Cefas contract report C2848

Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

2013

Environment Report RL 01/13

This page has been intentionally left blank Environment Report RL 01/13

Final report

Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

C.J. Garrod, F.J. Clyne, V.E. Ly, P. Rumney and G.P. Papworth

Peer reviewed by G.J. Hunt Approved for publication by W.C. Camplin

2013

The work described in this report was carried out under contract to the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and the Health and Safety Executive. Cefas contract C2848 FSA Project PAU 198 / Lot 7 / ERI006

This report should be cited as: Garrod, C.J., Clyne, F.J., Ly, V.E., Rumney, P. and Papworth, G.P., 2013. Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012. RL 01/13. Cefas, Lowestoft

A copy can be obtained by downloading from the Cefas website: www.cefas.defra.gov.uk

© Crown copyright, 2013

2 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 7 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 12 1.1 Regulatory framework ...... 12 1.2 Radiological protection framework ...... 13 2 THE SURVEY ...... 15 2.1 Site activity ...... 15 2.2 Survey objectives ...... 15 2.3 Survey areas ...... 16 Figure 1. The aquatic survey area ...... 17 Figure 2. The Barrow terrestrial (outer ring) and direct radiation (inner ring) survey areas ...... 18 2.4 Conduct of the survey ...... 19 3 METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS ...... 21 3.1 Data recording and presentation ...... 21 3.2 Data conversion ...... 21 3.3 Rounding and grouping of data ...... 21 3.4 Approaches for the identification of high rates ...... 23 3.5 Data quality ...... 24 4 AQUATIC RADIATION PATHWAYS ...... 25 4.1 Aquatic survey area ...... 25 Figure 3. Selker Bay ...... 26 Figure 4. Near Millom Iron Works Nature Reserve...... 27 Figure 5. West side of the Duddon Estuary ...... 28 Figure 6. South side of the pier at Askam-in-Furness ...... 29 Figure 7. West Shore Park on the west coast of Walney Island ...... 30 Figure 8. The Walney Channel, near Jubilee Bridge ...... 32 Figure 9. Between Roosebeck and Rampside ...... 33 4.2 Commercial fisheries ...... 34 4.3 Destination of seafood originating from the aquatic survey area ...... 35 4.4 Hobby fishing, angling and non-commercial shellfish collecting...... 35 4.5 Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works ...... 36 4.6 Wildfowling ...... 37 4.7 Other pathways ...... 37 4.8 Food consumption data ...... 38 Table A. Summary of adults’ consumption rates of foods from the aquatic survey area ...... 38 Table B. Summary of children’s and infants’ consumption rates of foods from the aquatic survey area ...... 40 4.9 Intertidal occupancy ...... 40 Table C. Summary of adults’ intertidal occupancy rates ...... 41 Table D. Summary of children’s and infants’ intertidal occupancy rates ...... 42 4.10 Gamma dose rate measurements...... 42 4.11 Handling of fishing gear and sediment ...... 43 Table E. Summary of adults’ handling rates of fishing gear and sediment ...... 43 Table F. Summary of children’s handling rates of sediment ...... 44 4.12 Exposure to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake ...... 44 4.13 Water based activities ...... 44 5 TERRESTRIAL RADIATION PATHWAYS ...... 46 5.1 Terrestrial survey area ...... 46 5.2 Destination of food originating from the terrestrial survey area ...... 47 5.3 The potential transfer of contamination off-site by wildlife ...... 47 5.4 Food consumption data ...... 48 Table G. Summary of adults’ consumption rates of foods from the terrestrial survey area ...... 49

3

CONTENTS

Table H. Summary of children’s and infants’ consumption rates of foods from the terrestrial survey area ...... 50 6 DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS ...... 51 6.1 Direct radiation survey area ...... 51 6.2 Residential activities ...... 52 6.3 Leisure activities ...... 52 6.4 Commercial activities ...... 53 6.5 Educational activities ...... 53 6.6 Occupancy rates ...... 53 Table I. Summary of direct radiation occupancy rates ...... 53 6.7 Gamma dose rate measurements...... 54 7 USES OF HABITS DATA FOR DOSE ASSESSMENTS ...... 56 7.1 Combined pathways ...... 56 7.2 Foetal dose assessment ...... 56 7.3 Total dose assessment ...... 56 8 COMPARISONS WITH THE PREVIOUS SURVEY ...... 58 8.1 Aquatic survey area ...... 58 Table K. Comparison between 1990 and 2012 intertidal occupancy rates and handling rates of fishing gear and sediment for adults ...... 60 9 MAIN FINDINGS ...... 61 9.1 Aquatic survey area ...... 61 9.2 Terrestrial survey area ...... 62 9.3 Direct radiation survey area ...... 63 10 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGES TO THE MONITORING PROGRAMME ...... 64 10.1 Summary of current environmental monitoring programmes ...... 64 10.2 Recommendations ...... 65 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 67 12 REFERENCES ...... 68

TABLES

Table 1 Survey coverage Table 2 Typical food groups used in habits surveys Table 3 Adults’ consumption rates of fish from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 4 Adults’ consumption rates of crustaceans from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 5 Adults’ consumption rates of molluscs from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 6 Adults’ consumption rates of wildfowl from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 7 Adults’ consumption rates of marine plants/algae from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 8 Adults' consumption rates of salt marsh grazed sheep meat from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 9 Children's and infants’ consumption rates of fish from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 10 Children’s consumption rates of molluscs from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 11 Children’s and infants’ consumption rates of wildfowl from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1) Table 12 Adults’ intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1) Table 13 Children’s and infants’ intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1) Table 14 Gamma dose rate measurements over intertidal substrates in the aquatic survey area (µGy h-1) Table 15 Adults’ handling rates of fishing gear and sediment in the aquatic survey area (h y-1) Table 16 Children’s handling rates of sediment in the aquatic survey area (h y-1) Table 17 Occupancy rates in close proximity to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake (h y-1)

4 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Table 18 Adults’ occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1) Table 19 Children’s and infants’ occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1) Table 20 Adults’ consumption rates of green vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 21 Adults’ consumption rates of other vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 22 Adults’ consumption rates of root vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 23 Adults’ consumption rates of potato from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 24 Adults’ consumption rates of domestic fruit from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 25 Adults’ consumption rates of milk from the terrestrial survey area (l y-1) Table 26 Adults’ consumption rates of cattle meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 27 Adults’ consumption rates of pig meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 28 Adults’ consumption rates of sheep meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 29 Adults’ consumption rates of poultry from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 30 Adults’ consumption rates of eggs from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 31 Adults’ consumption rates of wild/free foods from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 32 Adults’ consumption rates of rabbits/hares from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 33 Adults’ consumption rates of wild fungi from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 34 Adults’ consumption rates of freshwater fish from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 35 Children’s and infants’ consumption rates of green vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 36 Children’s and infants’ consumption rates of other vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 37 Children's and infants’ consumption rates of root vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 38 Children's and infants’ consumption rates of potato from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 39 Children's and infants’ consumption rates of domestic fruit from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 40 Children’s and infants’ consumption rates of milk from the terrestrial survey area (l y-1) Table 41 Children’s and infants’ consumption rates of cattle meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 42 Children’s consumption rates of pig meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 43 Children's and infants’ consumption rates of sheep meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 44 Children's consumption rates of poultry from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 45 Children's and infants' consumption rates of eggs from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 46 Children's consumption rates of wild/free foods from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 47 Children's consumption rates of rabbits/hares from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 48 Infants’ consumption rates of wild fungi from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1) Table 49 Percentage contribution each food type makes to its terrestrial food group for adults Table 50 Direct radiation occupancy rates for adults, children and infants (h y-1) Table 51 Analysis of direct radiation occupancy rates for adults, children and infants Table 52 Gamma dose rate measurements for the direct radiation survey (µGy h-1) Table 53 Combinations of adult pathways for consideration in dose assessments

ANNEXES

Annex 1 Adults’ consumption rates (kg y-1 or l y-1) and occupancy rates (h y-1) Annex 2 Children’s and infants’ consumption rates (kg y-1 or l y-1) and occupancy rates (h y-1) Annex 3 Qualitative and estimated data for use in dose assessments Annex 4 Ratios for determining consumption and occupancy rates for infants and children Annex 5 Consumption rates (kg y-1 or l y-1) and occupancy rates (h y-1) for women of childbearing age, for use in foetal dose assessments Annex 6 Summary of profiles for adults Annex 7 Summary of profiles for the child age group (6 - 15 years old)

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CONTENTS

Annex 8 Summary of profiles for the infant age group (0 - 5 years old) Annex 9 Summary of profiles for women of childbearing age, for use in foetal dose assessments

6 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

SUMMARY

This report presents the results of a survey conducted in 2012 to determine the habits and consumption patterns of people living, working and pursuing recreational activities in the vicinity of the nuclear site at Barrow-in-Furness and along the south-west Cumbrian coast.

At Barrow-in-Furness, BAE Systems Marine Ltd builds, tests and commissions new nuclear powered submarines. The site is permitted to discharge gaseous radioactive wastes via stacks and other outlets to the atmosphere, liquid radioactive wastes to the local sewer and contains sources of direct radiation. The sewer flows to a utility company’s wastewater treatment plant and after undergoing a sewage treatment process the effluent is discharged into the sea in the Walney Channel. Areas likely to be most affected by the discharges and sources of radiation were defined as the aquatic survey area for liquid discharges, the terrestrial survey area for the deposition from gaseous discharges, and the direct radiation survey area for ionising radiation emanating directly from the site. The occupancy data collected from the direct radiation survey area is also applicable to the direct exposure arising from potential gaseous releases from the site.

The discharges from the Barrow nuclear site are minor compared with those from other nuclear sites located on the north-west coast of England. The coast and sea area in the vicinity of Barrow-in- Furness and south-west Cumbria may be affected by discharges of liquid radioactive waste from these sites, most notably Sellafield, and the results of this survey are also relevant to those sites.

The following potential exposure pathways were investigated: • The consumption of food from the aquatic survey area • Activities and occupancy over intertidal substrates • The handling of fishing gear and sediment • Occupancy in close proximity to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake • Activities and occupancy in and on water • The use of seaweed as a fertiliser or animal feed • The consumption of food from the terrestrial survey area • The use and destination of produce originating from the survey areas • The consumption and use of groundwater and surface water in the terrestrial survey area • The transfer of contamination off-site by wildlife • Activities and occupancy within the direct radiation survey area • Any new or unusual exposure pathways

Interviews were conducted with members of the public and data collected for 522 individuals are presented and discussed. High rates of consumption, intertidal occupancy and handling are identified

7

SUMMARY

using established methods comprising (a) a ‘cut off’ to define the high-rate group and (b) 97.5th percentiles. The rates so identified can be used in dose assessments. Additionally, profiles of integrated habits data are presented specifically for use in total dose assessments.

The aquatic survey area

The aquatic survey area (Figure 1, page 17) covered the intertidal areas along the coast of Cumbria between Tarn Point in the north and Roosebeck in the south, and the adjacent sea area up to 10 km offshore. The Duddon Estuary, Walney Channel and the shore of Walney Island were included.

Foods from the aquatic survey area were consumed from the following food groups: fish; crustaceans; molluscs; wildfowl; marine plants/algae; salt marsh grazed sheep meat. The mean consumption rates for the adult high rate group for the separate aquatic consumption pathways for foods potentially affected by liquid discharges were: • 27 kg y-1 for fish • 12 kg y-1 for crustaceans • 5.9 kg y-1 for molluscs • 17 kg y-1 for wildfowl • 0.7 kg y-1 for marine plants/algae • 5.7 kg y-1 for salt marsh grazed sheep meat

The predominant foods consumed by the high-rate groups were: • For fish: bass; cod; flounder; mackerel; plaice. • For crustaceans: brown crab and common lobster • For molluscs: cockles; mussels; whelks; winkles • For wildfowl: greylag goose; mallard; pink-footed goose; pintail. • For marine plants/algae: samphire • For salt marsh grazed sheep meat: salt marsh grazed lamb

The mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group exceeded the generic 97.5th percentile rate for crustaceans but not for fish or molluscs. Generic consumption rates have not been determined for wildfowl, marine plants/algae or salt marsh grazed sheep meat.

The activities undertaken by adults in the high-rate groups for intertidal occupancy included collecting mussels, wildfowling, angling, dog walking, oyster farming, collecting winkles, bait digging, boat maintenance, tending livestock, boat dwelling (tide out) and sitting on the beach. Gamma dose rate measurements were taken at most locations in the aquatic survey area where activities were occurring. The only activities undertaken by adults in the high-rate group for handling fishing gear were handling nets and pots. The activities undertaken by adults in the high-rate group for handling

8 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

sediment were oyster farming and wildfowling. The activities undertaken by people in and on the water included swimming, snorkelling, sub-aqua diving, windsurfing, kite-surfing, body-boarding, kayaking, jet skiing, sailing, canoeing, boat angling, gill netting, potting, trawling, dredging, charter boat skipper, working on a boat, RNLI duties, rescue boat duties, boat dwelling (tide in), fixing moorings and paddling. The use of seaweed as a fertiliser or animal feed was not identified.

The Barrow site discharges liquid waste via the sewer pipes to the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works where it undergoes a sewage treatment process. Occupancy rates were obtained for employees and a contractor working in close proximity to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake at the treatment works.

The terrestrial survey area

The terrestrial survey area (Figure 2, page 18) was defined as the land and bodies of freshwater within 5 km of the centre of the Barrow site. Fifteen farms and smallholdings were identified that farmed the land in the terrestrial survey area. They produced milk (from dairy cattle), beef cattle, lambs and geese. The farmers and their families consumed foods that were produced commercially on their land and also other foods that they produced solely for their own consumption. Seventeen allotment sites with approximately 740 plots in total were identified where a variety of fruit and vegetables were grown. Some allotment holders kept chickens for eggs on their allotment plots. Beekeeping was reported to take place within the survey area but the beekeepers could not be contacted. Freshwater fish were being consumed from waters in the terrestrial survey area.

Foods from the terrestrial survey area were consumed from the following food groups: green vegetables; other vegetables; root vegetables; potato; domestic fruit; milk; cattle meat; pig meat; sheep meat; poultry; eggs; wild/free foods; rabbits/hares; wild fungi; freshwater fish. Three mean consumption rates for the adult high-rate groups were found to be greater than the generic 97.5th percentile consumption rates. These were for milk, poultry and eggs. The consumption of honey, cereals or venison was not identified.

The consumption of groundwater by humans or livestock was not identified. One household collected rainwater for their domestic supply. Livestock were consuming spring, stream and ditch water.

Control measures taken by the site operator in order to limit the possibility that contamination is transferred off-site by wildlife included ensuring that wildlife were unable to access the controlled areas and clearing debris from gutters and ground level areas to discourage seagulls from nesting.

9

SUMMARY

The direct radiation survey area

The direct radiation survey area (Figure 2, page 18) was defined as the land and sea within 1 km of the Barrow nuclear licensed site boundary. Occupancy rates were obtained for residents, visitors, children attending school, and people working and undertaking recreational activities in the area.

The occupancy rates were analysed in zones according to the distance from the Barrow nuclear licensed site boundary. With the exception of the highest outdoor occupancy rate in the 0 – 0.25 km zone, which was for a worker, the highest indoor, outdoor and total occupancy rates in the 0 – 0.25 km, >0.25 – 0.5 km and >0.5 – 1.0 km zones were for residents, one of whom also attended school in the direct radiation survey area.

Gamma dose rate measurements were taken indoors and outdoors at most properties where interviews were conducted in the direct radiation survey area. Background readings were taken at distances beyond 5 km of the Barrow site centre.

Comparisons with the previous survey

Comparisons were made with the results from a previous habits survey undertaken in the aquatic survey area in 1990. No previous habits surveys for terrestrial or direct radiation pathways have been undertaken by Cefas around Barrow so no comparisons with previous results could be made for these. At the time of the 1990 survey, liquid discharges were made to a sewer that flowed directly into the Walney Channel, but since 2002, when the sewer system was upgraded, liquid discharges have been made to a sewer that flows to the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Plant where the effluent goes through a sewage treatment process before being discharged through a pipeline at Roosecote Sands in the Walney Channel.

In the aquatic survey area in 2012, compared with 1990, there was a decrease in the mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group for fish, from 40 kg y-1 to 27 kg y-1, and increases in the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups for crustaceans, from 8.0 kg y-1 to 12 kg y-1, for molluscs, from 3.5 kg y-1 to 5.9 kg y-1, and for wildfowl, from 7.1 kg y-1 to 17.2 kg y-1. The consumption of marine plants/algae and salt marsh grazed sheep meat was identified in 2012 but not in 1990.

The mean intertidal occupancy rates for the adult high-rate groups increased in 2012 compared to 1990 over the following substrates: salt marsh, from 220 h y-1 to 290 h y-1, sand, from 290 h y-1 to 930 h y-1. The mean intertidal occupancy rate for the high rate group for mud and sand decreased from 910 h y-1 in 1990 to 630 h y-1 in 2012. In 2012 activities were recorded taking place over mud, mud and stones, sand and stones and on board a boat resting on mud and sand, but no activities were recorded over these substrates in 1990. The mean rate for the adult high-rate group for

10 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

handling fishing gear increased from 680 h y-1 in 1990 to 990 h y-1 in 2012 and the mean rate for the adult high-rate group for handling sediment decreased from 1100 h y-1 in 1990 to 310 h y-1 in 2012.

Recommendations

Recommendations for changes to the current environmental monitoring programmes are provided. These are based on the information collected during the survey and also take into account the potential radiological significance of the various pathways that were identified. It is suggested that the location of a gamma dose rate measurement that is currently taken is moved, in order to be close to a houseboat where a high occupancy rate was recorded. It is also suggested that the location of another gamma dose rate measurement and a sediment sample are moved to a position to the south of the discharge point of the effluent from the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works. Consideration is given to taking a one-off sample of sewage cake from the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works, but in view of the low and intermittent liquid discharges from the Barrow site, this is probably not warranted.

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INTRODUCTION

1 INTRODUCTION

The public may be exposed to radiation as a result of the operations of the Barrow nuclear licensed site either through the permitted discharges of liquid or gaseous radioactive wastes into the local environment, or from radiation emanating directly from the site. The discharges from the Barrow nuclear site are minor compared with those from other nuclear sites located on the north-west coast of England. The coast and sea area in the vicinity of Barrow-in-Furness and south-west Cumbria may be affected by discharges of liquid radioactive waste from these sites, most notably Sellafield. This report provides information on activities carried out by members of the public in the vicinity of the Barrow site and along the south-west coast of Cumbria and the adjacent sea area, which may influence their radiation exposure. The study has been funded by the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and the Office for Nuclear Regulation in order to support their respective roles in protecting the public from exposure to radiation.

UK policy on the control of radiation exposure has long been based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which embody the principles of justification of practices, optimisation of protection and dose limitation. Radiological protection of the public is based on the concept of a ‘representative person’. This notional individual is defined as being representative of the more highly exposed members of the population. It follows that, if the dose to the representative person is acceptable when compared to dose limits and optimization, other members of the public will receive acceptable doses, and overall protection to the public is provided from the effects of radiation. The term ‘representative person’ is equivalent to, and replaces, the term ‘average member of the critical group’ as recommended by ICRP (ICRP, 2006). The recommendations of the ICRP were updated in 2007 (ICRP, 2007) and, for the public, still include the principle of protecting the individuals most highly exposed to radiation, characterised by the representative person.

1.1 Regulatory framework

The Environment Agency regulates the discharges of radioactive waste under the Environmental Permitting Regulations (UK Parliament, 2010). The regulations take account of the European Union (EU) Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Directive 96/29/Euratom (CEC, 1996) which embody the recommendations of the ICRP, particularly ICRP 60 (ICRP, 1991). Installation and operation of certain prescribed activities can only occur on sites if they are licensed under the Nuclear Installations Act 1965 (as amended) (NIA 65) (UK Parliament, 1965). Since 1st April 2011, the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR), an agency of the Health and Safety Executive, has implemented this legislation and is also responsible for regulating, under the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR 99) (UK Parliament, 1999), the exposure of the public to direct radiation from the operations occurring on

12 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

these sites. Prior to 1st April 2011 these functions were carried out by the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate of the Health and Safety Executive.

Appropriate discharge limits are set by the Environment Agency after wide-ranging consultations that include the Food Standards Agency. The Food Standards Agency has responsibilities for ensuring that any radioactivity present in food does not compromise food safety and that permitted discharges of radioactivity do not result in unacceptable doses to consumers via the food chain. The Food Standards Agency also ensures that public radiation exposure via the food chain is within EU acceptable limits.

1.2 Radiological protection framework

Dose standards for the public are embodied in the national policy (UK Parliament, 2009a), in guidance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in the Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection (IAEA, 1996) and in European Community legislation in the EU BSS Directive 96/29/Euratom (CEC, 1996). The public dose standards were incorporated into UK law in IRR 99. The requirement to observe the conditions laid down in the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) in England and Wales is incorporated in the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 (UK Parliament, 2010). These require that the environment agencies ensure, wherever applicable, that: • All public radiation exposures from radioactive waste disposals are kept As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), social and economic factors being taken into account; • The sum of all exposures does not exceed the dose limit of 1 mSv a year; • The dose received from any new source does not exceed 0.3 mSv a year; • The dose received from any single site does not exceed 0.5 mSv a year.

The dose limit of 1 mSv per year to the public from all anthropogenic sources other than medical applications is also the recommendation made by the ICRP (ICRP, 2007).

The environment agencies are also required to ensure that the dose estimates are as realistic as possible for the population as a whole and for reference groups of the population. They are required to take all necessary steps to identify the reference groups of the population taking into account the effective pathways of transmission of radioactive substances. Guidance on the principles underlying prospective radiological assessment (i.e. assessments of potential future doses) has been provided by the National Dose Assessment Working Group (NDAWG), which consists of representatives of UK Government Bodies and other organisations with responsibilities for dose assessments (EA, SEPA, DoENI, NRPB and FSA, 2002). NDAWG has also published principles underlying retrospective radiological assessment (i.e. assessment of doses already received from past discharges) (Allott, 2005) and possible methods of carrying out these assessments using the data from combined habits surveys (Camplin et al., 2005). NDAWG agreed that the optimal method for performing retrospective dose assessments would be to use habits profiles (profiling method). This approach is being adopted

13

INTRODUCTION

in Radioactivity in Food and the Environment (RIFE) publications, (e.g. EA, NIEA, FSA and SEPA, 2011), as combined habits surveys are completed. NDAWG has also published reports on the collection and use of habits survey data in retrospective and prospective dose assessments (NDAWG, 2005; NDAWG 2009); the principles described in these reports are consistent with those used here. More recently, the environment agencies, the Health Protection Agency and the Food Standards Agency have jointly produced an update of the 2002 interim guidance and principles for assessing doses (EA, SEPA, NIEA, HPA and FSA, 2012).

14 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

2 THE SURVEY

2.1 Site activity

The Barrow nuclear site is located within the town of Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria. BAE Systems Marine Ltd own and operate the site, where they build, test and commission new nuclear powered submarines. At the time of the habits survey one submarine was nearing completion and was afloat in the Devonshire Dock and other submarines were in various stages of construction within the Devonshire Hall.

The site is permitted, under the Radioactive Substances Regulation of the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010, to discharge gaseous radioactive wastes via stacks and other outlets to the atmosphere and liquid radioactive wastes to the local sewer. The sewer flows to a utility company’s wastewater treatment plant and after undergoing a sewage treatment process the effluent is discharged into the sea in the Walney Channel. The site is licensed for the purposes of operating certain activities prescribed under the Nuclear Installations Act, 1965. The site contains sources of direct radiation. Details of the amounts of gaseous and liquid radioactive waste discharged are published in the RIFE reports, for example, EA, FSA, NIEA and SEPA, 2012.

2.2 Survey objectives

The Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) undertook the Barrow habits survey in 2012 on behalf of the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency, and the Office for Nuclear Regulation. The main aim of the survey was to obtain comprehensive information on the habits of the public that might lead to their exposure to radiation via gaseous discharges, liquid discharges and direct radiation from the Barrow nuclear site. Additionally, habits relevant to exposure via liquid discharges from other nuclear sites located along the north-west coast of England that make discharges into the Irish Sea, most notably Sellafield, were investigated.

Specifically, investigations were conducted into the following: • The consumption of food from the aquatic survey area • Activities and occupancy over intertidal substrates • The handling of fishing gear and sediment • Occupancy in close proximity to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake • Activities and occupancy in and on water • The use of seaweed as a fertiliser or animal feed • The consumption of food from the terrestrial survey area • The use and destination of produce originating from the survey areas

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THE SURVEY

• The consumption and use of groundwater and surface water in the terrestrial survey area • The transfer of contamination off-site by wildlife • Activities and occupancy within the direct radiation survey area • New or unusual exposure pathways

No additional site-specific investigations were requested by the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency or the Office for Nuclear Regulation.

2.3 Survey areas

The geographic extents of potential effects from liquid discharges, from deposition from gaseous releases, and from direct radiation are different. Therefore, different survey areas were defined to cover each of these three main possible sources of exposure. These were an aquatic area relating to liquid discharges, a terrestrial area relating to deposition from potential gaseous discharges, and a direct radiation area relating to ionising radiation emanating directly from the site. The aquatic survey area was extended northwards to include the coast and sea area of south-west Cumbria that may be subject to the far-field effects of Sellafield, but which is not covered in other habits surveys.

The aquatic survey area (Figure 1, page 17) covered the intertidal areas along the coast of Cumbria between Tarn Point in the north and Roosebeck in the south, and the adjacent sea area up to 10 km offshore. The Duddon Estuary, Walney Channel and the shore of Walney Island were included. This area was relevant to the far-field effects from Sellafield and encompassed the area taken to represent the predominant area of mixing of radionuclides in seawater arising from discharges from Barrow.

The terrestrial survey area (Figure 2, page 18) covered all land and bodies of freshwater within 5 km of the Barrow site centre (National Grid Reference: SD 192 689), to encompass the main areas of potential deposition from gaseous discharges.

The direct radiation survey area (Figure 2, p18) was defined as all land and water within 1 km of the Barrow nuclear licensed site boundary. The occupancy data collected from the direct radiation survey area is also applicable to inhalation and external exposure pathways arising from potential gaseous releases from the site.

The last aquatic habits survey conducted by Cefas along this stretch of coast was carried out in 1990 (Thurston et al., 1993). Cefas has not previously conducted terrestrial or direct radiation habits surveys at Barrow.

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Figure 1. The aquatic survey area

Figure 2. The Barrow terrestrial (outer ring) and direct radiation (inner ring) survey areas

Key

Site Centre

Allotment Sites Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

2.4 Conduct of the survey

As part of the pre-survey preparation, the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and the Office for Nuclear Regulation were contacted to identify any additional site-specific requirements. Information relating to the activities of people in the aquatic and terrestrial survey areas was obtained from Internet searches, Ordnance Survey maps and from previous habits surveys undertaken in the aquatic survey area. People with local knowledge of the survey area were contacted for information relevant to the various exposure pathways. These included representatives from councils, who provided information on allotment sites.

A proposed programme for fieldwork was distributed to the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency, and the Office for Nuclear Regulation before the fieldwork commenced, for their comment.

The fieldwork was carried out from the 5th to the 15th June 2012 by a survey team of four people, according to techniques described by Leonard et al. (1982). During the fieldwork a meeting was held between the members of the survey team and representatives from BAE Systems Marine Ltd. This discussion provided details about current site activities, local information, potential exposure pathways and activities in the area, and the potential for transfer of contamination off-site by wildlife.

The following information was obtained during the meeting, or subsequently: • The submarine moored in the Devonshire Dock at the time of the survey was nearing completion but the reactor was not yet operational. Other submarines were in various stages of construction in the hall. • The site only makes liquid discharges for a period of about three months every two and a half to three years. This is when the core plant is running during the commissioning of a new submarine. The liquid effluent is transferred from the submarine to an Effluent Treatment Plant on the dockside and after treatment it is discharged to the water utility company’s sewer which flows to the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works. Up until 2002, when the sewage system was upgraded, treated liquid effluent was discharged to a sewer that flowed directly into the Walney Channel. • The site holds permits to discharge gaseous waste but avoids making gaseous discharges during normal operations. • The main source of direct radiation is the radiography source store, which is located within the licensed area. Radiography is carried out inside the licensed area and also in other parts of the BAE premises that are outside the licensed area. • Wildlife does not have access to the controlled areas. A Seagull Management Programme is in operation throughout the BAE premises: debris is cleared from the gutters annually in order to discourage the birds from nesting and regular sweeps are made of ground level areas. • Information was provided on the possible location of farms, smallholdings and beehives.

19

THE SURVEY

Interviews were conducted with individuals who were identified in the pre-survey preparation and others that were identified during the fieldwork. These included, for example, fishermen, anglers, sailors, people carrying out activities on intertidal areas, farmers, gardeners, and people living, working and undertaking recreational activities close to the site. Interviews were used to establish individuals’ consumption, occupancy and handling rates relevant to the aquatic, terrestrial and direct radiation survey areas. Any other information of possible use to the survey was also obtained. Gamma dose rate measurements were taken over intertidal substrates in the aquatic area, and indoors and outdoors at most properties in the direct radiation survey area where interviews were conducted. Background gamma dose rates were taken at a distance beyond 5 km from the site centre.

For practical and resource reasons, the survey did not involve the whole population in the vicinity of the Barrow site, but targeted subsets or groups, chosen in order to identify those individuals potentially most exposed to radiation pathways. However, it is possible that even within a subset or group there may have been people not interviewed during the survey. Therefore, to aid interpretation, the number of people for whom data were obtained in each group as a percentage of the estimated complete coverage for that group (where it was possible to make such an estimate) has been calculated. The results are summarised in Table 1. The ‘groups’ are described and quantified, and the numbers of people for whom data were obtained are given as percentages of the totals. For certain groups, such as anglers, it can be virtually impossible to calculate the total number of people who undertake the activity in the survey area because it is difficult to quantify visitors from outside the area or occasional visitors during the year. Based on UK Office of National Statistics residential data for electoral wards (www.statistics.gov.uk) there were approximately 59300 people living in the terrestrial survey area, although information was obtained for a significantly smaller number than this. The survey did not include employees or contractors at the nuclear licensed site while they were at work. This is because dose criteria applicable to these people whilst at work and the dose assessment methods are different from those for members of the public. However, data were collected for employees and contractors while outside work if these people were encountered during the survey.

