Report of the hydrological field trip to the Slovak Republic

September 4-11, 1993

Redaktie: A. Dommerholt en P.M.M. Warmerdam

RAPPORT 44 Januari 1994

Vakgroep Waterhuishouding Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen

ISSN 0926-230X

s B g \^ Table of contents

page 1 Introduction 1

2 Listo fparticipant s 2

3 Excursionprogramm e 3 3.1 6septembe r199 3 5 -th eGabCikov oprojec t 5 3.2 7septembe r199 3 10 -th eirrigatio nsyste m inSal aan dKràlov â 11 -th eresearc hstatio no fth eWate rResearc hInstitute , 12 Bratislavai n2ihare c -th edro p irrigationsyste ma tth estat efar mi nGalant a 14 3.3 8septembe r199 3 15 -th eirrigatio nplan ti nSlftav a 16 -pumpin gstatio nnea rPieàEan y 17 -th eirrigatio nplan to fa norchar d 17 3.4 9septembe r199 3 20 -th eInstitut eo fIrrigatio nResearc h inBratislav a 20 1 Introduction

The Agricultural University of Wageningen (WAU) and the Agricultural University of Nitra (AUN) in the Slovak Republic maintain official relations since thebeginnin g of theseventies .Initiall y the organisation of excursions,on eyea r inth e Netherlands for Slovak students, the other year in for Dutch students was the main topic of cooperation. Recently the exchange of students and staff aswel l as direct scientific cooperationar eth emai ntopic so factivitie sbetwee nbot huniversities . In the framework of this cooperation AUN has invited the Department of WaterResource s ofWA U tohol d theannua l fieldtri p 1993 toSlovakia .Th e program ofth e field tripwa sprepare db yprof .dr .Pave lKabin a andprof , dr.Dusa nHusk ao fth eDepartmen to fAmelioratio nan dwa smainl y focusedo n the water management of the river , hydropower and drainage and irrigationpractice s inSlovakia .Obviousl y lessons canb e learnt fromth e Slovakexperienc e inthes etopics . The field trip in Slovakia took place between september 5 and 10 andwa s mainly concentrated to the region of Nitra and Bratislava. Beside Dutch students also students of theMaste r of Sciences Course on Soil andWate r Managementparticipated . Withoutexceptio nal lvisit swer ever y interesting andeverywher e thegrou p gota friendl yreceptio nan dexplanation .

This report isa summar yo fth evisit s thatwer e attended during thetrip . Eachmembe r of the group has contributed, based on the material thatwa s presenteddurin gth evisits .

Ourthank sfo ra mos tsuccessfu l tripmus tg ot oLuci aTrnovcov âan dStefa n Sklenâro fth eAU Nwh oarrange da ver y interestingwee kan daccompanie dth e groupalmos tda yan dnight .The ydi dthi si na ver ypleasan tway . We acknowledge the invitationo fAU Nan d thekin dhospitalit y allove rth e weekver ymuch .Ou r thanksals o got o theparticipatin g students for their pleasantcooperatio nan dfriendl yfeelin gdurin gth etour .

PietWarmerda m AntonDommerhol t 2 List of participants

Agema,J.H . (Jelle) L50-C

Cardenas,M.G . (Magali) MSc-Soilan dWate r

Chacon,E.V . (Eddie) MSc-Soilan dWate r

Famba,S.I . (Sebastiao) MSc-Soilan dWate r

Grol,E.M .va n (Els) L50-C

Jansen,J . (Joca) L50-C

Keulen,M.P .va n (Marja) L50-C

Kongoli,C . (Cezar) MSc-Soilan dWate r

Leene,G.J . (Gert) L12

Rohaan,A . (Arjanne) L50-C

Veen,R .va nd e (Roel) L50-C

Verhallen,J.M.M.A . (Annemiek) L50-C

Vries,P .d e (Peter) L50-C 3 Excursion-programme

Saturday -4 septembe r199 3

08.30h r -departur efro m"D eNieuwlanden" ,Wageninge n 17.30h r -arriva la tth ehote la tParsber g (Germany) Gasthaus"Zu mSchwan" ,Marktstrass e6 ,Parsber g

