 1 1 1 6 1 p1 61 1 1 6 1 p1 6 100 0 1 69 0 6 p6v1 6 1 00 0 6 p6100 0 1 69 1 1 01 1 61 1 1 6 0 6 1 1 1 1 100 0 1 69 6611 100 0 1 69 6360 11 131 1 1 6 6360 1 1 1 1 100 0 1 69 H E M R EE M R 5 A S ORT AND ASY ODE N GR K GRA MA . 7

Cardin als. Or in als d .

80 01 1 . 67 6 1 1 6 (67 60 171 1 6 ) 67 60 17100 0 1 69

9 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 . 1 01 131 1 6 01 01 1 1 100 0 1 69

1 00 . 0106 1 6 0106 1 0 0 1 69

1 0 1 .

1 02 . 660

1 1 0 . 60106

1 20 . 0 0100 0 1

2 0 . 0 61 6 1060 1 0 1 , 61 6 1060 1 6 1 9 , 61 6 1060 1 6 61 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

3 00 . 1 a 1060 1 o 1 1 0 0 1 6 p , p1 6 10 0 0 1 9

4 00 . 1 01 p6 1060 1 0 1 1 01 p6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

1 5 00 . 1 01 1 6 1060 1 0 1 1 1 0 11 1 6 1 00 0 1 0 0 1 69

600 . 056 1060 1 0 1 066 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

700 00 1 6 106 0 100 . 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 0 1 0 0 1 69 8 6 10 00 . x 1 6 60 1 0 1 6101 6 100 0 1 0 0 1 69

1 9 00 . 0V V 06 1060 1 0 1 01 06 100 0 1 0 0 1 69 I fkw 1 01 1 0 0 1 0 9 x x I 660 x u\1 66a t9 61 9 x 1 )1 1 0 0 1 0 9 1 11 1 9 1 00 0 6 p6 1 9 ”11 1 666 1 9 60106 1 1 1 111 1 0 0 1 69 0106 1 0 0106 1 0 1 0 6101 9 111 1 1 11 1 0 0 1 69 01 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 0 01 1 1 [1 1 11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 69 1 0V 6 0106 1 0 1 11 611 1 0 .

— d als m 200 u w ar s ar n a s 1 4 are declin an o . The C di l ed , fro p d n fin a i has already been declin ed as the i de ite rt cle . ' ‘ ' l a A1 50 has n v 81 1 0 11 61 11 . r c1 1 0 0 0 a 0 are c n s a ge iti e p s, p 9 de i ed f o llo w s

N m an d 0 o . A 0 .

Gen .

Masc.

6 1 1 6 1 Nom. 1 00 0 p0 ( 00 0 p 9 )

0 6 v 00 6 1 A cc. 1 0 0 p0 9 (1 0 p 9 )

n 0 0 w 1 00 0 6 01 v 1 00 0 6 01 1 ' Ge . 1 0 0 6p p p

r u arl The n umbers above 200 are declin ed eg l y . 6 R K MM 7 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN G EE GRA AR.

The ordin als above 3 0 are most common ly ex pressed by m an s r n a s e of the ca di l .

Numeral n oun s may be formed by addin g o n e of the suflix es u d 4 m » 1m,

80 1 00 10 1 6 a. z n 6 p , do e . 0 6 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 1 6 n um er r — sc r 1 1 , b of fo ty two o e . 1 1 o r 1 1 6 c m n f fiv al n n 0 1 01 1 6 1 1 o e a a . 1 ( pie e of o ey lept ), h fpe y

60 106 ten a a n n . p1 ( lept ), pe y

T W W é a rs n rt ars old. p pflS, pe o thi y ye 1 01 1 1 11 6 1 11 rs n fif t ars o ld 0 1 0 9 , pe o y ye .

Dls'ramu'rm AND F RACTIONAL N m m 0 .

Distributives are ex pressed by mean s of the cardi n als with the

- r s n refix ed 6 . 61 1 0 80 6 tw o a c 01 0 01 100 0 1 p epo itio p , g , pie e, , t n a c we ty pie e.

F raction s are ex pressed as follows 1

al 1 0 1 1 6 a n un 1 0 h f 1 0 , the h lf ( o ) ' 1 0 1 01 6 0 uar r a s 1 0 1 0 p1 , the q te ( l o

a k n s. The D ys of the Wee . The Mo th

1 K S un da . 0 1 6 1 1 0 6 6 1 0 J an uar . 0 v , y 11 9 , y ' “ M n a < > F bruar 7 A 0u1 0 a . 0 I 0 0 11 6 1 0 e . ; p , o d y flp p 9 , y 0 '

T 1 1 u s a . 0 M6 1 o arc . 1 7 p q, T e d y p1 9 , M h ' da ri Wedn es . A 0 6 7 T01 601 l. T 1 p1 ] ( p 7), y 0 p r Ma 21 07 1 u s a . 0 M61 0 . 0 1 ) Th d y 9 , y ’ 1 ri a 0 I0 6 J un e . 0 F d y. v1 o 9 ,

1 0 6 1 a ur a 0 1 0 611 1 0 Akwvd J u l . 2 633 0 , S t d y. 9 ( pns), y

A6 ov0 1 0 A u us . 10 y 9 , g t 0 m é 1 o 0 1 0 1 1 0 Se E pflp 9 , 2 41 6 31 9 , p

tember . ’ ' O 101 0J 1 0 Oc r 0 Bp 9 , tobe .

0 No é w N v m r . pfip g, o e be '

0 A0100 1 1 0 Dec m r . 1 fip 9 , e be

ER EE R MM R A SHORT AND EASY MOD N GR K G A A .