People were initially questioned about their habits relating to the survey area that their first identified activity occurred in and, where possible, they were also asked about their habits relating to the other two survey areas. For example, people in the terrestrial survey were initially questioned because it was known that they grew or produced significant quantities of terrestrial foodstuffs. However, they were also asked about habits that might lead to exposure to liquid discharges or direct radiation. During interviews with representatives from groups of people, such as the crew of a rescue boat, it was not possible to collect data for all pathways (for example consumption of local foods) for each person. In these cases, the data were limited to those relating to the primary reason for the interview, for example, in the case of a rescue boat crew, the time spent on intertidal areas and on water.

20 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

3 METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Data recording and presentation

Data collected during the fieldwork were recorded in logbooks. On return to the laboratory, the data were examined and any notably high rates were double-checked, where possible, by way of a follow-up phone call. In cases where follow-up phone calls were not possible (e.g. interviewees who wished to remain anonymous), the data were accepted at face value. The raw data were entered into a habits survey database where each individual for whom information was obtained was given a unique identifier (the observation number) to assist in maintaining data quality and traceability.

The results of the individuals’ consumption, occupancy and handling rates collected during the survey were grouped and presented in tables with the high-rate group members indicated in bold and with the calculated mean rates for the high-rate group and 97.5th percentile rates. The consumption rates, occupancy rates and handling rates for all groups are presented in Annex 1 for adults and Annex 2 for children and infants, with the high-rate group members indicated in bold.

Where quantifiable data cannot be obtained from interviews but pathways are believed to exist, it is sometimes necessary to provide estimated habits data for use in dose assessments. In this series of habits survey reports, such data is usually presented in Annex 3. It was not necessary to estimate data for the Barrow survey, but Annex 3 is included in this report to maintain consistency of presentation through the series of reports.

3.2 Data conversion

During the interviews, people could not always provide consumption rates in kilograms per year for food or litres per year for milk. In these circumstances, interviewees were asked to provide the information in a different format. For example, some estimated the size and number of items (e.g. eggs) consumed per year, whereas others gave the number of plants in a crop or the length and number of rows in which the crop was grown per year. The database converted these data into consumption rates (kg y-1 for food and l y-1 for milk) using a variety of conversion factors. These factors included produce weights (Hessayon, 1990 and 1997 and Good Housekeeping, 1994), edible fraction data researched by Cefas, and information supplied by the Meat and Livestock Commission.

3.3 Rounding and grouping of data

The consumption and occupancy data in the text of this report are rounded to two significant figures, except for values less than 1.0, which are rounded to one decimal place. This method of presentation reflects the authors’ judgement on the accuracy of the methods used. In the tables and annexes, the

21

METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

consumption rate data are presented to one decimal place. Occasionally, this rounding process causes the computed values (row totals, mean rates and 97.5th percentiles), which are based on un-rounded data, to appear slightly erroneous. Consumption rates less than 0.05 kg y-1 are presented to two decimal places in order to avoid the value of 0.0 kg y-1. External exposure data are quoted as integer numbers of hours per year.

For the purpose of data analysis, foodstuffs were aggregated into food groups as identified in Table 2. Specific food types relevant to this survey are presented in the subsequent tables. The data are structured into groups when it is reasonable to assume that consistent concentrations or dose rates would apply within the group. For example, when considering terrestrial food consumption, all types of root vegetables are grouped together in a food group called ‘root vegetables’. Similarly, for aquatic food consumption, all crustacean species are grouped as ‘crustaceans’. For external exposure over intertidal sediments, occupancies over the same substrate (e.g. sand) are grouped together.

Data were structured into age groups because different dose coefficients (i.e. the factors which convert intakes of radioactivity into dose) can apply to different ages. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised its recommendations for the age groupings to be used in radiological assessments and these recommendations were adopted in the 2010 habits survey reports and thereafter. Consequently, the age ranges used in the habits survey reports prior to 2010 differ from those used currently. The age ranges used in this report and the names used for the age groups, based on the recommendations in ICRP 101 (ICRP, 2007), are listed below, together with those used in reports prior to 2010, for comparison.

Age ranges used from 2010 onwards Age ranges used in reports prior to 2010 Name of age Name of age a Age range in group Age range in group group group • 3-month-old Under 1-year-old • Infant 0 to 5-year-old • 1-year-old 1-year-old • 5-year-old 2-year-old to 6-year-old • 10-year-old 7-year-old to 11-year-old • Child 6-year-old to 15-year-old • 15-year-old 12-year-old to 16-year-old • Adult 16-year-old and over • Adult 17-year-old and over

Notes a In the 2010 reports only, the infant age group was called the 1-year-old age group and the child age group was called the 10-year-old age group.

Since there are fewer age groups for children in the current regime, there should, in general, be more observations in each group, resulting in greater robustness in the data. However, data for children since 2010 will not be directly comparable with data for children prior to 2010, since the age ranges in the age groups will be different.

22 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

For direct radiation pathways, the data were grouped into distance zones from the nuclear site boundary as a coarse indication of the potential dose rate distribution due to this source of exposure. The bands used in this report were: 0 – 0.25 km; >0.25 – 0.5 km; >0.5 – 1.0 km. These distance bands are also useful when assessing exposure to gaseous discharges.

3.4 Approaches for the identification of high rates

The habits data have been analysed to identify high rates of consumption, occupancy and handling, which are suitable for use in radiological assessments. Three approaches have been used:

Firstly, the ‘cut-off’ method described by Hunt et al. (1982) was used. With the ‘cut-off’ method, the appropriate high rate was calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of the values between the maximum observed rate and one third of the maximum observed rate. In this report, the term ‘high-rate group’ is used to represent the individuals derived by the ‘cut-off’ method. The mean of the high-rate group was calculated for each food group, intertidal substrate and handling pathway identified in the survey. In certain cases, using the ‘cut-off’ method resulted in only one person being in the high-rate group. In these cases, expert judgement was used to decide whether the high-rate group should remain as one individual or whether others should be included. If others were included, the second highest rate was divided by three and all observations above this were included in the high-rate group.

Secondly, the 97.5th percentile rate was calculated for each group by using the Microsoft Excel mathematical function for calculating percentiles. The use of percentiles accords with precedents used in risk assessments of the safety of food consumption. It should be noted that the interviewees in this study are often selected and, therefore, the calculated percentiles are not based on random data.

Thirdly, profiles have been produced that give a complete view of the habits of the individual that might lead to exposure to all the discharges and radiation from the site. The profiles are based on values calculated by the ‘cut-off’ method. The profiled data can be used to assess total dose integrated across all pathways of exposure.

Mean and 97.5th percentile consumption rates for adults based on national statistics have been derived by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) (now a part of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Defra) and the Food Standards Agency (Byrom et al., 1995 and FSA, 2002), and these are referred to as generic rates in this report. The generic rates are used as a baseline for comparison with the observed rates.

The mean rates for the high-rate groups for children and infants for consumption, intertidal occupancy and handling pathways, have been calculated. However, in cases where few child or infant

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METHODS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

observations were identified, an alternative approach that may be used for assessments is to estimate the mean rates for the high-rate groups for children and infants by applying scaling ratios to the mean rates for the high-rate groups for adults. Ratios for this purpose for the consumption and intertidal occupancy pathways, based on generic 97.5th percentile rates, are provided in Annex 4. The age ranges within the age groups in Annex 4 do not correspond exactly with the age ranges within the age groups used throughout the rest of this report, but these ratios are the best available data for estimating child rates and infant rates from adult rates. Adult to child and adult to infant ratios are not available for handling pathways.

For use in assessments of foetal dose, consumption and occupancy rates are provided in Annex 5 for women of childbearing age. The age range used in this report for women of childbearing age is 15 – 44 years old, which is based on the classification used by the Office of National Statistics (www.statistics.gov.uk).

For the direct radiation pathway, mean occupancy rates and 97.5th percentile rates have not been calculated. Such an analysis is of limited value without a detailed knowledge of the spatial extent of dose rates due to direct radiation.

3.5 Data quality

To ensure the quality of the data collected during the survey fieldwork and presented in the report, the following procedures have been employed: • Experienced scientific staff were used for the fieldwork and data analysis. They had been trained in the techniques of interviewing and obtaining data for all pathways that were relevant to the survey being conducted. Where individuals offered information during interview that was considered unusual, they were questioned further in order to double-check the validity of their claims. • Where possible, interviewees were contacted again to confirm the results of the initial interview if, when final consumption or occupancy rates were calculated, observations were found to be high in relation to our experience of other surveys. Local factors were taken into account in these cases. • Data were manipulated in a purpose-built database using a consistent set of conversion factors. • Data were stored in a database in order to minimise transcription and other errors. • Draft reports were reviewed by the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and the Office for Nuclear Regulation, and by a senior radiological consultant. • Final reports were only issued when the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and the Office for Nuclear Regulation were entirely satisfied with the format and content of the draft report.

24 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

4 AQUATIC RADIATION PATHWAYS

4.1 Aquatic survey area

The aquatic survey area (Figure 1, page 17) relating to the Barrow site and also the far-field effects of Sellafield, covered the intertidal areas along the coast of Cumbria between Tarn Point in the north and Roosebeck in the south, and the adjacent sea area up to 10 km offshore. The Duddon Estuary, Walney Channel and the shore of Walney Island were included. For the purposes of this survey the entire stretch of water between Walney Island and the mainland is referred to as the Walney Channel.

The northern part of the survey area, between Tarn Point and Haverigg Point, and the west coast of Walney Island have exposed shores of sand and stones. The Duddon Estuary and Walney Channel are more sheltered areas with extensive sand flats and mud flats that are exposed at low tide, and areas of fringing salt marsh. The small section of coast at the south end of the survey area, between the south end of the Walney Channel and Roosebeck, is within Morecambe Bay and this area also has extensive sand flats exposed at low water.

Tarn Point to Haverigg Point

Tarn Point marks the northern limit of the aquatic survey area. The shore at Tarn Point and at Selker Bay (see Figure 3), just to the south, is predominantly large stones, with patches of sand exposed at low tide on the lower shore. The area is not well used by the public since there are no roads giving access nearby and the large stones are difficult to walk over. However, a few walkers and dog walkers made their way along the shore from parking places at Tarn Bay, which was outside the survey area to the north, and one individual was identified who collected fire wood and small quantities of mussels and winkles from Selker Bay.

From Selker Bay, past Gutterby, to Silecroft, approximately 9 km further south, the shore continues to be a mix of sand and stones, becoming increasingly sandy further south. A small river enters the sea to the south of Selker Bay and low cliffs back the shore in the area around Gutterby. This entire stretch of coast can only be accessed by a few private farm tracks or by long walks on cross country footpaths or along the shore, and is little used by the public. The only activity noted at the time of the survey was angling at Gutterby.

At Silecroft there is a band of stones along the upper shore with a mix of sand and stones on the lower shore. A caravan site is located nearby and there is a large public car park close to the shore with a stone ramp down to the beach which can be used for launching small boats from road trailers. The area was popular with walkers, dog walkers, anglers and people playing on the beach. A limited

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AQUATIC RADIATION PATHWAYS

amount of bait digging took place out on the sands and horse riders were observed. Individuals were recorded swimming, body boarding and kayaking off the beach.

Figure 3. Selker Bay

South from Silecroft the shore continues as a band of stones with sand flats below, but towards the mouth of the Duddon Estuary, around Haverigg Point, the stones fade out and the sand flats become more extensive. A broad area of sand dunes backs the shore at Haverigg Point and there is no direct road access along this stretch of coast.

Haverigg Point to Millom Iron Works

Situated to the east of Haverigg Point, the village of Haverigg is a popular coastal resort with large car parks close to the beach and a caravan park and holiday chalets close by. The upper shore is predominantly sand but there are patches of stones around the mouth of a small river that cuts through the village before entering the sea. At low tide, wide sand flats are exposed that extend out into the Duddon Estuary. A few yachts and other pleasure boats, which rest on sediments at low water, are moored in the river or anchored just offshore. A tarmac ramp leads to the beach and this is used for launching a volunteer inshore rescue boat that is based nearby and also small pleasure boats brought by road trailer. The sand beach was popular for walking, dog walking, angling and playing. Horse riders were observed out on the sands and individuals were recorded paddling and kayaking in the water.

To the east of Haverigg there is a large brackish lagoon that is separated from the sea by an earth embankment reinforced with boulders and concrete slabs on its seaward face. Water skiing takes

26 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

place within the lagoon and a track runs along the top of the embankment providing access to the seaward side. Anglers cast into the sea from the concrete slabs and one individual was identified collecting small quantities of mussels from the rocks facing the embankment, for his own family’s consumption.

Eastwards from the embankment, the upper shore at Hodbarrow is sand and stones backed by low rock cliffs, changing to sand backed by low sand dunes further east. The shore at Hodbarrow can be accessed from Haverigg via the track along the embankment and from another track round the landward side of the lagoon, or from the town of Millom by footpaths across the fields. The area was popular with anglers, who fished from the upper shore at high tide or made their way out across the sand flats to fish in the estuary channel at low tide. The beach was also used by dog walkers and people playing and sitting.

From the point at the north-east end of Hodbarrow beach a dilapidated quay, which is used by anglers at high tide, extends north-west towards Millom Iron Works Nature Reserve. The quay gives way to a rubble embankment in front of the nature reserve and a track down the embankment provides access to the shore from a parking area at the end of an approach road. The upper shore in this area is a mix of mud and stones. This was a very popular place for collecting peeler crabs from among the stones, for use as angling bait (see Figure 4). Several individuals also built small shelters out of house bricks or laid sections of plastic pipe and old car tyres to attract the crabs by providing hiding places for them. At low water a shallow channel flows close to the shore but many people wade across it in order to dig for lugworms for angling bait on the extensive sand flats on the other side.

Figure 4. Near Millom Iron Works Nature Reserve.

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AQUATIC RADIATION PATHWAYS

To the west of the approach road, the coast turns northwards, creating a sheltered bay where a few angling boats and other small pleasure craft are moored.

Millom Iron Works to Askam-in-Furness

From Millom northwards to where the River Duddon enters the Duddon Estuary, near Broughton-in- Furness, there are extensive areas of salt marsh along almost all of the shore (see Figure 5). Most of the marshes are only accessible via farm tracks or from a footpath on top of the earth embankment on the landward side of the marshes. Dog walkers that used the marsh near Millom mainly stayed on the embankment path, which was above the high water mark. Several local farmers grazed sheep on the salt marshes for all or part of the year and spent time on the marshes tending their livestock. The marshes were also used for shooting by the members of a wildfowling association. Farmers occasionally went out onto the sand flats in the northern part of the estuary to rescue stray sheep but, although it was possible to walk across the sand flats from one side of the estuary to the other, no other activities were identified taking place on the sand flats in this area.

Figure 5. West side of the Duddon Estuary

From Broughton-in-Furness southwards towards Askam-in-Furness on the east side of the Duddon Estuary the shore is predominantly sand with a few patches of stones and several belts of salt marsh. Wildfowling and sheep grazing took place on the salt marshes but there were few access points to the shore and no other activities were identified taking place on the intertidal zone in this area at the time of the survey.

28 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

At Askam-in-Furness there is a car park close to the shore and multiple access points to the shore from the town. A prominent pier, made from slag from a former iron works, extends out into the sands of the estuary and a few anglers fish from the pier at high water. The shore is mainly sand but to the north of the pier there is a patch of salt marsh and several angling and pleasure boats are kept pulled up on the marsh or moored in the mud gullies running through it. One individual was identified who lived on a houseboat in this area. An inshore rescue boat is kept in a hut above the shore and a few angling boats are kept in compounds close by. Vehicles are used to tow these craft down a track to the beach for launching. At low tide the boats are towed a long way across the sands to reach the deep water channel further south. The beaches at Askam-in-Furness, particularly those on the south side of the pier (see Figure 6), were popular recreational areas used by dog walkers and people playing. A limited amount of bait digging took place on the sands offshore and one person was identified pleasure riding on a quad bike. A guided adventure walk takes place across the sands of the estuary between Askam-in-Furness and Millom, approximately once per year.

Figure 6. South side of the pier at Askam-in-Furness

Askam-in-Furness to Lowsy Point

Approximately 2 km south of Askam-in-Furness there is a car park close to the shore at Roanhead, which provides access to the dunes of the Sandscale Haws National Nature Reserve to the west, as well as the beaches in the area. The shore at Roanhead and around Sandscale Haws is predominantly sand with isolated patches of mixed sand and stones. At low tide the sand flats of Duddon Sands are exposed, extending up to approximately 3 km from the shore. The area was popular with visitors, and individuals were recorded dog walking, angling, playing, kite flying and bait digging.

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To the south of Sandscale Haws, Lowsy Point marks the northern limit of the Walney Channel. There are large areas of stones on the upper shore around the point and the lower shore is sand. Close to the shore there is an isolated community of about twenty former fishermen’s huts which are now used as holiday homes. Many of the residents have small boats, which they launch across the shore using tractors, and are engaged in hobby fishing and boat angling. Bait digging, dog walking and shore angling were identified taking place in the area and a few people collected small quantities of cockles for their own consumption from out on the sands.

The west coast of Walney Island

A band of stones forms the upper shore along the whole length of the west coast of Walney Island and the lower shore is composed of patches of sand, patches of stones and patches of mixed sand and stones. The area is close to the population centres of Vickerstown and Barrow-in-Furness and is popular with visitors. Most activities took place close to the four car parks spread along the coast.

At West Shore Park (see Figure 7), located towards the north end of Walney Island, there is a large car park and a concrete slipway provides access to the shore. There is a holiday park and kite- surfing school close by and the area is popular with kite-surfers, windsurfers, anglers, and families having days out on the beach, playing and swimming.

Figure 7. West Shore Park on the west coast of Walney Island

30 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Further south there are two car parks in the vicinity of Biggar Bank and this area attracted many visitors including walkers, dog walkers, anglers, bait diggers, and people collecting crabs, playing and swimming.

Towards the south end of the island there is a car park at Low Bank and although the shore here was not as busy as further north, it attracted a few visitors. Individuals were recorded dog walking, angling, quad biking and collecting small quantities of winkles for their own consumption. Wildfowling was reported to take place on the shore towards the southern end of the island. Oyster spat were reared commercially in flooded gravel pits at the south end of the island but the operation did not involve intertidal activities.

The Walney Channel (taken as the entire stretch of water between Walney Island and the mainland)

The north end of the Walney Channel dries out almost entirely at low tide, revealing wide sand flats and mud flats. There is a large area of salt marsh on the Walney Island side of the channel and a smaller area of salt marsh in Scarth Bight, on the mainland side. The central section of the Walney Channel, from Walney Meetings southwards to the entrance to Barrow Docks, is narrower and the substrate is a mix of mud, sand and stones. There is a large mussel bed at Walney Meetings and several other mussel beds scattered throughout this section. A channel, which retains water at low tide, extends southwards from just north of the Jubilee Bridge. To the south of the dock entrance there are extensive sand flats and mud flats on both sides of the channel with large areas of salt marsh on the Walney Island side and smaller areas of salt marsh at Roosecote Sands on the mainland side. At the southern end of the Walney Channel there are four islands; Sheep Island, Piel Island, Roa Island and Foulney Island. Roa Island is accessible by road along a causeway from the mainland and Foulney Island can be reached on foot from the mainland by a path along a stone causeway.

A wide variety of activities took place in the Walney Channel. It was a very popular boating area and many yachts, pleasure boats, angling boats and fishing boats were moored in the channel, mainly in the area close to the Jubilee Bridge (see Figure 8). Many of the boats rested on the sediment at low tide and individuals were identified carrying out maintenance on their boats which were resting on mud and sand. A sailing club with 80 members had its own slipway on the east side of the channel just to the north of the Jubilee Bridge and slightly further north there was a compound on the quay where fishermen stored their gear. On the opposite side of the channel there is a public slipway, which is a popular place for launching small boats and jet-skis brought by road trailers. A boat club, with its own boat compound, storage huts and slipway is located on the east side of the channel approximately 1 km to the south of the bridge. The club had 45 adult members and 30 junior members and catered for yacht sailors, boat anglers and hobby fishermen. At Roa Island, at the south end of the Walney Channel, there is a boat club and a lifeboat station with both an inshore and an offshore lifeboat. The boat club had 180 members and catered for yacht sailors, dinghy sailors,

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boat anglers, and windsurfers. Many yachts and other pleasure boats were moored in the waters around Roa Island. A very small passenger ferry from Roa Island took visitors across to Piel Island.

Figure 8. The Walney Channel, near Jubilee Bridge

A limited amount of commercial and hobby fishing took place within the Walney Channel. One individual was identified that set nets from the shore in Scarth Bight. Water sports and boating activities identified taking place in the channel, mainly in the area around Piel Island and Roa Island, included boat angling, sailing, windsurfing, kite-surfing, kayaking, canoeing, jet skiing, swimming, snorkelling and recreational sub-aqua diving. Commercial sub-aqua divers worked in the channel and within the docks.

A few individuals were identified shore angling, bait digging and collecting peeler crabs for use as angling bait, mainly in the area between Walney Meetings and just south of the Jubilee Bridge. Mussels and winkles were collected both by commercial collectors and people gathering for their own consumption. Mussels were mostly collected from the area around Foulney Island but also from the central area of the channel. Winkles were collected from the north-east of the channel, from central areas, from the channel training wall on the south-east side of the channel, from around Piel Island and from around Roa Island. Several people collected cockles for their own consumption from the sand flats to the north-east and south-east of Walney Island. Other individuals hooked out lobsters from among the rocks at low tide, for their own consumption, and one individual collected small quantities of Porphyra commercially from stones in the channel. Several individuals collected small quantities of samphire for their own consumption from the shore between Roa Island and Rampside, Scarth Bight, the west of Barrow Island and south-east Walney Island.

32 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Wildfowling took place in Scarth Bight and off south-east Walney Island and was reported to occur on Roosecote Sands. The shore along the west side of the causeway to Roa Island was a popular area for dog walking and occasional dog walkers were recorded on the sands in the north of the Walney Channel and off the south-east of Walney Island. A family was identified living on a houseboat moored on the east side of the causeway to Roa Island.

The port at Barrow-in-Furness was used mainly by bulk carrying cargo vessels and boats servicing the offshore wind farms. Ships transporting nuclear materials to and from Sellafield also used the port and cruise liners docked there occasionally. The port was protected by lock gates that retained the water level at low tide so the vessels did not rest on sediments. Periodic dredging took place in the port and its approaches in the south end of the Walney Channel in order to maintain the water depth for ships to pass safely.

Rampside to Roosebeck

At Rampside there is a small area of salt marsh but towards Roosebeck the upper shore is sand and stones. At low water, extensive sand flats are exposed, extending out into Morecambe Bay (see Figure 9). A road, with parking along its side, runs close to the shore between Rampside and Roosebeck, and the beaches in this area are popular for walking and dog walking. Bait digging took place on the sand flats at low tide and angling took place from the sea wall at Roosebeck at high tide. The area was used for kite-surfing, windsurfing and canoeing, and wildfowling was reported to take place. There was an oyster farm, where Pacific oysters were cultivated, approximately 4 km offshore from Roosebeck. The oysters were grown on trestles which were accessed using tractors across the sands at low tide.

Figure 9. Between Roosebeck and Rampside

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4.2 Commercial fisheries

Commercial fisheries in the area were limited and only one full time commercial fisherman and a few part time fishermen were identified. It was reported that several fishermen, who had sold up and left the industry when the wind farms were built on many of the traditional fishing grounds offshore, were attempting to start fishing again.

There were no fishing ports in the area. Most fishing boats were kept moored in the Walney Channel and there was a compound used for storing fishing gear at the quay near to the Dock Museum.

Several different commercial fishing activities were identified and most were on a very small scale. These included: gill netting for grey mullet and bass; gill netting for cod; potting for whelks; otter trawling for mixed whitefish; hand gathering mussels, winkles and seaweed; oyster farming.

Gill netting for grey mullet and bass took place mainly in the Walney Channel during the summer months and involved working from the shore as well as from boats. Gill netting for cod and other whitefish was mainly carried out during the winter in the waters to the west of Walney Island and off the mouth of the Duddon Estuary. Potting for whelks was mainly carried out in the south end of the Walney Channel. Most of the trawling for mixed whitefish was carried out to the west and south of Walney Island. Catches of whitefish included cod, whiting, plaice, flounder, lemon sole and a wide variety of other species. It was reported that fishing boats based outside the survey area occasionally fished within the survey area.

Mussels were collected by hand at low tide, mainly from the area around Foulney Island but also from the Walney Channel. Both edible size mussels and seed (i.e. immature) mussels were collected. The mussel fishery attracted collectors from outside the survey area as well as local people, but most individuals only collected mussels for a few days each year. Small quantities of winkles were also collected by hand from around Roa Island and the north-east of the Walney Channel.

During most years there is a good settlement of seed mussel on a bank to the south-east of Foulney Island called South America, but the bank is exposed and the small mussels are in danger of being swept away in winter storms. A large shellfish merchant based in Barrow-in-Furness reported that he planned to dredge seed mussel from South America and relay them in the sheltered area around Walney Meetings in the Walney Channel, after first removing the natural mussel beds found there, which are of poor quality. The mussels would be left to grow overwinter in the channel before being sold on to growers elsewhere. This venture had not commenced at the time of the survey. The same merchant also reported that he hoped to start a fishery for razor shells off the mouth of the Duddon Estuary and that he had already carried out experimental fishing trials.

34 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Pacific oysters spat were reared in flooded gravel pits at the south end of Walney Island and grown on at an oyster farm situated about 4 km offshore from Roosebeck. One individual collected small quantities of seaweed (Porphyra) from the Walney Channel on a commercial basis.

The sands off Roosebeck are part of the potential cockle fishing area of Morecambe Bay. Historically, there has been an important cockle fishery in Morecambe Bay but the cockle beds have been closed by the authorities since 2008 owing to low stocks and the small size of the cockles. It is not known when, or if, the beds will be opened again. When the fishery was last open it attracted gangs from outside the area as well as local people. The method of fishing for cockles is by hand raking at low water.

4.3 Destination of seafood originating from the aquatic survey area

Most of the fish and shellfish were sent to destinations outside the survey area.

Grey mullet, bass and other whitefish were mainly sold through Fleetwood fish market, from where they were distributed nationally. Whelks were mainly sold to a merchant in Fleetwood for export. Mussels and winkles were bought by wholesalers based in Barrow-in-Furness and at Newbiggin, which is just outside the survey area in Morecambe Bay. Edible size mussels were sold on to operations in south-west England and France for depuration and seed mussels were sold on for relaying in Wales and Europe. Winkles were mainly sent to France. Pacific oysters were sold for further growing on, mainly in Scotland, Ireland and France. Seaweed (Porphyra) was sold to a commercial producer of laverbread in Wales. Small quantities of fish, and shellfish were sold directly to the public by the fishermen.

4.4 Hobby fishing, angling and non-commercial shellfish collecting.

In this report, the term ‘hobby fishing’ is used to describe recreational fishing on a small scale with gear such as nets or pots. It is usually carried out by fishermen who do not have commercial fishing licences and therefore it is illegal to offer the catch for sale. Several hobby fishermen operated in the survey area and they mainly used gill nets, lobster pots and trawl nets. One individual was identified who set nets from the shore in Scarth Bight, at the north end of the Walney Channel. At low tide, brown crabs and common lobsters were hooked out from among the stones on the west side of Walney Island and in the Walney Channel, particularly around Piel Island. It was reported that recreational divers sometimes collected lobsters while diving in the Walney Channel. Hobby fishermen mainly caught bass, grey mullet, flounder, plaice, brown crabs and common lobsters. The catches were consumed by the fishermen’s families and friends.

A charter angling boat based in the Walney Channel offered occasional angling trips to the south and west of Walney Island but also fished at offshore wrecks outside the survey area. Many private

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angling boats were moored or launched from slipways in the Walney Channel and a few were kept near Millom Iron Works, at Askam-in-Furness and at Lowsy Point. Shore angling was popular at many locations including Silecroft, Haverigg, Hodbarrow, Askam-in-Furness pier, Roanhead, Lowsy Point, the west coast of Walney Island, near the Jubilee Bridge in the Walney Channel and off the seawall at Roosebeck. The main edible species caught by shore anglers were bass, cod, dab, flounder and plaice. Boat anglers caught the same species as shore anglers and also caught mackerel.

Ten individuals were identified who collected small amounts of molluscs, including cockles, mussels and winkles for their own family’s consumption. The cockles were collected from the sand flats off the north-east and south-east of Walney Island and in the Duddon Estuary near Lowsy Point. The mussels were collected from the Walney Channel, Foulney Island, Hodbarrow and Selker Bay. The winkles were collected from the Walney Channel, the south-west of Walney Island and Selker Bay. One recreational diver was identified who collected whelks while diving at the south end of the Walney Channel and it was reported that other individuals caught or collected whelks from the area around Piel Island.

4.5 Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works

Activities at the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works were investigated because liquid waste from the Barrow site is discharged via the sewer pipes to these works where it undergoes an activated sludge sewage treatment process. (Prior to 2002, when the sewer system was upgraded, liquid discharges were made to a sewer that flowed directly into the Walney Channel without going through a sewage treatment plant).

During the sewage treatment process, solid matter settles out to form sludge. The sludge has further treatment to remove water, which produces sewage cake. The sewage cake is taken away from the plant by contractor’s lorries and spread on farmland as a fertiliser and soil conditioner, mainly in Cumbria. No farms in the terrestrial survey area were identified that had sewage cake applied to the land. The treated water is discharged into the Walney Channel via a pipeline across Roosecote Sands.

Employees and contractors at the wastewater treatment works spent time in close proximity (<10 metres) to the sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake while carrying out their duties. The works were compact so the employees were within 10 metres of the sewage or its products for almost all of the time they were at the works. Occupancy rates for these employees and a contractor are presented in Section 4.12.

36 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

It was reported that the only activities likely to take place in the sewers between the Barrow site and the wastewater treatment works were repairs in the case of a collapse or cleaning in the case of a blockage. Both of these were considered to be rare events.

4.6 Wildfowling

Three wildfowling clubs were identified that shot within the survey area. One club had approximately 30 members, another club had approximately 50 members and the third club had approximately 55 members. The wildfowling season extended from 1st September to 20th February but the clubs imposed more restrictive dates in some areas. Wildfowling took place on salt marshes and intertidal areas on the west and east banks of the Duddon Estuary, at the north end of the Walney Channel, on Roosecote Sands on the south-east side of the Walney Channel, on the south-west side of the Walney Channel and, to a lesser extent, on the south-west side of Walney Island and off Roosebeck in Morecambe Bay. A wide variety of wildfowl were being shot including Canada goose, greylag goose, mallard, pink-footed goose, pintail, shoveler, teal and wigeon. The shot wildfowl were consumed by the wildfowlers and their families and friends.

