EPTRI‐ENVIS Centre (Ecology of Eastern Ghats)

SESHACHALAM BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Review article

Seshachalam hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats lies in 130 38’ to 130 51’ latitudes and 790 07’ to 790 30’ longitude occur in Chittoor and Cuddapah districts of southern , Peninsular . The ranges were formed during the Precambrian era (3.8 billion to 540 million years ago). The hilly terrain is rugged and picturesque with gorges, steep slopes, plateaus and valleys. This area is also famous for its beautiful waterfalls like Talakona, Gundalakona and Gunjana. It comprises seven peaks, representing the seven hoods of Adisesha, thus earning the name Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshadri, Neeladri, Garudadri, Anjanadri, Vrishabhadri, Narayanadri and Venkatadri. The town of is one of the most ancient and sacred pilgrimage spots in India. The hill near the temple is called ‘’ or the “sacred hill”. The temple here is said to be the busiest in the world, eclipsing even Rome, Jerusalem and Mecca in the number of pilgrims visiting it.

The main objective of this review article is to give the information and documentation on the floristic diversity in the study area of Seshachalam biosphere reserve. The information was gathered from various articles / publications of more than a decade on floristic diversity.

The paper highlights on the name of the taxa, family, vernacular name, habit, phenology with reference no. is given in table-1. Some of the common, rare and endemic pictures of the Seshachalam biosphere reserve is given in table-2.

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SESACHALAM BIOSPHERE RESERVE S. Ref. Name of the Taxa Family Vernacular Name Habit Phenology No. No. 1 Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex Ranunculaceae Gowri-Kuntala Climber Nov.-Mar. 1 DC. 2 Dillenia bracteata Wight Dilleniaceae Chiruteku, Evergreen 1 Kallateku & Tree Sirateku 3 Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Peddakalinga, Evergreen May-July 1 Revadi chettu & Tree Uvva 4 Alphonsea sclerocarpa Annonaceae Puluru Mamidi Tree Aug.-Mar. 1 Thwaites 5 Polyalthia korinti (Dunal) Annonaceae Elli Dabba Straglling 1 Thwaites Tree 6 Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. Menispermaceae Climber Jan.-Apr. 1 & Thomson 7 Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Diels Menispermaceae Pedda Dusara Climbing Feb.-Oct. 1 shrub 8 Cardamine africana L. Brassicaceae Herb Oct.-Dec. CSR (Cruciferae) 9 Cardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae Herb Oct.-Feb. CSR (Cruciferae) 10 Lepidium didymum L. Brassicaceae Herb 1 (=Coronopus didymus (L.) (Cruciferae) Sm.) 11 Capparis brevispina DC. Capparaceae Shrub Feb.-Aug. 1 12 Guidonia tomentosa (Roxb.) Flacourtiaceae Shrub Feb.-Aug. FEG Kurz (=Casearia tomentosa TP&D Roxb.) MR 13 Flacourtia ramontchi L.Her. Flacourtiaceae Kanru, Pulivelaga, Tree Oct.-May TAP Pulielka, Pulregu, TP&S Putika Kada, Nelli, SR Rartha Kandragu & Nakko Neredo. 14 Homalium ceylanicum Flacourtiaceae Mantralamuki. Evergreen Mar.-Aug. FEG (Gardner) Benth. Tree TP&D MR

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15 Homalium zeylanicum Flacourtiaceae Tree Mar.-Apr. 1 (Gard.) Benth. 16 Scolopia crenata Clos Flacourtiaceae Tree Apr.-July 1 17 Pittosporum napaulense Pittosporaceae Tree May-Aug. 1 (DC.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson 18 Polygala wightiana Wall. Polygalaceae Herb Aug.-Jan. 1 19 Polycarpon prostratum Caryophyllaceae Herb Aug.-Jan. 1 (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. 20 Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Hypericaceae Herb Nov.-Mar. 1 21 Shorea roxburghii G.Don Dipterocarpaceae Jalary. Tree Jan.-Mar. 1 22 Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Thamba Jalory. Tree Apr.-July 1 23 Decaschistia crotonifolia Malvaceae Shrub Dec.-May 1 Wight & Arn. 24 Decaschistia cuddapahensis Malvaceae Shrub July-Mar. 1 T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar 25 Decaschistia rufa Craib Malvaceae Shrub 1 26 Hibiscus rostellatus Guill. & Malvaceae Konda gongura. Shrub ThroughoutFCTR Perr. (=Hibiscus furcatus D Willd.) 27 Hibiscus trionum L. Malvaceae Herb July-Jan. 1 28 Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex Malvaceae Shrub Nov.-Mar. 1 A.Rich. 29 Pterospermum canescens Sterculiaceae Lolagu. Tree Throughout 1 Roxb. 30 Pterospermum suberifolium Sterculiaceae Lolagu, Tada. Tree Jun.-Apr. FEG (L.) Willd. TP&D MR 31 Sterculia populnifolia Roxb. Sterculiaceae Tree 1 32 Grewia laevigata Vahl Tiliaceae Shrub Aug.-Nov. 1 33 Tribulus subramanyamii P. Zygophyllaceae Herb June-Dec. 1 Singh, G.S.Giri & V.Singh 34 Oxalis dehradunensis Oxalidaceae Herb May-Nov. CSR Raizada 35 Oxalis latifolia Kunth Oxalidaceae Herb 1 36 Atalantia racemosa Wight ex Rutaceae Tree Dec.-Apr. 1 Hook. 37 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Rutaceae Shrub June-Aug. 1 DC.

