UB/TIB Hannover Proceedings of The Fourth Asian-Pacific International Symposium on Combustion and Energy Utilization

Bangkok, Thailand, December 8-11, 1997

Volume II

Air pollution from Combustion Processes and Control Energy Conversion and Utilization Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuels Internal Combustion Engines and Pollution Control

Organizing Institutes :

Energy Research Institute and Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Department of Energy Development and Promotion, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand

in collaboration with The Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China vi Content page

Preface / Membership Lists „ Contents w- Volume I: Keynote Lecture Fundamental Combustion Practical Combustion Systems and Hazards Control Computational Combustion

Keynote Lectures « Recent Progress in Researches on Flame Propagation through Combustion Prof.Toshisuke Hirano K-1

Experiences in Implementation of the Energy Conservation Program Dr.Prathes Sutabutr. K-11

Aerodymanic of Flames Prof.ChungK. Law. K-14

• Fundamental Combustion

Measurement and Rehabiitation of Flame Temperature Field by Tomography Technology LJ Jingding, JiangXiawen, LuoZhizhong andChu Shuhua 1

Turbulent Combustion of Organic Dust - Air Mixture in Confined Flows and Explosions Hazards N.N.Smirnov, V.F.Nikitin, A.B.Kiselev, A.P.Boychenko, V.V.Baskokov. R.KIemens, P.Woansky and J.C.Legros 6

Stability and Shapes of Premixed Flames in a Cylindrical Burner. Leon Sinay and Fernando Fachini Filho 19

Measurement of the Turbulent Burning Velocity of Coal Dust by Means of a 20-Litre Spherical Vessel. C.M.Trinh andF.M.B.Andersen 27

Shock Temperature Role in the Limits of Detonation Waves. Fariborg Roshidi, Zohreh Milani, Rasoul Rajabi and Amir Kabir. 35

Nox Formation by Fuel - NO Mechanism in Highly Turbulent Opposed Jet Premixed Fames Yashinobu Kotani and Akira Yoshida 46

An Experimental Study on Characteristics of Elliptic Sprays. Gong Yunyi, Liu Changwen, Huang Yezhou and Peng Zhijun 52

The Sream of Disffusion Flame, C02 and NOx Gas in the Magnetic Field. Hidenori Tanaka, Koji Yoshida, Hideo Shoji and Atsushi Saima 58

Lean Limit Flame Propagation under Microgra T. Kawakami, S.Okajima, V.Sriramula, A.Teodorezyk, T.Sakuraya and J.Sato 73 A Lift-Up and Free-Fail Experiment Technique for Studying Microgravity Combustion. X.Q.Zhang, M.G.Wei, Z.Xie, Y.M.Huang, P.Yang, W.J.Kong, W.F.Du, Y.Hua H.S.Hua andZ.S.Tian 81

Numberical Study on Transport Phenomena of the Muti-Plase Reactions in a Liquid- Fueled Spray Combustion Process. H.K.Ma, R.J.TsaurandLJ.Yang 88

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Twin-Fluid Spray from a Multi-Holes Injector. Hua Huang, Tsyoshi Nakajima and P.C.Chisale 97

Phase Seperation and Microexplosion in Emullsified Fuel Droplet Combustion. Hiroshi Yamasaki and Daiduke Segewa 105

Flame Configurations in Heterogenerous Propellants. J.Buckmaster and J.Yao 112

Ignition of a Fuel Dropet by a Propagating Laminar Flame. T.Kadota, D.Segawa, R.Kohama, K.Tazakiand M.Tsue 116

Behavior of Ignition and Combustion for Single Refuse-Derived Fuel Particles Kunihiko Namba. Kyoji Kimoto, Eji Fujita and Tsuyoshi Nakajima 122

Formation of Poycyclic Aromatic Compounds in the Flame of Postrolling Oils. Stainslaw Slupek 129

Vaccum Ultravioler Light Emitted in the Flash Photolysis of the Mixture H2/O2/NO2 Kazuhiko Noda 134

Study of Explosion Dynamics of Dust-Air-Mixtures. M.Gieras, R.KIemens, B.Szatan and P.Wolanski. 141