4.7 Other pathways

The Port of Barrow-in-Furness and the approaches to the port through the south end of the Walney Channel are regularly dredged in order to maintain the water depth for ships to navigate. Dredging is usually carried out two times per year over a period of five or six weeks each time, by a vessel using a suction dredge. The dredged sediment is dumped at a spoil ground near Lightning Knoll, approximately 7 km south of Walney Island. The dredger carries approximately 13 crew but the dredging process is highly automated and they have little physical contact with the sediment.

Sheep were identified grazing on salt marsh at seven farms in the aquatic survey area, two of which were also in the terrestrial survey area. The salt marshes where grazing took place were located on the west side of the Duddon Estuary and the south-west of Walney Island. It was reported that sheep were also grazed on salt marshes on the east side of the Duddon Estuary. Some sheep grazed on salt marsh all year, while others spent only part of the year on the marsh.

Seven people were identified collecting small quantities of samphire for their own consumption and for consumption by their families and friends. The samphire was collected from Scarth Bight, near the Boat Club on the west side of Barrow Island, on south-east Walney Island and between Roa Island and Rampside.

Two houseboats were identified. One was moored on the north side of the pier at Askam-in-Furness and the other was moored on the east side of the causeway to Roa Island. Both the vessels were kept on the higher shore and they rested on mud and sand for most of the time. The boat at Askam-

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in-Furness was occupied by one adult and the boat at Roa Island was occupied by two adults and a child.

The use of seaweed as a fertiliser or animal fed was not identified.

4.8 Food consumption data

Consumption data for aquatic foods are presented in Tables 3 to 8 for adults and in Tables 9 to 11 for children and infants. The tables include the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates calculated as described in Section 3.4.

Adults’ consumption rates

The people consuming the greatest quantities of food from the aquatic survey area were commercial and hobby fishermen, anglers, wildfowlers, people who collected shellfish or marine plants, and the families and friends of these groups of people.

Table A presents a summary of the adults’ consumption rates for the following food groups: fish; crustaceans; molluscs; wildfowl; marine plants/algae; salt marsh grazed sheep meat. The table includes the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates. For comparison, the table also includes mean consumption rates and 97.5th percentile consumption rates for fish, crustaceans and molluscs based on national data, which are referred to as ‘generic’ data in this report. No generic rates have been determined for wildfowl, marine plants/algae or salt marsh grazed sheep meat.

Table A. Summary of adults’ consumption rates of foods from the aquatic survey area

th

) ) th -1 -1

) ) ) ) -1 -1 -1 -1 Foodgroup Number ofobservations Numberof high-rate Observed maximumfor thehigh-rate group(kg y consumers Observed97.5 Genericmean (kgy Generic97.5 percentile (kgy Observed minimumfor thehigh-rate group(kg y Observedmean forthe high- grouprate (kgy percentile (kgy

Fish 86 8 47.2 19.8 27.1 27.5 15.0 40.0

Crustaceans 8 2 17.7 6.1 11.9 15.7 3.5 10.0

Molluscs 23 4 6.8 4.8 5.9 6.5 3.5 10.0 Not Not Wildfowl 16 9 28.6 10.0 17.2 27.4 determined determined Marine Not Not plants/algae 7 4 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 determined determined Salt marsh grazed Not Not sheep meat 6 6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 determined determined

38 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

The predominant species of fish consumed by adults were bass, cod, flounder, mackerel and plaice, with smaller quantities of dab, conger eel, eel, grey mullet, lemon sole, thornback ray and whiting. Most of the fish were caught in the waters around Walney Island and offshore to the west of Walney Island, but smaller quantities were caught in the areas around Silecroft, Haverigg, Millom and Roosebeck. Of the fish consumed by the eight people in the high-rate group, the percentage breakdown of species, rounded to the nearest 5%, was 30% mackerel, 20% bass, 20% cod, 15% flounder, 10% plaice and 5% of a mix of dab, conger eel, eel and thornback ray.

The species of crustaceans consumed by adults were brown crab and common lobster. Both these species were caught mainly in the Walney Channel and to the west of Walney Island. Of the crustaceans consumed by the two people in the high-rate group, the percentage breakdown of species, rounded to the nearest 5%, was 55% brown crab and 45% common lobster.

The predominant species of molluscs consumed by adults were cockles, mussels, whelks and winkles. The cockles were collected from the sand flats off the north-east and south-east of Walney Island and in the Duddon Estuary near Lowsy Point. The mussels were collected from the Walney Channel, Foulney Island, Hodbarrow and Selker Bay. The whelks were caught or collected from the south end of the Walney Channel and the winkles were collected from the Walney Channel, the south-west of Walney Island and Selker Bay. Of the molluscs consumed by the four people in the high-rate group, the percentage breakdown of species, rounded to the nearest 5%, was 40% cockles, 30% whelks, 20% winkles and 10% mussels.

The predominant species of wildfowl consumed by adults were greylag goose, mallard, pink-footed goose and pintail, with smaller quantities of Canada goose, shoveler, teal and wigeon. These were shot on salt marshes and intertidal areas on the west side of the Duddon Estuary, Scarth Bight and the south-east and south-west of Walney Island. Of the wildfowl consumed by the nine people in the high-rate group, the percentage breakdown of species, rounded to the nearest 5%, was 25% pink- footed goose, 25% greylag goose, 20% mallard, 10% pintail and 20% of a mix of Canada goose, shoveler, teal and wigeon.

The only species of marine plants/algae consumed by adults in this area was samphire, which was collected from the shore between Roa Island and Rampside, Scarth Bight, the west of Barrow Island and south-east Walney Island.

Adults’ consumption of lamb meat from animals that had grazed on the salt marshes on the west side of the Duddon Estuary was identified.

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Children’s and infants’ consumption rates

Table B presents a summary of children’s and infants’ consumption rates of fish, molluscs and wildfowl from the aquatic survey area. The table includes the mean consumption rates for the high- rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates. For the child age group, no consumption of crustaceans, marine plants/algae or salt marsh grazed sheep was identified. For the infant age group, no consumption of crustaceans, molluscs, marine plants/algae or salt marsh grazed sheep meat was identified. No generic rates have been determined for the child or infant age groups.

Table B. Summary of children’s and infants’ consumption rates of foods from the aquatic survey area

th ) ) -1 -1 ) ) -1 -1 Foodgroup Number ofobservations Numberof high-rate consumers Observed maximumfor thehigh-rate group(kg y Observed97.5 Observed minimumfor thehigh-rate group(kg y Observedmean forthe high- grouprate (kgy percentile (kgy Child age group (6 – 15 years old) Fish 8 5 11.5 4.1 7.4 11.4

Molluscs 4 2 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 Not Wildfowl 1 1 12.9 12.9 12.9 applicable Infant age group (0 – 5 years old) Not Fish 1 1 6.5 6.5 6.5 applicable Not Wildfowl 1 1 1.4 1.4 1.4 applicable

The predominant species of fish consumed by the individuals in the child age group were bass, flounder and plaice, with smaller quantities of cod and dab. The species of fish consumed by the individual in the infant age group were bass, cod, dab, flounder and plaice.

The species of mollusc consumed by the individuals in the child age group were cockles and mussels.

The species of wildfowl consumed by the individual in the child age group were Canada goose, greylag goose, mallard, pintail, teal and wigeon. The species of wildfowl consumed by the individual in the infant age group were, Canada goose, greylag goose, pintail, teal and wigeon.

4.9 Intertidal occupancy

Intertidal occupancy rates for adults are presented in Table 12 and intertidal occupancy rates for children and infants are presented in Table 13. It should be noted that there are often more than one

40 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

substrate at one named location and that substrates at a given location are liable to change over time. Activities were assigned to the predominant substrate over which they were taking place.

Adults’ intertidal occupancy rates

Table C presents a summary of the adults’ intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area. The table includes the mean occupancy rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates.

Table C. Summary of adults’ intertidal occupancy rates Intertidal substrate Number of Number of Maximum of Mean of the 97.5th observations people in the the high-rate high-rate percentile high-rate group group (h y-1) group (h y-1) (h y-1) Mud 11 7 220 138 217 Mud and sand 9 1 625 625 536 Mud and stones 12 3 420 400 420 Salt marsh 23 16 293 287 293 Sand 94 7 1460 926 1076 Sand and stones 47 17 616 368 614 Boat on mud and sand 5 3 7615 5517 7364

The activities undertaken by people in the adult high-rate groups for occupancy over the following intertidal substrates included: • For mud: collecting mussels off Foulney Island; wildfowling in the south-east of Walney Island; angling and boat maintenance in the Walney Channel. • For mud and sand: dog walking in the north-east of the Walney Channel; wildfowling at Scarth Bight; collecting winkles in the south of the Walney Channel. • For mud and stones: boat maintenance in the Walney Channel. • For salt marsh: tending livestock and wildfowling on marshes in the west Duddon Estuary. • For sand: oyster farming offshore of Roosebeck; bait digging near Millom Iron Works; angling at Hodbarrow and Haverigg; dog walking at Hodbarrow and the south-west of Walney Island (Low Bank); sitting on the beach at Hodbarrow. • For sand and stones: angling at Silecroft, Roanhead, west Walney Island (Biggar Bank), west Walney Island (West Shore Park) and south-west Walney Island; dog walking at Silecroft and west Walney Island (Biggar Bank); boat maintenance on the west side of Barrow Island in the Walney Channel • For boat on mud and sand: boat dwelling (tide out) near Roa Island and at Askam-in-Furness.

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Children’s and infants’ intertidal occupancy rates

Table D presents a summary of the children’s and infants’ intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area. The table includes the mean occupancy rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates.

Table D. Summary of children’s and infants’ intertidal occupancy rates Intertidal substrate Number of Number of Maximum of Mean of the 97.5th observations people in the high-rate high-rate percentile the group group (h y-1) high-rate (h y-1) (h y-1) group Child age group (6 – 15 years old) Sand 20 2 742 710 711 Sand and stones 4 1 200 200 189 Boat on mud and 1 1 3830 3830 Not applicable sand Infant age group (0 – 5 years old) Sand 3 1 149 149 143 Sand and stones 3 3 52 52 52

The activities undertaken by individuals in the child age group high-rate groups for occupancy over the following intertidal substrates included: • For sand: dog walking and angling at Hodbarrow; bait digging near Millom Iron Works • For sand and stones: dog walking at Tarn Point and Selker Bay • For boat on mud and sand: boat dwelling (tide out) near Roa Island

For individuals in the infant age group high-rate groups, one child was identified playing on sand at west Walney Island (West Shore Park) and three other individuals were identified playing on sand and stones at west Walney Island (Biggar Bank).

4.10 Gamma dose rate measurements

Gamma dose rate measurements were taken over seven intertidal substrates. All measurements were taken at a height of 1 metre above the substrate. The results are presented in Table 14 and are summarised below. • Three measurements taken over mud ranged from 0.077 µGy h-1 to 0.081 µGy h-1 • One measurement taken over mud and sand was 0.079 µGy h-1 • Five measurements taken over salt marsh ranged from 0.064 µGy h-1 to 0.126 µGy h-1 • Thirteen measurements taken over sand ranged from 0.058 µGy h-1 to 0.101 µGy h-1 • Two measurements taken over stones ranged from 0.100 µGy h-1 to 0.108 µGy h-1 • One measurement taken over mud and stones was 0.073 µGy h-1 • One measurement taken over sand and stones was 0.087 µGy h-1

42 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

For comparison, natural background levels have been estimated at 0.05 µGy h-1 over sand, 0.07 µGy h-1 over mud and over salt marsh, and 0.06 µGy h-1 over other substrates (EA, FSA, NIEA and SEPA, 2012).

4.11 Handling of fishing gear and sediment

Handling fishing gear that has become entrained with fine sediment particles, or handling sediment while undertaking activities such as bait digging or mollusc collecting, can potentially give rise to skin exposure from beta radiation. Doses to the skin need consideration as part of the dose limitation system (ICRP, 1991).

Fishing gear can also be a source of gamma exposure due to occupancy in the vicinity of the gear. However, this pathway is minor compared with the exposure received during occupancy over intertidal areas and it has therefore been omitted from the report. Handling of angling equipment was not considered to be a significant pathway. Therefore, as in previous surveys, data for this pathway were not collected.

Handling rates of fishing gear and sediment for adults are presented in Table 15 and handling rates of sediment for children are presented in Table 16. No children were identified handling fishing gear and no infants were identified handling fishing gear or sediment.

Adults’ handling rates of fishing gear and sediment

Table E presents a summary of the handling rates of fishing gear and sediment for adults. The table includes the mean handling rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates.

Table E. Summary of adults’ handling rates of fishing gear and sediment Handling Number of Number of Maximum of Mean of the 97.5th activity observations people in the the high-rate high-rate percentile high-rate group group (h y-1) group (h y-1) (h y-1) Handling 10 3 1485 990 1318 fishing gear Handling 72 19 546 311 350 sediment

The activities undertaken by people in the adult high-rate groups for handling included: • For handling fishing gear: handling nets in the Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and in the Duddon Estuary; handling pots in the Walney Channel. • For handling sediment: oyster farming offshore of Roosebeck; wildfowling at the west Duddon Estuary marshes and south-east and south-west Walney Island.

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Children’s handling rates of sediment

Table F presents a summary of the handling rates of fishing gear and sediment for children. The table includes the mean handling rates for the high-rate group and the observed 97.5th percentile rate.

Table F. Summary of children’s handling rates of sediment Handling Number of Number of Maximum of Mean of the 97.5th activity observations people in the the high-rate high-rate percentile high-rate group group (h y-1) group (h y-1) (h y-1) Handling 4 1 52 52 49 sediment

The individual in the children’s high-rate group for handling sediment was bait digging near Millom Iron Works.

4.12 Exposure to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake

Activities at the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works were investigated because liquid waste from the Barrow site is discharged via the sewer pipes to this works where it undergoes an activated sludge sewage treatment process. Table 17 shows the occupancy rates in close proximity (<10 m) to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake for the employees at the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works.

Five employees had occupancy rates of 1500 h y-1 in close proximity (<10 m) to sewage and 500 h y-1 in close proximity (<10 m) to sewage sludge and sewage cake. Three of the employees were operational staff, whose duties included debris removal, cleaning filters and tanks, monitoring gauges and operating machinery. They spent approximately 10% of their time cleaning tanks by swilling them out with hoses. Two of the employees were maintenance staff whose main duty was to maintain the pumps and equipment. A contractor, who worked full time at the site operating machinery, had an occupancy rate of 1800 h y-1 in close proximity (<10 m) to sewage sludge and sewage cake.

A variety of other people visited the site for relatively small periods of time, including tanker drivers delivering industrial waste for treatment and lorry drivers collecting sewage cake.

4.13 Water based activities

Activities taking place in or on the water can lead to ingestion of water and/or inhalation of spray. These pathways are generally considered to be minor in comparison with other exposure pathways such as the ingestion of foods produced in the vicinity of a nuclear site. However, relevant data have been collected for consideration in dose assessments. Mean occupancy rates for the high-rate groups and 97.5th percentile rates have not been calculated.

44 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Activities where there is a high likelihood of the individual’s face submerging under water have been classified as activities ‘in water’, as they are more likely to lead to ingestion of water. All other activities have been classified as activities ‘on water’.

Occupancy rates for activities taking place ‘in water’ and ‘on water’ in the survey area for adults are presented in Table 18. Occupancy rates for activities taking place ‘in water’ and ‘on water’ for children and ‘in water’ for infants are presented in Table 19. No infants were identified spending time ‘on water’. Data for members of clubs and organisations were gained through interviews with their representatives.

Activities in the water

The activities identified taking place in the water in the aquatic survey area were swimming, snorkelling, sub-aqua diving, windsurfing, kite-surfing, body-boarding, kayaking and jet skiing. Thirty- six observations were recorded for adults, nine observations for the child age group and one observation for the infant age group. The highest occupancy rate for adults was 140 h y-1 for two individuals who were jet skiing and sub-aqua diving in the Walney Channel and at Piel Island. The highest occupancy rate for children was 200 h y-1 for an individual kayaking from Tarn Point to Silecroft. The individual in the infant age group was swimming at west Walney Island (West Shore Park) for 21 h y-1.

Activities on the water

The activities taking place on the water in the aquatic survey area were sailing, canoeing, boat angling, gill netting, potting, trawling, dredging, charter boat skipper, working on a boat, RNLI duties, rescue boat duties, boat dwelling (tide in), fixing moorings and paddling. One hundred and fifteen observations were recorded for adults and six observations were recorded for individuals in the child age group. The highest occupancy rate for adults was 3100 h y-1 for an individual who was working on a boat off Walney Island and performing rescue boat duties in the Duddon Estuary. The highest occupancy rate for individuals in the child age group was 1000 h y-1 for a child who was boat dwelling (tide in) near Roa Island.

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TERRESTRIAL RADIATION PATHWAYS

5 TERRESTRIAL RADIATION PATHWAYS

5.1 Terrestrial survey area

The terrestrial survey area (Figure 2, page 18) covered all land and bodies of freshwater within 5 km of the Barrow site centre (National Grid Reference: SD 192 689). Most of Walney Island, which lies to the west of the site on the other side of the Walney Channel, fell within the terrestrial survey area.

Much of the land in the terrestrial survey area is taken up by urban developments. The site is situated in the dock area on the southern edge of the town of Barrow-in-Furness and built up areas extend away from the site to the north and east. The small area of land to the south of the site, known as Barrow Island, is also mainly a built-up area. To the west, on the other side of the Walney Channel, the central part of Walney Island is mainly occupied by the urban area of Vickerstown and the villages of North Scale, North Walney and Tummer Hill. Most of the northern part of Walney Island is taken up by an airfield and a large nature reserve. The main area of agricultural land within the survey area lies beyond the town of Barrow-in-Furness, towards the outside of the 5 km area, to the north and east. The southern part of Walney Island is also predominantly agricultural land and there are a few fields in the central and northern parts of the island. There is a freshwater reservoir near Ormsgill on the west side of Barrow-in-Furness and a stream called Mill Beck runs north to south through the eastern outskirts of Barrow-in-Furness and feeds a pond situated to the east of the dock area.

Fifteen farms and smallholdings were identified that farmed land in the Barrow terrestrial survey area. Of these farms: • One produced milk (from dairy cattle) and beef cattle • One produced milk (from dairy cattle), beef cattle and lambs • Two produced milk (from dairy cattle) and lambs • One produced milk (from dairy cattle) • Five produced beef cattle and lambs • Three produced beef cattle • One produced lambs • One produced lambs and geese

Additionally, several individuals owned one or two fields on Walney Island which were farmed on a small scale and mainly used for growing hay or grazing livestock.

Hay was grown for animal feed but no arable crops were produced for human consumption.

46 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Farmers, smallholders and their families were consuming milk, beef, lamb and geese produced on their own farms and smallholdings. Four farmers/smallholders kept chickens for eggs for their own families’ consumption. One smallholder kept turkeys and pigs for their own family’s consumption and several farmers grew fruit and vegetables for their own families’ consumption.

Seventeen allotment sites with a total of approximately 740 individual plots were identified within the survey area. The location of the allotment sites are shown in Figure 2, page 18. The allotment holders grew a wide variety of fruit and vegetables and some people kept chickens for eggs on the allotment sites.

Beekeeping was reported to take place in the survey area but the apiarists could not be contacted.

Blackberries, damsons, sloes and mushrooms were growing wild in the survey area and these were collected and consumed.

Many of the farmers and smallholders allowed a small number of people to go rough shooting on their land within the survey area. A wildfowling club held the shooting rights across the land owned by several of the farms. The shooters and their families consumed the shot pheasant and rabbit.

Brown trout were consumed by two individuals from a freshwater pond in the terrestrial survey area which was potentially affected by gaseous discharges.

The consumption of groundwater by humans or livestock was not identified. One remote household collected rainwater from the roof as their sole domestic supply. Most livestock were supplied with mains water for drinking and at several farms livestock also had access to spring, stream or ditch water.

5.2 Destination of food originating from the terrestrial survey area

Beef cattle and lambs were sold through livestock auction markets in Lancashire, Kent and Cumbria. Beef cattle and lambs were also sent to abattoirs or sold to a processing factory outside the survey area. Milk was sold to a local co-operative, national distributors and supermarket chains. Geese were sold through a livestock auction in Lancashire at Christmas time. Chicken eggs were sold from the gate at one farm.

5.3 The potential transfer of contamination off-site by wildlife

Measures are taken in order to limit the possibility that contamination is transferred offsite by wildlife. Wildlife cannot gain access to the controlled areas and a Seagull Management Programme is in

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operation throughout the BAE dockyard, where debris is cleared from the gutters annually in order to discourage the birds from nesting and regular sweeps are made of ground level areas.

5.4 Food consumption data

Consumption data for locally produced foodstuffs potentially affected by deposition of gaseous discharges are presented in Tables 20 to 34 for adults and Tables 35 to 48 for children and infants.

In order to provide information relevant to monitoring and assessments studies, the consumption rate data collected during the survey were analysed to indicate the percentage that each food type contributed to each food group. The data are summarised in Table 49.

Adults’ consumption rates

Consumption of locally produced foods was identified in the following 15 food groups: green vegetables; other vegetables; root vegetables; potato; domestic fruit; milk; cattle meat; pig meat; sheep meat; poultry; eggs; wild/free foods; rabbits/hares; wild fungi; freshwater fish. No consumption of honey, cereals or venison was identified.

Table G presents a summary of the adults’ consumption rates for the foods consumed from the terrestrial survey area. The table includes the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates calculated as described in Section 3.4. For comparison, the table also includes mean consumption rates and 97.5th percentile consumption rates based on national data, which are referred to as ‘generic’ data in this report. No generic rates have been determined for freshwater fish.

48 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Table G. Summary of adults’ consumption rates of foods from the terrestrial survey area

th

) ) ) ) ) ) th -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 orl y orl y orl y orl y orl y orl y -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Foodgroup Number ofobservations Numberof high- consumersrate Observed maximumfor the high-rategroup (kgy percentile (kgy Observed minimumfor the high-rategroup (kgy Observedmean forthe high-rate group (kgy Observed97.5 Genericmean (kgy Generic97.5 percentile (kgy Green 76 28 30.1 10.5 16.4 29.4 15.0 45.0 vegetables Other 78 25 42.8 14.4 24.4 29.8 20.0 50.0 vegetables Root vegetables 87 41 37.3 12.5 25.0 35.3 10.0 40.0 Potato 72 25 54.5 18.2 26.5 40.3 50.0 120.0 Domestic fruit 65 6 57.0 19.5 28.8 26.7 20.0 75.0 Milk 11 11 414.9 155.6 284.4 414.9 95.0 240.0 Cattle meat 25 20 65.0 23.7 33.2 54.4 15.0 45.0 Pig meat 5 4 8.5 3.4 5.3 8.1 15.0 40.0 Sheep meat 20 15 11.3 4.5 7.6 11.3 8.0 25.0 Poultry 13 1 48.0 48.0 48.0 34.3 10.0 30.0 Eggs 46 9 59.3 20.1 34.3 41.6 8.5 25.0 Wild/free foods 17 6 3.5 1.8 3.2 3.5 7.0 25.0 Rabbits/hares 2 1 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.8 6.0 15.0 Wild fungi 18 2 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.0 10.0 Not Not Freshwater fish 2 2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 determined determined

Three mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups were found to be greater than the generic 97.5th percentile consumption rates. These were for milk, poultry and eggs. Ten mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups exceeded the generic mean consumption rates. These were for green vegetables, other vegetables, root vegetables, domestic fruit, milk, cattle meat, poultry, eggs, rabbits/hares and wild fungi. Four observed 97.5th percentile consumption rates exceeded the generic 97.5th percentile consumption rates. These were for milk, cattle meat, poultry and eggs.

Children’s and infants’ consumption rates

Fifteen individuals in the child age group and five individuals in the infant age group were identified consuming foods from the terrestrial survey area. Table H presents a summary of children’s and infants’ consumption rates. The table includes the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5th percentile rates. No generic data have been determined for the child or infant age groups. In the child age group, no consumption of foods from the following food groups was identified: honey; wild fungi; venison; cereals; freshwater fish. In the infant age group, no consumption of foods from the following food groups was identified: honey; pig meat; poultry; wild/free foods; rabbits/hares; venison; cereals; freshwater fish.

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TERRESTRIAL RADIATION PATHWAYS

Table H. Summary of children’s and infants’ consumption rates of foods from the terrestrial survey area

th ) ) ) ) -1 -1 -1 -1 orl y orl y orl y orl y -1 -1 -1 -1 Foodgroup Number ofobservations Numberof high- consumersrate Observed maximumfor the high-rategroup (kgy Observed minimumfor the high-rategroup (kgy Observedmean forthe high-rate group (kgy Observed97.5 percentile (kgy

Child age group (6 - 15 years old) Green vegetables 11 4 11.5 4.8 7.1 10.1 Other vegetables 11 7 8.0 2.8 5.9 8.0 Root vegetables 11 6 12.2 4.4 7.2 11.4 Potato 12 6 16.3 7.6 10.3 15.2 Domestic fruit 9 4 3.2 1.1 2.0 2.9 Milk 2 2 155.6 155.6 155.6 155.6 Not Cattle meat 1 1 16.3 16.3 16.3 applicable Not Pig meat 1 1 2.1 2.1 2.1 applicable Not Sheep meat 1 1 2.8 2.8 2.8 applicable Poultry 2 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 Eggs 7 3 41.6 29.6 37.6 41.6 Wild/free foods 2 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Not Rabbits/hares 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 applicable Infant age group (0 - 5 years old) Green vegetables 2 1 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 Other vegetables 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Root vegetables 3 2 5.9 2.1 4.0 5.7 Potato 3 1 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.1 Not Domestic fruit 1 1 0.4 0.4 0.4 applicable Not Milk 1 1 86.5 86.5 86.5 applicable Cattle meat 2 2 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Sheep meat 3 3 2.4 1.1 1.5 2.3 Eggs 3 2 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 Not Wild fungi 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 applicable

50 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

6 DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS

6.1 Direct radiation survey area

The direct radiation survey area (Figure 2, page 18) covered all land and water within 1 km of the Barrow nuclear licensed site boundary. The occupancy data collected from the direct radiation area is also applicable to the direct exposure arising from potential gaseous releases from the site.

Only part of the BAE works at Barrow is a nuclear licensed site. The licensed area is situated on the northern side of the BAE premises and includes part of the Devonshire Dock. The non-licensed area of the BAE works also contains sources of direct radiation.

The BAE licensed site is situated in a heavily built-up area that includes the town centre of Barrow-in- Furness. The direct radiation survey area was a very busy area and a wide range of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational activities took place within it. The narrow waters of the Walney Channel cut north to south through the western side of the direct radiation survey area, separating Walney Island from the mainland. To the south-east of the site, Devonshire Dock and the Buccleuch Dock together form a channel of water extending to the border of the direct radiation survey area. The land to the south of the licensed site, which is almost entirely surrounded by the waters of the Walney Channel and various docks, is known as Barrow Island.

Just to the north of the site there were are three modern retail parks that together contain over 20 large retail outlets, several fast food restaurants, a cinema complex, a sports centre and large car parking areas. Between the retail parks and the eastern shore of the Walney Channel there is a small industrial estate and further north there is a college of further education, two business parks which together hold approximately 60 offices and industrial units, and several other business premises.

The area to the north-east of the site, beyond the retail parks, contains the town centre shopping district and densely populated residential neighbourhoods. There are also many public buildings, offices, several schools and a sports stadium in this area. To the east of the site there is a large supermarket on the north side of Buccleuch Dock and a road bridge crosses the docks, providing access to Barrow Island from the town centre.

To the south of the licensed site most of the land in the northern part of Barrow Island is occupied by non-licensed areas of the BAE works, which also extend along the quays on the southern side of the eastern end of Devonshire Dock and the southern side of the Buccleuch Dock. The non-licensed area of the works is dissected by public roads that provide access to the south of Barrow Island. Immediately to the south-west of the licensed site there is a small triangular area with several residential streets and to the south of the non-licensed area, in the centre of Barrow Island, there is a

51

DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS

larger residential district with a nursery school and a primary school. Further south, near the outskirts of the direct radiation survey area, there are a few small industrial units, allotment sites, an area of vacant land and a boat club premises that is situated next to the Walney Channel. The depots and commercial docks at the south end of Barrow Island were outside the direct radiation survey area.

Between the western boundary of the licensed site and the Walney Channel there is a narrow strip of land which is occupied by the Dock Museum, a small quay where fishing boats are moored, allotment plots, a sailing club and public gardens. A main road passes the western edge of the licensed site and leads to the Jubilee Bridge nearby, which crosses the Walney Channel and provides the only road access to Walney Island. Many yachts and boats are kept moored in the Walney Channel within the direct radiation survey area.

The western side of the direct radiation survey area extends into Vickerstown on Walney Island, which is largely a residential area and includes several schools, two allotment sites and playing fields.

Proposals have been put forward to redevelop the unoccupied land at the south end of the direct radiation survey area on Barrow Island into a business park and construct a new marina on the north side of Buccleuch Dock. At the time of writing, these proposals have been shelved and it is not known if they, or any alternative schemes, will proceed.

Owing to the busy nature of the direct radiation survey area it was not possible to conduct interviews with people undertaking all the different activities that take place within it. Therefore effort was directed at conducting interviews with residents, since they were likely to have higher occupancy times than people undertaking other activities.

6.2 Residential activities

There were a high number of residential properties covering large parts of the survey area. The closest residences to the licensed site were in the triangular housing area immediately adjacent to the south-west of the site.

Interviews were conducted at 25 residential properties, four of which were occupied by families with children. Thirteen properties were within the 0 – 0.25 km zone, seven properties were within the >0.25 – 0.5 km zone and five properties were within the >0.5 – 1.0 km zone.

6.3 Leisure activities

A very wide range of leisure activities took place within the survey area, including, for example, visiting museums, cinemas, sports centres, public houses and nightclubs; watching sports at the 7600 person capacity sports stadium; playing sports on a number of playing fields; leisure shopping and

52 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

tending to allotments. There were coastal walks along most of the west bank of the Walney Channel and parts of the east bank. Many pleasure craft were moored in the Walney Channel and people spent time maintaining their boats and pursuing water-sports activities.

6.4 Commercial activities

Many businesses were located within the direct radiation survey area including shops, offices, leisure facilities and industrial units. A few fishermen spent time working aboard boats kept in the small harbour near the Dock Museum.

The activities of the BAE site employees and contractors while at work were not considered in the direct radiation survey, as radiation workers are subject to different radiation protection criteria.

