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Historic Contexts Report 1999 – 2002 Cultural Resource Survey of Unincorporated Jefferson County

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Historic Contexts Report 1999 – 2002 Cultural Resource Survey of Unincorporated Jefferson County Submitted by: Preservation Publishing Cathleen Norman, M. A., Principal 459 South Routt Way Lakewood, CO 80226 Prepared for: Jefferson County Historical Commission Jefferson County Archives and Records Management Jefferson County Planning and Zoning Division 100 Jefferson Parkway Golden, CO 80419-4530 (303) 271-8446 Prepared by: Cathleen M. Norman Preservation Publishing 459 South Routt Way Lakewood, CO 80226 (303) 985-2599 December 30, 2002 Modified for fact, spelling, grammar, and layout December 2004 SHF grants 00-M1-34, 01-02-089 This project was partially funded by two State Historical Fund grant awards, a Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD) grant, and by Jefferson County. Thanks To: Jefferson County Board of County Commissioners Patricia Holloway, Michelle Lawrence, Richard Sheehan Jefferson County Historical Commission Deborah Andrews, Lucy Bambrey, Donald Ebner, Jane Munro Gardner, Lorre Gibson, Liz Priest Grady, Jerry Grunska, Viona Mae Hader, Chuck Hanson, Leota Heideman, Max W. Haug, Erlene Hulsey-Lutz, Carole Lomond, Lawrence Lotito, Norm Meyer, Tim Montgomery, Rita Peterson, Jack Raven, Milly Roeder, Richard Simmons, Joyce Weedon Jefferson County Archives and Records Management Duncan McCollum, Director Jefferson County Planning and Zoning Division, Long Range Planning Stephanie O’Hara, Planner Lor Pellegrino, Planner Colorado Historical Society, State Historical Fund Gheda Gayou, Technical Advisor Colorado Historical Society, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation Dale Heckendorn, National Register Coordinator Suzanne Doggett, National and State Register Historian Cover photographs, clockwise from top: 1. Red Rocks Park and foothills beyond, taken from Dinosaur Ridge, facing southwest, photographer Cathleen Norman 2. Loading structure near clay pits beside Highway 93 west of Leyden, photographer Clair Lanier 3. Aloha Lodge in Upper Bear Creek Canyon photographer Carole Cardon 4. Foxton Post Office, County Road 96 northeast of Buffalo Creek photographer Cathleen Norman 5. Church Ranch at 10500 Old Wadsworth photographer Cathleen Norman Note: Unless otherwise noted, photographs within this document were taken by Cathleen Norman from 1999 through 2002. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Overview 2 Survey Purpose 2 Funding and Project Participants 3 Methodology 3 Research Sources 3 Jefferson County Topography 4 Map of Jefferson County 5 Plains and Foothills 6 Mountains 7 Historic Contexts 9 Pre-Settlement 9 Indigenous Peoples 10 European-American Expansion 11 Transportation 14 Early Trails 15 Wagon Roads, Toll Roads, and Stage Lines 15 Wagon and Toll Roads, 1859 – 1862 17 Wagon and Toll Roads, 1863 – 1870 19 Wagon Roads, 1871 – 1880s 20 Stage Coach and Express Lines, 1859 – 1870s 21 Railroads 28 Colorado Central Railroad, 1870 – 1941 28 Denver, South Park & Pacific Railroad, 1873 - 1937 29 Denver & Northwestern, 1901 – 1950 32 Denver Northwestern & Pacific, 1904 - 1950 32 Short Lines and Spurs 1870 – 1941 33 Interurban Streetcar Lines, 1901 – 1950 34 Funicular Railways, 1909 – 1919 35 Automobile Roads and Highways, 1913 – 1950 37 Agriculture 42 Eastern Jefferson County – Farming and Ranching, 1859 – 1950 44 Irrigation, 1859 – 1950 51 Mountain Ranching, 1860s – 1950 52 Granges 65 Extractive Industries 68 Mining and Quarrying ,1860s – 1950 68 Logging, 1860s – 1950 72 Tourism 75 Railroad Tourism, 1878 – 1937 77 Automobile Tourism, 1913 – 1950 79 Lodges, Resorts, and Ranches, 1870s – 1950 83 Private Residences 83 Commercial Lodges and Ranches 86 Cottage Resorts and Summer Subdivisions, 1914 – 1950 88 Northern Mountains 90 Evergreen Vicinity 90 I-70 Corridor 90 Lower Bear Creek Corridor 91 U.S. 285/Conifer Vicinity 91 Turkey and Deer Creek Canyons 92 North Fork 92 Outdoor Recreation, 1870s – 1950 97 Camping 97 Fishing 98 Hiking 98 Rodeos and Horseback Riding 99 Skiing and Ice Skating 100 Settlement and Town Building, 1859 – 1920s 104 Communities 105 Bergen Park (1859) 105 Conifer (1860) 105 Evergreen (1875) 106 Buffalo Creek (1878) 108 Pine (1886) 109 Leyden (1902) 110 Idledale (1906) 110 Indian Hills (1923) 111 Kittredge (1925) 112 Coal Creek Canyon (1920s) 113 Commerce 114 Public and Community Services 115 Defense Industries, 1941 – 1990s 119 Denver Ordnance Depot 119 Rocky Flats Plant 120 Glen L. Martin/Martin-Lockheed Facility 123 Bibliography 126 Introduction Introduction The Cultural Resource Survey of Unincorporated Jefferson County was initiated by the Jefferson County Historical Commission (JCHC) in November 1999. The project was undertaken to create an inventory of historic (pre-1951) properties, evaluating