1 1 1 1 i r 1 1 1 1 (1 60 0 1 1 x p0 1 01 1 001 0 He s fo ty years 0 1 11 (001 0 0 ap61 1 a x po 1 01 1 ). v n n ruar ar has He will arri e o the eightee th of F eb y . The ye

w v m n s m n r a s da n - ur ur s t el e o th , the o th thi ty d y , the y twe ty fo ho , r s x m n u s an d m n u s x s c n s Ho w the hou i ty i te , the i te i ty e o d . much (1 60 0 1 1 ) did yo u give f o r it i I gave six poun ds f o r it — h uc did o u it I u i f o r ix n (say f o r o w m h y u b y i bo ght t s pou ds).

the lass 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 . the secon d 1 0 80 1 1 1 0 6A0 1 1 0 . g , 31 , p 1 1 6 m n e Al to o to b ed 106 1 1 . the o un d o a . g , 7 0 p ( y), p

the mn ute 1 0 A0 1 1 6. i ,

RE O I ON P P S TI S .

A1 1 usuall ak A ccusa as a r m y t e the tive C e fte the .

’ 1 1f n s ad o f . h A1 1 i te wit .

O f r m. 1 6 an 6 1 6 6 . , , f o p , th n f ur 6 o n acc u o n . r 81 , o t , d i g befo e . in f o r b 0 1 at . ar s. 9 , , to, , y tow d '

106 1 6 b . w 1 3 1 1 W u , y x p 9 , 1x 0 9 , itho t.

1 01 6 . 1 , with

’ 6 1 1 1 1 n s ea o f us A ce a n W . n d cca s n a e . 9 , i t d , ed with o io lly G ith A ccusa v o rm ccurs n st the ti e the f o ofte e .

’

E. 6 0 1 0 g. 01 1 0 6 0 6 80 0 41 69 1 0 1 1 his brother came in stead of m hi .

01 1 1 1 9 is also u sed in con j un ction with the prepo sition 81 6

1 E. 0 1 600 01 1 1 1 g. 1 0 0 01 1 01 6 01 1 1 9 7 1 1 1 010021 0 1 he scolded me in stead of im h .

I

o r 01 1 1 2 1 6 is n u s 1 an d su un c v 9 7 ofte ed with 1 6. the bj ti e 1 1 6 6 1 1 0. 61 6 n 1 1 1 0 1 6 1 0 1 : s a r a in a s. 9 7 3 237, 2 i te d of e d g he pl y

0 1 6 has several distin ct mean in gs : it is used to in dicate

1 ac r m 0 1 e. m . 0 1 6 1 A61 1 6 c r m ( of pl e, f o , g px 1 p , I o e f o o n 3D L 0 .

’ 2 m r m a r ( ) of ti e, f o fte , sin ce, 9 1 6 1 9 660 1 0 tw o urs a er n n r ho ft di e . EA M R EE R MM 9 A SHORT AND SY ODE N GR K G A AR. 7

i n m f 1 3 in a. a ti ve s s s o 0 6 61 0 1 ( p e e, o e , 1 6 0 I o £I W n dran Lsome 0 ¥ 1 S l e.

' 4 in a. s r u s n s 106 0011 6 0r 1 0 61 0 660 1 6001 1 6 ( ) di t ib tive e e, 9 ip 71 , r two ars a c they eceived doll pie e .

5 ma r a ma o f e. . 100 01 6 01 1 0 1 6006 1 6 6 cu ma ( ) of te i l , de , g 1 1 , p de of gold .

6 o f caus r n o i r m 1 0 00 6 6 01 0 1 0 1 1 0 ( ) e or o igi , , f o , 3 1 6 1 11 6 1 0 1 1 r c v it m a h r 61 006 1 1 0 6 0 1 1 0 00 1 , I e ei ed from y f t e ; 1 1 11 11 6 , he died of cholera .

7 c m aris n an 1 0 01 0 01 1 1 0 1 06 0061 0 1 0 100 1 0 ( ) of o p o , th , 1 11 , this is r an bette th that .

Idioms

' 1 1 0 1 1 01 61 0 1 0 1 6 6 1 ca at a. s . 1 1 7 C, I ll hop 1 0 M 1 6 0 1 1 ass r u un 0 1 6 0 6 61 0 1 0 61 c . 1 x , I p ed th o gh M i h wa 1 01 1 0 01 0 let us go this y. ’ 01 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 fip0 9 where did yo u b uy it ? ’ 61 06071 06 2 01 1 6 an ur a o . 1 1 , ho g

A 1 d (7 1 6)takes the acccusative an d mean s

1 o n acc un o i 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 6 0 1 1 1 6 11 0M 6 all ( ) o t , 7 111 51 7 01 6, that a n n c un m n h ppe ed o ac o t of o ey .

1 1 2 ur n 01 0 61 01 6 0 6 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0. 61 10 61 1 1 6 r ( ) d i g, 3 7 xp , I hi ed the u f o r wo ars ho se t ye .

Idioms 0 ? 1 1f 1 . 61 0. (7 why

1 1 0. 6 so a . 6 1 , th t

1 81 0 1 0. s so a n o t. le t, th t

1 0 1 0. 1 6001 1 6 s l it f o r r ar 7 11 , I o d th ee doll s. 1 0 01 am S ak n O f 0 1 003 1 . 0 1 6 . ( 01 7 , I pe i g you

00 1 6 01 1 0. 1 11 1 60 1 s a o awa n s an n 4 7 7 0 , I h ll g y to Co t ti ople . ’ 601 1 1 6 01 6 o s n o t c n c rn me 7 , It d e o e . 81 0 1 20 1 1 1 0 00 01 0 m o u m an ? o f m 0 7 , Who do y e ( who do yo u that 1) S AND M R EE MM R A HORT EASY ODE N GR K GRA A .

