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The Changing Landscape of Television News at a Time of Deregulation: a Case Study of Practitioners in Three Major Markets

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The Changing Landscape of Television News at a Time of Deregulation: a Case Study of Practitioners in Three Major Markets ABSTRACT TITLE OF DOCUMENT: THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF TELEVISION NEWS AT A TIME OF DEREGULATION: A CASE STUDY OF PRACTITIONERS IN THREE MAJOR MARKETS. Kevin P. Swift, Ph.D., 2013 Directed By: Professor Emerita Maurine H. Beasley, Philip Merrill College of Journalism University of Maryland College Park Broadcast news has undergone monumental changes since 1980. Longstanding rules regarding ownership and practices began to be loosened at this time, forever changing the practice of local broadcast television news. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 stimulated groundbreaking changes as rules of ownership were significantly relaxed. The result was a buying frenzy of television stations by major corporations in some places where small group and local ownership once dominated. The way broadcast news operated was changed dramatically in the years following these changes in policy. The purpose of this research was to gain qualitative knowledge regarding the effects of changes in FCC deregulation policy on practitioners of local broadcast television news during a time of great technological change and audience fragmentation. I examined what effects took place as a result of expanded corporate ownership and policies during this time of an already shifting landscape. To complete this research, which was conducted from 2007 to 2009, broadcast news professionals who had been in the business a minimum of fifteen years were interviewed. I interviewed a total of ten news professionals in three separate large broadcast markets, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore, Maryland. What I found was that broadcasters felt they had been affected negatively by the changes and were unhappy about the state of the broadcast news business. Practitioners said they were doing more with less, supervising inexperienced help, struggling with unstable work routines and working in newsrooms where morale was at an all-time low. Many experienced reporters were being told to learn how to shoot and edit their own video or quit. The practitioners also described a split in philosophy with ownership. Negative changes, said many of the practitioners, were partially the result of expanded corporate ownership, which was allowed by deregulation. While deregulation did not dictate how news should be produced it was mentioned repeatedly as one of the factors that paved the way for a period of major change in the broadcast news landscape. Other factors, such as rapidly changing technology, internet expansion and an economic downturn were also mentioned among the many changes that practitioners said they had experienced. During the time of a shifting media landscape broadcast deregulation allowed expansion of media ownership which resulted in further changes that affected practitioners. This case study gave a voice to a sample of those practitioners and allowed them to explain the challenges it meant for them as professionals. THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF TELEVISION NEWS AT A TIME OF DEREGULATION: A CASE STUDY OF PRACTITIONERS IN THREE MAJOR MARKETS. By: Kevin P. Swift Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Prof. Emerita Maurine H. Beasley, Chair, Journalism Prof. Emerita Lee Thornton, Journalism Assistant Prof. Kalyani Chadha, Journalism Assistant Prof. Ronald A. Yaros, Journalism Prof. Andrew D. Wolvin, Communication © Copyright by Kevin P. Swift 2013 DEDICATION For Kimberly ii Acknowledgments I have to thank the many wonderful people who helped me to get through this process. First, I want to thank my family. My wife, Kimberly, was truly there every step of the way. I would never have had the opportunity to work toward a Ph.D. or write this dissertation without her unwavering support on all fronts. I am forever grateful for her time, energy, assistance, love and support. Thanks also to my mother, Shirley, who always stressed education. Thanks as well to my sisters, Diana and Kathleen, and to my brother, David. Your support and encouragement were greatly appreciated. Thank you to my dissertation committee for hanging in there with me as I wrote this document. I have lost count of the number of life changes I have gone through since beginning the doctoral program at Maryland. Many thanks to Dr. Maurine Beasley for stepping in and guiding me through the process when all seemed lost. Also to my other committee members, Dr. Lee Thornton, Dr. Kalyani Chadha, Dr. Ronald Yaros and Dr. Andrew Wolvin. My sincere gratitude to Dr. Donald Heider who served as committee chair before leaving the college and to the late Dr. Michael Gurevitch who led the way in designing this research. A very special thanks to my dear friend, Dr. Thornton. Lee has been my friend, boss, confidant and life coach through many