Ignition and Extinction of Solid Feul Particles. P.X.Tran, M.P.Mathur and J.M.Ekmann 154

Premixed Turbuent Flame Burning Velocities : Influence of Cold Front Quenching. C.Corvellec, P.Bruel and V.A.Sabel'nikov 765

Investigation of Bluff-Body Flame in Premixed Combustion Using Image Processing Technique. Shen H.M., Cheung C.S. and Leung C.W. 171

High Temperature Reaction of C2H2OH in Shock Waves. Tihru Koike, Izumi Maeda, Masaki Kudoh and Hiroshi Yamada 176

Asymptotic Analysis of the Catalytic Ignition in a Vertical Wall. F.Mendez and C.Trevino 181

Effect of Pressure on 2-D Temperature Field in the Condensed Phase of a Burning Sandwich Propellant. B.T.N.Sridhar, D.Natarajan and G.Padmanahham 188

A Study of Mixing Enhancement of Jets Injected Parallel to a Supersonic Flow. A.lmamura, N.Sato, S.Shiba, S.Takahashi, K.Miyazaki, M.Tsue and M.Kono 197

Supersonic Mixing and Combustion Using Two Dimensional Lobed Nozzles. B.V.N.Charyu, J.Kurian, P.Venugopalan and V.Sriramulu 206

Experimental Study on Processing Vortex Core in Swirl Burner. Yoshikazu Tsuruoka, Chie Nakayama, Mitsuaki Tanabe and Kiyoshu Aoki. 217 VI

An Investigation of Stability of Diffusion Flames At Various Conditions. Yu.N.Shebeko, A.Ya.Korocheuko, E.D.Zamishevski, A.V.Trunev, V.Yu.Navzenya and A.A.Zaitzev 223

Expermental Studies on Flame Characteristic of Hydrogen Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flame Mono} Kumars, N.Ravindranath and Satesh Kumar. 232

Pulse Combustion : Applications and Research Needs. Ben.T.Zinn 241

Influence of the Mean Chemical Rate Expression on the Structure of Premixed Turbulent Flames. D.Karmed and M.Champion 255

Effects of Ambient Pressure and Natural Convection on Fuel Droplet Evaporation. Hiroshi Nomura and Yasushige Ujiie 266

Studies on Interference Effects in Spray Combustion. C.P.Sarathy and R.Natarajan 272

• Practical Combustion Systems and Hazards Control

Study on Burning Heavy Oil in Diesel with Introduction Stream Technique. Zhang Lijun, Liu Shitang and LJ Jingding 292

Design and Performance of a Pilot Burning for Swirl Augmentor. Tan Hua Yuan and He Xiao Ming 298

Structure and Nox Formation in Premixed and Non-Premixed Opposed let Burner. Akira Yoshida, Kohichi Hirose and Yoshinobu Kotani. 304

The Spider-Jet Atomizer: An Evolution of the Y-Jet Atomizer. H.S.Couto, J.A.Carvalho, JR. And D Bastos-Netto 310

A Simple One-Dimensional Model For Liquid Fuel Vitiated-Air Heater For Screamjet Direct-Connected Test Facilities. A.LS.Guimaraes, LSinay and Bastos-Netto 316

A Comparison of Elutriation Rates when Burning Coal on Coal-Water Slurry in a Fluidized Bed Combustor. Longin Przyblski. 324

Parametric Studies of Combustion in Radiation Dominated Heat Transfer with a Cyclic flow Reversal of Mixture. Sumreung Jugjai and Amorn Sanjetlertcharoen 331

An Influence of Gas-Aerosol Compositions on Flammability Limits of Gases and Vapours. Yu.N.Shebeko, A.Ya.Korochenko, I.A.Bolodian, V.Yu.Navyzenya, S.N.Kopylov and D.Yu.Shebeko 340

Heat Source Ignition of Hydrogen and Propane - Air Mixtures : Influence of the source Spatio-Temporal Structure. M.Vidal, A.Zumino, M.Champion, B.Deshaies and LF.Figueira da Silva 348