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38 Pamburus missionis (Wight) Rutaceae Tree Feb.-Sept. 1 Swingle 39 Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Rutaceae Shrub Nov.-Mar. 1 Wight 40 Ochna gamblei King ex Ochnaceae Small tree Troughout FEG Brandis TP&D MR 41 Boswellia ovalifoliolata Burseraceae Tree Feb.-Apr. 1 N.P.Balakr. & A.N.Henry 42 Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Meliaceae Yerra Aduga. Tree Jan.-Mar. 1 Benth. (=Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth. var. beddomei (Gamble) N.C.Nair) 43 Loeseneriella obtusifolia Celastraceae Climbing Jan.-Jun. 1 (Roxb.) A.C.Sm. shrub 44 Maytenus heyneana (Roth) Celastraceae Shrub Troughout 1 D.C.S.Raju & Babu 45 Salacia chinensis L. Celastraceae Climbing Feb.-Oct. 1 shrub 46 Sageretia parviflora G.Don Rhamnaceae Small tree Sept.-Mar. 1 47 Leea aequata L. Leeaceae Shrub Jun.-Oct. FCTR D 48 Alysicarpus heterophyllus Fabaceae Herb July-Dec. 1 (Baker) Jafri & Ali 49 Alysicarpus scariosus var. Fabaceae Herb Jan.-Mar. 1 pilifer (Prain) A.Pramanik & Thoth. (=Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. var. pilifer Prain) 50 Cajanus albicans (Wight & Fabaceae Climbing Sept.-Apr. 1 Arn.) Maesen (=Atylosia shrub albicans (Wight & Arn.) Benth.) 51 Cajanus rugosus (Wight & Fabaceae Climbing Oct.-Feb. FCTR Arn.) Maesen (=Atylosia shrub D rugosa Wight & Arn.) 52 Crotalaria berteroana DC. Fabaceae Shrub Dec.-May 1 53 Crotalaria lunulata Wight & Fabaceae Shrub 1 Arn. 54 Crotalaria pulchra Andrews Fabaceae Shrub Nov.-Mar. 1

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55 Flemingia wightiana Graham Fabaceae Shrub 1 ex Wight & Arn. 56 Indigofera karnatakana Fabaceae Herb Aug.-Dec. 1 Sanjappa 57 Mucuna atropurpurea DC. Fabaceae Liana Jan.-Apr. 1 58 Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Fabaceae Climber Throughout1 Arn.) J.A.Lackey (=Glycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc.) 59 Pycnospora lutescens (Poir.) Fabaceae Climber 1 Schindl. 60 Rhynchosia beddomei Baker Fabaceae Shrub July-Dec. 1 61 Rhynchosia courtallensis Fabaceae Climber Jan.-Apr. FEG Maesen TP&D MR 62 Rhynchosia heynei Wight & Fabaceae Shrub 1 Arn. 63 Sophora interrupta Bedd. Fabaceae Shrub 1 64 Tephrosia calophylla Bedd. Fabaceae Woody Apr.-July 1 Herb 65 Cassia roxburghii DC. Caesalpiniaceae Small tree Aug.-Dec. FEG TP&D MR 66 Chamaecrista nilgirica Caesalpiniaceae Perennial Jul.-Nov. 5 (V.Singh) V.Singh (=Cassia Herb nilgirica V.Singh) 67 Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) Caesalpiniaceae Small tree Aug.-Dec. 1 H.S.Irwin & Barneby (=Cassia surattensis Burm.f.) 68 Entada rheedii Spreng. Mimosaceae Adavichintha, Liana Throughout 1 (=Entada pursaetha DC.) Sabbuginjateega, Jilateega & Thikkathivva. 69 Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Mimosaceae Kanitisubabul. Tree Throughout FEG Benth. (=Leucaena latisiliqua TP&D (L.) Gillis & Stearn) MR 70 Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. Crassulaceae Herb Dec.-Feb. 1 71 Kalanchoe lanceolata Crassulaceae Herb July-Oct. 1 (Forssk.) Pers.

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72 Myriophyllum oliganthum Haloragaceae Herb Throughout 1 (Wight & Arn.) F.Muell. 73 Terminalia crenulata Roth Combretaceae Tree Apr.-Aug. FEG TP et al 74 Memecylon lushingtonii Melastomataceae Shrub Feb.-June 1 Gamble 75 Memecylon molestum Melastomataceae Tree 1 (C.B.Clarke) Cogn. 76 Memecylon royenii Blume Melastomataceae Shrub Apr.-Aug. CSR 77 Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Onagraceae Neeru Straglling Throughout 1 P.H.Raven (=Ludwigia aganivandrum. Shrub octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven subsp. sessiliflora (Micheli) P.H.Raven)