twists and turns. I will never forget our talks and all of the wisdom she bestowed upon me over the years. I thank Lee for her time, friendship and invaluable advice and guidance. I couldn’t have made it through without her. iii Finally, I must thank the broadcast journalists who took part in this study. In a business that has faced many twists and turns in recent years, they battle on tirelessly in a labor of love that is truly noble. Your hard work and commitment do not go unnoticed. iv Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction: The Changing Landscape of Local Broadcast Television News: 1 Background: 1 The Problem: What About Practitioners?: 3 Theoretical and Methodological Approach: 7 Research Questions: 8 Definition of Terms: 10 Need and Significance: 11 Researcher’s Perspective: 12 Chapter Two: Review of Literature of Broadcast Regulation: 14 Historical Development: 14 Background Expertise: 16 Theory: 18 Business and Economics: 19 The Existing Literature: 20 The History of Broadcast Regulation in the United States: 22 Simple Beginnings: 22 A Commission is Formed: 24 A New Act-a New Commission: 28 Status Quo: 30 Chapter Three: Context for Decision to Deregulate: 36 Two Schools of Thought: 37 The Public Sphere: 37 The Market Model: 39 A Toaster with Pictures: 42 New Leadership: 45 The “Act”: 47 Figure 3.1. FCC Regulation/Deregulation: 48 A Brief Look at Radio: 49 Further Attempts to Deregulate: 52 A Current Look: 54 Chapter Four: Theory and Methods: 57 What is Grounded Theory?: 57 Why use Grounded Theory?: 59 Why In-Depth Interviews?: 60 Expert Support for Interviews: 61 What is Open Coding: 62 Thick Description: 64 v Validity and Reliability: 64 Participants: 67 Transcriptions: 69 Analysis: 70 Saturation Point: 72 Emerging Concepts: 73 Hierarchy of Influences: 73 Figure 4.1 Basic Structure of a Television Newsroom: 74 Social/Civic Responsibility: 77 Chapter Five: Findings Introduction: 79 The Questions: 79 Interview Protocol: 80 Baltimore Market Findings: 82 Participants: 82 Results-Baltimore: 84 Further Findings-Baltimore: 113 Traditional Journalism as Reward: 113 Corporate Ownership: 115 Chapter Six: Pittsburgh Market Findings: 118 Participants: 119 Results-Pittsburgh: 121 Further Findings-Pittsburgh: 142 Less Experienced Help: 142 Traditional Journalism as Reward: 143 Corporate Ownership: 144 Chapter Seven: Washington D.C. Market Findings: 146 Participants: 147 Results: Washington D.C.: 148 Further Findings-Washington D.C.: 168 Less Experienced Help: 168 Traditional Journalism as Reward: 169 Corporate Ownership: 169 Chapter Eight: Discussion and Conclusion: 171 Summary of findings-Interview Questions: 171 Research Questions Answered: 171 Open Coding: 176 Theory in the Findings-Theories: 177 Hierarchy in the Findings: 178 Social Responsibility Theory in the Findings: 180 Market Variations: 182 Limitations: 184 vi Conclusion: 186 Appendix A:Newsroom Terminology: 192 Basic Story Formats for Television News: 192 Newsroom Practitioners: 193 Technical Positions: 194 Newsroom Entry Level Positions: 195 Station Management Positions: 195 Main Sections of the Television Station: 196 Appendix B: Local Television Market Universe Estimates: 198 Appendix C: Coding Categories: 199 Bibliography: 201 vii Chapter One: Introduction: The Changing Landscape of Local Broadcast Television News Background “I guess one consultant told them to do this. I wish I was making this up.” (“Ronald” 2008 interviewee) Monica is a working woman on the go. She is Caucasian with dark brown hair and is of average appearance. She can be seen moving diligently, trendy coffee cup in hand, dropping her children off at school before she heads to her relatively high paying job. In her downtime Monica likes to shop and keep up with the latest styles. She is not wealthy but this working mother doesn’t struggle either. That new Chevy or flashy handbag is not out of her reach. And she is very much looking forward to the vacation she’s been planning. Monica is a very important woman. She is needed at home, well respected by her employer and has a need to know certain information: weather, traffic, school closings, trends in crime (if it might have an effect on her), and she doesn’t like to miss out on the latest celebrity gossip either. Monica is a tall order. She needs to know many things, quickly, and this large market television news operation is going to make sure Monica finds out what she wants to know. No dawdling with those stories. Monica might decide it is not worth her time to stick around. Move the stories along rapidly and keep her interested while she jaunts through her day. All stories will be written with Monica in mind. One might wonder how Monica got to be so important. America’s cities are highly diverse and certainly not everyone watching the news is exactly like Monica. What is most interesting is that Monica is not a real person at all. No, Monica is a fictitious target demographic. She is the perceived audience culmination of what one group of consultants has told a particular television news operation in this study that they should aim to please.
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