6.5 Educational activities

Approximately eight nursery schools, 12 primary and junior schools, and one college of further education were identified in the direct radiation survey area. These were mostly located in the main area of the town to the north-east of the site but five schools and a nursery were located in Vickerstown on Walney Island and one school and one nursery were located on Barrow Island to the south of the site.

6.6 Occupancy rates

Table 50 presents indoor, outdoor and total occupancy data for adults, children and infants. An analysis of the data by distance zones and occupancy rates is shown in Table 51. A summary of occupancy rates in the direct radiation survey area is presented in Table I.

Many residents had very high occupancy rates since most of the services that they used, such as shops, were located inside the direct radiation survey area.

Table I. Summary of direct radiation occupancy rates Zone Number of Highest indoor Highest Highest total observations occupancy outdoor occupancy (h y-1) occupancy (h y-1) (h y-1) 0 - 0.25 km 41 8535 1400 8750

>0.25 - 0.5 km 24 7814 1178 8386

>0.5 - 1.0 km 16 8612 3039 8734

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DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS

0 - 0.25 km from the nuclear licensed site boundary

Occupancy data were collected for 41 individuals in the 0 - 0.25 km zone. The observations were for 29 residents, four of whom also worked in the area and two of whom were attending school, nine visitors and three people who were working. The highest indoor occupancy rate was for a resident, with another resident having the highest total occupancy rate. The highest outdoor occupancy rate was for an individual who worked in the area.

>0.25 - 0.5 km from the nuclear licensed site boundary

Occupancy data were collected for 24 individuals in the >0.25 - 0.5 km zone. The observations were for 15 residents, one of whom also worked in the area and one of whom was attending school, eight jet skiers and one visitor. The highest indoor occupancy rate was for a resident who was also attending school; the highest outdoor occupancy rate and the highest total occupancy rate were also for residents.

>0.5 - 1.0 km from the nuclear licensed site boundary

Occupancy data were collected for 16 people in the >0.5 - 1.0 km zone. The observations were for 12 residents, three people performing boat maintenance tasks and one person collecting crabs. The highest indoor, outdoor and total occupancy rates were for three different residents.

6.7 Gamma dose rate measurements

Gamma dose rate measurements were taken indoors and outdoors at most properties where interviews were conducted in the Barrow direct radiation survey area. Where possible, outdoor measurements were taken over grass and approximately 5 to 10 metres from the nearest building, but owing to the heavily built-up nature of the direct radiation survey area this was not usually feasible and most measurements were taken over concrete or tarmac at distances less than 5 metres from buildings. Gamma dose rate measurements over rough grass were taken at locations at distances further than 5 km from the site centre to obtain background dose rates. All measurements were taken at a height of 1 metre above the substrate. It should be noted that the indoor and outdoor measurements have not been adjusted for background dose rates. The results are presented in Table 52 and are summarised below.

54 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Indoor measurements • Seven measurements taken over wood ranged from 0.115 µGyh-1 to 0.121 µGy h-1 • Fourteen measurements taken over concrete ranged from 0.102 µGy h-1 to 0.133 µGy h-1 Outdoor measurements • One measurements taken over grass was 0.082 µGy h-1 • Six measurements taken over tarmac ranged from 0.096 µGy h-1 to 0.117 µGy h-1 • Sixteen measurements taken over concrete ranged from 0.091 µGy h-1 to 0.130 µGy h-1 Background measurements • Four measurements taken over grass ranged from 0.073 µGy h-1 to 0.085 µGy h-1

Comprehensive studies of background radiation have been carried out on a national scale by the Radiation Protection Division of the Health Protection Agency (previously the National Radiological Protection Board), the most recent of these being a review conducted in 2005 (Watson et al, 2005). The results from the 2005 review could be used for comparison with the data collected during this survey.

55

USE OF HABITS DATA FOR DOSE ASSESSMENTS

7 USES OF HABITS DATA FOR DOSE ASSESSMENTS

7.1 Combined pathways

In determining habits data for the purposes of assessing radiological doses to the public, it may be necessary to consider a combination of pathways. Data are provided in Annex 1 and Annex 2 so that the full effect of combining pathways can be assessed for individual observations, given the concentrations and dose rates for a particular assessment. The rates for individuals in the high-rate groups are emboldened. In some circumstances, it will be possible to make simplifying assumptions and define the consumption and external exposure rates appropriate to a series of potential high-rate groups.

The most extensive combinations of pathways for adult dose assessment are shown in Table 53. Each of the 34 combinations shown in Table 53 represents an actual individual (or individuals) from Annex 1 who has positive data (irrespective of the magnitude), for each pathway marked with a cross. It should be noted that combination numbers in Table 53 do not correlate directly with observation numbers in Annex 1. Other individuals from Annex 1 have combinations that are not listed in Table 53 because they have fewer pathways and a dose assessment for them would be adequately covered by one of the 34 listed combinations.

7.2 Foetal dose assessment

Dose assessment of the foetus was introduced routinely for the first time in the Radioactivity in Food and the Environment report for 2005 (EA, EHS, FSA and SEPA, 2005), following the publication of recommendations by the Radiation Protection Division of the Health Protection Agency (National Radiological Protection Board, 2005). The adopted approach is to use the consumption and occupancy data for women of childbearing age in order to calculate the potential dose to the foetus. Therefore, consumption and occupancy data collected during the Barrow habits survey for females of childbearing age are presented in Annex 5. The Office of National Statistics classifies women to be of childbearing age if they are between 15 – 44 years old (www.statistics.gov.uk); this age range has been used in Annex 5. It was not possible to collect ages for all female observations during the habits survey. However, these females with unknown ages have been included in Annex 5 as they might be women of childbearing age.

7.3 Total dose assessment

The environment agencies and the Food Standards Agency have considered ways of using habits data to calculate total dose retrospectively. The adopted approach is to use the adult consumption and occupancy data collected in each habits survey to create a matrix with a series of habits profiles

56 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

for each site. The National Dose Assessment Working Group (NDAWG) has considered this approach to assessing retrospective total doses (Camplin et al, 2005) and has agreed that using habits profiles is an appropriate approach. The relevant matrix for the adults’ profiled habits data is shown in Annex 6. Additionally, profiles have been created for the child and infant age groups, and for women of childbearing age. These are shown in Annexes 7, 8, and 9 respectively.

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COMPARISONS WITH THE PREVIOUS SURVEY

8 COMPARISONS WITH THE PREVIOUS SURVEY

Cefas has not previously conducted terrestrial or direct radiation surveys in the Barrow area so the current findings for those pathways cannot be compared with previous results. Cefas conducted an aquatic survey in the area in 1990 and the results from that survey are compared with the 2012 survey below. The methods of data analysis have changed since 1990 and the data from the 1990 survey have been re-analysed using the current methods. The comparisons are for adults only.

At the time of the 1990 survey liquid discharges from Barrow were made to a sewer that flowed directly into the Walney Channel in the vicinity of the Jubilee Bridge, without passing through a sewage treatment works. In 2002 the sewer system was upgraded and since then liquid discharges have been made to a sewer that flows to the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works where it undergoes an activated sludge sewage treatment process. Treated water from the works is discharged down a pipeline onto Roosecote Sands in the south-eastern part of the Walney Channel.

8.1 Aquatic survey area

In 1990 the food groups from which foods were consumed by adults were fish, crustaceans, molluscs and wildfowl. In 2012 the food groups from which foods were consumed by adults were fish, crustaceans, molluscs, wildfowl, marine plants/algae and salt marsh grazed sheep meat.

A comparison between the 1990 and 2012 data for the consumption of aquatic foods is presented in Table J.

Table J. Comparison between 1990 and 2012 consumption rates of aquatic food groups for adults 1990 2012 Food group Number Maximum Mean Number Maximum Mean in high- consumption consumption in high- consumption consumption rate rate (kg y-1) rate for the rate rate (kg y-1) rate for the group high-rate group high-rate group group (kg y-1) (kg y-1) Fish 10 81.2 40 8 47.2 27.1 Crustaceans 2 8.2 8.0 2 17.7 11.9 Molluscs 3 5.0 3.5 4 6.8 5.9 Wildfowl 1 7.1 7.1 9 28.6 17.2 Marine Not identified 4 0.9 0.7 plants/algae Salt marsh grazed Not identified 6 5.7 5.7 sheep meat

58 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

In 2012 compared with 1990, there was a decrease in the mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group for fish, from 40 kg y-1 to 27 kg y-1, and increases in the mean consumption rates for the adult high-rate groups for crustaceans, from 8.0 kg y-1 to 12 kg y-1, for molluscs, from 3.5 kg y-1 to 5.9 kg y-1 and for wildfowl, from 7.1 kg y-1 to 17 kg y-1. The consumption of marine plants/algae and salt marsh grazed sheep was identified in 2012 but not in 1990.

For intertidal occupancy in 1990, activities were recorded over the following three substrates: mud and sand; salt marsh; sand. In 2012, activities were recorded over the same substrates with the addition of occupancy over mud, over mud and stones, over sand and stones and occupancy on boats resting on mud and sand at low tide.

The following activities were undertaken by the individuals in the high-rate groups for intertidal substrates: • In 1990: angling, bait digging, dog walking, wildfowling, turf cutting, volunteer coastguard duties, beach combing and setting nets. • In 2012: angling, bait digging, dog walking, wildfowling, collecting mussels, collecting winkles, oyster farming, tending livestock, boat maintenance, boat dwelling (tide out) and sitting on the beach.

The following activities were undertaken by the individuals in the high-rate groups for handling fishing gear: • In 1990: handling nets. • In 2012: handling nets and pots.

The following activities were undertaken by the individuals in the high-rate groups for handling sediment: • In 1990: bait digging. • In 2012: oyster farming and wildfowling.

A comparison between the 1990 and 2012 data for occupancy over intertidal substrates, handling fishing gear and handling sediment is shown in Table K.

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COMPARISONS WITH THE PREVIOUS SURVEY

Table K. Comparison between 1990 and 2012 intertidal occupancy rates and handling rates of fishing gear and sediment for adults 1990 2012 Intertidal Number Maximum Mean Number Maximum Mean substrate in high- occupancy occupancy in high- occupancy occupancy or or rate or handling or handling rate or handling handling rate handling group rate (h y-1) rate for the group rate (h y-1) for the high- pathway high-rate rate group group (h y-1) (h y-1) Mud Not identified 7 220 138 Mud and 4 1236 907 1 625 625 sand Mud and Not identified 3 420 400 stones

Salt marsh 6 303 221 16 293 287

Sand 2 331 290 7 1460 926 Sand and Not identified 17 616 368 stones Boat on mud and Not identified 3 7615 5517 sand Handling fishing 3 789 679 3 1485 990 gear Handling 1 1122 1122 19 546 311 sediment

In 2012 activities were recorded taking place over mud, mud and stones, sand and stones and on board a boat resting on mud and sand, but no activities were recorded over these substrates in 1990. In 2012 compared to 1990, the mean intertidal occupancy rate for the high-rate group over mud and sand decreased moderately, whilst the mean rate for the high-rate group over salt marsh increased slightly and the mean rate for the high-rate group over sand increased significantly.

The mean rate for the high-rate group for handling fishing gear increased moderately in 2012 compared with 1990, whilst the mean rate for the high-rate group for handling sediment decreased significantly.

60 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

9 MAIN FINDINGS

The survey investigated the following potential sources of public radiation exposure: • Discharges of liquid radioactive waste from the Barrow site to the local sewer (and subsequently into the sea in Walney Channel) and the far-field effects of liquid radioactive waste discharged into the Irish Sea from other nuclear sites on the north-west coast of England, most notably Sellafield • Discharges of gaseous radioactive waste to the atmosphere from the Barrow site • Emissions of direct radiation from the Barrow site

Data were collected for 522 individuals including, for example, commercial and hobby fishermen, anglers, people spending time on intertidal substrates, farmers, allotment holders, gardeners and people spending time within the direct radiation survey area. These people were targeted because their habits and where they live may cause them to be exposed to radioactivity from the site. However, it should be noted that the most exposed people can only be defined with the outcome of a dose assessment. All consumption rates recorded are only for foods produced, collected or caught from within the aquatic and terrestrial survey areas as defined in Section 2.3.

9.1 Aquatic survey area

The mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group (as defined in Section 3.4) for the separate aquatic consumption pathways for foods potentially affected by liquid discharges were: • 27 kg y-1 for fish • 12 kg y-1 for crustaceans • 5.9 kg y-1 for molluscs • 17 kg y-1 for wildfowl • 0.7 kg y-1 for marine plants/algae • 5.7 kg y-1 for salt marsh grazed sheep meat

The predominant foods consumed by the high-rate groups were: • For fish: bass; cod; flounder; mackerel; plaice • For crustaceans: brown crab and common lobster • For molluscs: cockles; mussels; whelks; winkles • For wildfowl: greylag goose; mallard; pink-footed goose; pintail • For marine plants/algae: samphire • For salt marsh grazed sheep meat: salt marsh grazed lamb

The use of seaweed as a fertiliser or animal feed was not identified.

61

MAIN FINDINGS

The mean occupancy rates for adult high-rate groups over the separate intertidal substrates were: • 140 h y-1 for mud • 630 h y-1 for mud and sand • 400 h y-1 for mud and stones • 290 h y-1 for salt marsh • 930 h y-1 for sand • 370 h y-1 for sand and stones • 5500 h y-1 for a boat on mud and sand

The mean handling rate for the adult high-rate groups for handling were: • 990 h y-1 for handling fishing gear • 310 h y-1 for handling sediment

The adult maximum occupancy rates for water based activities were: • 140 h y-1 for ‘in water’ • 3100 h y-1 for ‘on water’

9.2 Terrestrial survey area

The mean consumption rates for the adult high-rate groups for the separate consumption pathways for foods potentially affected by gaseous discharges were: • 16 kg y-1 for green vegetables • 24 kg y-1 for other vegetables • 25 kg y-1 for root vegetables • 27 kg y-1 for potato • 29 kg y-1 for domestic fruit • 280 l y-1 for milk • 33 kg y-1 for cattle meat • 5.3 kg y-1 for pig meat • 7.6 kg y-1 for sheep meat • 48 kg y-1 for poultry • 34 kg y-1 for eggs • 3.2 kg y-1 for wild/free foods • 9.0 kg y-1 for rabbits/hares • 3.9 kg y-1 for wild fungi • 3.5 kg y-1 for freshwater fish

No consumption of honey, cereals or venison from the survey area was identified.

62 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

The consumption of foodstuffs by individuals in the child and infant age groups was also recorded.

No consumption of groundwater by humans or livestock was identified. One remote household collected rainwater from the roof as their sole domestic supply. Most livestock were supplied with mains water for drinking and at several farms livestock also had access to spring, stream or ditch water.

Control measures taken in order to limit the possibility that contamination is transferred off the Barrow site by wildlife included ensuring that wildlife were unable to access the controlled areas and clearing debris from gutters and ground level areas to discourage seagulls from nesting.

9.3 Direct radiation survey area

With the exception of the highest outdoor occupancy rate in the 0 – 0.25 km zone, which was for an individual who was working, the highest indoor, outdoor and total occupancy rates in all three of the zones of the direct radiation survey area were for residents, one of whom also attended school in the survey area. The highest indoor, outdoor and total occupancy rates recorded for all zones were:

0 - 0.25 km zone • 8500 h y-1 for the indoor occupancy rate • 1400 h y-1 for the outdoor occupancy rate • 8750 h y-1 for the total occupancy rate >0.25 - 0.5 km zone • 7800 h y-1 for the indoor occupancy rate • 1200 h y-1 for the outdoor occupancy rate • 8400 h y-1 for the total occupancy rate >0.5 - 1 km zone • 8600 h y-1 for the indoor occupancy rate • 3000 h y-1 for the outdoor occupancy rate • 8700 h y-1 for the total occupancy rate

.

63

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGES TO THE MONITORING PROGRAMME

10 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGES TO THE MONITORING PROGRAMME

The information collected during this habits survey can be used to make recommendations for changes to the current monitoring programmes operated by the Environment Agency and the Food Standards Agency, and published in the RIFE report (EA, FSA, NIEA and SEPA, 2012).

10.1 Summary of current environmental monitoring programmes

The 2011 monitoring programmes relevant to the areas covered in this report included the samples and measurements listed below. The location names, foods and substrate classifications are taken directly from RIFE. The aquatic monitoring programme for Barrow is subsumed within the far-field aquatic monitoring programme for Sellafield.

Aquatic monitoring (Reported in RIFE under far-field monitoring for Sellafield)

Aquatic samples Sample Location Winkles Haverigg Mussels Millom Crabs Barrow Lobsters Barrow Pacific Oysters Roosebeck

Sediment samples Location Haverigg Millom Low Shaw Walney Channel – N of discharge point Walney Channel – S of discharge point

64 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

Gamma dose rate measurements Substrate Location Sand and pebbles Silecroft Pebbles Silecroft Mud Haverigg Mud Millom Mud and stones Millom Grass Low Shaw Mud and sand Askam Mud Walney Channel, N of discharge point Mud Walney Channel, S of discharge point Mud and sand Walney Channel, S of discharge point Salt marsh Tummer Hill Marsh Grass Tummer Hill Marsh Pebbles and stones Roa Island

Terrestrial monitoring

The terrestrial monitoring programme at Barrow comprised grass only.

10.2 Recommendations

Recommendations for changes to the current environmental monitoring programmes are made below. They are based on the findings of this survey and also take into account the potential radiological significance of the various pathways that were identified.

It is recommended that the samples and gamma dose rate measurements currently taken, which are not listed below, remain unchanged in the monitoring programmes.

Environment Agency monitoring

• The gamma dose rate measurement currently taken over pebbles and stones at Roa Island could be moved to the mud and sand on the east side of the causeway to Roa Island (NGR: SD 233 654), close to a houseboat where high occupancy rates were recorded. • The sediment sample and gamma dose rate measurements currently taken at the location called ‘Walney Channel, S of discharge point’ (which is in the central part of Walney Channel), could be moved to a location on the sand flats and mud flats to the north-west of the Roa Island causeway, which is to the south of the discharge point of the effluent from the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works.

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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGES TO THE MONITORING PROGRAMME

• Consideration could be given to taking a one-off sample of sewage cake from the Salthouse Wastewater Treatment Works, for public reassurance purposes. However, since the liquid discharges from Barrow are low and intermittent (made over a period of approximately three months every two and a half to three years), this is probably not warranted.

Food Standards Agency monitoring

The current aquatic monitoring programme adequately covers the aquatic survey area, both for discharges from Barrow and for the far-field effects of discharges from Sellafield, and no changes to this are suggested.

Given the low discharges of gaseous waste from Barrow (Nil recorded in 2011) the sampling of grass is adequate for the terrestrial monitoring programme and no changes to this are suggested.

66 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Gratitude is expressed to representatives of BAE Systems Marine Ltd, local authorities and associations, and members of the public who offered helpful advice and information during the survey. This survey was undertaken on behalf of the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and the Office for Nuclear Regulation. The project officers for these organisations provided considerable help during the planning of the survey and the drafting of the report.

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REFERENCES

12 REFERENCES

Allott, R., 2005. Assessment of compliance with the public dose limit. Principles for the assessment of total retrospective public doses. National Dose Assessment Working Group. NDAWG/2/2005.

Byrom, J., Robinson, C., Simmonds, J.R., Walters, B., and Taylor, R.R., 1995. Food consumption rates for use in generalised radiological dose assessments. J. Radiol. Prot. 1995 Vol. 15 No 4 335- 341.

Camplin, W.C., Grzechnik, M.P. and Smedley, C.A., 2005. Methods for assessment of total dose in the Radioactivity in Food and the Environment report. Presented to the National Dose Assessments Working Group (NDAWG). Paper NDAWG/3/2005, 27th April 2005.

CEC, 1996. Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation. Off. J. Eur. Commun., 39(L159): 1-114.

EA, EHS, FSA and SEPA, 2006. Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, 2005. EA, EHS, FSA and SEPA, Warrington, Belfast, London and Stirling. RIFE (11).

EA, FSA, NIEA and SEPA, 2012. Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, 2011. EA, FSA, NIEA and SEPA, Warrington, London, Belfast and Stirling. RIFE (17).

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68 Radiological Habits Survey: Barrow and the south-west Cumbrian coast, 2012

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70 Table 1. Survey coverage

Group Criteria Notes Estimate of complete coverage Number for whom positive data was obtained Coverage for positive observations SUMMARY OF ALL PATHWAYS All potential interviewees in the Barrow Number of people resident in the terrestrial survey area The survey targeted individuals who were potentially the most aquatic, terrestrial and direct radiation (excluding those resident in the direct radiation survey area) 50700a 130c 0.3% exposed, mostly producers of local foods such as farmers and survey areas. (See (B) TERRESTRIAL PATHWAYS) allotment holders. Number of people resident in the direct radiation survey area 8600b 56c 0.7% (See (C) DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS) Number of people working but not resident in the direct Excluding employees and contractors at the nuclear licensed radiation survey area (See (C) DIRECT RADIATION U 3c U site. PATHWAYS) Number of people visiting the direct radiation survey area U 22c U (See (C) DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS) Where an individual visited the direct radiation survey area as Number of people effected by liquid discharges (excluding well as being potentially affected by liquid discharges (e.g. those assigned to other categories above) (See (A) U 311c U fishermen who worked on their boats in the direct radiation AQUATIC PATHWAYS) survey area) they have been allocated to a direct radiation pathway.

Total for aquatic, terrestrial and direct radiation survey areas U 522c U

(A) AQUATIC PATHWAYS Number of commercial and hobby fishermen based in the Commercial and hobby fishermen 20 11 55% aquatic survey area People undertaking activities in or on Number of people undertaking activities in or on water in the water (e.g. swimming, boat angling, U 159 U aquatic survey area sailing and lifeboat duties) People using the shore including anglers, Number of people undertaking intertidal activities in the U 226 U dog walkers and people playing etc. aquatic survey area Wildfowlers Number of people wildfowling in the aquatic survey area 135 19 14% Two houseboats were identified in the survey area and Houseboat dwellers Number of people living on boats in the aquatic survey area 4 4 100% interviews were conducted at both. Number of people consuming fish from the aquatic survey Fish consumers U 95 U area Number of people consuming crustaceans from the aquatic Crustacean consumers U 8 U survey area Number of people consuming molluscs from the aquatic Mollusc consumers U 27 U survey area Number of people consuming wildfowl from the aquatic Wildfowl consumers U 7 U survey area Number of people consuming marine plants from the aquatic Marine plant consumers U 18 U survey area Salt marsh grazed sheep meat Number of people consuming salt marsh grazed sheep meat U 6 U consumers from the aquatic survey area Table 1. Survey coverage

Group Criteria Notes Estimate of complete coverage Number for whom positive data was obtained Coverage for positive observations (B) TERRESTRIAL PATHWAYS Number of farmers and their family members consuming food Interviews were conducted at all 15 farms and sizeable Farmers 46 46 100% from the terrestrial survey area smallholdings identified within the survey area. Number of allotment holders and and their family members Interviews were conducted with 23 allotment holders from an Allotment holders 3120 97 3% consuming food from the terrestrial survey area estimated total of 740 allotment holders.

(C) DIRECT RADIATION PATHWAYS Residents Number of residents in the survey area 8600b 56 0.7%

Excluding people living in the direct radiation survey area and Employees Number of people working in the survey area U 3 U employees and contractors at the nuclear licensed site.

Mainly individuals who were undertaking recreational activities Visitors Number of visitors to the survey area U 22 U or visiting residential properties within the direct radiation survey area. BREAKDOWN OF AGE GROUPS FOR PEOPLE RESIDENT IN THE 5 km TERRESTRIAL SURVEY AREA Adult 16-year-old and over 47000a 453 1.0% Child 6-year-old to 15-year-old 8200a 54 0.7% Infant 0 to 5-year-old 4100a 15 0.4%

Notes a Estimate of the number of people resident in the 5 km terrestrial survey area based on data from www.statistics.gov.uk. b Estimate of the number of people resident in the 1 km direct radiation survey area based on data from www.statistics.gov.uk. c The number of people for whom positive data was obtained for pathways (A) and (B) and (C) will usually not equal the relevant totals in the summary of all pathways. This is because in sections (A), (B) and (C) some individuals may be counted two or more times, for example someone who goes shore angling and consumes the catch. U - Unknown Table 2. Typical food groups used in habits surveys

Food group Examples of foods within the group

Green vegetables Asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, calabrese, cauliflower, chard, courgette, cucumber, gherkin, globe artichoke, herbs, kale, leaf beet, lettuce, marrow, spinach

Other vegetables Aubergine, broad bean, chilli pepper, French bean, kohl rabi, mangetout, pea, pepper, pumpkin, runner bean, sweetcorn, tomato

Root vegetables Beetroot, carrot, celeriac, celery, chicory, fennel, garlic, Jerusalem artichoke, leek, onion, parsnip, radish, shallot, spring onion, swede, turnip

Potato Potato

Domestic fruit Apple, apricot, blackberry, blackcurrant, boysenberry, cherry, damson, fig, gooseberry, grape, greengage, huckleberry, loganberry, melon, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, raspberry, redcurrant, rhubarb, rowanberry, strawberry, tayberry, whitecurrant

Milk Cows' milk, cream, goats' milk, yoghurt

Cattle meata Beef

Pig meata Pork

Sheep meata Lamb, mutton

Poultryb Chicken, duck, goose, grouse, guinea fowl, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, turkey, woodcock

Eggs Chicken egg, duck egg, goose egg

Wild/free foods Blackberry, chestnut, crab apple, damson, dandelion root, elderberry, nettle, rowanberry, sloe

Honey Honey

Wild fungi Mushrooms, other edible fungi

Rabbits/Hares Hare, rabbit

Venisona Venison

Fish (sea) Bass, brill, cod, common ling, dab, Dover sole, flounder, gurnard, haddock, hake, herring, lemon sole, mackerel, monkfish, mullet, plaice, pollack, rays, saithe, salmon, sea trout, sprat, turbot, whitebait, whiting, witch, cuttlefishc, squidc

Fish (freshwater) Brown trout, eel (river), perch, pike, rainbow trout, salmon (river)

Crustaceans Brown crab, common lobster, crawfish, Nephrops , prawn, shrimp, spider crab, squat lobster, velvet swimming crab

Molluscs Cockles, limpets, mussels, oysters, razor clam, scallops, whelks, winkles

Wildfowlb Canada goose, greylag goose, mallard, pink-footed goose, pintail, shoveler, teal, wigeon

Notes a Including offal b Domesticated ducks and geese are classified as poultry. Wild ducks and geese are classified as wildfowl. c Although squid and cuttlefish are molluscs, radiologically they are more akin to fish. Table 3. Adults' consumption rates of fish from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Bass Cod Dab Conger Eel Eel Flounder Grey mullet Lemon sole Mackerel Plaice Thornback ray Whiting Total number 442 11.8 11.8 ------11.8 11.8 - - 47.2 75 - 10.8 - - - 7.3 - - 10.0 - - - 28.1 76 - 10.8 - - - 7.3 - - 10.0 - - - 28.1 450 5.9 - - - - 5.9 - - 5.9 5.9 - - 23.6 451 5.9 - - - - 5.9 - - 5.9 5.9 - - 23.6 427 8.5 1.0 1.5 - - 2.5 - - 9.2 0.5 - - 23.1 428 8.5 1.0 1.5 - - 2.5 - - 9.2 0.5 - - 23.1 77 - 4.1 - 0.5 0.5 4.1 - - 2.5 4.1 4.1 - 19.8 256 5.4 8.2 - - - 1.4 ------15.0 257 5.4 8.2 - - - 1.4 ------15.0 258 5.4 8.2 - - - 1.4 ------15.0 259 5.4 8.2 - - - 1.4 ------15.0 278 3.6 3.6 1.6 - - 2.3 - - - 3.6 - - 14.7 279 3.6 3.6 1.6 - - 2.3 - - - 3.6 - - 14.7 410 7.1 6.6 ------13.7 324 4.1 3.0 0.6 - - - 2.1 - - 3.0 - - 12.7 325 4.1 3.0 0.6 - - - 2.1 - - 3.0 - - 12.7 51 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 52 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 53 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 54 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 55 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 56 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 57 3.02.5 ------6.0 - - 11.5 338 10.7 ------10.7 330 5.7 ------4.5 - - 10.2 331 5.7 ------4.5 - - 10.2 287 2.3 2.3 - - - 0.9 - - - 1.8 - - 7.3 274 2.3 - - - - 1.4 - - - 2.3 - - 5.9 275 2.3 - - - - 1.4 - - - 2.3 - - 5.9 276 2.3 - - - - 1.4 - - - 2.3 - - 5.9 32 3.4 ------2.4 - - 5.8 33 3.4 ------2.4 - - 5.8 321 2.7 1.4 - - - 0.5 - - - 0.7 - 0.5 5.7 322 2.7 1.4 - - - 0.5 - - - 0.7 - 0.5 5.7 Table 3. Adults' consumption rates of fish from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Bass Cod Dab Conger Eel Eel Flounder Grey mullet Lemon sole Mackerel Plaice Thornback ray Whiting Total number 323 2.7 1.4 - - - 0.5 - - - 0.7 - 0.5 5.7 429 5.6 ------5.6 38 2.02.0 ------1.6 - - 5.6 39 2.02.0 ------1.6 - - 5.6 405 2.8 2.6 ------5.5 406 2.8 2.6 ------5.5 348 - 1.8- - - - - 1.8 - 1.8 - - 5.4 441 1.1 1.1 1.1 - - - - - 1.1 1.1 - - 5.4 298 - - - - - 2.6 - - - 2.5 - - 5.0 299 - - - - - 2.6 - - - 2.5 - - 5.0 501 ------4.6 - - - 4.6 328 4.3 ------4.3 329 4.3 ------4.3 339 ------4.2 - - - 4.2 340 ------4.2 - - - 4.2 380 2.1 2.0 ------4.1 381 2.1 2.0 ------4.1 382 2.1 2.0 ------4.1 396 2.1 2.0 ------4.1 465 ------3.4 - - - 3.4 466 ------3.4 - - - 3.4 392 1.1 - - - - 1.2 1.1 - -- - - 3.3 393 1.1 - - - - 1.2 1.1 - -- - - 3.3 71 - 1.3 - - - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - - 3.3 72 - 1.3 - - - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - - 3.3 73 - 1.3 - - - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - - 3.3 411 2.1 ------1.0 - - 3.1 412 2.1 ------1.0 - - 3.1 351 2.8 ------2.8 352 2.8 ------2.8 459 ------2.3 - - - 2.3 232 - 2.2------2.2 233 - 2.2------2.2 171 0.3 - 1.4 ------1.7 172 0.3 - 1.4 ------1.7 Table 3. Adults' consumption rates of fish from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Bass Cod Dab Conger Eel Eel Flounder Grey mullet Lemon sole Mackerel Plaice Thornback ray Whiting Total number 249 - - - - - 0.8 0.5 - -- - - 1.3 250 - - - - - 0.8 0.5 - -- - - 1.3 467 ------1.3 - - - 1.3 468 ------1.3 - - - 1.3 35 0.5 ------0.4 - - 0.9 36 0.5 ------0.4 - - 0.9 157 0.9 ------0.9 46 0.5 ------0.4 - - 0.9 47 0.5 ------0.4 - - 0.9 43 0.6 ------0.6 44 0.6 ------0.6 40 0.5 ------0.5 242 0.5 ------0.5 243 0.5 ------0.5 244 0.5 ------0.5 248 0.5 ------0.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of fish based on the 8 high-rate adult consumers is 27.1 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 86 observations is 27.5 kg y-1 Table 4. Adults' consumption rates of crustaceans from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Brown crab Common lobster Total number 77 7.4 10.3 17.7 345 5.5 0.6 6.1 346 1.4 0.2 1.6 353 1.4 0.2 1.6 232 0.7 0.4 1.1 233 0.7 0.4 1.1 516 - 0.4 0.4 465 - 0.2 0.2