78 Adenia wightiana (Wall. ex Passifloraceae Climber Aug.-Jan. 1 Wight & Arn.) Engl. 79 Cerasiocarpum bennettii Cucurbitaceae Climber Throughout FCTR (Miq.) Cogn. D 80 Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cucurbitaceae Perennial July-Sept. 1 Cogn. Herb 81 Zehneria maysorensis (Wight Cucurbitaceae Herb 1 & Arn.) Arn. 82 Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Cactaceae Nagajamudu. Shrub Jun.-Aug. 1 Salm-Dyck (=Opuntia cochinellifera (L.) Mill.) 83 Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Cactaceae Nagajamudu, Shrub Jun.-Aug. 1 Haw. (=Opuntia stricta Nagamullu, Papeli, (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii Nagaphani & (Ker-Gawl.) L.D.Benson) Nagadhari. 84 Heracleum rigens Wall. ex Apiaceae Herb July-Aug. 1 DC. 85 Pimpinella anisum L. Apiaceae Gaddisopu. Herb Jan.-Mar. FCTR D 86 Pimpinella tirupatiensis Apiaceae Herb 1 N.P.Balakr. & Subram. 87 Hedyotis cyanantha Kurz Rubiaceae Herb June-Sept. 1 (=Hedyotis caerulea Wight & Arn.)

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88 Lasianthus coffeoides Fyson Rubiaceae Herb Apr.-Sept. FCTR D 89 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. Rubiaceae Herb Nov.-Apr. 1 (=Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC.) 90 Morinda pubescens J.E. Rubiaceae Shrub May-Nov. 1 Smith var. stenophylla (Spreng.) Kumari 91 Morinda umbellata L. Rubiaceae Climbing Apr.-Sept. 1 shrub 92 Neanotis wightiana (Wall. ex Rubiaceae F Throughout FCTR Wight & Arn.) W.H.Lewis D (=Anotis wightiana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Benth. & Hook.f.)

93 Oldenlandia attenuata Rubiaceae Herb Sept.-Dec. 1 (Willd.) M.R.Almeida (=Hedyotis brachiata Wight) 94 Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Manderti. Herb June-Oct. 1 95 Wendlandia glabrata DC. Rubiaceae Small Feb.-Sept. TAP Tree TP&S SR 96 Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) Rubiaceae Shrub Feb.-Sept. 1 DC. var. orientalis Cowan 97 Acmella radicans (Jacq.) Asteraceae Herb Oct.-Jan. 5 R.K.Jansen (=Spilanthes radicans Jacq.) 98 Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Asteraceae Herb Oct.-Jan. 5 (=Spilanthes uliginosa Sw.)

99 Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Asteraceae Herb Oct.-Jan. 1 Kuntze 100 Adenostemma lavenia f. Asteraceae Herb Oct.-Jan. 5 angustifolium (C.B.Clarke) Kosterm. 101 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb Nov.-Feb. 1 102 Bidens pilosa L. var. minor Asteraceae Herb 1 (Blume) Sherff

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103 Centipeda elatinoides (Less.) Asteraceae Perennial Dec.-Mar. 1 Benth. & Hook.f. ex O.Hoffm. Herb (=Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch.) 104 Conyza bonariensis var. Asteraceae Herb Oct.-Dec. FEG leiotheca (S.F.Blake) Cuatrec. TP et (=Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) al E.Walker) 105 Emilia scabra DC. Asteraceae Sadamandi, Herb Nov.-Apr. FCTR Kirankuri, D Sudhimudi. 106 Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Asteraceae Herb Oct.-Jan. 1 107 Glossocardia bidens (Retz.) Asteraceae Herb Oct.-May 1 Veldkamp (=Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) Alston) 108 Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) Asteraceae Maniyam poondu. Herb Oct.-Feb. FCTR Sch.Bip. ex DC. D 109 Gynura lycopersicifolia DC. Asteraceae Herb Nov.-Feb. 5 subsp. taprobanensis Griersen 110 Launaea acaulis (Roxb.) Asteraceae Herb Mar.-Sept. CSR Kerr. 111 Solidago canadensis L. Asteraceae Liana Throughout FCTR D 112 Sonchus wightianus DC. Asteraceae Herb Nov.-Dec. 5 113 Taraxacum officinale Weber. Asteraceae Herb Throughout FCTR D 114 Vernonia divergens (DC.) Asteraceae Shrub Dec.-Feb. 1 Edgew. 115 Volutarella divaricata Benth. Asteraceae Gaddi gorenta, Straglling Oct.-Feb. FCTR & Hook.f. Sakayi. Shrub D 116 Jasminum angustifolium var. Oleaceae Climbing Mar.-May 1 sessiliflorum (Vahl) shrub P.S.Green (=Jasminum sessiliflorum Vahl) 117 Jasminum bignoniaceum Oleaceae Pit malli, Pit- Shrub Throughout FCTR Wall. ex G.Don chambeli. D 118 Chionanthus zeylanicus L. Oleaceae Neeli blabba, Tree Throughout 1 (=Linociera zeylanica (L.) Punisi, Gamble) Punnaagamu.