Sunday - S september 1993

09.00 hr - departure from the hotel 17.00 hr - arrival at Nitra, welcome by Mr. Stefan Sklenar

Monday - 6 september 1993 08.30h r -visi tt oth ewate rwork si nth erive rDanub enea rGabCikov o (duringth ewhol eday ,includin ga ver ygoo dlunch )

Tuesday -7 septembe r199 3

08.00h r -departur et oSal a 09.00h r -visi tt oth eirrigatio nplan ti nSal a explanationi nth eoffic eo fth ewate rauthoritie s • visit toth eouttak e structure atKrâlov â anda pumpin g station 11.30h r -visi tt oth eresearc hstatio n2ihare c 13.00h r -lunc hi nDiakovc e 15.00h r -visi tt oth edro p irrigationplan to fvineyard si nth estat e farmi nGalant a Before dinner aver y interesting tour through thehistori c parto fNitra , thatwa sguide di na professiona lwa yb yLuci aTrnovcovâ .

Wednesday - 8 september 1993

08.00 hr - departure 09.00 hr - visit to the irrigation plant in Slftava • explanation by the water authorities • visit to the outtake structure and pumping station 14.00 hr - visit to the irrigation plant of an orchard 16.00 hr - sightseeing and shopping in the health resort Piesïany Thursday - 9 september 1993 11.00 hr - visit to the Institute of Irrigation Research in Bratislava 13.00 hr - lunch, sightseeing and shopping in Bratislava 18.00 hr - farewell dinner

Friday - 10 september 1993 09.00 hr - departure from Nitra 17.00 hr - arrival at the hotel in Parsberg (Germany)

Saturday 11 september 1993 09.00 hr - departure from the hotel 18.00 hr - arrival at Wageningen 3.1 6septembe r

The Gabölkovo project (Explanationb yM sValentov aan dDipl.-ing .Ladisla vSzerencsés )

The Danube is the second-biggest river in Europe and is flowing through eight countries.I t takeswate r ofabou t 9% ofou r continent by a 2857k m longtrac kt oth eBlac kSea .I nSlovaki ath eDanub eha sa lengt ho f17 2km . Itform sa borde rwit hHungari aove ra lengt ho f14 2k m (Figure1) .

POLSKO CESKA REPUBLIKA

UKRAJINA RAKUSKO Wien

v x Komqrno Nagymaros c J!l Budapest MADARSKO Figure 1

On the average twice a year, inMa y and November, there is a high water levela tth eDanube .Thes ehig hwaterlevel scause dsever eflood s in195 4a n 1964a t theSlova karea .Afte r these floods,whic hcause da loto fdamage , it was clear that measures had to be taken; the GabCikovo project was started. This project contains the construction of a reservoir and an artificial canal suppliedwit hwate r from the riverDanube .A t the endo f the canala larg ehydropowe r plantan d ship lock isconstructed .A projec t which would be a benefit for recreation, shipping and energy production. Fora genera llayou to fth eprojec tse eFigur e2 .

Realising theGabCikov oproject ,a nare ao f4 0km 2ha sbee nchange dforeve r becauseever yconstructio nmean sa neffec to nth eenvironment .I nthi scas e the waterreservoir caused a groundwaterlevel increase. In the past the groundwaterlevelwa s dropping aswel la sth ebotto m of theDanube ,causin g aver ydr yare aaroun dBratislava . 0) dl c co (0 to 0) a> > Ë MW . , max . i powers t 'eir-dim e je Ë o S5. PS o O) o c p CM .+•*c c O) "5 4-» O) . c x 26, 3 = 1 ! oi r volum e O) 75 OT ete r 1696 , t Gaböiko v ca c c J8 p co •o c © o •o CD CD S3 >

measures-h i "E Baltic) , reser v mpin g statio n i , rive r kilo m ckssameas a ul b turbine s 6 § E 3 E o on O CO JG ' TS •*- •O 5=O.B <** O © £ C P <0 > W O O) O) c rotecti o I s an d p c c CL CS |ħo 'E CD V•A c Sa CD a o o >FTJr a CD 2 © w CD O U. O) 52 SS'5 (0 7 01^0 "C nO >C o s© C-0.2 o S Cr CO 33 s

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Figure 2 FREOLtEME HRÀ02E FRISK». KANAL» O 10 KM A OBJEKTY NA PREHRADENi OUNAJA NAÙ2EMISIOVENSKA

VYBUOOVANE A NEWU21VANË 06JEKTY PREHRAOENIA OUNAJA NA MAÙARSKOM ÜZEUl

Figure3 TheGabEikov oprojec t

Figure 3show s the location of the Dunakilitiwei r constructed in theol d riverbe d of the Danube.Thi swei r diverts thewate r to thene wcanal .I t wasbuil do nHungaria nterritor yunde rHungaria nsupervision .