’ 0 i 0 0 0 ak s A a d m n s s ce . n a s ( , ( 0 , t e the e

’ m n a ac r v a fvw s 1 V Ma v fa v am o n ( ) otio to pl e, ry 0 yw , I g i g nia n esna to g .

’ 2 r s in a ac k i 01 a 1 ‘ 1 0 0 7 1- 1 1 1 0 6 ul v 1 0 0 ( ) e t pl e, 0 s 6 d o 1 , he ’ lv s in m r n i e y f ie d s house . 3 m ’ ' 60 Ka1 1 0 o n ft n th ul . ( ) ti e, s 0V1 the fi ee of J y

’ ’ ur s 1 0 a 1 sat d w n to a p po e, s ¢ y , we o t ble (f0 ’ d 5 in a s 1 0 0 Go . ( ) o th , s 0 6, by

Idioms

’ k at in 160; 1 0 9 1 0 loo it the light . ’ fi o ‘ 1 0 k a a k m o 1 1 1 0 . 0 n . 3 11 1 Zva. y p S (09 7 p I too w l by o light ’ ‘ ’ x d0 1 ‘ 6 I 0w ' fo v h lv s at G r s us 1 is 01 0 s 1 0 py , e i e eo ge ho e (1 0 0 1 61 1 u rs o n de t od). ' urn Es 1 0v0 pa 6a3in t . ’ ' 0 0 0 m en d. s 1 7 9 , the

A ce an d m an x u 1 é takes the . e s

dimctio n 1 K l 0 1 a1 0. 1 V w o x v afav n a n ( ) , 0 p p , he we t lo g the jetty .

man n K 01 c an 2 r a1 71 5 c . ( ) e , mmby h e

3 defin itio n an d s n c o n 1 0 0 1 671 0 0 acc r n ( ) di ti ti , 9 9 , o di g r s c v ac s 1 1 0 0 0 x a 1 6v acc r in to the e pe ti e pl e ; 1 1 V p , o d g to t h e r weathe .

’ ' — i d N rE. n u s n rar an a c o x a1 a. whe ed the lite y polite di le t o c ll a n n m an s a a n t casio n a k s Ge . a d s 00 0 y t e the e g i , 64 1 70 11 01 1 0

0 0 s k a a n s o u . 0 , he po e g i t y

mm n in s k n n u 0 is n o t c . y. o o the po e to g e

ak s G n v in x r ss n 1 0 6 a a ll It t e the e iti e the e p e io 1 1 x p g, joyfu y w h o ( it j y).

R MM R 82 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK G A A .

" ’ 1 0 0 61 6 6 01 01 1 1 00 067 0 1 60V Aa 00. 01 1 1 01 50 0 11 01 0 1 0 '

< > 00. 1 0 . . 0 71 0 0 1 0. 0 a fl 1 1 0 106 00. 1 v 71 p6711 6 . I 0M5 1 0 7 x fi 2 1 0 ) 39 7 A a I A I s a x I Ava 1 o k 179 0x o vv0 0 1 6 41 0 0 1 6 71 0 0 0tv0 KaM 1 1 0p6 6 71 0 1 0 0 1 6 . 2 0 71 0 0 0 ’ ' ’ 6 x 0? T0v 1 10 1 0 6 1 0 1 6 0? 1 . 0 0 o i K6 1 p0 ;1 71 0 p1 0 V 0. 71 0 ) 0 07 1 1 1 9 6 x p f 3 f Q A G 0 60 0 01 0 6 0 100 1 0 6 71 0 0 0071 0 ¢ 0 yav 106 1 6 1 0 ¢p0 0 p1 o v. A0 1 V x ’ '

. A0I1 1 71 0 «0 0 0. 61 6 60 10 0. 0. 6 1 6 1 0 0 a 01 6s. T666 (1 0066 ) 1 1 1 1 1 p p 3 s A A i 0 9 I “ I I 6 M0 o v 1 0 60 1 6 66 0vo 1 1< 0 0 1 1 1 1 K a a a 0 1 0 1 0 duo s. 1 11 771 6 1 ) 3 1 g 9 7 p p

K i. 6 . II0 0 71 69 1 01 0 1 6 111 0x 11 6 M0 1 0V K6 1 p0v 90. 60x 60 ?) a 01 6

1 1 0 0 610 I travel. 1 0 1 01 0 3 the art re on . 1 , 1 1 , p , gi m f e r 6 0 0 6s the en e . 6 the a . x p , y

- 6 6 m 1 0 « oof earl to mo rro w 1 0 o0 to v the f o rt . p p , y ¢ p p ,

0 he l ht. mo rn n . 1 as t i g 0 , ig 1 ld 6 A the reaso n . 0 1 6 the co . 67 ” , 4 x 1 ,

— Ex ercise 20 B. .

W e ask him r w as ran s is . rk r m ed whe e he (t . ) I wo ed f o eight ’ c ck in m rn n i s v n in the v n n He o lo the o i g t ll e e e e i g . wept f o r

” o f r his o r c z him hi sa o . n s v c . I n j y ( y, j y) I e og i ed by oi e ev ery h us h re r ten s rs. kn a r an o u o e t e we e oldie I ew th t bette th y . W c two is u r r ? Let u s o is w a He hi h of the yo r b othe g th y. n n a him a h wen t by Vie . Tell th t e may speak with me a t ’ c ock He o es n o t it f o r sak mo n He eight o l ] do the e of ey . n 6 an ur a w we t away (020 0 1000 7 1 0 9) ho go . F o r ho lon g (7 1 01 71 60 0 0 106 1 p6v)hav e yo u hired the room ? He is goin g to Smyrn a n x m n h 1 00 E il r in ten m n u s e t o t ( e w l be he e i te . He s They will n ever go with you . do e it with his o wn han ds sa an Y o u w do r m . r b m n ( y h d) ill well to hi e the oo y the o th . I n spite of his in dustry 0X1 ) 1 011 ! 071 1 1 1 000 1 6 1 0 0 ) he did n o t su o u n me a u an r m cceed . Will y le d tho s d d ach as at four per c n sa f o r un re ? e t . ( y, the h d d)

un t l é1 s. I reco niz e m la i , g , y p f . ' h mo rn n 1 0 7r wt v in t e . the o ce 4 i g, p i , ;

in the even n 1 0 1 680 . V en n a 4 i g, 31 i , ;

the o 0 a d. to succeed 11 6 1 0 1 061 1 10 j y, ) x p , 1 . R A A 83 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN G EEK GR MM R.