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119 Olea paniculata R.Br (=Olea Oleaceae Kunde naravellu, Tree Throughout 1 glandulifera Wall. ex G.Don) Kunthy, Kaliki chettu. 120 Olea polygama Wight Oleaceae Tree Nov.-May 1 121 Salvadora persica L. var. Salvadoraceae Ghunia, Gonni, Small tree Jan.-May FEG wightiana (Thwaites.) Verdc. Wara gogu, TP et Chekkara chettu. al 122 Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepiadaceae Herb Throughout 1 123 Caralluma umbellata Haw. Asclepiadaceae Herb Mar.-Aug. 1 124 Ceropegia juncea Roxb. Asclepiadaceae Climber Dec.-Aug. 1 125 Cosmostigma cordatum Asclepiadaceae Climber Apr.-Aug. 1 (Poir.) M.R.Almeida (=Cosmostigma racemosum Wight) 126 Cryptolepis grandiflora Asclepiadaceae Climber Nov.-Jan. 1 Wight 127 Cynanchum callialatum Asclepiadaceae Climber Oct.-Jan. 1 Buch.-Ham. ex Wight 128 Cynanchum tunicatum Asclepiadaceae Climber Oct.-Apr. 1 (Retz.) Alston 129 Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Asclepiadaceae Climbing Apr.-Sept. 1 Arn. shrub 130 Secamone emetica (Retz.) Asclepiadaceae Climbing Oct.-Mar. 1 R.Br. ex Schult. shrub 131 Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Asclepiadaceae Seethamma Climber Throughout FCTR Merr. (=Telosma minor noharamu. D (Andrews) Craib) 132 Vincetoxicum pauciflorum Asclepiadaceae Climber Oct.-Feb. 1 (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze (=Tylophora pauciflora Wight & Arn.) 133 Canscora heteroclita (L.) Gentianaceae Herb Dec.-Feb. 1 Gilg 134 Canscora roxburghii Arn. ex Gentianaceae Herb Dec.-Mar. 1 Miq. (=Canscora wallichii C.B.Clarke) 135 Nymphoides indica (L.) Menyanthaceae Herb Jan.-Nov. 1 Kuntze

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136 Adelocaryum malabaricum Boraginaceae Nemali jada. Herb Feb.-Nov. FCTR (C.B.Clarke) Brand D (=Paracaryum malabaricum C.B.Clarke) 137 Cordia sinensis Lam. Cordiaceae Tree Sept.-May 1 (=Cordia gharaf Ehrenb. ex Asch.) 138 Argyreia cuneata Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae Shrub Aug.-Jan. 1 139 Convolvulus rottlerianus Convolvulaceae Shrub Oct.-Mar. 1 Choisy 140 Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Convolvulaceae Herb Aug.-Mar. FEG Roem. & Schult. TP et al 141 Ipomoea repens (L.) Lam. Convolvulaceae Climber Sept.-Jan. 1 142 Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Convolvulaceae Climber July-Jan. 1 Hallier f. 143 Rivea ornata Choisy Convolvulaceae Climber May-Nov. 1 144 Lycianthes denticulata Solanaceae Shrub Jul.-Nov. FCTR (Blume) Bitter (=Solanum D denticulatum Blume) 145 Solanum seaforthianum Solanaceae Climber Oct.-Apr. 1 Andrews 146 Buchnera hispida Buch.- Scrophulariaceae Herb Sept.-Apr. 1 Ham. ex D.Don 147 Dopatrium nudicaule (Willd.) Scrophulariaceae Herb July-Oct. 1 Benth. 148 Limnophila chinensis Scrophulariaceae Herb Nov.-Jan. 1 (Osbeck.) Merr. 149 Limnophila repens (Benth.) Scrophulariaceae Herb July-Feb. 1 Benth. 150 Lindernia antipoda (L.) Scrophulariaceae Herb Nov.-Feb. 1 Alston 151 Lindernia caespitosa (Blume) Scrophulariaceae Herb Oct.-Feb. FCTR Panigrahi D 152 Lindernia hyssopoides (L.) Scrophulariaceae Straglling Sept.-Feb. 1 Haines Herb 153 Lindernia oppositifolia (L.) Scrophulariaceae Herb Aug.-Nov. 1 Mukerjee

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154 Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Scrophulariaceae Perennial July-Nov. 1 Bold. Herb 155 Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Scrophulariaceae Herb Oct.-Nov. 1 (Hochst.) Benth. (=Rhamphicarpa longiflora Benth.) 156 Striga angustifolia (D.Don) Scrophulariaceae Herb July-Nov. 1 C.J.Saldanha 157 Utricularia bifida L. Lentibulariaceae Herb July-Dec. 1 158 Utricularia caerulea L. Lentibulariaceae Herb July-Dec. 1 159 Utricularia scandens Benj. Lentibulariaceae Herb July-Dec. 1 160 Utricularia striatula Sm. Lentibulariaceae Herb July-Nov. 1 161 Radermachera xylocarpa Bignoniaceae Tree Apr.-May 1 (Roxb.) Roxb. ex K.Schum. 162 Sesamum laciniatum Klein ex Pedaliaceae Herb Aug.-Dec. 1 Willd. 163 Andrographis alata (Vahl) Acanthaceae Herb Nov.-Feb. 1 Nees 164 Andrographis elongata Acanthaceae Herb Jan.-May 1 (Vahl) T.Anderson 165 Andrographis serpyllifolia Acanthaceae Kuramaku. Perennial Dec.-Feb. 1 (Vahl) Wight Herb 166 Asystasia chelonoides Nees Acanthaceae Straglling Nov.-Feb. 1 Shrub 167 Asystasia dalzelliana Acanthaceae Herb Oct.-Jan. 1 Santapau 168 Barleria gibsonii Dalzell Acanthaceae Shrub Sept.-Jan. 1 169 Barleria montana Nees Acanthaceae Adavi Shrub Oct.-Feb. 1 Decembaralu. 170 Barleria prattensis Santapau Acanthaceae Shrub Sept.-Jan. 1 171 Dicliptera cuneata Nees Acanthaceae Pinchakusuma. Herb Nov.-Apr. 1 172 Dyschoriste erecta (Burm.) Acanthaceae Adivi Perennial Dec.-Mar. FCTR Kuntze (=Dyschoriste neelambaramu. Herb D depressa (L.) Nees) 173 Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Acanthaceae Oct.-Mar. 1 Alston var. rotundifolia (C.B.Clarke) Raizada 174 Eranthemum capense L. Acanthaceae Shrub Nov.-Apr. 1