The Nagymaros dam (powerstation) is located a long way downstream of GabCikovo also on Hungarian territory. The dam is needed to realize a higher waterlevel at the river section between the Dunakiliti and the Nagymaros dam. This higherwaterleve l isver y important for the flora and fauna of the "new island" between the power canal and the old riverbed (Figure 3).I f there isa highe rwaterleve lmor ewate r canb e diverted to the canal and pass through the powerplant GabCikovo, which will produce moreenergy .Th eNagymaro sda mitsel fshoul dproduc e15 8MW .

The island inbetween the power canal and the river Danubeha s aver y rich fauna (waterbirdsan da lo to ffis hspecies )an dflora .Watercourse s onth e island are supplied with water by seepage from the power canal and by inflowcanal s (Figures4 an d5) .

Aftera lon gperio do fpreparation sa treat yfo rthi sprojec twa ssigne di n 1977 by both countries: Hungaria and Slovakia. In that year the construction works were started. However after ten years of constructing activities and with a few years to go, the required the Slovakiansi n198 8t oslo wdow nth econstructio nbecaus eo flac ko fmone y Figure4 Watercourseswit hcascade so nth eislan d

FigureS Oneo fth einle tstructure sfro mth epowe rcana lt oth ewatercourse so nth eislan d on their side. In 1989 theHungarian s wanted the Slovakians tobrin gbac k everything to the original state.Thi s was onbehal f of the environment. But the project was already in such a state that the original state was impossible to regain. The Slovakians went on with the project. At that moment theHungarian shav e shutdow n theirpar t ofth eproject .Thi smean s thatth eNagymaro sda mha sno tbee nfinishe dan dth eDunakilit ida mha sno t beentake ni noperatio nb yth eHungarians .

As a result, the Slovakians had to make another diversion structure to replace the essential Dunakiliti dam.Thi swa s only possible on their own territory. A 10 km long dyke (Doëasné Rieâenie) (Figure 6) upstream the Dunakilitiwei rwa sbuil dan dals oth fiunovoe wei rwa sconstructed . The Cunovo weir is a temporary solution to the lack of implementation of the Dunakiliti weir on the Hungarian part. It consists of two parts: an adjustable part for low flows and a spillway in case ofhig h flows (once every10 0years) .Th elatte rconsist so f2 0segments ,widt h 20m ,heigh t2 4 m,s oice-breaker sca npas si nwintertime . The construction was started the 15thOctobe r 1992 and it took 40 days to completeth emos timportan tpart so fth econstruction .

Arjanne,El san dPete r

* »•;••', I -#•••-m--.

•••••K-

Figure6 TheDoïasn éRieâeni e dyke.A tth elef tsid eth epowe rcanal ,a tth erigh tsid eth eol d riverbed ofth erive rDanube . 3.2 7septembe r 1993

Sala/Krâlovâ,2iharec ,Galant a

10 The irrigation system in Sala/Krâlovâ During our visit to Sala and Kràlovâ, the people from the local water authorities introduced us to the irrigation system in the area. The need for irrigation in the area isdu e to thewate r deficit in the dry season amounting to about 200 mm (average annual rainfall about 550 mm).Th e source of irrigation water is the river Vah. Initially, water was taken directlyfro mth eriver . In1964 ,a da mwa sbuil d inth erive rVä hs otha twate rcoul db estore dan d taken from the reservoir by inlet stations into the irrigation canals.B y means of a number of pumping stations the water can be distributed from these canals into a pipe system to the consumers. The potential area to irrigate is 50.000 ha and the actual system total discharge is 6m 3/sec. Themai n irrigationmetho d is sprinkler irrigation,usin g strip irrigators and wide range center pivot irrigators. The maintenance of the system is subsidized by the state and the farmers pay only for electricity. We visiteda pumpin gstatio nan dth eintak estructur ea tKràlov â (Figure7) .