DV ERB A S.

Man y adverbs of time an d place are used as prepo sition s 1 0 5 o r 1 0 6 1 0 0 i me On l m n s a c r n un s 1 13 , t gethe ; 1 5 1 , w th y o o yll bi p o o , w v r are r n n Ge n ltive in r cases a v r ho e e , th ow i to the othe the d e b is used together with an o ther prepositio n M CI; 11 0 1 0 09

with the others.

D B o r PLA A VER S CE.

’ 71 6 w a v u 71 006 51 1 0 c m u v 0 6vw 60 e . 03 0 , bo e , p, ( ) , o p 0 ’

6 w is u s a rs. 71 v , he p t i

K 6 1 0 1 w n 01 0 1 61 0 us W , belo , dow . 1 ed ith 671 6

l n as a r n n ea . 006 11 61 1 0 c m n 1 fol owi g p epositio , below , be th , o e dow . 1 0 ypafppa 171 6 11 0 671 0 1061 0 ) 671 0 1 0 the letter was un der the b k oo .

” E 10 o ut 671 6 0 1 671 6 u s o f 001 0 6 1 0 is 5 , 6 , o t ide , 5 , he

o u t. 671 6 10 671 0 0 0 71 1 1 u s us . 5 1 6 , o t ide of the ho e ’ 1 ma c usa 1 6 6 13 10 671 0 10 arn art . Idio ti ge 1 0 5 , I le by he ' i M 0 0 6 n n s 671 0 00 6 1 00 6 c m in . , , i ide , 1 , o e ' ’ ' 0 0 0 71 0 7 1 a is in a s ? 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 s 0 0 6 0 7. 1 0 6 9 ip ; Wh t the gl 0 1 , - m a h r is n in it . K 0 71 1 60 7 0 1 00 6 ! as c in s w t e e wi e 1 ple e ( o e) ; thi y,

please.

’

E . 71 6 r ar r . p p 9 , fo w d, befo e, e g. ’ ’ 0 0 0 o r 1 7r 0 0 1 0 00 00 6 o r i n r s n c , 1 p 9 , bef e you , your p e e e . f r h u 1 0 0 71 1 1 1 o se . 71 0. 01 601 9 1 7 , be o e the 1 1 p0 0 1 9 6 01 07 01 1 ’ in c m aris n him m n 1 671 0 1 0 a n . E . 71 6 , o p o with I othi g p p 9 ! f o r ward 1 come in I go on !

0 71 1 0 0 1 n ac a t r. 671 671 1 0 1 1 1 671 0 n behi d, b k, f e , behi d,

- 0 7 1 1 1 6 0 ( V 0 . 71 0 1 hin d . 6 71 671 60 0 1 671 0 1 0 1 1 1 v 601 be us e . g 7 , p fi , the ho e ’ ’

h er w as a ar n . 0 1 w r urn urn ac . t e g de 7 p2 I et , t b k

’

M 6 1 0 0 1 6 f ar s an . 671 0 a k a o r m a ar II60 0 p , , di t t p p , f o f . 01 0 ho w f ar is it ? 1 1 0 1 6 v r f ar 0. 1 6 0 6 x p0 1 0 1 00 , e y . ’ 0

’ K 0 v 1 6 671 0 100 0 1 6 n ar 100 11 1 0 c s a s as an , , e , 9 , lo e to ; l o m x 6 us n o w 1 v b o v1 . 71 0 01 07 106 ” 100 0 1 6 71 0 0 1 1 6 1 d er of ti e, , j t 07 5 1 3 , 0 2 AN M R EE MM A SHORT D EASY ODE N GR K GRA AR.

1 n ear fif t re un . 1 1 0 10 0 610 am n ar 71 0 060 1 v ly y we wo ded ( , I e ; 1 1 0. r fin ish d a n a e 0. 71 00 10 n r I h ve e ly ; 1 , I ea ly fell . )

A 0 1 6 r 6 , to the ight.

’ 0 Ap1 0 1 p6 to the left .

r r . he e, hithe

r r. the e, thithe

n am n 611 6 1 01 6 1 5 0 80V z betwee , o g, 1 5 1 1 1 9 x o vv - a n r s n m 1 1 1 06 h o sec e . 1 0 0 7 , they ve et betw e the

'

3 r . A01 0 1 , the e

’ 71 00 0 13 s r s r. 671 60 0 0 13 r m s e , el ewhe e, el ewhithe , f o el ewh r e 3 n h s 1 0671 0 1 1 a yw ere el e .

an r an r m r K 6 71 a v so 61 0 . , ywhe e, ywhithe , ewhe e,

II 0 v 0 v 6 1 1 0 671 01 6 an w r so m r in n 0 ( ) y he e, ewhe e ( i terrogat iv e h in n a v s n s n n c s n re n c s . e te e ), ow e ( eg ti e e te e )

II 0 i} r . , whe e

” O 71 0 r r a v 671 0 1 : 106 2 61 1 7 71 v v, whe e ( el ti e), 3 0 , where er h e ma be y .