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of crustaceans based on the 2 high-rate adult consumers is 11.9 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 8 observations is 15.7 kg y-1 Table 5. Adults' consumption rates of molluscs from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Cockle Mussel Whelk Winkle Total number 450 4.3 1.1 - 1.4 6.8 77 1.1 1.2 2.5 1.3 6.1 442 - - 4.4 1.3 5.7 451 4.3 0.5 - - 4.8 292 - 0.9 - 0.7 1.6 293 - 0.9 - 0.7 1.6 441 - 0.2 0.5 - 0.7 465 - 0.6 - - 0.6 466 - 0.6 - - 0.6 351 0.3 - - 0.2 0.5 458 - 0.5 - - 0.5 171 0.4 - - - 0.4 172 0.4 - - - 0.4 516 - - 0.4 - 0.4 352 0.3 - - - 0.3 249 0.3 - - - 0.3 250 0.3 - - - 0.3 512 0.3 - - - 0.3 513 0.3 - - - 0.3 514 0.3 - - - 0.3 515 0.3 - - - 0.3 173 0.1 - - - 0.1 174 0.1 - - - 0.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of molluscs based on the 4 high-rate adult consumers is 5.9 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 23 observations is 6.5 kg y-1 Table 6. Adults' consumption rates of wildfowl from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Canada goose Greylag goose Mallard Pink-footed goose Pintail Shoveler Teal Wigeon Total number 104 - 4.4 - 22.1 2.1 - - - 28.6 345 5.6 2.2 6.8 8.5 - - 2.4 - 25.5 157 2.5 4.6 2.8 1.7 1.0 0.3 1.7 4.7 19.3 158 2.5 4.6 2.8 - 1.0 - 1.7 4.7 17.3 450 - 11.0 3.6 - 0.9 - 0.4 - 15.9 451 - 11.0 3.6 - 0.9 - 0.4 - 15.9 105 - - 1.8 8.5 1.1 - - 1.4 12.8 459 - - 5.6 - 4.4 - - - 10.0 460 - - 5.6 - 4.4 - - - 10.0 102 - - 1.4 3.4 - - 0.2 1.4 6.3 106 - - - 5.1 - - - - 5.1 132 - - 2.1 1.1 0.9 - 0.1 0.5 4.7 133 - - 2.1 1.1 0.9 - 0.1 0.5 4.7 134 - - 2.1 1.1 0.9 - 0.1 0.5 4.7 103 - - - 3.4 - - - - 3.4 101 1.4 - 0.9 - 1.1 - - - 3.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wildfowl based on the 9 high-rate adult consumers is 17.2 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 16 observations is 27.4 kg y-1 Table 7. Adults' consumption rates of marine plants/algae from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Samphire number 249 0.9 502 0.8 503 0.8 77 0.5 442 0.3 441 0.2 501 0.2

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of marine plants/algae based on the 4 high-rate adult consumers is 0.7 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 7 observations is 0.9 kg y-1

Table 8. Adults' consumption rates of salt marsh grazed sheep meat from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Salt marsh grazed lamb number 107 5.7 108 5.7 109 5.7 110 5.7 111 5.7 112 5.7

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of salt marsh grazed sheep meat based on the 6 high-rate adult consumers is 5.7 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 6 observations is 5.7 kg y-1 Table 9. Children's and infants' consumption rates of fish from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Bass Cod Dab Flounder Plaice Total number 58 10 3.0 2.5 - - 6.0 11.5 280 7 2.7 2.7 1.1 1.8 2.7 11.1 295 14 - - - 2.6 2.5 5.0 297 12 - - - 2.6 2.5 5.0 34 15 2.3 - - - 1.8 4.1 41 12 0.5 - - - - 0.5 42 15 0.5 - - - - 0.5 37 6 0.3 - - - 0.2 0.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of fish for the child age group based upon the 5 high-rate consumers is 7.4 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 8 observations is 11.4 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Bass Cod Dab Flounder Plaice Total number 281 5 1.8 1.8 0.9 1.1 0.8 6.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of fish for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 6.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation Table 10. Children's consumption rates of molluscs from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Cockle Mussel Total number 294 9 - 0.9 0.9 452 12 0.5 - 0.5 175 15 0.1 - 0.1 176 11 0.1 - 0.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of molluscs for the child age group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 0.7 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 4 observations is 0.9 kg y-1 Table 11. Children's and infants' consumption rates of wildfowl from the aquatic survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Canada goose Greylag goose Mallard Pintail Teal Wigeon Total number 159 13 1.8 3.5 2.1 0.7 1.3 3.5 12.9

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wildfowl for the child age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 12.9 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Canada goose Greylag goose Mallard Pintail Teal Wigeon Total number 160 5 0.2 0.5 - 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wildfowl for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 1.4 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation Table 12. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Mud Mud and Mud and Salt marsh Sand Sand and Boat on number sand stones stones mud and sand South-east Walney Island Wildfowling 220 ------345 Walney Channel Gill netting - 72 - - - - - South-west Walney Island Wildfowling - - - - - 8 - Walney Channel Angling 208 ------428 Walney Channel Bait digging - 104 - --- - 459 South-east Walney Island Wildfowling 200 ------461 Foulney Island Collecting mussels 90 ------462 Foulney Island Collecting mussels 90 ------456 Walney Channel Boat maintenance 80 - - --- 720 457 Walney Channel Boat maintenance 80 - - --- 720 South-east Walney Island Wildfowling ------36 South-west Walney Island Collecting crabs ------157 South-east Walney Island Walking - - - 5 - - - South-west Walney Island Angling - - - -- 240 - Walney Channel Collecting crabs 34 ------429 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - - - 68 - 463 Foulney Island Collecting mussels 27 ------464 Foulney Island Collecting mussels 27 ------North-east Walney Channel Dog walking ------Scarth Bight Wildfowling - 625 - - - - - 450 South Walney Channel Collecting winkles ------North-east and south-east Walney Island Collecting cockles ------62 Hodbarrow Collecting mussels ------501 Between Rampside and Roa Island Walking and collecting samphire - 182 - --- - 427 Walney Channel Bait digging - 104 - --- - 347 Walney Channel Gill netting - 72 - --- - 502 Between Rampside and Roa Island Collecting samphire - 6 - --- - 503 Between Rampside and Roa Island Collecting samphire - 6 - --- - South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 5 - --- - 351 South-west Walney Island Collecting winkles - - - - - 6 - 71 Walney Channel Boat maintenance - - 420 --- - 74 Walney Channel Boat maintenance - - 420 --- - Walney Channel Boat maintenance - - 360 --- - 75 Roanhead and Askam-in-Furness Bait digging - - - - 54 - - 458 Foulney Island Collecting mussels - - 105 - - - - Walney Channel Collecting mussels ------348 95 Roa Island and north-east Walney Channel Collecting winkles ------Walney Channel Angling - - 80 - - - - 324 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - - - 50 - - Silecroft Angling - - - -- 300 - Table 12. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Mud Mud and Mud and Salt marsh Sand Sand and Boat on number sand stones stones mud and sand Millom Iron Works Collecting crabs - - 48 - - - - 248 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - - - 45 - - Gutterby, Silecroft and west Walney Island Angling - - - - - 40 - Walney Channel Collecting mussels ------349 48 Roa Island and north-east Walney Channel Collecting winkles ------Walney Channel Collecting mussels ------350 48 Roa Island and north-east Walney Channel Collecting winkles ------Millom Iron Works Collecting crabs - - 20 - - - - Millom Iron Works Bait digging ------273 625 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft Angling ----- 250 - 455 Walney Channel Collecting seaweed - - 15 - - - - Millom Iron Works Collecting crabs - - 12 - - - - Millom Iron Works Bait digging ------278 175 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft Angling - - - -- 300 - 92 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 93 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 94 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 95 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 96 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 97 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 98 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 99 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 100 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 101 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 102 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 103 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 104 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 105 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 106 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - - - 293 -- - 107 West Duddon Estuary marshes Tending livestock - - - 199 -- - 113 West Duddon Estuary marshes Tending livestock - - - 52 - - - 114 West Duddon Estuary marshes Tending livestock - - - 52 - - - South-east Walney Island Collecting samphire - - - 16 - - - South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles ------77 16 Walney Channel Collecting mussels ------Piel Island Collecting winkles - - - - - 14 - South-east Walney Island Dog walking - - - 12 - - - 262 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - - 100 - Table 12. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Mud Mud and Mud and Salt marsh Sand Sand and Boat on number sand stones stones mud and sand South-east Walney Island Dog walking - - - 12 - - - 263 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - - 100 - Scarth Bight Collecting samphire - - - 1 - - - 249 Scarth Bight Setting nets ------5 Duddon Sands (near Lowsy Point) Collecting cockles ------296 Hodbarrow Dog walking - - - - 1460 - - 242 Hodbarrow Dog walking and sitting on the beach - - - - 1288 - - 243 Hodbarrow Dog walking and sitting on the beach - - - - 1288 - - 453 Off Roosebeck Oyster farming - - - - 637 - - 454 Off Roosebeck Oyster farming - - - - 637 - - 372 South-west Walney Island (Low Bank) Dog walking - - - - 548 - - 304 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 400 - - 305 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 400 - - Askam-in-Furness Dog walking - - - - 365 - - 63 Askam-in-Furness Boat dwelling (tide out) ------7615 375 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - 365 - - 376 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - 365 - - 390 Between Rampside and Roosebeck Dog walking - - - - 365 - - 391 Between Rampside and Roosebeck Dog walking - - - - 365 - - 378 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - 335 - - 379 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - 335 - - Lowsy Point Dog walking and bait digging ------215 334 Duddon Estuary Angling ------Millom Iron Works and Silecroft Bait digging ------300 330 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft Angling - - - -- 400 - Millom Iron Works Bait digging ------300 326 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft and west Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - -- 362 - 31 Roanhead Dog walking - - - - 300 - - 50 Askam-in-Furness Dog walking - - - - 300 - - Haverigg Walking - - - - 285 - - 291 Silecroft Walking - - - - - 65 - Millom Iron Works and Silecroft Bait digging ------250 287 Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft Angling - - - -- 600 - Millom Iron Works Bait digging ------250 327 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft and west Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - -- 270 - Table 12. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Mud Mud and Mud and Salt marsh Sand Sand and Boat on number sand stones stones mud and sand Millom Iron Works Bait digging ------250 277 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft Angling - - - - - 100 - Haverigg Walking - - - - 220 - - 288 Silecroft Walking - - - - - 50 - Millom Iron Works Bait digging ------200 328 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Angling ------Silecroft Angling - - - - - 100 - 314 Haverigg Playing - - - - 198 - - 377 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking - - - - 195 - - 312 Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 183 - - 310 Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 182 - - Roanhead and Askam-in-Furness Bait digging ------51 168 Duddon Estuary off Askam-in-Furness Boat launching ------389 Between Rampside and Roosebeck Dog walking - - - - 160 - - 317 Haverigg Playing - - - - 156 - - 394 Between Rampside and Roa Island Dog walking - - - - 156 - - 395 Between Rampside and Roa Island Dog walking - - - - 156 - - 413 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing - - - - 149 - - 414 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing - - - - 149 - - 32 Roanhead Angling and bait digging - - - - 142 - - 214 Lowsy Point Angling and bait digging - - - - 142 - - West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - - - - 130 - - 410 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Angling - - - -- 234 - 302 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 130 - - 303 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 130 - - 366 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - 130 - - 367 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - 130 - - 306 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Playing - - - - 120 - - 387 Between Rampside and Roosebeck Dog walking - - - - 104 - - 388 Between Rampside and Roosebeck Dog walking - - - - 104 - - 359 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Playing - - - - 90 - - 360 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Playing - - - - 90 - - 311 Haverigg Dog walking - - - - 78 - - 374 South-West Walney Island (Low Bank) Quad biking - - - - 66 - - 309 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Playing - - - - 60 - - 407 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing - - - - 60 - - Silecroft Bait digging - - - - 50 - - 282 Silecroft Angling - - - -- 300 - Table 12. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Mud Mud and Mud and Salt marsh Sand Sand and Boat on number sand stones stones mud and sand Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - - - 50 - - 321 Silecroft Angling - - - -- 300 - 45 Roosebeck Bait digging - - - - 45 - - 423 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - 39 - - 424 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - 39 - - 48 Askam-in-Furness Quad biking and playing - - - - 36 - - 332 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 333 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 334 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 335 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 336 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 337 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 338 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 339 Askam-in-Furness Rescue crew duties - - - - 36 - - 46 Roosebeck Bait digging - - - - 28 - - Walney Channel (Walney Meetings) Bait digging - - - - 26 - - 411 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Angling - - - - - 91 - Walney Channel (Walney Meetings) Bait digging - - - - 26 - - 412 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Angling - - - - - 91 - 59 Roanhead Playing and kite flying - - - - 24 - - 300 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - - - 24 - - 301 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - - - 24 - - 425 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) and Roa Island Walking - - - - 24 - - 426 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - 24 - - 35 Roanhead Angling - - - - 23 - - West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - - - - 13 - - 380 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - - - 39 - West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - - - - 13 - - 381 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - - - 39 - West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - - - - 13 - - 382 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - - - 39 - 171 Duddon Sands (near Lowsy Point) Collecting cockles - - - - 9 - - 40 Roanhead and Askam-in-Furness Bait digging - - - - 6 - - 396 Roa Island Walking - - - - 5 - - 512 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - - - - 5 - - 513 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - - - - 5 - - 514 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - - - - 5 - - 515 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - - - - 5 - - 177 Roanhead Angling - - - -- 616 - 178 Roanhead Angling - - - -- 616 - Table 12. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Mud Mud and Mud and Salt marsh Sand Sand and Boat on number sand stones stones mud and sand 286 Silecroft Dog walking - - - -- 520 - 256 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Dog walking and angling - - - -- 515 - 439 Walney Channel (west Barrow Island) Boat maintenance - - - -- 220 - 440 Walney Channel (west Barrow Island) Boat maintenance - - - -- 220 - 28 Askam-in-Furness Dog walking - - - - - 150 - 29 Askam-in-Furness Dog walking - - - - - 144 - 30 Askam-in-Furness Dog walking - - - - - 144 - 285 Silecroft Dog walking - - - - - 104 - 292 Selker Bay Collecting mussels, winkles and firewood - - - - - 78 - 268 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - - 52 - 269 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking - - - - - 52 - 383 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Angling - - - - - 52 - 241 Selker Bay Walking - - - - - 48 - 283 Silecroft Dog walking - - - - - 26 - 232 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Hooking crabs and lobsters - - - - - 24 - 238 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Hooking crabs and lobsters - - - - - 24 - 442 West Barrow Island Collecting samphire - - - - - 3 - 441 West Barrow Island Collecting samphire - - - - - 2 - 447 Near Roa Island Boat dwelling (tide out) ------5107 448 Near Roa Island Boat dwelling (tide out) ------3830

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals The mean intertidal occupancy rate over mud based on 7 high-rate observations is 138 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 11 observations for mud is 217 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over mud and sand based on 1 observation is 625 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 9 observations for mud and sand is 536 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over mud and stones based on 3 high-rate observations is 400 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 12 observations for mud and stones is 420 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over salt marsh based on 16 high-rate observations is 287 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 23 observations for salt marsh is 293 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand based on 7 high-rate observations is 926 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 94 observations for sand is 1076 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand and stones based on 17 high-rate observations is 368 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 47 observations for sand and stones is 614 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over a boat on mud and sand based on 3 high-rate observations is 5517 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 5 observations for a boat on mud and sand is 7364 h y-1 Table 13. Children's and infants' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Location Activity Sand Sand and Boat on number stones mud and sand Hodbarrow Dog walking - - 297 12 742 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - Hodbarrow Dog walking and angling - - 295 14 677 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - - Haverigg Walking and playing 220 - - 289 11 Silecroft Walking and playing - 50 - Haverigg Walking and playing 220 - - 290 9 Silecroft Walking and playing - 50 - 315 10 Haverigg Playing 198 - - 316 7 Haverigg Playing 198 - - 415 8 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing 149 - - 369 10 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Walking 130 - - 307 10 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Playing 120 - - 308 8 Hodbarrow and Haverigg Playing 120 - - 313 8 Haverigg Dog walking 92 - - 373 11 South-west Walney Island (Low Bank) Quad biking 66 - - 408 7 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing 60 - - 409 10 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing 60 - - Duddon Estuary Angling - - 217 9 37 Lowsy Point Bait digging - - 60 9 Roanhead Playing and kite flying 24 - - 62 11 Roanhead Playing and kite flying 24 - - 34 15 Roanhead Angling 20 - - 37 6 Roanhead Playing 10 - - 452 12 North-east and south-east Walney Island Collecting cockles 8 - - 240 15 Tarn Point and Selker Bay Dog walking - 200 - 284 11 Silecroft Dog walking - 26 - 449 11 Near Roa Island Boat dwelling (tide out) - - 3830

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand for the child age group based on 2 high-rate observations is 710 h y -1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 20 observations for sand is 711 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand and stones for the child age group based on 1 high-rate observations is 200 h y -1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 4 observations for sand and stones is 189 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over a boat on mud and sand for the child age group based on the only observation is 3830 h y -1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation Table 13. Children's and infants' intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Location Activity Sand Sand and number stones 416 5 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Playing 149 - 49 2 Askam-in-Furness Playing 36 - 61 4 Roanhead Playing and kite flying 24 - 270 3 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Playing - 52 271 2 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Playing - 52 272 1 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Playing - 52

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand for the infant age group based on 1 high-rate observations is 149 h y -1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 3 observations for sand is 143 h y-1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand and stones for the infant age group based on 3 high-rate observations is 52 h y -1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 3 observations for sand and stones is 52 h y-1 Table 14. Gamma dose rate measurements over intertidal substrates in the aquatic survey area (µGy h-1)

Location National Grid Substrate Gamma dose rate Reference at 1 metrea Tarn Point SD 075 894 Sand 0.101 Tarn Point SD 075 894 Stones 0.108 Selker Bay SD 076 890 Stones 0.100 Selker Bay SD 076 890 Sand 0.070 Silecroft SD 120 811 Sand 0.088 Haverigg SD 160 783 Sand 0.064 Hodbarrow SD 192 792 Sand 0.062 Millom Iron Works SD 188 799 Sand 0.060 Millom Iron Works SD 188 799 Mud and stones 0.073 West Duddon Estuary (Salthouse Pool) SD 180 806 Salt marsh 0.126 West Duddon Estuary (Arnaby Marsh) SD 202 834 Sand 0.068 West Duddon Estuary (Arnaby Marsh) SD 198 835 Salt marsh 0.115 Askam-in-Furness (north of pier) SD 207 774 Salt marsh 0.064 Askam-in-Furness (south of pier) SD 208 772 Sand 0.061 Roanhead SD 199 757 Sand 0.058 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) SD 170 701 Sand 0.063 South-west Walney Island (Low Bank) SD 198 637 Sand and stones 0.087 South-west Walney Island (Low Bank) SD 198 638 Sand 0.060 East Walney Island (just north of Jubilee Bridge) SD 186 688 Mud 0.081 East Walney Island (south of Jubilee Bridge) SD 187 676 Salt marsh 0.093 East Walney Island (south of Jubilee Bridge) SD 187 676 Mud 0.077 South-east Walney Island (near Sheep Island) SD 209 639 Mud 0.079 South-east Walney Island (near Sheep Island) SD 209 639 Salt marsh 0.086 East of Roa Island SD 234 654 Mud and sand 0.079 Between Rampside and Roosebeck SD 249 670 Sand 0.067 Roosebeck SD 254 673 Sand 0.072

Notes a These measurements have not been adjusted for natural background dose rates. Table 15. Adults' handling rates of fishing gear and sediment in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Fishing gear Sediment number Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and Duddon Estuary Handling nets - 1485 Walney Channel Handling pots - 348 Walney Channel Collecting mussels - 95 Roa Island and north-east Walney Channel Collecting winkles - Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and Duddon Estuary Handling nets - 743 Walney Channel Handling pots - 349 Walney Channel Collecting mussels - 48 Roa Island and north-east Walney Channel Collecting winkles - Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and Duddon Estuary Handling nets 743 - Walney Channel Handling pots 350 Walney Channel Collecting mussels - 48 Roa Island and north-east Walney Channel Collecting winkles - Walney Channel Handling nets 126 - 345 South-east and south-west Walney Island Wildfowling - 228 347 Walney Channel Handling nets 126 - 435 Off Walney Island Handling nets 20 - 436 Off Walney Island Handling nets 20 - 437 Off Walney Island Handling nets 20 - 438 Off Walney Island Handling nets 20 - Scarth Bight Handling nets 3 - 249 Duddon Sands (near Lowsy Point) Collecting cockles - 2 453 Off Roosebeck Oyster farming - 546 454 Off Roosebeck Oyster farming - 546 92 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 93 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 94 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 95 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 96 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 97 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 98 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 99 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 100 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 101 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 102 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 103 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 104 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 Table 15. Adults' handling rates of fishing gear and sediment in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Fishing gear Sediment number 105 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 106 West Duddon Estuary marshes Wildfowling - 293 459 South-east Walney Island Wildfowling - 200 273 Millom Iron Works Bait digging and collecting crabs - 145 Scarth Bight Wildfowling - North-east and south-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 450 139 Hodbarrow Collecting mussels - South Walney Channel Collecting winkles - 51 Roanhead and Askam-in-Furness Bait digging - 132 410 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - 130 458 Foulney Island Collecting mussels - 105 427 Walney Channel Bait digging - 104 428 Walney Channel Bait digging - 104 287 Millom Iron Works and Silecroft Bait digging - 100 326 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 100 327 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 100 330 Millom Iron Works and Silecroft Bait digging - 100 248 Millom Iron Works Bait digging and collecting crabs - 93 Piel Island Fixing moorings from a boat and collecting winkles - 77 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 90 Walney Channel Collecting mussels - 461 Foulney Island Collecting mussels - 90 462 Foulney Island Collecting mussels - 90 278 Millom Iron Works Bait digging and collecting crabs - 87 214 Lowsy Point Bait digging - 76 215 Lowsy Point Bait digging - 76 75 Roanhead and Askam-in-Furness Bait digging - 54 32 Roanhead Bait digging - 52 277 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 50 282 Silecroft Bait digging - 50 321 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 50 324 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 50 328 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 50 45 Roosebeck Bait digging - 45 South-east Walney Island Wildfowling - 157 36 South-west Walney Island Collecting crabs - Table 15. Adults' handling rates of fishing gear and sediment in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity Fishing gear Sediment number 429 Walney Channel Collecting crabs - 34 46 Roosebeck Bait digging - 28 463 Foulney Island Collecting mussels - 27 464 Foulney Island Collecting mussels - 27 292 Selker Bay Collecting mussels and winkles - 26 411 Walney Channel (Walney Meetings) Bait digging - 26 412 Walney Channel (Walney Meetings) Bait digging - 26 232 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Hooking crabs and lobsters - 24 238 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Hooking crabs and lobsters - 24 300 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 24 301 Millom Iron Works Bait digging - 24 455 Walney Channel Collecting seaweed - 15 380 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - 13 381 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - 13 382 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Bait digging - 13 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 351 11 South-west Walney Island Collecting winkles - 171 Duddon Sands (near Lowsy Point) Collecting cockles - 9 40 Roanhead and Askam-in-Furness Bait digging - 6 512 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 5 513 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 5 514 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 5 515 South-east Walney Island Collecting cockles - 5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals The mean fishing gear handling rate based on 3 high-rate observations is 990 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 10 observations for fishing gear is 1318 h y-1 The mean sediment handling rate based on 19 high-rate observations is 311 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 72 observations for sediment is 350 h y-1 Table 16. Children's handling rates of sediment in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Location Activity Sediment number 295 14 Millom Iron Works Bait digging 52 297 12 Millom Iron Works Bait digging 12 452 12 North-east and south-east Walney Island Collecting cockles 8 217 9 Lowsy Point Bait digging 4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals The mean sediment handling rate for the child age group based on 1 high-rate observations is 52 h y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 4 observations for sediment handling is 49 h y-1 Table 17. Occupancy rates in close proximity to sewage, sewage sludge and sewage cake (h y-1)

Observation Activity Occupancy in close proximity Occupancy in close proximity number (<10m) to sewage (<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake Debris removal, cleaning filters and tanks, 517 1512 504 monitoring gauges and operating machinery Debris removal, cleaning filters and tanks, 518 1512 504 monitoring gauges and operating machinery Debris removal, cleaning filters and tanks, 519 1512 504 monitoring gauges and operating machinery

520 Maintaining pumps and equipment 1512 504

521 Maintaining pumps and equipment 1512 504

522 Operating machinery - 1776 Table 18. Adult's occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity In water On water number Walney Channel and Piel Island Jet skiing and sub-aqua diving 144 - 77 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island Boat angling and charter boat skipper - 262 Piel Island Fixing moorings - 78 Walney Channel and Piel Island Jet skiing and sub-aqua diving 144 - 288 Silecroft and Haverigg Swimming and body-boarding 110 - Walney Channel and Roa Island Kayaking - 73 Piel Island Snorkelling - 467 Walney Channel and Piel Island Sailing - 646 Walney Channel and Roa Island Canoeing - Walney Channel and Roa Island Kayaking - 73 Piel Island Snorkelling - 468 Walney Channel and Piel Island Sailing - 646 Walney Channel and Roa Island Canoeing - Walney Channel and Roa Island Kayaking - 73 Piel Island Snorkelling - 469 Walney Channel and Piel Island Sailing - 310 Walney Channel and Roa Island Canoeing - Walney Channel and Roa Island Kayaking 70 - 470 Walney Channel and Roa Island Canoeing - 70 384 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) and Rampside Windsurfing 60 - 385 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) and Rampside Windsurfing 60 - 386 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) and Rampside Windsurfing 60 - 318 Off Silecroft and Haverigg Kayaking 56 - 319 Off Silecroft and Haverigg Kayaking 56 - 400 Off Walney Island Jet skiing 55 - 401 Off Walney Island Jet skiing 55 - 402 Off Walney Island Jet skiing 55 - 397 Walney Channel and Piel Island Jet skiing 44 - Roa Island and Rampside Kite-surfing and windsurfing 40 - 465 Roa Island and Rampside Canoeing - 20 Roa Island and Rampside Kite-surfing and windsurfing 40 - 466 Roa Island and Rampside Canoeing - 20 398 Walney Channel and Piel Island Jet skiing 33 - 399 Walney Channel and Piel Island Jet skiing 33 - 291 Silecroft and Haverigg Swimming and body-boarding 30 - Table 18. Adult's occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity In water On water number 413 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 21 - 414 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 21 - 496 Roa Island and Rampside Windsurfing 18 - 497 Roa Island and Rampside Windsurfing 18 - 498 Roa Island and Rampside Windsurfing 18 - 499 Roa Island and Rampside Windsurfing 18 - 500 Roa Island and Rampside Windsurfing 18 - 443 Walney Channel Sub-aqua diving 15 - 444 Walney Channel Sub-aqua diving 15 - 445 Walney Channel Sub-aqua diving 15 - 446 Walney Channel Sub-aqua diving 15 - 359 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Swimming 9 - 360 West Walney Island (Biggar Bank) Swimming 9 - 407 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 9 - Piel Island Swimming 5 - 501 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 Off Walney Island Working on a boat - 339 3072 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 341 Off Walney Island Working on a boat - 3000 342 Off Walney Island Working on a boat - 3000 343 Off Walney Island Working on a boat - 3000 344 Off Walney Island Working on a boat - 3000 Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and Duddon Estuary Gill netting - 348 2190 Walney Channel Potting - 447 Near Roa Island Boat dwelling (tide in) - 1344 Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and Duddon Estuary Gill netting - 349 1095 Walney Channel Potting - Walney Channel, west of Walney Island and Duddon Estuary Gill netting - 350 1095 Walney Channel Potting - 448 Near Roa Island Boat dwelling (tide in) - 1008 63 Askam-in-Furness Boat dwelling (tide in) - 672 256 Walney Channel Boat angling - 400 71 Walney Channel Sailing and boat angling - 384 79 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 80 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 Table 18. Adult's occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity In water On water number 81 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 82 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 83 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 84 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 85 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 86 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 87 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 88 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 89 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 90 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 91 South Walney Channel and Port of Barrow-in-Furness Dredging - 264 428 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 260 430 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 234 431 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 234 432 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 234 433 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 234 434 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 234 471 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 472 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 473 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 474 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 475 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 476 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 477 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 478 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 479 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 480 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island RNLI duties - 176 405 West of Walney Island Boat angling - 143 406 West of Walney Island Boat angling - 143 232 South Walney and West Walney Boat angling - 120 238 South Walney and West Walney Boat angling - 120 51 Walney Channel Boat angling - 108 345 Walney Channel Gill netting - 108 347 Walney Channel Gill netting - 108 459 Walney Channel and off Walney Island Sailing - 100 Table 18. Adult's occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity In water On water number 504 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 505 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 506 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 507 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 508 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 509 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 510 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 511 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 512 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 513 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 514 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 515 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 516 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 100 491 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island Boat angling - 96 492 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island Boat angling - 96 493 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island Boat angling - 96 494 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island Boat angling - 96 495 Walney Channel and west of Walney Island Boat angling - 96 392 Piel Island Boat angling - 78 393 Piel Island Boat angling - 78 332 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 333 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 334 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 335 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 336 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 337 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 338 Duddon Estuary Rescue boat duties - 72 481 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 482 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 483 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 484 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 485 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 486 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 487 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 488 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 Table 18. Adult's occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Observation Location Activity In water On water number 489 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 490 Walney Channel and south of Walney Island Sailing - 72 435 Off Walney Island Trawling - 60 436 Off Walney Island Trawling - 60 437 Off Walney Island Trawling - 60 438 Off Walney Island Trawling - 60 75 Walney Channel Boat angling - 54 74 Walney Channel Sailing - 50 442 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 48 244 Duddon Estuary Boat angling - 42 245 Duddon Estuary Boat angling - 42 246 Duddon Estuary Boat angling - 42 247 Duddon Estuary Boat angling - 42 396 Piel Island Boat angling - 40 314 Haverigg Paddling - 33 249 Duddon Estuary Boat angling - 32 427 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 30 214 South of Walney Island Boat angling - 28 215 South of Walney Island Boat angling - 28 143 Off Walney Island Sailing - 16 144 Off Walney Island Sailing - 16 441 Off Walney Island Boat angling - 15 Table 19. Children's and infants' occupancy rates in and on water in the aquatic survey area (h y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Location Activity In water On water number 240 15 Tarn Point to Silecroft Kayaking 196 - 289 11 Silecroft and Haverigg Swimming and bodyboarding 110 - 290 9 Silecroft and Haverigg Swimming and bodyboarding 110 - 320 12 Off Silecroft and Haverigg Kayaking 56 - 403 11 Off Walney Island Jet skiing 55 - 404 9 Off Walney Island Jet skiing 55 - 415 8 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 21 - 408 7 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 9 - 409 10 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 9 - 449 11 Near Roa Island Boat dwelling (tide in) - 1008 315 10 Haverigg Paddling - 33 316 7 Haverigg Paddling - 33 145 12 Off Walney Island Sailing - 16 146 13 Off Walney Island Sailing - 16 217 9 South of Walney Island Boat angling - 14

