Article History Keywords Earias Insulana. Chrysoperla Carnea
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Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (3): 873 -882 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Non-traditional approaches against spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infesting cotton in Egypt Hemat, Z. Moustafa Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki , Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History The spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Boisduval) Received: 7/ 7/2020 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major insect pest of cotton in Accepted: 12/8/2020 Egypt. The present field study was carried out to evaluate the _______________ influence of nine treatments against E. insulana during two Keywords successive seasons 2018 and 2019. Agricultural practices Earias insulana. including the 1st and 2nd treatments; plowing, irrigation and Chrysoperla fertilization that showed a low percent of infestation carnea, reduction, while 3rd treatment including the bio-rational azdirachtin, insecticides of (Azdirachtin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad) emamectin showed a reasonable infestation reduction, moreover, the 4th benzoate, spinosad, treatment was the release of the predator Chrysoperla carnea Bacillus (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alone achieved good thuringiensis and results compared to the previous treatments, while, the 5th Beauveria treatment was Bacillus thuringiensis and the 6th treatment was bassiana. Beauveria bassiana, the 5th and 6th treatments were the least in infestation reduction when applied alone. However, the 7th, 8th and 9th treatments represent the three different combined treatments resulted in very good infestation reduction and were more effective during the two successive seasons of study 2018 and 2019. Combined treatments increased the infestation reduction and were of great value and should be applied to the promising ones only. This research paper may greatly improve the current knowledge and practices for sustainable development, ecology and environmental protections. Introduction The genus Earias has an extremely was recorded as a major pest and wide range through cotton-growing caused most serious cotton damage. countries and is found to be Larvae attack and damage squares, distributed among most African flowers and cotton bolls; consuming countries, the Mediterranean basin, seeds, destroying them with India, China, and Southeastern Asia accumulation of feces which serve as a (Reed, 1994). Due to its severity of suitable media for secondary pests and infestation and type of damage, spiny fungus, larvae can destroy all the cotton bollworm Earias insulana bolls in the field resulting in yield (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) losses (Van Hamburg and Guest, 873 Moustafa, 2020 1997; Hanumantharaya et al., 2008; the larval hemolymph. Ahmed et al., 2012; Pappas et al., Entomopathogenic fungus spores 2011 and Bennett, 2015). There are contact with the insect host body then many ways to reduce E. insulana germinate, penetrate the cuticle, and infestation like cultivation of the grow inside, killing the insect within a resistance cotton varieties (Moustafa et few days. Several species of al., 2015). entomopathogenic fungi produced The green lacewing commercially and used as biological Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) control agents against many insect (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is an pests in many parts of the world as important natural predator of many Beauveria bassiana isolates (Sevim et insect species attacking different al., 2015). The spores are sprayed on crops. Chrysopids are generalist affected crops as an emulsified predators that recognized to be a suspension or wettable powder. And, voracious feeder on arthropod pests bio-insecticides like spinosad, such as; aphids, whiteflies, eggs and emamectin benzoate and larvae of cotton bollworms (Senior and entomopathogeic fungi have less McEwen, 2001; Atlihan et al., 2004; harmful effect on C. carnea (Moustafa, Zia et al., 2008 and Soomro et al., 2016a and Moustafa et al., 2019). Also, 2020). In addition, Bhatti et al. (2007) application of plants extracts considered reported that C. carnea, cause one of the best control measures reasonable reduction in bollworms because of their less toxicity against population. non-target organisms and their The importance of bio- biodegradability (Singh et al., 2001). insecticides as alternative management Yousef and Moustafa (2013) found that methods is environmentally friendly Melia azedarach oil proved promising and can help in natural balance. Such results against alternative bio-insectidies as, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) emamectin benzoate is a semisynthetic (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) . Among the avermectin