Figure7 Theintak estructure .Behin dth edyk ei sth ereservoir .

11 The research station of the Water Research Institute, Bratislava in 2iharec The research stationo f theWate rResearc h Institute (VÛVH)i n2ihare cwa s founded in 1954 to study the vertical hydrological elements of thewate r balance. In the successive years the research programme was extended to includemor e complexresearch .Recently , theprogramm eha sbee n focusedo n free water evaporation measured by different evaporation tanks (Class-A, GGI-20m 2,GGI- 3m 2,GGI-300 0cm 2)(Figur e 8), anddetermine db y3 6weighin g lysimeters,4 7compensatin g lysimeters inwhic h4 typeso f themos tcommo n Slovak soils, different groundwater levels and different crops are used (Figure 11),basi cmeteorologica l observations,soi lmoistur e estimationa t the research plot and in an adjacent area, and groundwater level observations.

Based on the information and data of the research station, the research groupha s developed and tested theone-dimensiona lmathematica lmode lDAI R (DAily Irrigation) for vertical hydrological balance simulation. The comparison of the model on a international level was performed in cooperation with the Agricultural University of Wageningen (Koopmans,Strieker,1990) .

During ourvisi tt o the research station,Mr .Pave lPetrovic "introduce du s to the staff and the range of activities executed at the station (Figure 9). After his introduction, we could visit the research station and see someo f the experiments goingo na tth emoment .Fo r example:th eweighabl e lysimeterswit hmaiz e formeasurin g évapotranspiration (Figure 10)an dth e compensating lysimeters with trees for different groundwater levels and fourdifferen tSlova ksoi ltypes .Th eobjectiv eo fth elatte rexperimen ti s to select the species of forest trees which best suit the different groundwater regimes. This assumes special importance because the water projects greatly affect the ground water regime and consequently the naturalenvironment .W e couldals ose eth emeteorologica lstatio nse tu pi n theresearc hplot .

12 Figure8 Thedifferen t evaporationtank s Figure9 Explanatio nb yPave lPetrovi Co nth e meteorologicalstatio n

Figure 10 Oneo fth elysimeter swit hmaiz ei splace do nth eweighin gdevice .

13 FIG.7 . SUGAR BEETACTUA LE T ONMEDIUM-HEAV Y SOIL IN 1986

200 Z O I 160 Q. CO Z 120 § o % 80

< 40 o

7 8 10 11 MONTH

—- GWL IN 50C M — GWL IN10 0C M •*- GWL IN15 0C M-e - GWLI N 200 CM

Figure1 1 Some results presented on the Symposium on Precipitation and Evaporation in Bratislava, September 20-24,1993 .

The drop irrigation system at the state farm in We visited the vineyards at the state farm in Galanta, where the unique underground drop irrigation system for Slovakia has been developed and implemented. The source of thewate r isgroundwate rwhic h ispumpe d toth eroo tzon ei n plastic tubes ona dept ho f0.6 0mete rbelo wsoi lsurface .Thes e tubesar e equippedwit hdropper sa ta distanc eo f1. 5meter ,dischargin g thewate ra t arat eo f4 1/hou ran da ta pressur eo f0. 3 atm. This irrigation system extends overa nare ao f17 3h ao fth evineyard .Th e systemprovide s goodpossibilitie s tocontro lan dregulat eth ewate rsuppl y but on the other hand the equipment which is produced by the state farm itselfi sexpensive . At the moment the state farm is facing economic problems with the feasibility of the system and the finding of suitable markets for the system. Due to the political changes it is also difficult to make the growingo fvineyard sprofitable .