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Location Activity In water On water number 416 5 West Walney Island (West Shore Park) Swimming 21 - Table 20. Adults' consumption rates of green vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Broccoli Brussels sprout Cabbage Callaloo Cauliflower Chard Courgette Cucumber Gherkin Kale Lettuce Marrow Spinach Total number 136 - 16.4 13.7 ------30.1 137 - 16.4 13.7 ------30.1 138 5.7 - 9.2 0.4 10.9 - - - - 3.1 - - - 29.3 139 5.7 - 9.2 0.4 10.9 - - - - 3.1 - - - 29.3 232 1.6 1.7 11.0 - - - 2.2 - - - 2.3 - - 18.8 233 1.6 1.7 11.0 - - - 2.2 - - - 2.3 - - 18.8 135 - - - - 18.4 ------18.4 191 - - 5.5 - - - 4.6 4.3 0.9 - 0.7 - - 15.9 192 - - 5.5 - - - 4.6 4.3 0.9 - 0.7 - - 15.9 193 - - 5.5 - - - 4.6 4.3 0.9 - 0.7 - - 15.9 194 - - 5.5 - - - 4.6 4.3 0.9 - 0.7 - - 15.9 189 - 1.6 8.2 - 5.1 - - - - 0.8 - - - 15.7 190 - 1.6 8.2 - 5.1 - - - - 0.8 - - - 15.7 214 1.0 - 5.0 - - 0.3 1.4 4.3 - 2.7 0.6 - - 15.3 215 1.0 - 5.0 - - 0.3 1.4 4.3 - 2.7 0.6 - - 15.3 216 1.0 - 5.0 - - 0.3 1.4 4.3 - 2.7 0.6 - - 15.3 423 - 2.7 - - - - - 10.2 - - - - 1.0 14.0 424 - 2.7 - - - - - 10.2 - - - - 1.0 14.0 147 - - 4.6 - 2.8 - - 4.3 - - 1.2 - - 12.8 148 - - 4.6 - 2.8 - - 4.3 - - 1.2 - - 12.8 203 2.6 - 0.4 - - - 9.2 - - - 0.1 - - 12.3 204 2.6 - 0.4 - - - 9.2 - - - 0.1 - - 12.3 167 2.8 2.3 2.3 - 2.8 - - - - - 0.8 - - 10.9 168 2.8 2.3 2.3 - 2.8 - - - - - 0.8 - - 10.9 169 2.8 2.3 2.3 - 2.8 - - - - - 0.8 - - 10.9 170 2.8 2.3 2.3 - 2.8 - - - - - 0.8 - - 10.9 209 - 2.3 4.8 - 2.0 - - - - - 1.5 - - 10.5 210 - 2.3 4.8 - 2.0 - - - - - 1.5 - - 10.5 195 - - 9.1 ------9.1 196 - - 9.1 ------9.1 165 - - 5.0 - - - - 3.2 - - - - - 8.2 166 - - 5.0 - - - - 3.2 - - - - - 8.2 179 - - 2.7 - - - 5.0 ------7.7 180 - - 2.7 - - - 5.0 ------7.7 211 - 1.5 3.2 - 1.3 - - - - - 1.0 - - 7.0 212 - 1.5 3.2 - 1.3 - - - - - 1.0 - - 7.0 171 - 2.7 3.2 - - - - 1.1 - - - - - 7.0 172 - 2.7 3.2 - - - - 1.1 - - - - - 7.0 205 1.3 - 0.2 - - - 4.6 - - - 0.1 - - 6.1 206 1.3 - 0.2 - - - 4.6 - - - 0.1 - - 6.1 207 1.3 - 0.2 - - - 4.6 - - - 0.1 - - 6.1 161 0.7 - - - 0.7 - 2.8 - - - - 1.8 - 5.9 163 0.7 - - - 0.7 - 2.8 - - - - 1.8 - 5.9 Table 20. Adults' consumption rates of green vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Broccoli Brussels sprout Cabbage Callaloo Cauliflower Chard Courgette Cucumber Gherkin Kale Lettuce Marrow Spinach Total number 164 0.7 - - - 0.7 - 2.8 - - - - 1.8 - 5.9 153 0.8 - 2.8 ------1.2 - - 4.8 154 0.8 - 2.8 ------1.2 - - 4.8 140 1.0 - 1.5 - 1.8 - - - - 0.5 - - - 4.8 141 1.0 - 1.5 - 1.8 - - - - 0.5 - - - 4.8 155 0.5 - 1.9 ------0.8 - - 3.2 156 0.5 - 1.9 ------0.8 - - 3.2 149 - - 1.1 - 0.7 - - 1.1 - - 0.3 - - 3.2 150 - - 1.1 - 0.7 - - 1.1 - - 0.3 - - 3.2 115 - - 1.9 - 1.2 ------3.1 116 - - 1.9 - 1.2 ------3.1 117 - - 1.9 - 1.2 ------3.1 118 - - 1.9 - 1.2 ------3.1 119 - - 1.9 - 1.2 ------3.1 120 - - 1.9 - 1.2 ------3.1 218 - - 1.3 ------1.0 - - 2.3 219 - - 1.3 ------1.0 - - 2.3 220 - - 1.3 ------1.0 - - 2.3 234 0.2 0.2 1.2 - - - 0.2 - - - 0.3 - - 2.1 235 0.2 0.2 1.2 - - - 0.2 - - - 0.3 - - 2.1 197 ------1.9 - - 1.9 198 ------1.9 - - 1.9 221 - - 1.0 ------0.8 - - 1.7 222 - - 1.0 ------0.8 - - 1.7 173 - 0.5 0.6 - - - - 0.2 - - - - - 1.4 174 - 0.5 0.6 - - - - 0.2 - - - - - 1.4 186 - - 1.3 ------1.3 187 - - 1.3 ------1.3 181 - - 0.3 - - - 0.6 ------0.9 199 ------0.4 - - 0.4 200 ------0.4 - - 0.4 201 ------0.4 - - 0.4 202 ------0.4 - - 0.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of green vegetables based on the 28 high-rate adult consumers is 16.4 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 76 observations is 29.4 kg y-1 Table 21. Adults' consumption rates of other vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Broad bean Chilli pepper French bean Pea Pepper Runner bean Squash Sweetcorn Tomato Total number 135 - 4.4 - 13.4 8.8 - - - 16.2 42.8 197 - - - 2.8 - - - - 27.0 29.8 198 - - - 2.8 - - - - 27.0 29.8 147 - - - - 0.5 - - - 29.3 29.7 148 - - - - 0.5 - - - 29.3 29.7 191 2.0 - 2.4 2.0 3.9 2.6 0.1 0.3 15.8 29.2 192 2.0 - 2.4 2.0 3.9 2.6 0.1 0.3 15.8 29.2 193 2.0 - 2.4 2.0 3.9 2.6 0.1 0.3 15.8 29.2 194 2.0 - 2.4 2.0 3.9 2.6 0.1 0.3 15.8 29.2 185 ------27.0 27.0 179 1.5 - 2.4 1.5 1.8 - - - 19.4 26.7 180 1.5 - 2.4 1.5 1.8 - - - 19.4 26.7 225 5.6 - - 2.3 - 3.6 - - 10.8 22.2 226 5.6 - - 2.3 - 3.6 - - 10.8 22.2 232 1.0 - - 0.3 1.8 1.8 - - 16.2 21.1 233 1.0 - - 0.3 1.8 1.8 - - 16.2 21.1 167 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 - - 16.2 20.1 168 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 - - 16.2 20.1 169 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 - - 16.2 20.1 170 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 - - 16.2 20.1 153 ------18.9 18.9 154 ------18.9 18.9 203 0.7 - 0.8 - - 1.5 - 1.0 11.7 15.7 204 0.7 - 0.8 - - 1.5 - 1.0 11.7 15.7 239 ------14.4 14.4 184 ------13.5 13.5 230 3.4 - - 1.4 - 2.1 - - 6.5 13.3 231 3.4 - - 1.4 - 2.1 - - 6.5 13.3 189 3.3 - 2.2 3.2 - - - 4.1 - 12.8 190 3.3 - 2.2 3.2 - - - 4.1 - 12.8 155 ------12.6 12.6 156 ------12.6 12.6 199 - - - 0.6 - - - - 10.8 11.4 200 - - - 0.6 - - - - 10.8 11.4 201 - - - 0.6 - - - - 10.8 11.4 202 - - - 0.6 - - - - 10.8 11.4 138 - - 0.9 5.8 - - - 2.8 - 9.4 139 - - 0.9 5.8 - - - 2.8 - 9.4 165 - - - 2.5 0.2 - - - 6.3 9.0 166 - - - 2.5 0.2 - - - 6.3 9.0 423 0.8 - - 0.1 - - - - 7.2 8.1 424 0.8 - - 0.1 - - - - 7.2 8.1 161 0.2 - 0.2 0.1 - 2.0 - - 5.4 8.0 163 0.2 - 0.2 0.1 - 2.0 - - 5.4 8.0 Table 21. Adults' consumption rates of other vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Broad bean Chilli pepper French bean Pea Pepper Runner bean Squash Sweetcorn Tomato Total number 164 0.2 - 0.2 0.1 - 2.0 - - 5.4 8.0 205 0.4 - 0.4 - - 0.8 - 0.5 5.9 7.9 206 0.4 - 0.4 - - 0.8 - 0.5 5.9 7.9 207 0.4 - 0.4 - - 0.8 - 0.5 5.9 7.9 171 - - 0.4 - - - - 0.6 6.8 7.7 172 - - 0.4 - - - - 0.6 6.8 7.7 188 4.6 - 0.7 2.3 - - - - - 7.5 149 - - - - 0.1 - - - 7.3 7.4 150 - - - - 0.1 - - - 7.3 7.4 195 - - 2.7 - - - - 4.1 - 6.8 196 - - 2.7 - - - - 4.1 - 6.8 209 2.3 - - 2.4 - 1.3 - - - 6.0 210 2.3 - - 2.4 - 1.3 - - - 6.0 214 0.4 - - 2.0 0.5 - - 0.7 1.8 5.4 215 0.4 - - 2.0 0.5 - - 0.7 1.8 5.4 216 0.4 - - 2.0 0.5 - - 0.7 1.8 5.4 218 4.5 - - 0.4 - - - - - 4.9 219 4.5 - - 0.4 - - - - - 4.9 220 4.5 - - 0.4 - - - - - 4.9 211 1.5 - - 1.6 - 0.9 - - - 4.0 212 1.5 - - 1.6 - 0.9 - - - 4.0 221 3.4 - - 0.3 - - - - - 3.7 222 3.4 - - 0.3 - - - - - 3.7 181 0.2 - 0.3 0.2 0.2 - - - 2.2 3.0 227 0.7 - - 0.3 - 0.5 - - 1.4 3.0 228 0.7 - - 0.3 - 0.5 - - 1.4 3.0 234 0.1 - - - 0.2 0.2 - - 1.8 2.3 235 0.1 - - - 0.2 0.2 - - 1.8 2.3 140 - - 0.3 1.0 - - - 0.5 - 1.7 141 - - 0.3 1.0 - - - 0.5 - 1.7 173 - - 0.1 - - - - 0.1 1.4 1.5 174 - - 0.1 - - - - 0.1 1.4 1.5 186 0.6 - - 0.5 - - - - - 1.0 187 0.6 - - 0.5 - - - - - 1.0

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of other vegetables based on the 25 high-rate adult consumers is 24.4 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 78 observations is 29.8 kg y-1 Table 22. Adults' consumption rates of root vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Beetroot Carrot Celeriac Garlic Kohl rabi Leek Onion Parsnip Radish Shallot Spring onion Swede Turnip Total number 232 - 2.7 - - - 2.7 8.1 4.3 - 2.4 0.8 16.3 - 37.3 233 - 2.7 - - - 2.7 8.1 4.3 - 2.4 0.8 16.3 - 37.3 135 5.4 2.3 - - - 5.4 5.9 - - - - 11.5 4.9 35.4 189 8.9 - - - 4.1 - 16.8 - - - - 4.9 - 34.7 190 8.9 - - - 4.1 - 16.8 - - - - 4.9 - 34.7 138 5.8 - - - - 4.3 13.8 - - 4.1 - - 5.2 33.2 139 5.8 - - - - 4.3 13.8 - - 4.1 - - 5.2 33.2 184 3.4 - - - - 5.4 11.9 - - - - 12.3 - 32.9 185 3.4 - - - - 5.4 11.9 - - - - 12.3 - 32.9 218 12.3 - - - - 3.0 14.4 - - - - - 1.4 31.1 219 12.3 - - - - 3.0 14.4 - - - - - 1.4 31.1 220 12.3 - - - - 3.0 14.4 - - - - - 1.4 31.1 225 5.1 - - - - - 22.3 - - - - 3.4 - 30.8 226 5.1 - - - - - 22.3 - - - - 3.4 - 30.8 167 9.2 - - - - 10.1 6.8 - - 4.0 0.3 - - 30.4 168 9.2 - - - - 10.1 6.8 - - 4.0 0.3 - - 30.4 169 9.2 - - - - 10.1 6.8 - - 4.0 0.3 - - 30.4 170 9.2 - - - - 10.1 6.8 - - 4.0 0.3 - - 30.4 153 4.4 - - - - 5.9 13.2 2.2 - - - - - 25.7 154 4.4 - - - - 5.9 13.2 2.2 - - - - - 25.7 165 5.0 6.8 - - - 2.0 7.9 2.9 - - - - - 24.6 166 5.0 6.8 - - - 2.0 7.9 2.9 - - - - - 24.6 221 9.2 - - - - 2.3 10.8 - - - - - 1.0 23.3 222 9.2 - - - - 2.3 10.8 - - - - - 1.0 23.3 209 4.1 - - 0.3 - 2.2 7.1 - - 3.5 1.6 - 4.3 23.1 210 4.1 - - 0.3 - 2.2 7.1 - - 3.5 1.6 - 4.3 23.1 197 4.5 - - - - 14.1 4.5 ------23.1 198 4.5 - - - - 14.1 4.5 ------23.1 230 3.1 - - - - - 13.4 - - - - 2.0 - 18.5 231 3.1 - - - - - 13.4 - - - - 2.0 - 18.5 155 2.9 - - - - 3.9 8.8 1.4 - - - - - 17.1 156 2.9 - - - - 3.9 8.8 1.4 - - - - - 17.1 195 - - - - - 10.1 5.4 ------15.5 196 - - - - - 10.1 5.4 ------15.5 136 ------14.6 14.6 137 ------14.6 14.6 188 9.0 - - - - - 5.5 ------14.5 171 1.1 - - - - - 4.1 0.7 - 0.2 - 6.8 - 13.0 172 1.1 - - - - - 4.1 0.7 - 0.2 - 6.8 - 13.0 211 2.7 - - 0.2 - 1.5 4.8 - - 2.3 1.1 - - 12.5 212 2.7 - - 0.2 - 1.5 4.8 - - 2.3 1.1 - - 12.5 203 2.7 - - - 0.8 - 8.8 ------12.3 204 2.7 - - - 0.8 - 8.8 ------12.3 182 ------11.9 ------11.9 179 5.5 - - - - - 3.2 ------8.8 180 5.5 - - - - - 3.2 ------8.8 214 0.4 0.6 - - - - 4.8 - - 0.2 - - 1.7 7.6 215 0.4 0.6 - - - - 4.8 - - 0.2 - - 1.7 7.6 Table 22. Adults' consumption rates of root vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Beetroot Carrot Celeriac Garlic Kohl rabi Leek Onion Parsnip Radish Shallot Spring onion Swede Turnip Total number 216 0.4 0.6 - - - - 4.8 - - 0.2 - - 1.7 7.6 205 1.3 - - - 0.4 - 4.4 ------6.2 206 1.3 - - - 0.4 - 4.4 ------6.2 207 1.3 - - - 0.4 - 4.4 ------6.2 199 2.3 - - - - 2.8 0.9 ------6.0 200 2.3 - - - - 2.8 0.9 ------6.0 201 2.3 - - - - 2.8 0.9 ------6.0 202 2.3 - - - - 2.8 0.9 ------6.0 140 1.0 - - - - 0.7 2.3 - - 0.7 - - 0.9 5.5 141 1.0 - - - - 0.7 2.3 - - 0.7 - - 0.9 5.5 423 - 3.6 - - - - 1.3 ------4.9 424 - 3.6 - - - - 1.3 ------4.9 191 1.8 0.9 - - - - 1.6 ------4.4 192 1.8 0.9 - - - - 1.6 ------4.4 193 1.8 0.9 - - - - 1.6 ------4.4 194 1.8 0.9 - - - - 1.6 ------4.4 234 - 0.3 0.2 - - 0.3 0.9 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 1.8 - 4.4 235 - 0.3 0.2 - - 0.3 0.9 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 1.8 - 4.4 227 0.7 - - - - - 3.0 - - - - 0.5 - 4.1 228 0.7 - - - - - 3.0 - - - - 0.5 - 4.1 147 - - - - - 4.0 ------4.0 148 - - - - - 4.0 ------4.0 183 ------4.0 ------4.0 186 2.1 ------1.7 - 3.8 187 2.1 ------1.7 - 3.8 173 0.2 - - - - - 0.8 0.1 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 174 0.2 - - - - - 0.8 0.1 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 161 - - - 0.5 - - 1.7 - 0.1 - - - - 2.2 163 - - - 0.5 - - 1.7 - 0.1 - - - - 2.2 164 - - - 0.5 - - 1.7 - 0.1 - - - - 2.2 181 1.2 - - - - - 0.4 ------1.6 149 - - - - - 1.0 ------1.0 150 - - - - - 1.0 ------1.0 115 - - - - - 0.9 ------0.9 116 - - - - - 0.9 ------0.9 117 - - - - - 0.9 ------0.9 118 - - - - - 0.9 ------0.9 119 - - - - - 0.9 ------0.9 120 - - - - - 0.9 ------0.9

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of root vegetables based on the 41 high-rate adult consumers is 25.0 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 87 observations is 35.3 kg y-1 Table 23. Adults' consumption rates of potato from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Potato number 182 54.5 232 40.3 233 40.3 147 32.6 148 32.6 239 32.5 188 27.2 209 25.5 210 25.5 167 24.5 168 24.5 169 24.5 170 24.5 165 23.2 166 23.2 197 22.8 198 22.8 218 21.8 219 21.8 220 21.8 189 20.5 190 20.5 203 18.2 204 18.2 183 18.2 211 17.0 212 17.0 136 16.4 137 16.4 221 16.3 222 16.3 179 10.2 180 10.2 214 10.1 215 10.1 216 10.1 205 9.1 206 9.1 207 9.1 184 8.2 185 8.2 149 8.2 150 8.2 423 6.1 424 6.1 186 5.6 187 5.6 171 5.1 172 5.1 199 4.6 200 4.6 201 4.6 202 4.6 234 3.4 235 3.4 Table 23. Adults' consumption rates of potato from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Potato number 225 3.3 226 3.3 230 2.0 231 2.0 115 1.8 116 1.8 117 1.8 118 1.8 119 1.8 120 1.8 5 1.3 6 1.3 181 1.1 173 1.0 174 1.0 227 0.4 228 0.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of potato based on the 25 high-rate adult consumers is 26.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 72 observations is 40.3 kg y-1 Table 24. Adults' consumption rates of domestic fruit from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Apple Blackberry Blackcurrant Cherry Damson Gooseberry Grape Melon Pear Plum Raspberry Redcurrant Rhubarb Strawberry Whitecurrant Total number 346 35.0 - - - - 7.0 - - 15.0 ------57.0 147 19.8 - - - - 3.1 0.3 - - - - - 3.5 - - 26.7 148 19.8 - - - - 3.1 0.3 - - - - - 3.5 - - 26.7 135 - - 6.0 - - - - 9.3 - - - - 8.2 - - 23.5 153 ------2.0 0.6 - - 3.5 13.5 - 19.5 154 ------2.0 0.6 - - 3.5 13.5 - 19.5 155 ------2.3 13.6 - 15.9 156 ------2.3 13.6 - 15.9 179 - 1.1 5.4 ------4.1 - - 10.7 180 - 1.1 5.4 ------4.1 - - 10.7 167 - - - - - 8.2 ------2.3 - - 10.5 168 - - - - - 8.2 ------2.3 - - 10.5 169 - - - - - 8.2 ------2.3 - - 10.5 170 - - - - - 8.2 ------2.3 - - 10.5 203 0.8 - - - 0.5 1.9 - - - - - 3.0 1.5 1.8 0.8 10.2 204 0.8 - - - 0.5 1.9 - - - - - 3.0 1.5 1.8 0.8 10.2 205 0.8 - - - - 1.9 - - - - - 3.0 1.5 0.9 0.8 8.8 181 - 3.6 3.4 ------0.5 - - 7.5 206 0.8 ------3.0 1.5 0.9 0.8 6.9 138 ------6.8 - 6.8 139 ------6.8 - 6.8 191 0.5 - - 0.2 1.1 2.3 ------2.3 - 6.4 192 0.5 - - 0.2 1.1 2.3 ------2.3 - 6.4 225 - - - - - 5.1 ------1.2 - - 6.3 226 - - - - - 5.1 ------1.2 - - 6.3 197 ------5.8 - - 5.8 198 ------5.8 - - 5.8 193 - - - - 1.1 2.3 ------2.3 - 5.7 194 - - - - 1.1 2.3 ------2.3 - 5.7 423 ------1.0 - - 3.4 - 4.4 424 ------1.0 - - 3.4 - 4.4 184 ------4.1 - - 4.1 185 ------4.1 - - 4.1 230 - - - - - 3.1 ------0.7 - - 3.8 231 - - - - - 3.1 ------0.7 - - 3.8 207 0.8 ------1.5 0.9 - 3.2 5 0.6 - - - 0.3 ------0.9 - 1.8 6 0.6 - - - 0.3 ------0.9 - 1.8 209 0.9 ------0.3 ------1.2 210 0.9 ------0.3 ------1.2 199 ------1.2 - - 1.2 200 ------1.2 - - 1.2 201 ------1.2 - - 1.2 202 ------1.2 - - 1.2 140 ------1.1 - 1.1 141 ------1.1 - 1.1 218 - 0.9 ------0.9 Table 24. Adults' consumption rates of domestic fruit from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Apple Blackberry Blackcurrant Cherry Damson Gooseberry Grape Melon Pear Plum Raspberry Redcurrant Rhubarb Strawberry Whitecurrant Total number 149 ------0.9 - - 0.9 150 ------0.9 - - 0.9 214 0.3 ------0.3 - - 0.2 - - - 0.8 215 0.3 ------0.3 - - 0.2 - - - 0.8 227 - - - - - 0.7 ------0.2 - - 0.8 228 - - - - - 0.7 ------0.2 - - 0.8 171 ------0.6 - - 0.6 172 ------0.6 - - 0.6 1 ------0.5 - - - 0.5 2 ------0.5 - - - 0.5 3 ------0.5 - - - 0.5 182 - 0.5 ------0.5 188 - 0.5 ------0.5 161 ------0.2 - 0.2 163 ------0.2 - 0.2 164 ------0.2 - 0.2 173 ------0.1 - - 0.1 174 ------0.1 - - 0.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of domestic fruit based on the 6 high-rate adult consumers is 28.8 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 65 observations is 26.7 kg y-1 Table 25. Adults' consumption rates of milk from the terrestrial survey area (l y-1)

Observation Cows' milk number 17 414.9 122 414.9 123 414.9 115 262.1 116 262.1 117 262.1 118 262.1 119 262.1 120 262.1 5 155.6 6 155.6

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of milk based on the 11 high-rate adult consumers is 284.4 l y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 11 observations is 414.9 l y-1 Table 26. Adults' consumption rates of cattle meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Beef number 353 65.0 345 47.3 346 47.3 355 39.0 9 37.8 10 37.8 13 35.5 14 35.5 15 35.5 16 35.5 357 32.5 354 26.0 124 23.7 125 23.7 126 23.7 127 23.7 128 23.7 129 23.7 130 23.7 131 23.7 356 16.3 1 11.8 2 11.8 3 11.8 4 11.8

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of cattle meat based on the 20 high-rate adult consumers is 33.2 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 25 observations is 54.4 kg y-1 Table 27. Adults' consumption rates of pig meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Pork number 353 8.5 355 5.1 357 4.3 354 3.4 356 2.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of pig meat based on the 4 high-rate adult consumers is 5.3 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 5 observations is 8.1 kg y-1 Table 28. Adults' consumption rates of sheep meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Lamb number 132 11.3 133 11.3 134 11.3 353 11.3 115 7.1 116 7.1 117 7.1 118 7.1 119 7.1 120 7.1 355 6.8 357 5.7 9 4.5 10 4.5 354 4.5 356 2.8 1 1.4 2 1.4 3 1.4 4 1.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of sheep meat based on the 15 high-rate adult consumers is 7.6 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 20 observations is 11.3 kg y-1 Table 29. Adults' consumption rates of poultry from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Chicken Goose Pheasant Turkey Total number 135 39.0 - 9.0 - 48.0 353 - - - 2.3 2.3 354 - - - 2.3 2.3 355 - - - 2.3 2.3 171 - - 1.4 - 1.4 172 - - 1.4 - 1.4 356 - - - 1.2 1.2 357 - - - 1.2 1.2 132 - 0.7 - - 0.7 133 - 0.7 - - 0.7 134 - 0.7 - - 0.7 173 - - 0.4 - 0.4 174 - - 0.4 - 0.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of poultry based on the only high-rate adult consumer is 48.0 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 13 observations is 34.3 kg y-1 Table 30. Adults' consumption rates of eggs from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Chicken egg number 161 59.3 5 41.6 6 41.6 134 41.6 353 35.9 180 25.1 357 23.1 17 20.8 179 20.1 132 17.8 133 17.8 147 17.8 148 17.8 167 17.8 168 17.8 220 17.8 264 17.8 181 15.0 209 15.0 210 15.0 239 14.0 188 13.3 203 11.0 204 11.0 9 8.9 10 8.9 169 8.9 170 8.9 218 8.9 219 8.9 221 8.9 222 8.9 354 5.9 355 5.9 205 5.5 206 5.5 207 5.5 356 5.0 268 4.4 269 4.4 149 3.5 150 3.5 211 1.7 212 1.7 262 0.7 263 0.7

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of eggs based on the 9 high-rate adult consumers is 34.3 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 46 observations is 41.6 kg y-1 Table 31. Adults' consumption rates of wild/free foods from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Blackberry Damson Sloe Total number 353 3.0 - 0.5 3.5 354 3.0 - 0.5 3.5 355 3.0 - 0.5 3.5 450 3.4 - - 3.4 451 3.4 - - 3.4 182 - 1.8 - 1.8 179 - 1.1 - 1.1 180 - 1.1 - 1.1 17 0.9 - - 0.9 171 0.8 - - 0.8 172 0.8 - - 0.8 1 0.5 - - 0.5 2 0.5 - - 0.5 3 0.5 - - 0.5 181 - 0.5 - 0.5 5 0.3 - - 0.3 6 0.3 - - 0.3

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wild/free foods based on the 6 high-rate adult consumers is 3.2 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 17 observations is 3.5 kg y-1

Table 32. Adults' consumption rates of rabbits/hares from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Rabbit number 135 9.0 353 2.3

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of rabbits/hares based on the only high-rate adult consumer is 9.0 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 8.8 kg y-1 Table 33. Adults' consumption rates of wild fungi from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Mushrooms number 450 3.9 451 3.9 17 0.9 1 0.5 2 0.5 3 0.5 232 0.5 233 0.5 353 0.3 354 0.3 355 0.3 188 0.2 115 0.2 116 0.2 117 0.2 118 0.2 119 0.2 120 0.2

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wild fungi based on the 2 high-rate adult consumers is 3.9 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 18 observations is 3.9 kg y-1

Table 34. Adults' consumption rates of freshwater fish from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Observation Brown trout number 450 3.5 451 3.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of freshwater fish based on the 2 high-rate adult consumers is 3.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 3.5 kg y-1 Table 35. Children's and infants' consumption rates of green vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Broccoli Brussels sprout Cabbage Cauliflower Chard Courgette Cucumber Kale Lettuce Marrow Total number 217 9 0.8 - 3.7 - 0.2 1.0 3.2 2.0 0.5 - 11.5 208 11 1.3 - 0.2 - - 4.6 - - 0.1 - 6.1 162 10 0.7 - - 0.7 - 2.8 - - - 1.8 5.9 142 12 1.0 - 1.5 1.8 - - - 0.5 - - 4.8 151 13 - - 1.1 0.7 - - 1.1 - 0.3 - 3.2 152 10 - - 1.1 0.7 - - 1.1 - 0.3 - 3.2 236 14 0.2 0.2 1.2 - - 0.2 - - 0.3 - 2.1 223 10 - - 1.0 - -- - - 0.8 - 1.7 175 15 - 0.5 0.6 - - - 0.2 - - - 1.4 176 11 - 0.5 0.6 - - - 0.2 - - - 1.4 224 7 - - 0.7 - -- - - 0.6 - 1.3