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175 Hygrophila salicifolia Nees Acanthaceae Herb Sept.-Mar. 1 176 Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae Herb July-Jan. 1 (=Rostellularia japonica (Thunb.) J.L.Ellis) 177 Justicia tranquebariensis L.f. Acanthaceae Shrub June-Jan. 1 178 Lepidagathis fasciculata Acanthaceae Herb July-Nov. 1 (Retz.) Nees 179 Phlebophyllum spicatum Acanthaceae Shrub about 12 1 (Roth) Bremek. var. Years hypoleucum (Nees) Bremek. 180 Pseuderanthemum Acanthaceae Shrub Nov.-Feb. 1 malabaricum Gamble 181 Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) Acanthaceae Shrub Throughout 1 Nees var. orbiculata (Wall. ex T.And.) J.L.Ellis 182 Rostellularia simplex Wight Acanthaceae Herb Aug.-Mar. 1 183 Stenosiphonium parviflorum Acanthaceae Shrub Dec.-May 1 T.Anderson 184 Strobilanthes meeboldii Craib Acanthaceae Herb Jan.-Mar. FEG TP et al 185 Premna corymbosa Rottler & Verbenaceae Peddanaruva, Small tree Jan.-Sept. 1 Willd. Pomanti. 186 Vitex leucoxylon L.f. Verbenaceae Lokki. Tree Feb.-Apr. 1 187 Anisochilus dysophylloides Lamiaceae Shrub Dec.-Apr. FCTR Benth. D 188 Endostemon viscosus (Roth) Lamiaceae Herb July-Dec. 1 M.R.Ashby 189 Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex Lamiaceae Herb Oct.-Jan. FCTR D.Don) Kudo (=Plectranthus D coetsa Buch.-Ham. ex Don.) 190 Leucas indica (L.) R.Br. ex Lamiaceae Poolatummi, Herb Sept.-Apr. FCTR Vatke var. lavandulifolia Tummi. D (Rees) Chandrabose & Srinivasan 191 Leucas indica (L.) R.Br. ex Lamiaceae Herb Oct.-Mar. 1 Vatke var. nagalapuramiana (Chandrab. & Sriniv.) D.A. Moulali & T. Pullaiah

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192 Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) Lamiaceae Herb Oct.-Mar. 1 R.Br. 193 Leucas montana (Roth) Lamiaceae Straglling Jan.-Mar. 1 Spreng. Shrub 194 Leucas wightiana Wall. ex Lamiaceae Herb Oct.-Feb. 5 Benth. Missing 195 Leucas zeylanica (L.) Lamiaceae Herb Oct.-Mar. FEG W.T.Aiton var. walkeri TP et (Benth.) Hook.f. al 196 Platostoma menthoides (L.) Lamiaceae Bhoothulasi. Herb Mar. FEG A.J.Paton (=Geniosporum TP et menthoides (L.) Druce) al 197 Pogostemon myosuroides Lamiaceae Herb Dec.-Mar. 1 (Roth) Kuntze 198 Pogostemon nilagiricus Lamiaceae Herb Nov.-Feb. 1 Gamble 199 Pogostemon paniculatus Lamiaceae Herb Jan.-Apr. FCTR (Willd.) Benth. D 200 Scutellaria violacea B.Heyne Lamiaceae Straglling Aug.-May 1 ex Benth. Herb 201 Teucrium tomentosum Lamiaceae Shrub Nov.-Mar. 1 B.Heyne ex Benth. 202 Plantago erosa Wall. Plantaginaceae Herb Throughout FCTR D 203 Celosia argentea L. var. Amaranthaceae Errakodiguttuaku. Herb Throughout FCTR plumosa D 204 Celosia pulchella Moq. Amaranthaceae Herb July-Dec. 1 205 Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Polygonaceae Herb 1 Sojak (=Polygonum pulchrum Blume) 206 Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. Piperaceae Climber July-Sept. 1 ex Miq. 207 Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) Piperaceae Climber Feb.-Dec. 1 Wight 208 Actinodaphne madraspatana Lauraceae Tree Feb.-Apr. 1 Bedd. ex Hook.f. 209 Beilschmiedia roxburghiana Lauraceae Tree Apr.-May 1 Nees 210 Litsea deccanensis Gamble Lauraceae Naramamidi. Tree Feb.-May 1 Article 11/2015/ENVIS-Ecology of Eastern Ghats Page 13 of 27