Magali,Cezar ,Eddi ean dSebastia o

14 3.3 8 september 1993 Slftava, Pieètany

15 The irrigation plant in Slfiava We were welcomed by ing. Michelcik, mr. P. Konovsky and ing. Hlubina (Figure 13).Th e region has 30.000 ha to be irrigated. Therefore threepumpin g stations areused .Th enort heaster npar tha s afertil e soil ofsedimentar y deposit.Th elandscap eca nb edescribe da sa tabl elandscap e (8.000ha) . Themai nrive ri sth erive rVäh .I nthi sare ath eirrigatio n water is taken out of a canalwit h a length of 4 km that is connected to the river Vah by means of syphons (Figure 12). The total capacity of the syphons is 5 m3/s. At the end of the canal is a dam with a power station, that forces the operator of the irrigation system to takingwate r at times not coinciding with the peaktimeo fth epowe rstation . From thesyphon s thewate r flowsint o an open canal. The canal leads to a pumping station where the water is pumped into a pipe network system. Other smaller pumping stations distribute thewate rt oth efield . Near the main pumping station is a small reservoir for storage. The pumping stationha sa numbe r ofpump s with different capacities. In a dry Figure 12 Inleto fwate rfro mth ecana lb y meanso fsyphon s year like 1993 all the pumps are neededan dabou t6 millio nm 3o f water in four months of the growing season is used for the whole area (30.000 ha).A pressure system is used to balance the pressure in the pipes.Th epressur e inth emai npip e iskep ta ta leve lo f0. 8MPa , inth e distribution pipe 0.6 MPa and in the sprinklers 0.4 MPa. To solve the problem ofwaterhammer ,whe n farmers suddenly close pipes,specia lvalve s andpressur e levellingtank sar einstalled . 20% of the north easternpar t is irrigatedb y wing irrigators and 80%b y strip irrigators.Win girrigatio ni sonl ysuitabl efo rfla tareas . The system of irrigation comes from and is a relative simple system.Th ewate r isdistribute do nreques to fth efarmers .Th emai nsyste m issubsidize db yth egovernmen tan dth eirrigatio ndetail sha dt ob ebough t byth efarmers .Th e farmersmus tpa y1. 9 SlovakianKroon s (SKr)fo r1 m 3o f water. The prize for water is the main input for the farmers and the cooperatives.

16 Figure1 3 Explanationo fth eirrigatio nsyste mb yth ewate rauthoritie s

Pumping station near Piestany This largepumpin g stationals o takeswate rfro m therive rVâ hb ymean so f a number of syphons.Thes e syphons are directly connected to a number of pumpsan da pip enetwork .I ti stherefor ea totall yclose dsystem . The pumping station services 40 cooperatives and 50 small farmers.Durin g fourmonth sthi ssumme r500.00 0m 3o fwate rwa sused .Althoug h thewate ri s subsidized the real costs are 3 SKr/m3. The farmers pay 1.9 SKr and the cooperativesonl y0. 7 SKr.Th egovernmen tha sreserve d 9-10millio nSK rfo r irrigation subsidy till now. The pumping capacity costs 0.450 kWh/m3. Normally theelectricit y isonl yavailabl e after 12a.m . The organisation, responsible of the maintenance of the system, doubt whether the whole systemo firrigatio nca nsurviv ewithou tsubsidy .

The irrigation plant of an orchard Wewer ewelcome db yMr .Sedlacko .Th eorchar d ispar to fa Stat eschoo lfo r Agricultural Food Production, Department of Horticulture. The other parts of the school are the Economic-Business Department, the Flower- and the VegetablesDepartmen t (Figure14) .

17 Figure1 4 Theentranc eo fth eschoo l

Thewhol e orchardan dth egreenhouse sar eserve db ya now npumpin gstation . The water is provided by a reservoir and by two groundwater wells. The irrigationwate rfo rth egreenhouse s ispumpe dfro mth ewells . A new part of the orchard is irrigated by a drip system developed in . There are problems with the supply of spare parts, like filters forth eequipment . Mr.Minarik shows us around the orchard. He tells that due to a yearly rainfall of 200 mm less than in Holland, all of the orhard trees and especially the apple trees have to be irrigated. In the old part of the orchard a sprinkler irrigation system caused a lot of diseases of the leaves.No w 20h a is irrigatedwit ha strip irrigation system. In thene w part of the orchard the drip irrigation system exists of a main pipeline and three lateral pipelines which divides the area of the orchard in 36 parts.Th eamoun t ofwate r throughever y dripperca nb eregulate d andlie s between two and four liters an hour (Figure 15).Th e sandy soils makes irrigationnecessar y almost throughout the growing season. Ifth e rainfall amounts to approximately 700mm/yea r thewate r use willb e roughly spoken 2500m 3/ha (-250 mm). A t arainfal lamoun to f 500mm/yea r thewate rus ei s about 5000 m3/year. The needed amount of irrigation supply is calculated