‘ ’ 0 as f ar as c mmo n us o r 0 13 61 9 , , o ly ed t gethe with 9 , 9 g 7 5 m n 71 1 as f ar as us . 0 a s a s a u 0 137 , the ho e 9 l o e bo t, 011 0 ? 6 w71 0 1 r r a u n o r 61 9 0311 0 0 1 v0p , the e we e bo t twe ty pe ple the e .

’ II 0 a v r n is u se 086 an d 00 02 r r p , o e , beyo d , d with , ove he e , o ve r ’ ’ r 0 71 0 6 0 0 urt r si . the e 1 p p p 9 , the f he de

B r m A DV ER S o Tu .

— a fifipepa to d y.

- 6 1 a w m rr . A p ( ), to o ow

da a r - m m m M0 6 6 1 0 v rr s e t . 0 p ( ), the y fte to o ow, o i e

da re s r a a y befo ye te d y, l tely.

ar ly. ’ A 6 a . py , l te

late . i

A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR

r DEG EE A n vnans o R .

muc v r 1 1 0 006 h, e y .

little .

v r ra r . e y little, the ’

A x 01 6 n u ra . p , e o gh , tole bly Mo vax 6 M6wo

K 6 60o v at all ih n rr a v s n n c s in n e a 0 , ( i te og ti e e te e ), ( g v n n ti e se te ces).

r I A DVEaBs o A F F I RMATI ON AND NEGAT ON .

yes. M 601 0 1 6 c r a n . , e t i ly

- n o n ot in n a n a s n l w r a . 6 1 1 0 07 0 , ( eg tivi g i g e o d), y x ,

n o t is th .

A01 n o t n n a , (o ly to eg tive

0 61 0 , n o r.

— — 0 01 0 n r n o r . 0 61 0, eithe

T6 6 ” r a s pe h p . 1 0 209

— Ex ercise 2 1 A.

' " T0 0 1 1 - 1 1 1 0 3 x v fo v e 0 1 6 70 1 01 6 671 0 1 3 p 1 1 x , ' IV 0 10 1 1 0 0 6 . 671 0 1 6 80 1 1 1 1861 80111 0 100 1 1 0 0 6 p6v1 6 0 1 pa 1 9 . 61 6 H60 o l0a 1 1 1 1 0 v p6y Z 01 0 A01 0 71 0 5) 0 6 9 ( IN 06 11 061 0 61 6 1 1 6 51 5M 9 . ’ ' 1 1 1 0 i} 031 0 1 0 6 301 501 B100£1 0 6 1 0 0 . A 01 1 fmcw 1 0. 71 6 71 0 1 51 1 6 6 , 6 7 9 Bp C ’ ' ’

A 1 4 1 10671 . 3 01 1 6 7n ip0 90. 037 0 0 1 1 9 1 0 0 71 171 1 1 7 611 0111 0 9 ’ 71 6 1 1 1 0 6 M601 0 1 6 0 1 51 0 1 6 606 1 1 6 2 106 1 0 1 6 1 00V 1 6 0 386 , 7 1 6 9 9 9 1 4 9 , ’ 1 71 0 0 0 6 . M 60 0 0 0. 80 71 1 I; 6 13 1 1 . 0 0 71 po 0 10 0 v 1 1 50 6 1 M C 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 v0. 1 5 01 0 1 6 6 K 6 1 0 6 10 1 1 606 0 00V 01 1 1 0 71 0 000 T 61 7 p 060 61 ) 7 , o i? ' ' 61 1 60 1 0 6 71 0 6 1 0» 0 61 v 671 0 0 0I06 . He v 00 6 1 1 p x fip p 0 1 61 0 0V 1 V p m. x 4 “ ' ‘ 71 0 000. o f1 1 6 . l 0 6 1 1 ¢p v qx 0 1 636 0 0 1 0 7 11 1 1 6 .

0 80 601 I s en d. 1 61 01 I rema n . 1 0 71 6 71 0 171 1 the shoe o o t “ , p 1 , i f , , b . A M E EE M 87 A SHORT ND EASY OD RN GR K GRA MAR.

Ex er i 2 I — B c se . .

saw h r r mf 6 I s c v r an h r r ? Far I e f o at 0 . he le ere th is b othe a a r m r We av s n ar ars had w y f o he e . h e lo t e ly eighty doll . I Mr m n i I s . a s r afia r He urn . l o t fo gotte the . t ed to the left Man os down stairs ? What is un der the plate ? I s my brother in m r ls s a l ffice No has n a a so . the o ? , he go e w y ewhe e e e I h l

fin m be - da n n to d hi r r ma . a , whe eve he y To y I h ve othi g

- k la rr m r n s. w n c do, to mo ow y wo k begi The eddi g too p e ‘ s rd d u Fin s ur a . o ear an ar . ye te y I g to bed ly, get p e ly i h yo m ha rk first 71 6r1 6 n s al s ak to o u . hi wo ( p ), the I h l pe y Tell t t he mus r n m H a o u r ar an n t b i g e the book at on ce . ve y eve he d ythi g ‘ ’ lik e that ? Will yo u go to German y this year ? Don t go ' 71 0 71 so u ck W a ca 7 01 1 0 s in ( p 6 1 1 0) q i ly . h t do they ll (1 61 9 0 ) thi modern Greek ? Ho w will yo u brin g that to pass? 1 f a V p f z lever ". the wedd n 6 6 1 0 9 . , m i g, 7 1 ’ the afi i 61 ( I tak l 1 a r, l 600 0 1 . I 7 e ace , 1 6 . j { l1, / a p 7 I turn v f w I fin i sh 0 0 1 1 6 , y p f . c , 1 20 6 .

the o fi ce, 1 0

CONJU NCT ONS A ND NTERJ ECT N I I IO S .

an is a mm r K d. It co on G eek idiom to coordin ate two clauses with in stead of subordin atin g o n e of them with ’ n o r 1 Whe while . 311 0 1 7 69 1 06 0 06 mak e n o n oise an d : s . 61 06 1 7 801 0I 6 3 106 i. 71 5 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 71 7 I will leep 1 ) x 37 1) 6 31 1 , scarce had n e o ut w n the use ly I go , he ho fell . 1 0V 61 00 0 0 6 1 001 2 1 60 0 0 ar him sa so 7 , I he d y .

. ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ K a 1 is u s m asis 1 w ed to give e ph , 1 £0p 1001 2 y6 how do I k n o ? is a s us a r 0 61 e. . 00 w It l o ed fte , g V 0I1 1 6 1 71 00 150 1 0 9 0 6V 106 3 0 07 -61 1 am n o t as r c a he , I i h s .

o r .

4 — r— o r 3 6, eithe .

0 171 0— 0 01 0 n r— n or , eithe .

b u t.

a : 6 . o i) 0I71 6 v 71 61 1 0 m 01 1 1 0 . e th t g p , 9 ( ) 61 7 They told that had n wa he go e a y . 88 H M R EE MM A S ORT AND EASY ODE N GR K GRA AR.

’ mean s n s 1 60 as s n a s 61 1 a s as s a . 6 1 “ 0 6 1 6 0 6 l o oo 1 I 6 6 9 1 0 , oo o u ca me cam y lled I e .

m m s 1 s an s in s a 0 1 ust scarce . 71 0 8 So eti e 61 t d te d of 6 6 9 , j , ly 1 r is o ur r r He ha s 021 0 0 680041 69 0 0 1 1 61 1 037 6100 . Whe e y b othe ?

j ust gon e o ut.

’

M 0 1 a u is n ca v e . 6 o v 61 ltho gh, followed by the I di ti

f 00 0 V 01 1 86V 0 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 21 1 06 0 6 061 0 0 1 1 6 7 1 6 1 6 . p 9 7 1 2 , 9 ” 51 u m n A u n o t k n o l o u . ltho gh I do ow y , I wil give y the o ey

A o 1 71 6v n . , (well) the

' 0 71 o v w r s n ce 1 01 6 1 1 671 6 0 01001 0 1 6 6 1t6 1i , he e, i , p 67 0 1 1 1 69 1 7 0 0 9 0 , p what shall w e do n o w that he has betrayed us i

s m m s s an s f o r 61 0 1 0 so a . 1 60 0 v 080 600 1 0 671 0 0 It o eti e t d , ( ) th t 4 ' 6 - r muc a w as a10 7 0 0 k so . pp q , he wo ed h th t he ill

" A 1 1 6 1 1 3 5 8 0 0 1 1 8 18 0 A 1 1 6 0 71 0 1 1

n as s n as s n ce 0 0 0 whe , oo , i , ( 0 9

’ '

A O1 3 0 6 6 0 1 1061 07 1 06 106 3. 0 0 6 n had eat n u ¢ 6 7 7 7 6 7 , whe I e , I got p ’ ‘ an d n a a . A ?1 307 1 0 6 0 71 1 0 1 0 1 01 0 as so n as o u we t w y ¢ 0 TOV 3 0 1 11 , o y ' ‘ it see it o u v it A i1 1 0 00 01 0 s n c o u s . , y will belie e . ¢ 0 0 , i e y wi h

a a n as I as me K a 61 s s s 106 6 1 0 0 G M P . 0 9 , , oo , 0 9 1 , they told 10 01 6100 0 0 6 6 01 6 as s n as I 6 0 9 , oo r hea d that .

' 6 71 1 0 6 6 81 6 e h m a s 6 6 as. 1 6 6 0 V 1 71 6 1 ou 2 v (0 ) y y , I lov t e w r n ccas n a ha a r s n a rc an d my o n child e . 0 6V o io lly s p epo itio l fo e ’

v rn s A ccusa v . 0 9V 0 61 1 0 0 6 1 o v v k e go e the ti e ( 9 yp 9 , they li e li va sa ges.

v n ak u u n (2) if (the erb followi g t es the S bj ctive). if u c m if c m s 0 61 he sho ld o e, he o e .

3 n 1 1 1 6 1 00 n w as u n . ( ) whe . 0 6V 731 0 1 1 9 , whe I yo g

61 ! v6 as if 0 61 1 v6 1 as if n o t. 0 6V v6 1 7 1 0 7 0 1 0 as if h e 0 , 0 5, 1 ? 75 1 , o k n did n t ow .

" ii m s 6 if kn it o r h A v . 6 00 if c v 1 0 a d , 1 09 , he o e ; I ew ( n it kn ow ).

RE R MM 9 0 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN G EK G A AR.

— Ex ercise 22 . A .