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of green vegetables for the child age group based upon the 4 high-rate consumers is 7.1 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 11 observations is 10.1 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Broccoli Brussels sprout Cabbage Cauliflower Chard Courgette Cucumber Kale Lettuce Marrow Total number 213 3 - 0.8 1.6 0.7 - - - - 0.5 - 3.5 121 2 - - 0.6 0.4 ------1.0

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of green vegetables for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 3.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 3.5 kg y-1 Table 36. Children's and infants' consumption rates of other vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Broad bean French bean Pea Pepper Runner bean Sweetcorn Tomato Total number 162 10 0.2 0.2 0.1 - 2.0 - 5.4 8.0 208 11 0.4 0.4 - - 0.8 0.5 5.9 7.9 151 13 - - - 0.1 - - 7.3 7.4 152 10 - - - 0.1 - - 7.3 7.4 217 9 0.3 - 1.5 0.4 - 0.5 1.4 4.0 223 10 3.4 - 0.3 - - - - 3.7 224 7 2.6 - 0.2 - - - - 2.8 236 14 0.1 - - 0.2 0.2 - 1.8 2.3 142 12 - 0.3 1.0 - - 0.5 - 1.7 175 15 - 0.1 - - - 0.1 1.4 1.5 176 11 - 0.1 - - - 0.1 1.4 1.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of other vegetables for the child age group based upon the 7 high-rate consumers is 5.9 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 11 observations is 8.0 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Broad bean French bean Pea Pepper Runner bean Sweetcorn Tomato Total number 213 3 0.8 - 0.8 - - - - 1.5 229 5 0.4 - 0.2 - 0.2 - 0.7 1.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of other vegetables for the infant age group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 1.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 1.5 kg y-1 Table 37. Children's and infants' consumption rates of root vegetables from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Beetroot Carrot Celeriac Garlic Kohl rabi Leek Onion Parsnip Radish Shallot Spring onion Swede Turnip Total number 223 10 4.6 - - - - 2.3 4.3 - - - - - 1.0 12.2 224 7 3.5 - - - - 1.7 3.2 - - - - - 0.8 9.1 208 11 1.3 - - - 0.4 - 4.4 ------6.2 217 9 0.3 0.4 - - - - 3.6 - - 0.5 - - 1.3 6.1 142 12 1.0 - - - - 0.7 2.3 - - 0.7 - - 0.9 5.5 236 14 - 0.3 0.2 - - 0.3 0.9 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 1.8 - 4.4 175 11 0.2 - - - - - 0.8 0.1 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 176 15 0.2 - - - - - 0.8 0.1 - - - 1.4 - 2.6 162 10 - - - 0.5 - - 1.7 - 0.1 - - - - 2.2 151 13 - - - - - 1.0------1.0 152 10 - - - - - 1.0------1.0

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of root vegetables for the child age group based upon the 6 high-rate consumers is 7.2 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 11 observations is 11.4 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Beetroot Carrot Celeriac Garlic Kohl rabi Leek Onion Parsnip Radish Shallot Spring onion Swede Turnip Total number 213 3 1.4 - - - - 0.7 1.2 - - 1.2 0.5 - 1.0 5.9 229 5 0.3 - - - - - 1.5 - - - - 0.2 - 2.1 121 2 - - - - - 0.3------0.3

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of root vegetables for the infant age group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 4.0 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 3 observations is 5.7 kg y-1 Table 38. Children's and infants' consumption rates of potato from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Potato number 223 10 16.3 224 7 12.2 208 11 9.1 151 13 8.2 152 10 8.2 217 9 7.6 236 14 3.4 237 10 1.7 7 13 1.3 8 10 1.3 175 15 1.0 176 11 1.0

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of potato for the child age group based upon the 6 high-rate consumers is 10.3 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 12 observations is 15.2 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Potato number 213 3 8.5 121 2 0.6 229 5 0.2

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of potato for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 8.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 3 observations is 8.1 kg y-1 Table 39. Children's and infants' consumption rates of domestic fruit from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Apple Damson Gooseberry Rhubarb Strawberry Total number 208 11 0.8 - - 1.5 0.9 3.2 7 10 0.6 0.3 - - 0.9 1.8 8 13 0.6 0.3 - - 0.9 1.8 142 12 - - - - 1.1 1.1 151 13 - - - 0.9 - 0.9 152 10 - - - 0.9 - 0.9 162 10 - - - - 0.2 0.2 175 15 - - - 0.1 - 0.1 176 11 - - - 0.1 - 0.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of domestic fruit for the child age group based upon the 4 high-rate consumers is 2.0 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 9 observations is 2.9 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Apple Damson Gooseberry Rhubarb Strawberry Total number 229 5 - - 0.3 0.1 - 0.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of domestic fruit for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 0.4 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation Table 40. Children's and infants' consumption rates of milk from the terrestrial survey area (l y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Cows' milk number 7 13 155.6 8 10 155.6

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of milk for the child age group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 155.6 l y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 155.6 l y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Cows' milk number 121 2 86.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of milk for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 86.5 l y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation Table 41. Children's and infants' consumption rates of cattle meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Beef number 358 7 16.3

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of cattle meat for the child age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 16.3 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Beef number 11 3 9.5 12 3 9.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of cattle meat for the infant age group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 9.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 9.5 kg y-1 Table 42. Children's consumption rates of pig meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Pork number 358 7 2.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of pig meat for the child age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 2.1 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation

Table 43. Children's and infants' consumption rates of sheep meat from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Lamb number 358 7 2.8

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of sheep meat for the child age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 2.8 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Lamb number 121 2 2.4 11 3 1.1 12 3 1.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of sheep meat for the infant age group based upon the 3 high-rate consumers is 1.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 3 observations is 2.3 kg y-1 Table 44. Children's consumption rates of poultry from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Pheasant Turkey Total number 358 7 - 1.2 1.2 175 15 0.4 - 0.4

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of poultry for the child age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 1.2 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 1.1 kg y-1

Table 45. Children's and infants' consumption rates of eggs from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Chicken egg number 7 13 41.6 8 10 41.6 162 10 29.6 208 11 5.5 358 7 5.0 151 13 3.5 152 10 3.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of eggs for the child age group based upon the 3 high-rate consumers is 37.6 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 7 observations is 41.6 kg y-1

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Chicken egg number 11 3 8.9 12 3 8.9 213 3 0.8

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of eggs for the infant group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 8.9 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 3 observations is 8.9 kg y-1 Table 46. Children's consumption rates of wild/free foods from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Blackberry number 7 13 0.3 8 10 0.3

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wild/free foods for the child age group based upon the 2 high-rate consumers is 0.3 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 0.3 kg y-1

Table 47. Children's consumption rates of rabbits/hares from the terrestrial survey area (kg y-1)

Child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Observation Age Rabbit number 358 7 0.5

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of rabbits/hares for the child age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 0.5 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation

Table 48. Infants' consumption rates of wild fungi from the survey area (kg y-1)

Infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Observation Age Mushrooms number 121 2 0.1

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of wild fungi for the infant age group based upon the only high-rate consumer is 0.1 kg y-1 The observed 97.5th percentile rate is not applicable for 1 observation Table 49. Percentage contribution each food type makes to its terrestrial food group for adults

Green vegetables Domestic fruit Wild/free foods

Cabbage 36.3 % Strawberry 22.3 % Blackberry 77.5 % Cauliflower 13.5 % Rhubarb 19.7 % Damson 17.3 % Courgette 12.1 % Apple 19.6 % Sloe 5.2 % Cucumber 10.7 % Gooseberry 18.4 % Brussels sprout 10.5 % Blackcurrant 4.8 % Broccoli 6.9 % Pear 4.7 % Rabbits/hares Lettuce 5.3 % Redcurrant 3.3 % Kale 2.6 % Melon 2.2 % Rabbit 100.0 % Marrow 0.8 % Blackberry 1.8 % Gherkin 0.6 % Damson 1.4 % Spinach 0.3 % Whitecurrant 0.7 % Wild fungi Chard 0.1 % Raspberry 0.5 % Callaloo 0.1 % Plum 0.3 % Mushroom 100.0 % Grape 0.2 % Cherry 0.1 % Other vegetables Freshwater fish

Tomato 66.7 % Milk Brown trout 100.0 % Pea 9.3 % Broad bean 8.1 % Cows' milk 100.0 % Runner bean 5.4 % Pepper 3.6 % French bean 3.3 % Cattle meat Sweetcorn 3.2 % Chilli pepper 0.5 % Beef 100.0 % Squash 0.0 %

Pig meat Root vegetables Pork 100.0 % Onion 39.3 % Beetroot 20.6 % Leek 15.5 % Sheep meat Swede 9.2 % Turnip 5.3 % Lamb 100.0 % Shallot 3.5 % Carrot 2.8 % Parsnip 2.0 % Poultry Kohl rabi 0.9 % Spring onion 0.6 % Chicken 61.8 % Garlic 0.2 % Pheasant 20.0 % Celeriac 0.0 % Turkey 14.8 % Radish 0.0 % Goose 3.5 %

Potato Eggs

Potato 100.0 % Chicken egg 100.0 %

Notes None of the food types listed in this table were monitored by FSA in 2011 (EA, FSA, NIEA and SEPA, 2012), but grass was sampled Percentages are based on the consumption of all adults in the survey consuming that particular food group. Table 50. Direct radiation occupancy rates for adults, children and infants (h y-1)

Observation Sex Age Main activity Indoor Outdoor Total Number (years) occupancy occupancy occupancy 0 to 0.25 km zone 264 F 67 Residing 7970 780 8750 24 M 56 Residing 7624 1040 8664 25 F 10 Residing and attending school 8216 448 8664 67 M 43 Residing 8535 129 8664 269 F 24 Residing 7926 730 8656 270 F 3 Residing 7926 730 8656 271 F 2 Residing 7926 730 8656 272 F 1 Residing 7926 730 8656 68 M 67 Residing 8366 208 8574 69 F 64 Residing 8366 208 8574 363 F 85 Residing 8422 26 8448 267 F 79 Residing 7878 546 8424 251 M 49 Residing 7772 572 8344 252 F 42 Residing 7772 572 8344 19 F 33 Residing and working 8132 148 8280 21 M 11 Residing and attending school 7842 438 8280 421 M 45 Residing 7875 365 8240 422 F 42 Residing 7875 365 8240 370 M 31 Residing and working 7896 312 8208 371 F 28 Residing and working 7896 312 8208 253 F 42 Residing and working 7564 468 8032 268 M 30 Residing 6470 730 7200 27 F 18 Residing 6628 416 7044 20 F 15 Residing 6153 372 6525 417 F 66 Residing 5840 602 6442 359 M 64 Residing 5640 50 5690 360 F 58 Residing 4862 50 4912 18 M 36 Residing 3780 312 4092 26 M 15 Residing 3081 528 3609 348 M 51 Working 1000 1400 2400 349 M U Working 500 700 1200 350 M U Working 500 700 1200 361 F 7 Visiting 825 25 850 364 F 63 Visiting 496 52 548 365 F 60 Visiting 496 52 548 418 F 65 Visiting 280 28 308 419 M U Visiting 280 28 308 420 F U Visiting 280 28 308 362 M 38 Visiting 225 25 250 265 M 8 Visiting 130 26 156 266 M 5 Visiting 130 26 156 Table 50. Direct radiation occupancy rates for adults, children and infants (h y-1)

Observation Sex Age Main activity Indoor Outdoor Total Number (years) occupancy occupancy occupancy >0.25 to 0.5 km zone 70 F 71 Residing 7314 1072 8386 369 M 10 Residing and attending school 7814 234 8048 368 M 18 Residing 7708 260 7968 424 F 33 Residing 7741 143 7884 366 F 40 Residing 7684 156 7840 367 M 35 Residing 7736 104 7840 425 M 57 Residing 6648 644 7292 426 F 57 Residing 6648 644 7292 154 M 57 Residing 5830 1178 7008 64 M 43 Residing and working 6457 331 6788 153 M 59 Residing 6339 403 6742 22 F 80 Residing 6188 294 6482 65 F 42 Residing 5809 283 6092 423 M 32 Residing 5901 143 6044 23 M U Residing 1882 50 1932 66 M 2 Visiting 1040 208 1248 400 M 25 Jet skiing - 41 41 401 M 34 Jet skiing - 41 41 402 M 36 Jet skiing - 41 41 403 M 11 Jet skiing - 41 41 404 M 9 Jet skiing - 41 41 397 M 40 Jet skiing - 33 33 398 M 25 Jet skiing - 25 25 399 F 25 Jet skiing - 25 25 >0.5 to 1 km zone 259 F 19 Residing 8369 365 8734 254 F 70 Residing 8612 100 8712 255 M 72 Residing 8264 400 8664 257 F 50 Residing 8291 365 8656 261 F 58 Residing 8049 350 8399 260 M 59 Residing 7674 700 8374 165 M 66 Residing 4816 3039 7855 262 M 68 Residing 7449 375 7824 263 F 64 Residing 7449 375 7824 256 M 46 Residing 7446 274 7720 166 F 56 Residing 5418 2156 7574 258 M 17 Residing 6028 912 6940 75 M 70 Boat maintenance - 360 360 439 M U Boat maintenance - 220 220 440 M U Boat maintenance - 220 220 429 M 52 Collecting crabs - 34 34

Notes U = Unknown Table 51. Analysis of direct radiation occupancy rates for adults, children and infants

Number of Number of hours observations 0 to 0.25 km zone >8000 to 8760 21 >7000 to 8000 2 >6000 to 7000 2 >5000 to 6000 1 >4000 to 5000 2 >3000 to 4000 1 >2000 to 3000 1 >1000 to 2000 2 0 to 1000 9 0 to 8760 41 >0.25 to 0.5 km zone >8000 to 8760 2 >7000 to 8000 7 >6000 to 7000 5 >5000 to 6000 0 >4000 to 5000 0 >3000 to 4000 0 >2000 to 3000 0 >1000 to 2000 2 0 to 1000 8 0 to 8760 24 >0.5 to 1 km zone >8000 to 8760 6 >7000 to 8000 5 >6000 to 7000 1 >5000 to 6000 0 >4000 to 5000 0 >3000 to 4000 0 >2000 to 3000 0 >1000 to 2000 0 0 to 1000 4 0 to 8760 16 Table 52. Gamma dose rate measurements for the direct radiation survey (µGy h-1)

Residences Location Indoor substrate Indoor gamma dose rate Outdoor substrate Outdoor gamma dose rate at at 1 metrea 1 metrea Residence 1 Wood 0.116 Concrete 0.091 Residence 2 Wood 0.121 Concrete 0.112 Residence 3 Concrete 0.103 Tarmac 0.103 Residence 4 Concrete 0.107 Tarmac 0.117 Residence 5 Wood 0.115 Tarmac 0.104 Residence 6 - - Concrete 0.120 Residence 7 Concrete 0.105 Concrete 0.114 Residence 8 Concrete 0.109 Concrete 0.121 Residence 9 Concrete 0.105 Concrete 0.130 Residence 10 Concrete 0.106 Concrete 0.099 Residence 11 Concrete 0.109 Concrete 0.130 Residence 12 Concrete 0.124 Concrete 0.123 Residence 13 Concrete 0.105 Concrete 0.127 Residence 14 Concrete 0.102 Concrete 0.113 Residence 15 Concrete 0.117 Concrete 0.111 Residence 16 Concrete 0.105 Concrete 0.111 Residence 17 Concrete 0.106 Grass 0.082 Residence 18 Wood 0.120 Concrete 0.108 Residence 19 - - Concrete 0.120 Residence 20 Concrete 0.133 Concrete 0.119 Residence 21 Wood 0.116 Tarmac 0.107 Residence 22 Wood 0.115 Tarmac 0.104 Residence 23 Wood 0.115 Tarmac 0.096

Notes a These measurements have not been adjusted for background dose rates.

Backgrounds Location National grid reference Substrate Background gamma dose rate at 1 metre Background 1 Askam SD 213 769 Grass 0.073 Background 2 South-east of Gleaston Village SD 262 702 Grass 0.083 Background 3 Near High Farm SD 245 734 Grass 0.075 Background 4 South end of Walney Island SD 210 632 Grass 0.085 an individual (or individuals) Annex from 1 who had positive data thefor following pathways: domestic fruit, cattle meat, sheep meat, wild/free foods and wild fungi. The food groups and external exposure pathways marked with a cross are combined thefor corresponding combination number. For example, combination number 1 represents Notes Table 53. Combinations adultof pathways for consideration in dose assessments 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Combination number

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fish

X X X X X Crustaceans

X X X X X Molluscs

X X X X X Wildfowl X X Marine plants/algae

X Saltmarsh grazed sheep

X X X X X X X Green vegetables

X X X X X X X Other vegetables

X X X X X X X X Root vegetables

X X X X X X X X Potato X X X X X X X X X Domestic fruit

X X X Milk

X X X X Cattle meat

X Pig meat X X X X Sheep meat X X X X Poultry

X X X X X X X Eggs X X X X X X X Wild/free foods X X Rabbits/hares X X X X X X X Wild fungi

X Freshwater fish

X X X X X X Intertidal occupancy over mud

X X X X X Intertidal occupancy over mud and sand X X X X Intertidal occupancy over mud and stones X X X X Intertidal occupancy over salt marsh X X X X X X X X X Intertidal occupancy over sand

X X X X X X X X X Intertidal occupancy over sand and stones Intertidal occupancy X X over boat on mud and sand X X X Handling fishing gear

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Handling sediment

Occupancy in close X proximity (<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close

X proximity (<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake

X X X Occupancy in water

X X X X X X X X X X X Occupancy on water Indoor occupancy within X X X X X 1 km of the licensed site boundary Outdoor occupancy X X X X X X X within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 14 13 10 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 48 47 46 45 44 43 40 39 38 36 35 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 24 23 22 19 18 17 16 15 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 79 22 77 51 21 64 31 57 39 41 43 45 45 34 36 55 18 56 80 33 36 56 17 19 46 44 33 35 44 41 25 93 61 56 U U U U U U U U U U Age (years) 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5 5.6 5.6 0.9 0.9 5.8 5.8 ------Fish

------Crustaceans

------Molluscs ------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y ------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables ------Root vegetables 1.3 1.3 ------Potato 1.8 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 ------Domestic fruit 155.6 155.6 414.9

------Milk -1 35.5 35.5 35.5 35.5 37.8 37.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat 4.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 4.5 ------Sheep meat ------Poultry 41.6 41.6 20.8 8.9 8.9 ------Eggs 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 142 300 168 300 28 45 23 36

6 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand

144 144 150 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear 132 28 45 52 6 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake ------Occupancy in water 108 ------Occupancy on water 6628 7624 1882 6188 8132 3780 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary 1040

416 294 148 312 Outdoor occupancy within 1 50 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 72 71 70 69 68 67 65 64 63 59 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F Sex 64 70 70 71 64 67 43 42 43 63 44 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Age (years) 19.8 28.1 28.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 ------Fish 17.7

------Crustaceans 6.1 ------Molluscs 12.8 28.6 5.1 3.4 6.3 3.4 ------Wildfowl 0.5 ------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y ------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables ------Root vegetables

------Potato

------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand

360 420 420 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 16 Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 365 16 54 24 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand

14 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones 7615 Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 293 90 54 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake 144 144 ------Occupancy in water 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 262 384 672 54 50 ------Occupancy on water 7314 8366 8366 8535 5809 6457 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary 1072

360 208 208 129 283 331 Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 156 155 154 153 150 149 148 147 144 143 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 26 29 57 59 25 30 60 64 40 45 40 40 73 75 68 72 60 25 54 65 22 24 26 17 17 48 57 51 53 64 24 22 26 29 59 55 U U U U U U U U Age (years)

------Fish

------Crustaceans

------Molluscs 4.7 4.7 4.7 ------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y 12.8 12.8 29.3 29.3 30.1 30.1 18.4 3.2 3.2 4.8 4.8 3.2 3.2 4.8 4.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 ------Green vegetables -1 12.6 12.6 18.9 18.9 29.7 29.7 42.8 7.4 7.4 1.7 1.7 9.4 9.4 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables 17.1 17.1 25.7 25.7 33.2 33.2 14.6 14.6 35.4 1.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 5.5 5.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 ------Root vegetables 32.6 32.6 16.4 16.4 8.2 8.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 ------Potato 15.9 15.9 19.5 19.5 26.7 26.7 23.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 6.8 6.8 ------Domestic fruit 414.9 414.9 262.1 262.1 262.1 262.1 262.1 262.1

------Milk -1 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.7 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat 11.3 11.3 11.3 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 ------Sheep meat 48.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 ------Poultry 17.8 17.8 41.6 17.8 17.8 3.5 3.5 ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods 9.0 ------Rabbits 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones 199 52 52 Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh Intertidal occupancy over ------sand Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake ------Occupancy in water 16 16 ------Occupancy on water 5830 6339 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary 1178

403 Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 187 186 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 161 158 157 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 40 65 68 20 18 45 45 70 74 65 65 40 35 62 62 59 62 62 60 66 70 78 64 64 63 24 56 17 26 40 37 59 58 75 66 49 49 56 66 49 53 39 32 34 Age (years) 1.7 1.7 0.9 ------Fish

------Crustaceans 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 ------Molluscs 17.3 19.3 ------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y 12.3 12.3 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.7 15.7 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 6.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.9 1.9 9.1 9.1 1.3 1.3 0.9 7.7 7.7 1.4 1.4 7.0 7.0 8.2 8.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 ------Green vegetables -1 15.7 15.7 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 29.8 29.8 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.2 12.8 12.8 27.0 13.5 26.7 26.7 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 7.9 6.8 6.8 7.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 7.7 7.7 9.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables 12.3 12.3 23.1 23.1 15.5 15.5 34.7 34.7 14.5 32.9 32.9 11.9 13.0 13.0 30.4 30.4 30.4 30.4 24.6 24.6 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.8 4.0 1.6 8.8 8.8 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 - - - - Root vegetables 18.2 18.2 22.8 22.8 20.5 20.5 27.2 18.2 54.5 10.2 10.2 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.2 23.2 9.1 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.6 5.6 8.2 8.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 5.1 5.1 ------Potato 10.2 10.2 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 8.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 6.4 6.4 0.5 4.1 4.1 0.5 7.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 ------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat 0.4 0.4 1.4 1.4 ------Poultry 59.3 11.0 11.0 13.3 15.0 25.1 20.1 17.8 17.8 5.5 8.9 8.9 ------Eggs 1.8 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.8 ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits 0.2 ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish 36 ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones

5 Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh

9 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand

616 616 240 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear 36 9 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake ------Occupancy in water ------Occupancy on water 5418 4816 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary

2156 3039 Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 239 238 235 234 233 232 231 230 228 227 226 225 222 221 220 219 218 216 215 214 212 211 210 209 207 206 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 17 50 46 72 70 42 42 49 65 68 19 30 38 33 40 42 63 50 63 61 40 35 57 57 70 74 28 30 50 57 37 39 70 42 41 42 61 63 42 43 54 66 17 40 Age (years) 15.0 15.0 15.0 1.3 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.2 2.2 ------Fish 1.1 1.1 ------Crustaceans 0.3 0.3 ------Molluscs ------Wildfowl 0.9 ------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y 18.8 18.8 15.3 15.3 15.3 10.5 10.5 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 7.0 7.0 6.1 6.1 ------Green vegetables -1 14.4 21.1 21.1 13.3 13.3 22.2 22.2 2.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 7.9 7.9 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables 37.3 37.3 18.5 18.5 30.8 30.8 23.3 23.3 31.1 31.1 31.1 12.5 12.5 23.1 23.1 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.1 7.6 7.6 7.6 6.2 6.2 ------Root vegetables 32.5 40.3 40.3 16.3 16.3 21.8 21.8 21.8 10.1 10.1 10.1 17.0 17.0 25.5 25.5 3.4 3.4 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.4 3.3 3.3 9.1 9.1 ------Potato 3.8 3.8 0.8 0.8 6.3 6.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.2 3.2 6.9 ------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry 15.0 15.0 14.0 17.8 1.7 1.7 5.5 5.5 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits 0.5 0.5 ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand

48 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones

1 Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 1288 1288 334 142 45

5 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand 515 40 48 24 24 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand 3 ------Handling fishing gear 93 24 24 76 76 2 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake ------Occupancy in water 120 120 400 32 42 42 42 42 28 28 ------Occupancy on water 6028 8291 7446 8264 8612 7564 7772 7772 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary

912 365 274 400 100 468 572 572 Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 321 319 318 317 314 312 311 310 309 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 296 293 292 291 288 287 286 285 283 282 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 269 268 267 264 263 262 261 260 259 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 22 18 50 37 35 31 27 26 39 38 60 39 30 32 28 27 40 44 62 34 36 41 41 49 42 46 58 43 30 31 40 82 80 79 51 24 30 79 67 64 68 58 59 19 Age (years) 14.7 14.7 15.0 5.0 5.0 7.3 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 ------Fish

------Crustaceans 1.6 1.6 ------Molluscs ------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y ------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables ------Root vegetables

------Potato

------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry 17.8 0.7 0.7 4.4 4.4 ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand

12 20 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones

12 12 Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 1460 120 400 400 130 130 285 220 250 175 250 625 156 198 183 182 24 24 50 50 78 60 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand 600 520 104 300 300 100 250 100 100 300 78 65 50 26 52 52 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear 100 145 24 24 26 50 87 50 50 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake 110 30 56 56 ------Occupancy in water 33 ------Occupancy on water 7926 6470 7878 7970 7449 7449 8049 7674 8369 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary

730 730 546 780 375 375 350 700 365 Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 367 366 365 364 363 362 360 359 357 356 355 354 353 352 351 350 349 348 347 346 345 344 343 342 341 340 339 338 337 336 335 334 333 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 35 40 60 63 85 38 58 64 33 28 20 53 63 51 64 65 55 50 24 24 27 35 43 55 50 28 30 48 48 32 29 50 23 44 45 U U U U U U U U U Age (years) 10.7 10.2 10.2 12.7 12.7 2.8 2.8 5.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 5.7 5.7 ------Fish 1.6 1.6 6.1 ------Crustaceans 0.3 0.5 ------Molluscs 25.5 ------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y ------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables ------Root vegetables

------Potato 57.0

------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 32.5 16.3 39.0 26.0 65.0 47.3 47.3 ) ------Cattle meat 4.3 2.1 5.1 3.4 8.5 ------Pig meat 11.3 5.7 2.8 6.8 4.5 ------Sheep meat 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 ------Poultry 23.1 35.9 5.0 5.9 5.9 ------Eggs 3.5 3.5 3.5 ------Wild/free foods 2.3 ------Rabbits 0.3 0.3 0.3 ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish 220 ------Intertidal occupancy over mud 72 72

5 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand 80 48 48 95 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 300 200 250 300 130 130 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 50 90 90 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand 400 100 270 362 300

6 8 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand 1485 743 743 126 126 ------Handling fishing gear 228 100 100 100 11 48 48 95 50 50 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake 9 9 ------Occupancy in water 1095 1095 2190 3000 3000 3000 3000 3072 108 108 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 ------Occupancy on water 1000 7736 7684 8422 4862 5640 500 500 496 496 225 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary 1400 700 700 104 156 Outdoor occupancy within 1 52 52 26 25 50 50 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 419 418 417 414 413 412 411 410 407 406 405 402 401 400 399 398 397 396 395 394 393 392 391 390 389 388 387 386 385 384 383 382 381 380 379 378 377 376 375 374 372 371 370 368 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 65 66 30 30 17 17 44 30 58 57 36 34 25 25 25 40 38 43 38 60 66 55 55 66 74 70 27 23 26 32 27 25 25 67 66 47 59 61 46 58 28 31 18 U Age (years) 13.7 3.1 3.1 5.5 5.5 4.1 3.3 3.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 ------Fish

------Crustaceans

------Molluscs ------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y ------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables ------Root vegetables

------Potato

------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 156 156 365 365 160 104 104 335 335 195 365 365 548 149 149 130 13 13 13 66 26 26 60

5 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand 234 52 39 39 39 91 91 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear 130 13 13 13 26 26 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake 55 55 55 33 33 44 60 60 60 21 21 9 ------Occupancy in water 143 143 40 78 78 ------Occupancy on water 7896 7896 7708 5840 280 280 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary 312 312 260 602 Outdoor occupancy within 1 41 41 41 25 25 33 28 28 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 465 464 463 462 461 460 459 458 457 456 455 454 453 451 450 448 447 446 445 444 443 442 441 440 439 438 437 436 435 434 433 432 431 430 429 428 427 426 425 424 423 422 421 420 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F Sex 42 66 36 53 68 39 70 71 40 49 52 28 50 57 57 33 32 42 45 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Age (years) 23.6 23.6 47.2 23.1 23.1 2.3 5.4 5.6 3.4 ------Fish 0.2 ------Crustaceans 0.6 0.5 4.8 6.8 5.7 0.7 ------Molluscs 10.0 10.0 15.9 15.9 ------Wildfowl 0.3 0.2 ------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y 14.0 14.0 ------Green vegetables -1 8.1 8.1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables 4.9 4.9 ------Root vegetables 6.1 6.1 ------Potato 4.4 4.4 ------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry ------Eggs 3.4 3.4 ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits 3.9 3.9 ------Wild fungi 3.5 3.5 ------Freshwater fish 200 208 27 27 90 90 80 80 34 ------Intertidal occupancy over mud

625 104 104 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand 105 15 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh 637 637 62 24 24 39 39 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand 220 220 68

3 2 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones 3830 5107 720 720 Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand 20 20 20 20 ------Handling fishing gear 546 546 139 104 104 200 105 15 34 27 27 90 90 ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake 15 15 15 15 40 ------Occupancy in water 1008 1344 234 234 234 234 234 260 100 48 15 60 60 60 60 30 20 ------Occupancy on water 6648 6648 7741 5901 7875 7875 280 ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary

220 220 644 644 143 143 365 365 Outdoor occupancy within 1 34 28 ------km of the licensed site boundary Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 509 508 507 506 505 504 503 502 501 500 499 498 497 496 495 494 493 492 491 490 489 488 487 486 485 484 483 482 481 480 479 478 477 476 475 474 473 472 471 470 469 468 467 466 Observation number M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F Sex 48 19 49 49 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Age (years) 4.6 1.3 1.3 3.4 ------Fish

------Crustaceans 0.6 ------Molluscs ------Wildfowl 0.8 0.8 0.2 ------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y ------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables ------Root vegetables