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211 Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Lauraceae Tree Sept.-Dec. 1 Gamble) var. caesia Gamble 212 Taxillus tomentosus Tiegh. Loranthaceae Noogu tellanugu, Parasite Jul.-Dec. FCTR Gilledu badanika. D 213 Viscum heyneanum DC. Viscaceae Badanika. Parasite Nov.-May 1 214 Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex Viscaceae Parasite 1 DC. 215 Viscum ramosissimum Wall. Viscaceae Parasite Feb.-July 1 216 Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Santalaceae Shrub Feb.-May 1 Steud. (=Osyris quadripartita Salz ex Decne) 217 Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Euphorbiaceae Mabbaku. Shrub Throughout 1 218 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) Euphorbiaceae Errapuruguda, Shrub Sept.-Jan. 1 C.E.C.Fisch. Erraballi. 219 Croton klotzschianus Euphorbiaceae Nepalavemu. Shrub Aug.-Jan. 1 Thwaites 220 Dalechampia indica Wight Euphorbiaceae Climber Dec.-Feb. 1 221 Drypetes sepiaria (Wight & Euphorbiaceae Small tree Dec.-Apr. 1 Arn.) Pax & K.Hoffm. 222 Epiprinus mallotiformis Euphorbiaceae Tree Nov.-Jan. 1 (Mull.Arg.) Croizat 223 Euphorbia tortilis Rottler ex Euphorbiaceae Tirugujemudu, Small tree Feb.-May 1 Ainslie Nagajemudu. 224 Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Euphorbiaceae Shrub Nov.-Jan. 1 Bruyns (=Synadenium grantii Hook.f.) 225 Glochidion heyneanum Euphorbiaceae Small tree July-Sept. 1 (Wight & Arn.) Wight (=Glochidion velutinum Wight) 226 Lasiococca comberi Haines Euphorbiaceae Small tree Aug.-Sept. 1 (=Homonoia comberi (Haine) Merr.) 227 Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Euphorbiaceae Tree Oct.-Feb. 1 Mull.Arg. 228 Mallotus rhamnifolius Euphorbiaceae Small tree Jan.-Mar. 1 (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.

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229 Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Euphorbiaceae Tree June-Oct. 1 Airy Shaw 230 Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Herb Throughout 5 231 Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Euphorbiaceae Herb July-Feb. 1 Airy Shaw 232 Suregada lanceolata (Willd.) Euphorbiaceae Karuguggilam. Small tree Dec.-Apr. 1 Kuntze (=Suregada angustifolia (Mull.Arg.) Airy Shaw) 233 Tragia sanjappae Chakrab. & Euphorbiaceae Teega Dulagondi. Climber Dec.-Mar. 1 N.P.Balakr. (=Tragia involucrata L. var. angustifolia Hook.f.) 234 Celtis philippensis Blanco Ulmaceae Verri Musti; Tree Dec.-Mar. 1 Kovoka Mushti, Tella Kovoka Mushti. 235 Droguetia iners (Forssk.) Ulmaceae Herb FCTR Schweinf. (=Droguetia diffusa D Wedd.) 236 Ficus dalhousiae Miq. Moraceae Tree Jan.-Mar. 1 237 Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Urticaceae Herb Feb.-Mar. 1 Friis 238 Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight Urticaceae Herb Throughout 1 239 Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Hydrocharitaceae Annual June-Oct. 3 Planch. ex Thw. Herb 240 Aphyllorchis montana Rchb. Orchidaceae Shrub Feb.-Aug. 3 241 Bulbophyllum kaitiense Orchidaceae Epiphyte 3 Rchb.f. 242 Cleisostoma tenuifolium (L.) Orchidaceae Epiphyte Jul.-Aug. 3 & Garay (=Sarcanthus CSR pauciflorus Wight) 243 Dendrobium ovatum (Willd.) Orchidaceae Epiphyte Sept.-Oct. 3 Kraenzl. 244 Diplocentrum recurvum Orchidaceae Epiphyte May-Jul. 3 Lindl. 245 Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Orchidaceae Herb Feb.-Jun. 3 Suresh (=Eulophia nuda Lindl.)