’ '

7 1 1 1 3 01 0 0 6 1 1 . A 0 i1 671 61 6 0 0 Te1 6 1 1 1 c1 65 1 33V 5 6 1 11 51 1. 7 ¢ 1 p 7 ( p 7) ‘ ‘ i 71 A£o v v5. 371 1 0 1 1 6 1 . Q GE0 5 V V 5 7 1 0 5 0 1 1A1 6vo . c x u. 1 1 77 M 7 2 s

' 5. d 1 571 1 1 50 1 15 1 0 1 a ch 2 5 V 3 01 7 5 71 61 15 1 0 1 1 v “ ry 5 9 0 0 7 11 4 . K a s

10 6 5 1 1 6 . U ?) 1 0 9 v5. 1 5. 6 1 1 1 1 1 01 . £1 ,11 5t 0 17 61 077106 1 0 i. 41 7 p 711 1 1

6 11 . 10 1 0 1 7 0 1 1 1 1 5 51 0 1\5 1. 1 0 1 1 61 571 0 1 1 559 1 0 . v 1 1 6 p 7 9 ’ ‘ ’ ' ‘ " ‘ j Ay1ca)uz clve veo s f epec n yv So vhg . 1 0 0 Ex a lflc 1 5 ’ '

6 1 5. v5. 71 5 5. e w. 1 0 1 1 71 1 1 1 11 0 . 7 0 7) 9 1 x p

1 1 51 1 1 e 6 1 60 1 0 7 he master 0 1 0 th da reaks. 3 t . ( 11 1 , y b 1 9 1 ,

10 1 6 1 601 I ta e ossess on o f. 1 , k p i

E r 22 — B x e cise . .

a k n arr v - m r W r is u r They say th t the i g will i e to o row . he e yo a r has n s n o u t is man ars a o s n c f the ? He (i t)go e . It y ye ( g ) i e

6 a r w as urn . He l an n a h ( 41 0 9)the the t e b t looks ik e I di n . T ey ’ v k av II o u a n i li e li e sl es. V y hear n ythi g of t (yc tellit t o m w m dr e . A s so n as sa hi m s r m m k o I I ew y pi tol f o y poc et . B r m n n a di n o t k n a r m ca d G r an . 1/ efo e he e to Vie , he ow wo d of e A s s n he had arn A o ris he w r te to his a u as er . P t oo le t ( t), o f th u to n s a a so a ma n o t the b t w y, th t they y be lost.

the n 6 81 1 0 1 11 0 153 . the sto l 1 6 71 1 0 1 611 1 . ki g, 1 pi ,

1 I burn 100 10 1 11 1 . the o c et , 1 p k , 5 ’ 1 the In d an 6 Iv853 . I learn 1 1 1 001 0 01 i , , 1 .

the slave 6 80 5A“ 6 0 10A6 o s. the butto n 0 1 71 1 , , B , 1 5 10 1 ! (100 11 1 1 0. I draw o t 4 101 01 1 5 1 5 u , 5 7 .

Rn p sr rrxo x o r A mw rlvss AND A n vm ms.

A djectives an d adv erbs are often repeated fo r the sake o f a s emph si .

' ’ H m ?A G 71 1 0 1 15 7r a1 1 . e ca v r r ) G 1 p e e y ea ly .

Give 1061 11 1 1061 1 11 . is a a n w It w y dow belo . ’ ’

1 5 elve e0 100 e0 100 . r a is u e r s ¢p ¢p The b e d q it f e h .

Po rrt n o r W ms s o o r .

The po sition of words in modern Greek is much the same as in En s W r s al r ac s n a ura gli h . o d f l i to thei pl e t lly without the a id r u s A ru le a e n un . ‘ v n r r n un s b u t of le few bee give de the p o o , o n e arn s m s r m(1 1 s rva n an d rac le o t f o e tio p tice . 1 p/ . v ' L f ( y - 1 ‘ E M 1 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GR EK GRA MAR. 1 5

D OMS I I .

what do yo u regaim? if o u k y li e .

dé a ai r W ln d. p , , ’ 1 t se are 01 1 0 M71 1 0 s 1 51 60pm. ( he words to the win d) a is m r a k th t e e t l . 6 10 1 501 I ar 0 , he / 1 2 0 1 av it o n arsa 5 I h e he y . x ’ 8011 1 61 00 1 511 1 n h ar a r it I wo t e wo d of .

a is a difieren t n th t thi g. du o r . s, othe ‘ s m 06 R010 w i M 0 . a c in an e x p s V I h ll o e y cas . 1 6 1 6 6 131 11 1 o u . 3 , I g p 5 6 0 7 041 1 0 0 1 1 5 9 dvdflafva 0 0 the bill amoun ts to

1 1 1 029 ”M650 1 ; Afpa w.

1 1 61 0 31 1 00 1 1 1 5 3 0 5101 6 . r n has n u 3 1 e t go e p. n 5 the Wi d . ' 1 9 1 51 1 6 1 0 1 0 . ma o uc n 1 he y g to the de e (wi d). 0 1 1 0 1fa the r 71 0 1. whole p operty is squan dered 0 1 1 sca r to w n i ( tte ed the i d).

6 11 5 1 1 1 0 7 , I ope ' 1 1 11 5 1 5 1 5 tb a s c ur a s. x p p 61 0 13 01 . thi olo f de ' 7 1 1 1 0 1 ' am un r 57 0 50 5 5p 6 s I h g y . 1 671 6 1 0 0 1 c s n 7 4 , the de i io . ' 1 5 71 6 1 vw 6 71 5 k n p 050 0 1 . I ow the worst (I take lt as fin al ). ' d 65 6 656 urn . in urn succ ss v o p p , t t , e i ely, n e 1 ? 1 9 1 1 6 1 656 1 1 1 . the other. 6 3 1» s r 9 a , I de t oy . ' elm 6 a évo 671 5 1 i v am r a p ¢ v s ) I ti ed to de th . '

ti o ' 6 a is k ln m the he t il i g e.

ac m s in ur an I pl e y elf yo h ds. ho w much yo u take o fi f o r me ?

n l used in th s ex ressid i O y i p . 9 2 E M E EE M A SHORT AND ASY OD RN GR K GRAM AR.

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94 A E S M E E SHORT AND A Y OD RN GR EK GRAMMAR .

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SH RT E M E R K MMAR A O AND ASY OD RN G EE GRA .