each in the field to determine its architectural integrity and its potential for historic or architectural significance. Archaeological sites were not addressed at this time. The multi-phase project was motivated by concern for preserving historic properties in the county’s unincorporated areas. These once rural places now experience ongoing urban development. Residential subdivisions are being built on agricultural lands, and commercial centers constructed along historic roadways. Summer cabins are being expanded for year- round living. Transportation improvement projects may remove some historic properties. The 1999 – 2002 Cultural Resource Survey (Phase I and II) is intended to lay a foundation for a pro-active program to preserve the last physical links to the county’s past. Future phases will build upon this foundation. Phases I and II took place November 1999 through April 2002 and produced a Historic Contexts document, Reconnaissance Survey Report, and Survey Database. These products provide a framework for documenting, evaluating, and designating significant Jefferson County properties for landmark designation. The Survey Database also assists the Board of County Commissioners, Planning Commissioners, and staff of the Planning and Zoning (P&Z) Division in making historic preservation land use decisions. The Historic Contexts Report describes influences on the county’s origins, early settlement, and subsequent growth. The information is organized by themes, such as transportation, agriculture, tourism, and community development. Historic contexts will be applied when evaluating the historic significance of buildings, structures, sites, and districts. The Reconnaissance Survey Report contains the results of fieldwork that visually inspected and evaluated over 4,000 historic (pre-1951) properties throughout unincorporated Jefferson County. Evaluation identified: 1) whether a property was architecturally intact; and 2) if it possessed potential for historic or architectural significance. Results of the fieldwork were organized geographically into ten survey areas. The Survey Database contains the inventory of pre-1951 properties and results of survey evaluation. Reconnaissance survey work concluded that over 800 properties are architecturally intact and potentially significant. Integrated into the county’s planning database and mapping system, this property list will notify Jefferson County Planning and Zoning staff when proposed land uses will impact historic properties. The property list will also facilitate designation of an eligible property when the owner wishes to do so. The survey project committee prioritized these over 800 properties for more intensive survey work. Eventually, each will be documented and further evaluated for eligibility as a county landmark and for listing in the State Historic building on Kerr Gulch Road. 1 Introduction Register of Historic Properties and/or the National Register of Historic Places. Approximately 60 of these properties were intensively surveyed in 2002 as part of Phase II. Intensive survey work continued in Phase III, 2003-2004, and in subsequent project phases. Overview Situated in the north-central part of Colorado, Jefferson County is one of the original 17 territorial counties. Its location along the Front Range made it a gateway to the mountains for indigenous peoples and for Euro-American gold seekers who arrived in this remote western territory beginning in late 1858. Prospectors had discovered a small amount of gold in 1850 at Ralston Creek in present-day Jefferson County. During the gold rush of the late 1850s and early 1860s, some placer mining occurred in Clear Creek east of present-day Golden, but little gold was discovered in what would become Jefferson County. Instead, the county prospered by providing transportation, food, timber, coal, bricks, and supplies to Denver and to mining districts in Gilpin and Clear Creek counties. Abundant natural resources contributed to this early growth — fertile farmland, vast timber stands, and deposits of stone, clay, and coal supported early industries. In the twentieth century, the county’s scenic beauty and the availability of the automobile encouraged tourism and outdoor recreation as important industries in the western mountains. Development of the Denver Mountain Parks and the Pike, Arapahoe, and Roosevelt National Forests encouraged outdoor activity and stimulated construction of summer dwellings in western Jefferson County, ranging from small woodframe cottages to elaborate stone lodges. Agriculture continued into the mid-century, in particular on mountain ranches and on the farms and ranches on the northern plains. The World War II development of the Denver Ordnance munitions plant at Kipling Street and West Sixth Avenue was a precursor to the dominant role that the defense industry
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