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246 Habenaria longicornu Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb Sept.-Nov. CSR 247 Habenaria rariflora A.Rich. Orchidaceae Herb Jul.-Aug. 3 248 Vanda spathulata (L.) Orchidaceae Epiphyte Mar.-Sept. 3 Spreng. 249 Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Orchidaceae Epiphyte Apr.-Jun. 3 Rchb.f. 250 Vanilla wightii Lindl. ex Orchidaceae Climber Mar.-Apr. 3 Wight (=Vanilla wightiana Lindl.) 251 Curcuma neilgherrensis Zingiberaceae Herb July-Aug. 3 Wight 252 Dracaena terniflora Roxb. Agavaceae Straglling Mar-Sept. 3 Shrub 253 Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. Agavaceae Herb Aug.-Oct. 3 254 Yucca gloriosa L. Agavaceae Small tree Apr.-Sept. FCTR D 255 Asparagus gonoclados Baker Liliaceae Shrub Aug.-Jan. 3 256 Chlorophytum malabaricum Liliaceae Herb June-Nov. 3 Baker 257 Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. Liliaceae Herb Jul.-Oct. FCTR D 258 Najas minor All. Najadaceae Herb July-Nov. 3 259 Aponogeton crispus Thunb. Aponogetonaceae Herb Jan.-Apr. 3 (=Aponogeton echinatus Roxb.) 260 Eriocaulon minutum Hook.f. Eriocaulaceae Herb Aug.-Nov. FCTR D 261 Eriocaulon ritchieanum Eriocaulaceae Herb Aug.-Dec. 3 Ruhland 262 Cyperus mitis Steud. Cyperaceae Perennial Oct.-Dec. 3 Herb 263 Cyperus paniceus (Rottb.) Cyperaceae Perennial Jul.-Dec. 3 Boeckeler (=Mariscus Herb paniceus (Rottb.) Vahl) 264 Cyperus squarrosus L. Cyperaceae Annual Jul.-Nov. 3 (=Mariscus squarrosus (L.) Herb C.B.Clarke)

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265 Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. Cyperaceae Perennial Oct.-Jan. FCTR (=Cyperus rotundus L. subsp. Herb D tuberosus (Rottb.) Kuk.) 266 Eleocharis acutangula Cyperaceae Perennial June-Dec. 3 (Roxb.) Schult. Herb 267 Eleocharis swamyii Govind. Cyperaceae Perennial Sept.-Dec. 3 Herb 268 Fimbristylis Cyperaceae Perennial Aug.-Dec. 3 cinnamometorum (Vahl) Herb Kunth (=Abildgaardia cinnamometorum (Vahl) Thw.) 269 Fimbristylis eragrostis (Nees) Cyperaceae Perennial Sept.-Oct. 3 Hance (=Abildgaardia Herb eragrostis Nees & Meyen ex Nees) 270 Fimbristylis nutans (Retz.) Cyperaceae Perennial Sept.-Dec. 3 Vahl Herb 271 Lipocarpha chinensis Cyperaceae Annual May-Oct. 3 (Osbeck) J.Kern Herb 272 Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Cyperaceae Perennial Oct.-Feb. FCTR Makino Herb D 273 Scleria corymbosa Roxb. Cyperaceae Perennial Sept.-Dec. 3 Herb 274 Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett Cyperaceae Perennial Feb.-Dec. 3 Herb 275 Apluda mutica L. Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 276 Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Perennial 3 (= Aristida depressa Retz.) Herb 277 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Perennial Herb 278 Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Poaceae Annual 3 Hochst. Herb 279 Arundinella nervosa (Roxb.) Poaceae Annual 3 Nees ex Hook. & Arn. Herb 280 Arundinella setosa Trin. (= Poaceae Annual 3 Arundinella setosa var. Herb lanifera C.E.C.Fisch.)

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281 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Poaceae Annual 3 P. Beauv. Herb 282 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Poaceae Koranna gaddi. Annual 3 Stapf Herb 283 Brachiaria remota (Retz.) Poaceae Annual 3 Haines Herb 284 Brachiaria reptans (L.) Poaceae Annual 3 C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb. Herb 285 Urochloa setigera (Retz.) Poaceae Annual 3 Stapf (= Brachiaria setigera Herb (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.) 286 Centotheca lappacea (L.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Desv. Herb (= Centotheca latifolia) 287 Chloris barbata Sw. (= Poaceae Annual 3 Chloris inflata) Herb 288 Chloris dolichostachya Lag. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb 289 Chloris roxburghiana Schult. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb 290 Chrysopogon asper B.Heyne Poaceae Perennial 3 ex Blatt. & McCann Herb 291 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Poaceae Vasana gaddi. Perennial 3 Stapf Herb 292 Cymbopogon coloratus Poaceae Boda gaddi. Perennial 3 (Hook.f.) Stapf Herb 293 Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees Poaceae Perennial 3 ex Steud.) W.Watson Herb 294 Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum Poaceae Perennial 3 (Steud.) Stapf Herb 295 Dichanthium annulatum Poaceae Perennial 3 (Forssk.) Stapf Herb 296 Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) Poaceae Perennial 3 A.Camus Herb (= Dichanthium pertusum (L.) Clayton)

297 Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Poaceae Annual 3 Schult.) Veldkamp Herb

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298 Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Poaceae Annual 3 Roem. & Schult. Herb 299 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Poaceae Annual 3 Koeler Herb 300 Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Poaceae Annual 3 Pers. Herb 301 Digitaria nodosa Parl. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb 302 Digitaria radicosa (Miq.) Poaceae Annual 3 Miq. Herb 303 Digitaria setigera Roth Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 304 Dimeria lehmannii (Steud.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Hack. Herb 305 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 306 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Poaceae Annual 3 Beauv. Herb 307 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 308 Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Poaceae Perennial 3 Bor Herb 309 Eragrostiella brachyphylla Poaceae Perennial 3 (Stapf) Bor Herb 310 Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Trin. ex Steud. Herb 311 Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Trin. Herb (= Eragrostis diarrhena (Schult. & Schult.f.) Steud.)

