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Law Enforcement and Public Health: an Overview

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Law Enforcement and Public Health: an Overview Law Enforcement and Public Health: An Overview Maurice Punch Law Enforcement and Public Health: An Overview Maurice Punch 1 Law Enforcement and Public Health: An Overview Law Enforcement and Public Health: An Overview / Maurice Punch Cover design and lay-out: Frank Hoogewoning Print: EZbook.nl ISBN 978-94-91456-77-0 NUR 823, 860 © Maurice Punch 2019 All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan- ical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the author. Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. v Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... v Foreword ............................................................................................................ vii Preface ................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1. Introduction: The LEPH Field ............................................................... 1 “Law enforcement” and “public health”............................................................... 4 Public health ......................................................................................................... 5 Law enforcement .................................................................................................. 6 Early post-war phase............................................................................................. 9 Sixties: social movements / research / change ..................................................... 9 Rapid change: “New Public Management”, partnerships ................................... 10 Strong duality: “back to basics” versus police advocates for the vulnerable ..... 11 Reluctance of PH regarding LE ............................................................................ 13 Negative features of CJS ..................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2. Where law enforcement and public health engage............................23 Increasing demand .............................................................................................. 23 When inter-agency cooperation fails .................................................................. 30 Victoria Climbié Case ...................................................................................... 31 Daniel Pelka Case ........................................................................................... 33 The case of “Baby P.”...................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3. Specific Areas within the LEPH domain ..............................................37 Mental illness ...................................................................................................... 37 Police and mental health in Amsterdam in the 1970s .................................... 39 Disability and “hate crime” ................................................................................. 41 Fiona Pilkington .............................................................................................. 41 Sexual abuse of children and young adults ......................................................... 43 NL: Amsterdam Vice Case ............................................................................... 44 UK: Savile, Residential Care Establishments ................................................... 46 Sexual Violence Against Women: Sex Work ....................................................... 47 Street sex-workers .......................................................................................... 51 iii Law Enforcement and Public Health: An Overview Domestic Abuse .................................................................................................. 53 Vulnerable Adults ................................................................................................ 58 Trafficking, slavery, FGM ..................................................................................... 59 Chapter 4. Disasters, Trauma, Teams, Prevention .............................................. 61 Disasters and Emergencies ................................................................................. 61 Trauma and related health issues ....................................................................... 64 PTSD / diagnosis and treatment (Netherlands) .............................................. 67 Crossing boundaries: “Family liaison officers” and “forensic nurses” ................ 69 MH17 and Dutch “family detectives” ............................................................. 69 Forensic nurses ............................................................................................... 70 Prevention ........................................................................................................... 71 The “Top600” Amsterdam .............................................................................. 73 Measures for promoting inter-agency cooperation and effectiveness .............. 76 Risk Assessment .............................................................................................. 77 Diversion ......................................................................................................... 78 Control and Information Centres .................................................................... 79 Triage Schemes ............................................................................................... 79 Specialized units for victims of sexual violence ............................................... 83 Chapter 5. Conclusion: “Smart” Care in LEPH ...................................................... 85 Institutional change in LE and PH ........................................................................ 85 Essentials ............................................................................................................. 93 References.......................................................................................................... 97 iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following for their help in writing this overview: Ben Bowl- ing (Professor of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Dickson Poon School of Law, King's College London); Stan Gilmour (Superintendent Thames Valley Police, Borough Commander, Reading); Geoffrey Markham (QPM, former Assistant Chief Constable, Essex Police); Ralph Crawshaw (Fellow, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex: former Chief Superintendent, Essex Police); and Paul Rock (London School of Eco- nomics and Political Science). I’m most grateful for their assistance and also for the support of Frank Hoogewoning, (General Secretary, Police Education Council, The Netherlands) in arranging the publication. Abbreviations A & E Accident and Emergency in UK: Spoedeisende Hulp / “Emergency Help” in Dutch) ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers (England and Wales; for Chief Con- stables, Deputy Constables and Assistant Chief Constables; until 2015) CJS Criminal Justice System (general) CSA Child sexual abuse CSE Child sexual exploitation CIT Crisis Intervention Training (term widely used in USA) CLEPH Centre for Law Enforcement and Public Health (Melbourne) COP Community Oriented Policing CPS Crown Prosecution Service (England and Wales) EBP Evidence based policing ECHR European Court of Human Rights EU European Union FGM Female Genital Mutilation GGD Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst / Public Health Service, in Dutch ci- ties GGZ Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg / Mental Health Service, in Dutch cities and communities GLEPHRN Global Law Enforcement and Public Health Research Network GP General practitioner (local doctor, British use); elsewhere “family doctor” or “family physician” (USA) HMIC Her Majesty’s Inspector of Constabulary (England and Wales)1 HR Human Rights 1The HMIC is an independent inspectorate which traditionally examined the efficiency and effectiveness of police forces in England and Wales: recently it has become more concerned with policy and performance and has also taken on a governance role with the Fire and Res- cue Service. v Law Enforcement and Public Health: An Overview HRC Harm Reduction Coalition IDLO International Development Law Organization IPCC Independent Police Complaints Commission (England and Wales; es- tablished 2004; currently Independent Police Conduct Office / IPCO since 2018) LEAHN Law Enforcement and HIV Network LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transsexual LICs Low income countries MHS Mental Health Service (for each country) MP Member of Parliament MPS Metropolitan Police Service (London: colloquially referred to as the “Met” ) NCCS National Police Chiefs Council (England and Wales; for Chief Consta- bles only; established 2015) NGO Non-governmental organization NOP Neighbourhood Oriented Policing NHS National Health Service (UK) PD Police Department (USA) POP Problem Oriented Policing PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary / later PSNI – Police Service of Northern Ireland (2001) TVP Thames Valley Police UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees WWII World War Two (1939-1945) ZTP Zero Tolerance Policing vi Foreword In October 2019, the Fifth International Conference on Law Enforcement & Public Health (LEPH) took place in Edinburgh (UK). The fact that this
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