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r s . 1 5 mp0 0 71 0 150 0 1 . I e olved ’ “ 1 w n t m E1 0 1 59 5 71 17p5 (1 5 71 0 17 1 1 81 )L] who o ( he ga e)? ‘ ‘a h r m ”WP‘ 7 ° ?Pall e eceived y letter .

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71 1f 1 0 1 0 5 0 . hav m s 0 p1 0 I e y elf bled. ' 1 1 b orr m n 7ra 1 p1 1a1 80 1 5 1 1 1 0. I ow o ey. ’ A I 1 1 1 o k r n 5 71 5 13 1 7 7 . s s b t r)p 0 1 59 1 5 51 1 p0 1 )1 he t o the e po i ili y (lit . sham e). 1 04 H AND S M ER R M R A S ORT EA Y OD N G EEK GRA MA .

71 0 0 1 1 1i1 1 1 1 r . p , lowe

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1 - G 1 1 a i o r v k an n mg , I p o o e, oy . 1 1 1 5 6 it n ma 51 1 51 . s o t r 8 4 0 doe tte .

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11 71 0 01 .

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1 3 55 0 1 1 .

1 1 7re l11 1 1 51 1ca 1 o 1 0 1 1 . ass m m p p 1 I p y ti e.

1 81 5 1 5 71 5 5 11 0 1 59 . ass m to k m d p to p the ti e ( ill ti e). 1 1 71 5 1 1 11 5 1 0 1 5 1 0 . r a a k r u h p 3 3 j I e d boo th o g .

' 1 1 5 71 5 0 0 5 1 5 71 5 1 1 1 0 . 1 8 v r as fift ars o l p 7 he o e (p t) y (ye d). 71 61 9 1 5 pv09 ho w are yo u gettin g o u ? h o w d’ ye do 1 1 1 5 71 5 d p1 5 1 p1 0 1 1 1 0 he ho ped to get as f ar as Mega r a ' 5 M a f a l1 a 11 1 1 e a . o r r ran cs ¢p y 9 y p thi ty f . ’ ' 71 5 0 1 1 5 0 11 a 1 0 9 . t m s as n 1 8 a p p the i e ( e o ) p st . ’ ' ' ' 1 ‘ 85 1 1 5 7r5 0 0 5 5 1 0 o vo . n o t a ar a o p 9 x p s ye g . ' 0 51 1 1 0 1 1 580 851 1 we v i 1 1 5 50 1 1 s m n is n o n r curr n t E ) 1 p q ; thi o ey lo ge e . ' ' 1 5 m a 5 71 5 0 0 5 5 71 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 0 9 . ac is n 0 p 4 y he d he go e . ‘ ' 1 v 71 5 0 0 ' 1 5 1 1 7 1 5 80 1 580 las k 1 ) p 1 p 3 1 . t wee .

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5 5 1 1 1 5 71 5 1 1 0 . has a in his n n x 1 p he bee bo et.

71 5 1 51 fl r . , I y, th ow ’ m 71 5 1 8 0 71 5 1 1 0 0 1 0 v. u s f o r o ) x p he j p j y. r 71 5 1 0 1 5 1 5 1 o v 5 1c1 a 0 v 5 1 5 r n u u n s ¢ p th ow dow yo r g , dra w L 1 5 0 71 0 01 0 0 0 . u s r s 9 yo r wo d .

a af 5 71 5 1 0 5 . he r his a r p x p 5 d ew d gge .

1 06 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.

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5 a him ck it . 1 0 3 1 0 0 . he p id ba (for )

a r ac ra n ar . 71 5 1 70 1 51501 , I pp o h, d w e

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1 5 7ro 85p1 (71 581 ) the foot.

o n . p1 5 1 5 71 0 85p1 0 . foot

1 71 581 . set o n set the r a 0 4 11 51 01 5 59 1 5 I foot, Wo ld gog .

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851 1 05 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 111 w e have n o t time to fin ish t hi s

- n n 5 71 6111 5 . eve i g .

7ro vMI1 s l. , I el 55 5 0 13 11 5 1 0 71 0 v5 1 50 ' y9 tell that to the horse- mar in e s s a ls r ( ell th t e ewhe e).

5 1 ack . 5 x 7, the b o u are n in searc o 0 5 1 1 1 41 7 5 1 {1 5x 1 7 0 0 1 1 . y goi g h f a a n u skin c es be ti g (yo r it h ).

n 1 1 1 11 r . i , I th ow ’

1 5 1 cv. u s his a n s 5130 5 1 1 0 51 1 A he p t t il betwee h i legs (he lets his ears d ro p in rr r te o ). R E EE G MM 1 07 A SHO T AND EASY MOD RN GR K RA AR.

Q 1 0 1 1 5 1 5 1 0 h rs r hi pp £ the o e th ew m. C I I Q I 1 1 1 5 1 1 0 5 1 5 1 5 v0 . hr s a m o n m p x 9 ) he t ow the bl e e .

5 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 0 she o r h pp £ 1 l we ed er eyes.

1 5 5 1 e 5 11 1 . r ws it u v s u pp f 5 he th o p, gi e it p.

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1 1 11 V 11 1 71 0 1 . s sail 0 ) 5 1 5 I hoi t .

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urs 1 yo elf). r u h t o g . I 1 ca a s a s a {Sewn 1 4 1 I ll pade p de.

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1 1 w - n n o n 11 0 5 0 1 0 11 0 71 0 1 . ell i te ti ed .

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5 1 1 0 m . a trifl m e .

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1 5 1 71 0 5 . ar n m 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 p do e .

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1 1 0 S H RT S M ER RE R MMA A O AND EA Y OD N G EK G A R.

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N E EE R A SHORT A D EASY MOD RN GR K GRAMMA .

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