312 Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Nees ex Steud. Herb 313 Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Poaceae Annual 3 Beauv. Herb 314 Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Nees Herb

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315 Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Poaceae Annual 3 Wight & Arn. Herb (= Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roem. & Schult.)

316 Eragrostis patula (Kunth) Poaceae Perennial 3 Steud. Herb (= Eragrostis tenuifolia (A.Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud.)

317 Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Trin. Herb 318 Eulalia phaeothrix (Hack.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Kuntze Herb 319 Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Poaceae Annual 3 Miq.) Janowski Herb 320 Heteropogon contortus (L.) Poaceae Kaserigaddi, Annual 3 P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Eddigaddi. Herb 321 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Poaceae Dharbagaddi. Perennial 3 Raeusch. Herb 322 Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Poaceae Perennial 3 Veldkamp Herb (= Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr.)

323 Leersia hexandra Sw. Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 324 Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Poaceae Annual 3 Kuntze (= Mnesithea Herb granularis (L.) Koning & Sosef)

325 Oryza meyeriana Poaceae Perennial 3 (Zollin.&Mor.) Baill. Herb (= Oryza meyeriana var. granulata (Nees ex Steud.) Duist.)

326 Oryza rufipogon Griff. (= Poaceae Perennial 3 Oryza nivara S.D.Sharma & Herb Shastry) 327 Panicum brevifolium L. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb

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328 Panicum fischeri Bor Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 329 Panicum notatum Retz. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb 330 Panicum paludosum Roxb. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb 331 Paspalidium geminatum Poaceae Perennial 3 (Forssk.) Stapf Herb 332 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae Arikelu. Annual 3 Herb 333 Pennisetum hohenackeri Poaceae Perennial 3 Hochst. ex Steud. Herb 334 Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae Perennial 3 Schumach. Herb 335 Phalaris minor Retz. Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 336 Pogonatherum crinitum Poaceae Perennial 3 (Thunb.) Kunth Herb 337 Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae Perennial 3 (Lour.) Clayton Herb 338 Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Poaceae Annual 3 Herb 339 Sehima nervosum (Rottler) Poaceae Perennial 3 Stapf. Herb 340 Setaria intermedia Roem. & Poaceae Annual 3 Schult. Herb 341 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. Poaceae Nakkathoka gaddi. Annual 3 & Schult. Herb 342 Setaria verticillata (L.) Poaceae Annual 3 P.Beauv. Herb 343 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb 344 Sporobolus tenuissimus Poaceae Annual 3 (Schrank.) Kuntze Herb 345 Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Poaceae Annual 3 Kunth Herb (= Sporobolus tremulus (Willd.) Kunth)

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346 Sporobolus wallichii Munro Poaceae Perennial 3 ex Thwaites Herb 347 Themeda cymbaria Hack. Poaceae Perennial 3 Herb

Reference:

¾ Pullaiah, T and E. Chennaiah (1997) Flora of Andhra Pradesh (India) Vol.1. Scientific

¾ Pullaiah, T and D.Ali Moulali (1997) Flora of Andhra Pradesh, (India) Vol.2. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

¾ Pullaiah, T (1997) Flora of Andhra Pradesh (India). Vol.3. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

¾ Pullaiah, T. and Karuppusamy (2008) Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vol. 5.Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

¾ CSR= Sudhakar Reddy, C., K. N. Reddy and Vatsavaya S. Raju (2008) Supplement to Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India. Deepti Publications. New Delhi.

¾ Madhava Chetty, K., K. Sivaji & K. Tulasi Rao (2008) Flowering of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Students Offset Printers, Tirupati.

¾ Pullaiah, T. and D. Muralidhara Rao (2002) Flora of Eastern Ghats Hill Ranges of Southeast India. Vol.1 (Ranunculaceae-Moringaceae). Regency Publications New Delhi.

¾ Pullaiah, T., K. S. R. Murthy, P. S. P. Goud, T. D. C. Kumar and R. Vijayakumar (2003) Medicinal plants used by the tribals of Nallamalais, Eastern Ghats of India. Journ. Trop. Med. Plants 4(2): 237-244.

¾ Pullaiah, T. and S. Sandhya Rani (1999) Trees of Andhra Pradesh, India. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

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Some of the Common, Rare and Endemic species of the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

Fig.- 1: Acmella uliginosa Fig.-2: Asparagus gonoclados

Fig.-3: beddomei (Endemic) Fig.-4: Cymbopogon flexuosus

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Fig.- 5: Cyperus squarrosus Fig.-6: Decaschistia crotonifolia (Rare)

Fig.- 7: Dellinia indica (Endemic) Fig.- 8: Eragrostiella bifaria

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Fig.- 9: Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Endemic) Fig.-10: Pogostemon myosuroides

Fig.-11: Rhynchosia beddomei (Rare) Fig.-12: Scleria terrestris

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Fig.- 13: Terminalia arjuna Fig.-14: Terminalia pallid (Endemic)

Fig.- 14: Pulicaria wightiana Fig.- 15: Vitex altissima (Rare)

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Fig.- 16: Cissus vitiginea Fig.- 17: Cyanthillium albicans

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