insecticide derived from the plants with insecticidal activities, fermentation product avermectin B1 Azadirachta indica is the most and it works as a chloride channel promising, its natural compound, activator by binding gamma azadirachtin has been known to possess aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor insecticidal properties for several years and glutamate-gated chloride channels and it is active against nearly 550 insect disrupting nerve signals within species (Anuradha and Annadurai, arthropods (Grant, 2002). Spinosad is 2008) and acts as antifeedant and derived from a naturally occurring soil repellant (Chaudhary et al., 2017). actinomycete bacterium, In this study, field application Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Thompson by using non-traditional and et al., 1997) binding target sites on environmentally safe treatments such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors azadirachtin, emamectin benzoate and (nAChRs) of the insect nervous system spinosad, as well as, introducing the then cause disruption of acetylcholine predator C. carnea as a biological neurotransmission (Qiao et al., 2007). control agent were used for spiny Bacillus thuringienesis bollworm E. insulana management. (Bt.)depends on endotoxin activity Materials and methods through the larval midgut which in turn Trials were conducted at Qaha affects the permeability of the epithelial experimental station, Qalyoubia cells and hence causing intoxication of Governorate, an area about 1400 m2 874 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (3): 873 -882 was cultivated with Giza 86 cotton sprayed alternatively two weeks variety at March 31st, 2018 and March interval between sprays. 13th, 2019 seasons without chemical 2.2. Microbiological treatments: receive to evaluate the effect of all 2.2.1. Bacterial treatment: treatments on the population density of Zentari 54% DF (B. spiny bollworm infesting cotton plants. thuringiensis, subsp. Aizawai, Strain The trial was designed as randomized ABTS-1857) obtained from Shoura for complete blocks, nine plots were Chemicals Company by rate of designed for the treatments' application application 200gm/feddan was locally and one plot was left without treatments sprayed on the stem, branches, twigs as a control (check), by three replicates and the whole vegetative system. for each plot. 2.2.2. Fungal treatment: 1. Agricultural practices: Bio-Power 1.15% WP Prior to cultivation the soil was (Beauveria bassiana, 1 x 108 spores plowed using farming plow machine. i.e., CFU/g) obtained from Gaara Seeds are typically planted an inch Company at the rate of 1.5 kg/feddan below the soil surface, plowing give were sprayed on stem, branches, twigs those seeds the best chance for growing and the whole vegetative system. and germination. Plowing breaks up the 3. Spraying for each treatment was blocky structure of the soil which can conducted three times by two weeks aid in drainage and root growth. As interval between each spray. Treatment cotton plants suffer drought during spraying was practiced by a knapsack spring and summer months, therefore, sprayer Cifarili and mainly directed plants of this treatment were irrigated towards the vegetative system. during April, May, July and August 4. Release of Chrysoperla carnea: each season, the commercial fertilizer The predator was obtained from (NPK), nitrogen: phosphorus: the Center of Bio-Organic Agricultural potassium at the rate of 20:10:10, these Services (CBAS) in Aswan. Release of agricultural treatments were done free C. carnea 2nd instar larvae in the ratio of insecticides application. Fertilization of 250 larvae/200 m2, they were simply treatment was applied as follow; sparse over the pest infested cotton nitrogen at April, while, phosphate was plants was implemented three times at applied after plowing and potassium at fourteen days intervals. June. 5. Combined treatments: 2. Data of commercial formulation Three combinations of insecticides used: simultaneous treatments were applied. 2.1. Bio-rational insecticides These include bio-rational insecticides treatments: spray and predator release, the second Recommended concentration of and third combined treatments were the bio-rational insecticides used as bio-rational insecticides spray, predator follow; Oikos 3.2% EC (Azadirachtin) release and microbiological treatments. obtained from Lutus company by rate Check plants were left untreated for of application 100cm/100Litre water, control. Insecticides were sprayed and exellent 1.9% EC (Emamectin predator release, with an interval of benzoate) obtained from Kafr El-Ziat fourteen days. Dates of bio-rational for Pesticides and Chemicals by rate of insecticides and microbiological application 300cm/feddan, and spintor treatments application as following; the 24% SC (Spinosad) obtained from Daw 1st, 2nd and 3rd spray were applied at Chemicals Company by rate of June 25th, July 9th and July 25th during