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Aeromedical Factors GSW-17 Aeromedical Factors READING ASSIGNMENT PHAK Chapter 17 – Aeromedical Factors Study Questions 1. To exercise the privileges of a private pilot certificate, what minimum medical certificate is required? a) First-class medical certificate. b) Second-class medical certificate. c) Third-class medical certificate. GSW-17 2. For how long is a third-class medical certificate valid? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. A pilot was 39 ½ years old on the day of the most recent third-class medical examination. For how many calendar months is the certificate valid? _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. A pilot that has passed a first-class medical examination is considered a) to be an air transport pilot. b) likely to remain healthy for another 12 calendar months. c) to have met the requirements of both a second-class and third-class medical examinations as well. 5. A 48 year old pilot passed a third-class medical exam on March 4 of this year. Based on this medical certificate, what is the last day the pilot may exercise private pilot privileges? a) March 4, next year b) March 31, next year c) March 31, two years later 6. Any human tissue will die if deprived of oxygen long enough, but what organ is particularly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation? _______________________________________________________________________________ 215 Aeromedical Factors 7. Hypoxia can result from a number of factors. For each of the following, determine which type of hypoxic condition could result. Alcohol or drug use ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic High altitudes ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic Excess G-forces ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic Severe bleeding ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic Extremely cold temperatures ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic Anemia ☐ hypoxic ☐ hypemic ☐ stagnant ☐ histotoxic 8. Which of the types of hypoxia are considered dangerous to pilots? a) Histotoxic and hypoxic hypoxia are considered dangerous to pilots. b) Stagnant hypoxia is considered a danger to pilots. c) All types of hypoxia are dangerous to pilots and care should be taken to prevent them. 9. The first symptoms of hypoxia are _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why would cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips) occur in a patient who was hypoxic? a) The body releases a blue protein when at high altitudes. b) When oxygen attaches to blood cells, they turn red. Blue indicates an absence of oxygen. c) Lack of blood flow to the eyes makes everything appear blue. 11. Sitting in an odd position for a long period of time can cause your leg to “go to sleep.” What symptoms of hypoxia are you likely to experience in your leg? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 12. What step can be taken to reduce a hypoxic condition if it exists? a) Increase the airspeed. b) Fly at lower altitudes. c) Maintain steady, straight and level flight. 13. What other precaution can be taken by pilots flying at very high altitudes in order to prevent against hypoxia? a) Use supplemental oxygen systems. b) Keep at least one cabin window open at all times. c) No pilot should fly at very high altitudes. 216 Aeromedical Factors 14. Select the answers below that make the statement true. Pilots (or passengers) encountering an unexpected stressful situation may unconsciously reduce / increase their breathing rate, which can lead to abnormal loss / build up of carbon dioxide in the blood. This dangerous condition is known as hypemic hypoxia / hyperventilation . 15. Hyperventilation can manifest many similar symptoms to hypoxia, so pilots should learn to a) increase their rate of breathing to increase oxygen flow to the brain. b) check supplemental oxygen equipment and flow rate, if in use, to ensure the symptoms are not hypoxia related. c) take narcotics to slow the rate of carbon dioxide loss. 16. What condition is a characteristic symptom of hyperventilation, but not of hypoxia? a) Muscle spasms. b) Drowsiness. c) Visual impairment. GSW-17 17. What is both the best prevention and the best cure for hyperventilation? _______________________________________________________________________________ 18. What tricks can help a person calm down and restore normal breathing? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 19. As outside air pressure changes, air pressure in the middle ear must a) equalize to match the change. b) remain constant to prevent hearing loss. c) increase as the body releases of oxygen and other gases into the middle ear. 20. What methods can be used to open the Eustachian tube to allow air pressures to equalize? a) Squeezing and releasing both fists. b) Meditation and visualization. c) Chewing, yawning, or swallowing. 21. A person’s inability to equalize sinus pressure or middle-ear pressure as a result of allergy or illness may result in extreme ___________________________________ . 22. Which human body system does the brain use to ascertain orientation (position, attitude) and movement through space? a) The eyes and the visual system. b) The kinesthetic system of nerves, muscles, and tendons. c) The vestibular system of the inner ear. d) All of the above. 217 Aeromedical Factors 23. Flying can sometimes cause the body to supply conflicting information to the brain about orientation, which could potentially lead to spatial disorientation. During normal flight in conditions of good visibility, how does the body resolve the conflicting signals? a) Pilots instinctively rely most on “seat of the pants” information, and kinesthetic signals usually prevail over other information. b) “The eyes have it.” Visual information usually dominates mixed signals from other systems. c) The inner ear is the most advanced human orientation system, and the brains trusts these signals most over all others. 24. What can occur if visual cues are taken away from a pilot in flight? a) False sensations can cause a pilot to quickly become disoriented. b) The pilot can avoid misinformation by keeping his or her eyes closed. c) Spatial orientation can be maintained as long as adequate oxygen is available in the cabin. 25. The single best prevention of spatial disorientation for VFR pilots is a) to allow the eyes to adjust to current brightness levels before beginning any flight. b) to avoid flight in reduced visibility conditions, such as poor weather or night flights without a reference to horizon. c) to practice understanding your kinesthetic sense and trusting its signals. 26. A classic example of spatial disorientation is the “graveyard spiral,” in which a) a pilot in a steep spiral may become focused on completing the required number or turns and inadvertently fly too close to the ground. b) excessive rudder use in low visibility conditions can cause the airplane to enter a flat spin. c) a pilot in a gradual turn mistakenly believes the plane to be in level flight. As airspeed increases, the pilot pulls back on the stick and tightens the turn, and increasing the loss of altitude. 27. When approaching to land at an airport, a wider-than-usual runway can create the illusion that the aircraft is _______________________________________________________________________________ 28. Rain or haze can create the illusion that a) the runway and other objects are farther away than they actually are. b) the runway slopes down and away from the aircraft. c) lights in the distance are brighter than they seem. 29. Does experiencing airsickness reflect on one’s ability as a pilot? a) No, it has no reflection on one’s ability as a pilot. b) Yes, it means the person is unlikely to ever be able to fly great distances. c) Yes, it demonstrates lack of mental power over the physical body. 218 Aeromedical Factors 30. What can be done to alleviate the symptoms of motion sickness while in flight? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 31. Which of the following is true of carbon monoxide? a) Carbon monoxide in the exhaust is a sign of abnormal combustion and the owner/operator should have the aircraft serviced as soon as possible. b) Carbon monoxide has the smell of burning oil, and if detected, the pilot should immediately vent the cabin. c) Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by all internal combustion engines. 32. How does carbon monoxide result in hypoxia? a) Hypemic hypoxia. b) Flicker vertigo. GSW-17 c) A perception of the aircraft turning to the right. 33. What may provide a passageway for carbon monoxide to get into the cabin? a) Cracks in the sealant around the windows. b) Heater vents and defrost vents. c) Shorts in the electrical system behind the panel. 34. What should be the immediate response
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