------Potato

------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud 182

6 6 Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh Intertidal occupancy over ------sand Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand ------Handling fishing gear ------Handling sediment

Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake 18 18 18 18 18 70 73 73 73 40 5 ------Occupancy in water 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 310 646 646 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 70 20 72 ------Occupancy on water ------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary U U = Unknown Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals Notes Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y 522 521 520 519 518 517 516 515 514 513 512 511 510 Observation number M M M M M M M M M F F F F Sex 61 29 U U U U U U U U U U U Age (years)

------Fish 0.4 ------Crustaceans 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 ------Molluscs

------Wildfowl

------Marine plants/algae ------

Saltmarsh grazed sheep -1 or l y

------Green vegetables -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y ------Other vegetables

------Root vegetables

------Potato

------Domestic fruit

------Milk -1 ) ------Cattle meat

------Pig meat ------Sheep meat ------Poultry ------Eggs ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits ------Wild fungi ------Freshwater fish ------Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over ------mud and stones Intertidal occupancy over salt ------marsh

5 5 5 5 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand Intertidal occupancy over ------sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over ------boat on mud and sand

------Handling fishing gear 5 5 5 5 ------Handling sediment

1512 1512 1512 1512 1512 Occupancy in close proximity ------(<10m) to sewage 1776

504 504 504 504 504 Occupancy in close proximity

------(<10m) to sewage sludge or sewage cake

------Occupancy in water 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

------Occupancy on water

------Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Outdoor occupancy within 1 ------km of the licensed site boundary Child age group (6 - 15 - (6 years age group Child old) Annex rates ( consumption 2.infants' and Children's 7 1-01-1415261001------0.4 ------0.1 1.0 0.1 2.6 1.0 1.5 2.6 - 1.4 1.5 1.4 - - - 0.1 - 0.1 - 11 - 11 M 208 15 F 176 F 175 4 3------1 - - - - 16 16 ------9 M - 3.2 - 217 ------10 - 13 M 151 F 12 146 M 145 5 3---3.2 - - - - - 13 13 M 159 F 152 6 0--- - - 10 M 162 4 2--- - - 12 M 142 6M1 01528 448 3081 438 8216 372 - 7842 - 6153 ------15 - - F - 15 - 10 34 M - F 26 11 15 25 M F 21 20 2M1 4------24 24 ------10 ------11 - 9 - - M - 62 M 10 0.5 - 60 M 15 0.5 0.5 58 M 12 6 42 M 41 M 37 0------1.3 ------10 M 8 3------1.3 ------13 F 7 Observation number

Sex

Age (years) 11.5 4.1 Fish

------20 ------Molluscs 12.9 Wildfowl 11.5 6.1 5.9 4.8 ------Green vegetables 4.0 7.9 8.0 7.4 7.4 1.7 Other vegetables 6.1 6.2 5.5 . . - - - - - 0.2 - 2.2 1.0 1.0 Root vegetables 7.6 9.1 8.2 8.2 - Potato 3.2 1.1 1.8 1.8 . . ------3.5 3.5 ------0.9 0.9 7--4-1 - - 14 - 4 - - 37 ------

Domestic fruit kg y 155.6 155.6 -1 . ------5.5 ------

Milk or l y ------

Cattle meat -1 ) and occupancy and ) rates y (h

Pig meat

Sheep meat

Poultry 29.6 41.6 41.6 Eggs 0.3 0.3 ------Wild/free foods ------Rabbits/hares -1 ) )

Wild fungi

Intertidal occupancy over sand Intertidal occupancy over sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over boat on mud and sand

Handling sediment

Occupancy in water

Occupancy on water

Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Outdoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Annex rates y (kg consumption 2.infants' and Children's 9 12 M 297 6 3 26 130 ------7 8 M 280 M 265 2 2------5 ------33 - 56 - 33 ------198 - - - - 198 92 - - - - 120 - - - - - 120 ------7 - - - M 12 - - - 7 358 M - 320 10 F - - 8 316 F - 8 315 F 313 10 F 308 F 307 0 5--41 41 - - - 25 - - 234 825 - 55 7814 - 55 ------66 - - - 130 ------9 - - - M 11 404 - M 11 - 403 M 10 7 373 M 369 F 361 3 4---212.3 2.1 1.3 ------14 7 M 236 M 224 3 0------17------1.7 ------15 M 10 240 M 237 9 14 M 295 9 2 0--10------110 - - 110 ------50 26 50 220 220 ------9 - - 9 F - 294 11 M 290 11 F 289 F 284 2 0---1.7 - - - 10 F 223 Observation number

Sex

Age (years) 11.1 5.0 5.0 Fish 0.9 ------Molluscs

------Wildfowl

Green vegetables 2.8 3.7 Other vegetables 12.2 4.4 9.1 Root vegetables 12.2 16.3 . ------3.4 Potato

------Domestic fruit -1

Milk or l y 16.3

Cattle meat -1 ) and occupancy and ) rates y (h 2.1 Pig meat 2.8 Sheep meat 1.2 Poultry . - 5.0 Eggs

Wild/free foods 0.5

Rabbits/hares -1 ) )

------Wild fungi

742 677 Intertidal occupancy over sand

200 Intertidal occupancy over 2------12 - - - - sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over boat 9 - - - 196 - - on mud and sand 52 Handling sediment

- - - - Occupancy in water

Occupancy on water

Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Outdoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals U=Unknown 5 - years(0 age group Infant old) Annex rates y (kg consumption 2.infants' and Children's 5 2- 12 M 452 7 ------5 - 1 F 2 281 F 272 F 271 6 - - 5 F 160 2 . . . - 0.6 0.3 - 1.0 - - - 2 M 121 6 3 26 130 ------3 5 F 270 M 266 2 - - - - 5 M 229 1 - - - 3 F 213 1 ------5 F 416 1 4 1------21 9 9 ------149 - 60 - 60 ------11 - 8 F - 449 M 10 7 415 M 409 F 408 1M4------2 - 208 - 1040 ------24 - 36 ------2 - 4 M - 2 66 M 3 61 M F 49 12 1F3------3 F 11 Observation number

Sex

Age (years) 6.5 Fish 0.5 ------Molluscs 1.4 - - - - 8 - - 8 ------Wildfowl 3.5 ------Green vegetables 1.5 1.5 Other vegetables 2.1 5.9 Root vegetables 8.5 0.2 Potato 0.4 . ------0.8 ------Domestic fruit 86.5 -1 ------

Milk or l y 9.5 9.5 - -

Cattle meat -1 ) and occupancy and ) rates y (h

- - Pig meat 2.4 1.1 1.1 Sheep meat

------Poultry 8.9 8.9 Eggs

------Wild/free foods

Rabbits/hares -1 ) ) 0.1 Wild fungi

149 Intertidal occupancy over ------sand

52 52 52 Intertidal occupancy over 1--- - - 21 - - - sand and stones

3830 Intertidal occupancy over boat 96730 730 7926 730 7926 - 7926 ------on mud and sand

08-- - 1008 - - Handling sediment

Occupancy in water

Occupancy on water

Indoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Outdoor occupancy within 1 km of the licensed site boundary Annex 3. Qualitative and estimated data for use in dose assessments

Details of activity Exposure pathways Estimated rate involved None identified None identified Not applicable

Annex 4. Ratios for determining consumption and occupancy rates for infants and children

Group Ratioa Infante/adult Childe/adult Fishb 0.050 0.200 Crustaceansb 0.050 0.250 Molluscsb 0.050 0.250 Green vegetables 0.222 0.444 Other vegetables 0.200 0.500 Root vegetables 0.375 0.500 Potatoes 0.292 0.708 Domestic fruit 0.467 0.667 Milk 1.333 1.000 Cattle meat 0.222 0.667 Pig meat 0.138 0.625 Sheep meat 0.120 0.400 Poultry 0.183 0.500 Eggs 0.600 0.800 Wild/free foodsc 0.110 0.490 Gamed 0.140 0.500 Honey 0.789 0.789 Wild fungi 0.150 0.450 Freshwater fishb 0.050 0.250 External exposure over intertidal substrates 0.030 0.500

Notes aExcepting notes b and c, consumption ratios were derived from Byrom et al., (1995) which presented data for infants aged 6 to 12 months and children aged 10 to 11 years. bRatios were derived from Smith and Jones, (2003) which presented data for infants and children of unspecified ages. cRatios were derived from FSA data for wild fruit and nuts for infants and 10-year-old children. dGame includes rabbits/hares and venison. eNote that the age ranges within the age groups in this table do not correspond exactly with the age ranges within the age groups used throughout the rest of this report. Annex 5. Consumption rates (kg y-1 or l y-1) and occupancy rates (h y-1) for women of childbearing agea, for use in foetal dose assessments Indoor withinoccupancy 1 km withinOutdoor occupancy 1 of of the licensed site boundary km of the licensed site boundary Observation numberObservation Sex (years) Age Fish Molluscs Wildfowl Marine plants/algae Saltmarsh grazed sheep vegetables Green vegetables Other vegetables Root Potato Domestic fruit Milk meat Cattle Pig meat Sheep meat Poultry Eggs Wild/free foods Wild fungi Intertidal over occupancy mud and sand Intertidal over salt occupancy marsh Intertidal over occupancy sand Intertidal over occupancy sand and stones Intertidal over occupancy boat on mud and sand Handling sediment inOccupancy water on Occupancy water 4 F 25 ------11.8 - 1.4 ------5 F 41 ------1.3 1.8 155.6 - - - - 41.6 0.3 ------10 F 33 ------37.8 - 4.5 - 8.9 ------13 F 44 ------35.5 ------16 F 17 ------35.5 ------19 F 33 ------8132 148 20 F 15 ------6153 372 27 F 18 ------6628 416 30 F 34 ------144 ------33 F 43 5.8 ------34 F 15 4.1 ------20 ------36 F 39 0.9 ------44 F U 0.6 ------48 F 22 ------36 ------65 F 42 ------5809 283 72 F U 3.3 ------108 F U - - - - 5.7 ------109 F U - - - - 5.7 ------110 F U - - - - 5.7 ------111 F U - - - - 5.7 ------112 F U - - - - 5.7 ------117 F 29 - - - - - 3.1 - 0.9 1.8 - 262.1 - - 7.1 - - - 0.2 ------118 F 26 - - - - - 3.1 - 0.9 1.8 - 262.1 - - 7.1 - - - 0.2 ------127 F 17 ------23.7 ------128 F 17 ------23.7 ------129 F 26 ------23.7 ------130 F 24 ------23.7 ------131 F 22 ------23.7 ------134 F 25 - - 4.7 ------11.3 0.7 41.6 ------144 F 40 ------16 - - 150 F 25 - - - - - 3.2 7.4 1.0 8.2 0.9 - - - - - 3.5 ------155 F 29 - - - - - 3.2 12.6 17.1 - 15.9 ------161 F 39 - - - - - 5.9 8.0 2.2 - 0.2 - - - - - 59.3 ------173 F 37 - 0.1 - - - 1.4 1.5 2.6 1.0 0.1 - - - - 0.4 ------175 F 15 - 0.1 - - - 1.4 1.5 2.6 1.0 0.1 - - - - 0.4 ------Annex 5. Consumption rates (kg y-1 or l y-1) and occupancy rates (h y-1) for women of childbearing agea, for use in foetal dose assessments Indoor withinoccupancy 1 km withinOutdoor occupancy 1 of of the licensed site boundary km of the licensed site boundary Observation numberObservation Sex (years) Age Fish Molluscs Wildfowl Marine plants/algae Saltmarsh grazed sheep vegetables Green vegetables Other vegetables Root Potato Domestic fruit Milk meat Cattle Pig meat Sheep meat Poultry Eggs Wild/free foods Wild fungi Intertidal over occupancy mud and sand Intertidal over salt occupancy marsh Intertidal over occupancy sand Intertidal over occupancy sand and stones Intertidal over occupancy boat on mud and sand Handling sediment inOccupancy water on Occupancy water 193 F 35 - - - - - 15.9 29.2 4.4 - 5.7 ------206 F 40 - - - - - 6.1 7.9 6.2 9.1 6.9 - - - - - 5.5 ------212 F 42 - - - - - 7.0 4.0 12.5 17.0 ------1.7 ------216 F 42 - - - - - 15.3 5.4 7.6 10.1 ------219 F 42 - - - - - 2.3 4.9 31.1 21.8 ------8.9 ------222 F 37 - - - - - 1.7 3.7 23.3 16.3 ------8.9 ------228 F 28 ------3.0 4.1 0.4 0.8 ------234 F 35 - - - - - 2.1 2.3 4.4 3.4 ------243 F 42 0.5 ------1288 ------252 F 42 ------7772 572 253 F 42 ------7564 468 259 F 19 15.0 ------8369 365 269 F 24 ------4.4 - - - - - 52 - - - - 7926 730 279 F 30 14.7 ------291 F 41 ------285 65 - - 30 - - - 293 F 34 - 1.6 ------299 F 40 5.0 ------303 F 30 ------130 ------304 F 39 ------400 ------306 F 38 ------120 ------310 F 26 ------182 ------311 F 27 ------78 ------312 F 31 ------183 ------314 F 35 ------198 - - - - 33 - - 323 F 44 5.7 ------331 F 28 10.2 ------337 F 24 ------36 - - - - 72 - - 352 F U 2.8 0.3 ------356 F 28 ------16.3 2.1 2.8 1.2 5.0 ------366 F 40 ------130 - - - - - 7684 156 371 F 28 ------7896 312 395 F 43 ------156 ------399 F 25 ------33 - - 25 407 F 30 ------60 - - - 9 - - - 414 F 30 ------149 - - - 21 - - - Annex 5. Consumption rates (kg y-1 or l y-1) and occupancy rates (h y-1) for women of childbearing agea, for use in foetal dose assessments Indoor withinoccupancy 1 km withinOutdoor occupancy 1 of of the licensed site boundary km of the licensed site boundary Observation numberObservation Sex (years) Age Fish Molluscs Wildfowl Marine plants/algae Saltmarsh grazed sheep vegetables Green vegetables Other vegetables Root Potato Domestic fruit Milk meat Cattle Pig meat Sheep meat Poultry Eggs Wild/free foods Wild fungi Intertidal over occupancy mud and sand Intertidal over salt occupancy marsh Intertidal over occupancy sand Intertidal over occupancy sand and stones Intertidal over occupancy boat on mud and sand Handling sediment inOccupancy water on Occupancy water 420 F U ------280 28 422 F 42 ------7875 365 424 F 33 - - - - - 14.0 8.1 4.9 6.1 4.4 ------39 - - - - - 7741 143 448 F 40 ------3830 - - 1008 - - 460 F U - - 10.0 ------466 F U 3.4 0.6 ------40 20 - - 486 F U ------72 - - 487 F U ------72 - - 488 F U ------72 - - 489 F U ------72 - - 490 F U ------72 - - 499 F U ------18 - - - 500 F U ------18 - - - 501 F U 4.6 - - 0.2 ------182 - - - - - 5 72 - - 502 F U - - - 0.8 ------6 ------503 F U - - - 0.8 ------6 ------508 F U ------100 - - 509 F U ------100 - - 510 F U ------100 - - 511 F U ------100 - - 513 F U - 0.3 ------5 - - 5 - 100 - - 514 F U - 0.3 ------5 - - 5 - 100 - -

Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals U = Unknown a Based on National Statistics guidelines women were deemed to be of childbearing age if they were between 15 and 44 years old. Women of unknown age were included as they were potentially women of childbearing age. Annex 6. Summary of profiles for adults

Pathway Name f f c d b f e a

Profile Name Vegetables - Green - Vegetables Domestic Other - Vegetables Potatoes - Vegetables Root - Vegetables Number of individuals of Number Crustacea Direct Eggs Freshwater - Fish Sea - Fish Domestic - Fruit Wild - nuts and Fruit occupants Houseboat marsh Salt - ext Gamma Sediment - ext Gamma plants/algae Marine Cow - Meat Game - Meat Pig - Meat Poultry - Meat grazed marsh salt - Meat sheep Sheep - Meat Wildfowl Milk Molluscs Mushrooms close in Occupancy sewage to proximity close in Occupancy sludge sewage to proximity cake sewage or water IN Occupancy ON water Occupancy 0-0.25km) (IN; Plume >0.25-0.5km) (MID; Plume (OUT; >0.5-1.1km) Plume kg - kg kg kg kg kg h h h kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg l kg kg h h h h h h h kg kg kg kg Crustacean consumers 2 11.9 - - - 9.9 - - - 8 170 0.23 23.7 - - - - - 12.7 - 3.1 - - - 72 190 ------Occupants for direct radiation 67 - 1.00 0.42 - 1.5 0.71 - - <1 38 ------4 72 2640 1430 1460 0.81 1.1 0.87 1.6 Egg consumers 9 0.18 - 34.3 - - 2.8 0.81 - - - - 10.8 0.25 1.4 0.47 - 3.1 0.53 80.7 - 0.13 ------2.4 6.8 2.6 2.2 Freshwater fish consumers 2 - - - 3.5 23.6 - 3.4 - - 340 ------15.9 - 5.8 3.9 ------Sea fish consumers 8 2.2 0.13 - 0.88 27.1 - 0.85 - 2 190 0.09 ------4.0 - 2.9 0.96 - - 18 82 - - 45 - - - - Domestic fruit consumers 6 0.26 0.33 5.9 - - 28.8 - - - - - 7.9 1.5 - 8.0 ------2290 - 8.9 23.3 10.9 15.8 Wild fruit and nut consumers 6 0.26 - 8.0 1.2 7.9 0.08 3.2 - - 110 - 21.7 0.38 2.8 1.2 - 3.8 5.3 - 1.9 1.4 ------9.1 2.0 Houseboat occupants 3 ------5520-120------1010------Occupants for exposure - Salt marsh 16 ------290------0.35-3.7------Occupants for exposure - Sediment 17 - 0.06 - 0.21 4.2 - 0.20 - - 760 ------0.93 - 0.40 0.23 - - - 24 - - 450 - - - - Marine plants/algae consumers 4 4.4- - -5.3- - - 4120.72------1.6- - - 3674------Cattle meat consumers 20 0.47 - 4.4 - - 2.9 0.52 - - 15 - 33.2 0.11 1.1 0.41 - 1.9 1.3 - - 0.05 - - - 5 ------Game meat consumers 1 - - - - - 23.5 ------9.0 - 48.0 ------18.4 42.8 - 35.4 Pork meat consumers 4 0.40 - 17.7 - - - 2.6 - - - - 40.6 0.56 5.3 2.0 - 7.1 - - - 0.23 ------Poultry meat consumers 1 - - - - - 23.5 ------9.0 - 48.0 ------18.4 42.8 - 35.4 Salt marsh grazed sheep meat consumers 6 ------33------5.7------Sheep meat consumers 15 0.11 - 11.1 - - - 0.70 - - - - 15.9 0.15 1.4 0.69 - 7.6 0.95 104.9 - 0.12 ------1.2 - 0.72 0.38 Wildfowl consumers 9 0.68 - - 0.79 5.6 - 0.76 - 66 160 - 5.3 - - - - - 17.2 - 1.3 0.86 - - - 23 ------Milk consumers 11 - - 9.5 - - 0.32 0.14 ------3.9 - 284.4 - 0.17 ------1.7 - 1.2 0.52 Mollusc consumers 4 4.4 - - 1.8 28.5 - 1.7 - 4 180 0.18 ------7.9 - 5.9 1.9 - - 36 78 ------Mushroom consumers 2 - - - 3.5 23.6 - 3.4 - - 340 ------15.9 - 5.8 3.9 ------Occupancy in proximity to sewage 5 ------1510500 ------Occupancy in proximity to sewage sludge or cake 1 ------1780------Occupancy IN water 15 1.2 0.20 - - 1.5 - - - 1 20 0.03 ------0.41 - - - 76 130 - 8 - - - - - Occupancy ON water 9 -0.33- -1.1- -570- 25 ------2310530------Occupants for plume pathways (inner area) 22 -1.001.2------13------<1-7730------Occupants for plume pathways (mid area) 13 - 1.00 - - - 3.7 - - - 30 ------7200 - 2.9 4.2 0.93 4.7 Occupants for plume pathways (outer area) 12 - 1.00 0.11 - 5.0 - - - 2 60 ------33 - - 8110 1.4 1.5 3.9 4.1 Green vegetable consumers 28 0.08 0.07 5.0 - 0.16 6.8 - - - 21 - - 0.32 - 1.7 - - - - - 0.03 - - - 6 - 500 - 16.4 16.5 16.0 18.8 Other domestic vegetable consumers 25 0.09 0.08 6.8 - 0.18 10.1 0.09 - - <1 - - 0.36 - 1.9 - - - - - 0.04 - - - 5 - 550 - 9.7 24.4 15.7 19.6 Potato consumers 25 0.09 0.08 8.2 - 0.18 5.3 0.07 - - <1 ------0.05 - - - 5 - - 620 8.4 14.6 26.5 22.5 Root vegetable consumers 41 0.05 0.10 3.7 - 0.19 4.7 0.04 - - <1 - - 0.22 - 1.2 - - - - 0.02 0.03 - - - 3 - 340 380 8.9 13.2 14.4 25.0

Notes aExpressed as the proportion of the profile members who are exposed to direct radiation. bGamma ext - houseboat represents occupancy of boat on mud and sand. cGamma ext - salt marsh represents occupancy over salt marsh. dGamma ext - sediment includes occupancy over mud; mud and sand; mud and stones; sand and stones; sand. eGame meat includes rabbits fPlume times are the sums of individuals' indoor and outdoor times. The means of the high-rate groups are determined by the 'cut-off' method and are highlighted on the diagonal. Annex 7. Summary of profiles for the child age group (6 - 15 years old)

Pathway Name e c b e d a

Profile Name Eggs Fish-Sea -DomesticFruit andFruit nuts -Wild Houseboatoccupants extGamma -Sediment Meat-Cow Meat-Game Meat-Pig Meat-Poultry Meat-Sheep Wildfowl Milk Molluscs Occupancywater IN Occupancywater ON (IN; 0-0.25km) Plume (MID; >0.25-0.5km)Plume Vegetables-Green Vegetables-OtherDomestic Vegetables-Potatoes Vegetables-Root Numberofindividuals Direct - kg kg kg kg h h kg kg kg kg kg kg l kg h h h h kg kg kg kg Occupants for direct radiation 9 1.00- - - - - 14 ------12 -3120900- - - - Egg consumers 3 - 37.6 - 1.2 0.23 ------103.7 - - - - - 2.0 2.7 0.84 0.75 Sea fish consumers 5 - -7.4- - -290------Domestic fruit consumers 4 - 22.2 - 2.0 0.17 ------77.8 - - - - - 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.9 Wild fruit and nut consumers 2 - 41.6 - 1.8 0.34 ------155.6 ------1.3 - Houseboat occupants 1 - - - - -3830------1010------Occupants for exposure - Sediment 4 - -2.5- - -490------55------Cattle meat consumers 1 - 5.0 - - - - - 16.3 0.45 2.1 1.2 2.8 ------Game meat consumers 1 - 5.0 - - - - - 16.3 0.45 2.1 1.2 2.8 ------Pork meat consumers 1 - 5.0 - - - - - 16.3 0.45 2.1 1.2 2.8 ------Poultry meat consumers 1 - 5.0 - - - - - 16.3 0.45 2.1 1.2 2.8 ------Sheep meat consumers 1 - 5.0 - - - - - 16.3 0.45 2.1 1.2 2.8 ------Wildfowl consumers 1 ------12.9------Milk consumers 2 - 41.6 - 1.8 0.34 ------155.6 ------1.3 - Mollusc consumers 2 ------4------0.73------Occupancy IN water 3 ------250------140------Occupancy ON water 1 - - - - -3830------1010------Occupants for plume pathways (inner area) 4 1.00------6770- - - - - Occupants for plume pathways (mid area) 1 1.00- - - - -130------8050- - - - Green vegetable consumers 4 - 8.8 - 1.1 - - 9 ------4 - - 7.1 5.4 4.2 5.0 Other domestic vegetable consumers 7 - 6.0 - 0.73 - - 5 ------2 - - 4.7 5.9 8.8 5.4 Potato consumers 6 - 2.1 - 0.82 - - 6 ------2 - - 4.5 5.5 10.3 5.9 Root vegetable consumers 6 - 0.91 - 0.72 - - 6 ------2 - - 4.6 3.7 8.1 7.2

Notes aExpressed as the proportion of the profile members who are exposed to direct radiation. bGamma ext - houseboat represents occupancy of boat on mud and sand. cGamma ext - sediment includes occupancy over sand; sand and stones. dGame meat includes rabbits ePlume times are the sums of individuals' indoor and outdoor times. The means of the high-rate groups are determined by the 'cut-off' method and are highlighted on the diagonal. Annex 8. Summary of profiles for the infant age group (0 - 5 years old)

Pathway Name c b c a

Profile Name Numberindividualsof Direct Eggs Sea Fish- FruitDomestic - Sediment - ext Gamma Cow - Meat Sheep - Meat Wildfowl Milk Mushrooms water IN Occupancy 0-0.25km) Plume(IN; >0.25-0.5km) Plume(MID; Green - Vegetables Domestic Other - Vegetables Potatoes - Vegetables Root - Vegetables - kg kg kg h kg kg kg l kg h h h kg kg kg kg Occupants for direct radiation 5 1.00 - - - 31 ------5220 250 - - - - Egg consumers 2 -8.9- - -9.51.1------Sea fish consumers 1 --6.5------Domestic fruit consumers 1 - - - 0.42 ------1.5 0.22 2.1 Occupants for exposure - Sediment 4 0.75- - - 76 - - - - - 56490- - - - - Cattle meat consumers 2 -8.9- - -9.51.1------Sheep meat consumers 3 - 5.9 - - - 6.3 1.5 - 28.8 0.02 - - - 0.34 - 0.20 0.10 Wildfowl consumers 1 ------1.4------Milk consumers 1 ------2.4 - 86.5 0.05 - - - 1.0 - 0.59 0.31 Mushroom consumers 1 ------2.4 - 86.5 0.05 - - - 1.0 - 0.59 0.31 Occupancy IN water 1 - - - -150- - - - -21------Occupants for plume pathways (inner area) 3 1.00- - - 52 ------8660- - - - - Occupants for plume pathways (mid area) 1 1.00------1250- - - - Green vegetable consumers 1 - 0.83 ------3.5 1.5 8.5 5.9 Other domestic vegetable consumers 2 - 0.41 - 0.21 ------1.8 1.5 4.4 4.0 Potato consumers 1 - 0.83 ------3.5 1.5 8.5 5.9 Root vegetable consumers 2 - 0.41 - 0.21 ------1.8 1.5 4.4 4.0

Notes aExpressed as the proportion of the profile members who are exposed to direct radiation. bGamma ext - sediment includes occupancy over sand; sand and stones. cPlume times are the sums of individuals' indoor and outdoor times. The means of the high-rate groups are determined by the 'cut-off' method and are highlighted on the diagonal. Annex 9. Summary of profiles for women of childbearing age, for use in foetal dose assessments

Pathway Name d d c b d a

Profile Name individuals of Number Direct Eggs Sea - Fish Domestic - Fruit Wild - nuts and Fruit occupants Houseboat Sediment - Gamma ext Marine plants/algae Cow - Meat Pig - Meat Poultry - Meat grazed marsh sheep salt - Meat Sheep - Meat Wildfowl Milk Molluscs Mushrooms water IN Occupancy ONOccupancy water 0-0.25km) (IN; Plume >0.25-0.5km) (MID; Plume >0.5-1.1km) (OUT; Plume Green - Vegetables Other Domestic - Vegetables Potatoes - Vegetables Root - Vegetables - kg kg kg kg h h kg kg kg kg kg kg kg l kg kg h h h h h kg kg kg kg Occupants for direct radiation 14 1.00 0.32 1.1 0.32 - - 16 ------2 - 4550 1560 620 1.0 0.58 0.43 0.35 Egg consumers 3 - 47.5 - 0.64 0.11 - - - - - 0.24 - 3.8 1.6 51.9 ------2.0 2.7 0.42 0.75 Sea fish consumers 6 0.17-9.4------1460- - - - Domestic fruit consumers 3 - 1.8 - 9.5 ------8.4 16.5 3.0 9.2 Wild fruit and nut consumers 1 - 41.6 - 1.8 0.34 ------155.6 ------1.3 - Houseboat occupants 1 - - - - -3830------1010------Occupants for exposure - Sediment 1 - -0.48- - -1290------Marine plants/algae consumers 2 ------60.75------Cattle meat consumers 9 - 1.5 ------27.0 0.24 0.13 - 0.82 ------Pork meat consumers 1 - 5.0 ------16.3 2.1 1.2 - 2.8 ------Poultry meat consumers 2 - 23.3 ------8.1 1.1 0.95 - 7.1 2.4 ------Salt marsh grazed sheep meat consumers 5 ------5.7------Sheep meat consumers 4 - 12.6 ------9.5 - 0.18 - 7.5 1.2 131.1 - 0.08 - - - - - 1.6 - 0.90 0.47 Wildfowl consumers 2 - 20.8 ------0.37 - 5.7 7.4 ------Milk consumers 3 - 13.9 - 0.59 0.11 ------4.8 - 226.6 - 0.11 - - - - - 2.1 - 1.6 0.63 Mollusc consumers 2 - -1.7------1.1-2010------Mushroom consumers 2 ------7.1 - 262.1 - 0.16 - - - - - 3.1 - 1.8 0.95 Occupancy IN water 6 0.17 - 0.57 - - - 83 ------0.10 - 27 3 - 4 - - - - - Occupancy ON water 1 - - - - -3830------1010------Occupants for plume pathways (inner area) 8 1.000.56- - - - 7 ------7920------Occupants for plume pathways (mid area) 3 1.00 - - 1.5 - - 56 ------7270 - 4.7 2.7 2.0 1.6 Occupants for plume pathways (outer area) 1 1.00-15.0------8730- - - - Green vegetable consumers 6 0.17 11.1 - 2.9 - - 7 ------1310 - 10.7 10.4 7.0 6.3 Other domestic vegetable consumers 2 - - - 10.8 ------9.6 20.9 - 10.7 Potato consumers 6 - 4.7 - 1.3 ------5.9 5.5 13.7 13.6 Root vegetable consumers 4 - 4.9 - 4.0 ------3.6 6.3 13.8 21.0

Notes aExpressed as the proportion of the profile members who are exposed to direct radiation. bGamma ext - houseboat represents occupancy of boat on mud and sand. cGamma ext - sediment includes occupancy over mud and sand; sand; sand and stones. dPlume times are the sums of individuals' indoor and outdoor times. The means of the high-rate groups are determined by the 'cut-off' method and are highlighted on the diagonal.

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