18 from water demand minus rainfall.Th e water demand depends on the growing stageo fth etre ean di sknow nb ydat afro mpractice . The old part of the orchard with strip irrigation will be cleared. The quality of the apple-productiono f this trees is not good enough for the changing wishes of the public after the revolution. They seem to want a betterqualit y (largerapples) .

Annemiek,Joc aan dJell e

Figure IS Detailo fa drippe r

19 3.4 9septembe r199 3

The Institute of Irrigation Research in Bratislava Thursday 9 September 1993 we visited the Institute of Irrigation research in Bratislava. We were welcomed by Mr Novotny, head of the section Realizationan dMarketin g (Figure 16).Th einstitut eha s13 0employers . The institutewa s introduced tou sb ymean so fa videofilm .Th eproble mwa s stated by telling that in former 20%o f the land area was dry. It could be ameliorated with respect to agricultural use by irrigation. In 1958 ministrators and scientists realized that a special institute for irrigation research was required. In January 1959 the institute was founded in Bratislava. Besides scientific research the institute also transfers results from the research and other important informationt oagricultura lpractice .

Figure 16 Welcomeb yMr .Novotn yan dtw oothe r employees.

TheInstitut econsist so ffiv esections : 1 Sectiono fcro pgrowin gsystem sunde r irrigationcondition s 2 Sectiono fhydropedolog y 3 Sectiono fchemistr y 4 Sectiono frealizatio nan dmarketin g 5 Sectiono fscientifi can dtechnica linformatio n

20 adl The section obtains and analyses data for the control of the irrigation regime of field crops,vegetabl e crops and fruit crops with the aim of increasing the irrigation water effectiveness and productioneffeciency . The section obtains data to optimize the input of technology and input of chemicals into the production scheme. The production economizationan deffect so nqualit yar econsidered . ad2 Theactivitie s ofth ehydropedolog y sectionconsis to fth esolutio n of problems of the regime of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. ad3 The main activities of the section of chemistry consist of the evaluation of water, soil and plant quality and their reciprocal contingency. ad4 The activities of the sectiono f realization andmarketin g consist of application of research results and related training ofusers . The marketing and propagation activities are dealed with consultancy ineconomic-organizationa lan dtechnologica lproblems . ad5 This sectionprovide s data and information for decision-makers and managersi nth espher eo fscience ,technic san deconomy .

Nowadays 360.000h a of Slovakia isunde r irrigation.Th e situation ofth e institute has changed nowb y splitting the former Republic Czechoslovakia into a Czech and a Slovakian Republic. The institute lost several departmentstha twer esituate di nth eCzec hRepublic ,e.g . inPraha . A special research area and a department of the institute are situated in the eastern part of Slovakia, where heavy clay soils are present. These clay soils were drained only in the past while nowadays drainage and irrigation isapplied .Researc h isdon e concerning theeffect s ofdrainag e andirrigatio no nth eheav ycla ysoils .

A guidedtou rthroug hth echemica llaboratorie swa sgive nb yMrs .Blaskova . Severalmeasurin g toolswer e shown (Figure 17).Th emateria lwa smoder ni n mostcases .A UV-spectromete rwa suse dfo rdetectio no fmagnesiu m andiron . The Kjedahl-method was used for N-analysis. Contents of Zn and Cu were determined with a colorograph, which can detect concentrations of 10"9 mol/1. The newest instrument of the institute, an Atomatic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer, is used to detectheav y metals.Organi c compounds were analysed using gas chromatography. Pesticides and herbicides are mostly detectedwit hthi smethod .

21 The visit was ended with some questions and thanking the people of the institutefo rthei rhospitality .

Marja,Ger tan dRoe l

Figure 17 Roela sreporte r inth echemica llaborator y

22