Minimun Explosible Concentration of Thai Indigeneous Powders. W. Tanthapanichkoon, T. Charinpanitkul, H. Duriyabunleang and V. Chongvisal. 355

Estimation of the Cell size of Detonation by Numerical Analysis. Tadayoshi Sugimura and Toshihiro Nanaka 367 ix

Combustion Experiment of Monodisperse and Mono-Sized Alcohol Fuel Droplet Clouds Generated by Condensation Method. Youichi Maratani, Jun'ichi Sato, Hiroshi Nomura, Yasusige Ujiie, Michikata Kono and Haruhiko Kawasaki. 367

• Computational Combustion

A Model of Steady-State Convective Combustion of Gas-Permeable Propellants. WangBoxi. 374

A Tomographric Algorithim for Reconstructing Local Probability Density Functions in Turbulent Flames. Robert Gouland, Catherine Mavriplis and Pumyos Vallikul. 382

A Pure Two-Fluid Model for Simulating Spray Combustion in a Dual-lnjet Dump Ramjet Combustor. Y.C.Guo, W.Y.Un and L.X.Zhou 392

Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Premixed Turbulent Open V-Flame. B.L.Zhang, C.K.Chan and K.S.Lau 396

Spatial Distribution Computation of Radiation Heat Flux in Diesel Engines. Chen Shuo, Pan Keyu, Liu Mingan, UBenwen and Zhou Longbao 406

An Artificial Compressibiity Method for Unsteady Reacting Flows at Zero Mach Number. C.Corvellec, P.Bruel and V.A.Sabel'nikov. 413

Experiments and Numerical Simulation of the Dual-Fuel Combustion Process For A Constant Volume Combustion Bomb. M.Mbarawa, R.T.Casey and B.E.Milton 420

Numerical Study of Turbulent Two-Phase Flow of Planar Mixing Layer Using a New Stochastic Seperated Flow Model. C.K.Chan, K.S.Lau and H.Q.Zhang. 435

Modeling of Pressurised Combustion of Single Soid Fuel Particles. C.A.Gurgel Veras, Saastamoinen and J.A.Carvalho Jr. 459

Integral Analysis of Stretched Flames. J.H.M.Ten Theje Boonkkamp and L.P.H. de Goey. 466

Mathematical Modeling of Ozone Reactions and Dispersions from Combustion Productions in Atmosphere. B.Dabir, Kh. Sad/7, S.M.AIaie, M.Nikazar and M.Shaebain-Sanghabadi. 475

A Set of Governing Equations For Reactive and Diffusive Mixtures Applied to Combustion. ELundgren 490

Modeling of Combustion and Turbulent Transports in Supersonic Flows : The Case of CO- Fowing Jets. Valery Morgenthaler, Luis Fernando, Figueira da Silva, Bruno Deshaies, Vladi mir and A.Sabel'nikov. 498

A Continuum Mechanical Model for Spray Combustion. D.Palmqvist, E.Lundgren and S.I.MoHer. 508 Volume II: Air Pollution From Combustion Processes and Control Energy Conversion and Utilization Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuels Internal Combustion Engines and Pollution Control

• Air Pollution From Combustion Processes and Control

The Prospect of Desulphurization Technology Development in China. WangQinghuan and Wang Ning 578

Temperature Prediction of Pulverized Coal Combustion in Multiple Opposed Jets Flow. Q.W.Zhao and H.F.Zhao 522

Solid Waste Incineration : Influence of Inert Materials On Combustion Efficiency And Pollutants (CO, NOx) Emissions. LBonneau, C Massiot, J.C.Goudeau, Y.Rogaume, M.Anzanneau, B.Bregeon andB.Sztal. 527

The Emission of CO and NO From Small Premixed Flames On Domestic Burners. L.P.H. deGoey, R.L.G.M. Eggels, LM.T.Somers and A.J.M.Gielen 534

Investigation on Diesel Particulate Oxidation Using Metal Oxide Coated Ceramic Foam Filter. C.G.Saravanan and K.Jeyachandran 544

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Over Rh/Sio2 Catalyst Prepared From Water-ln-Oil Microemulsion. Masahiro Kishida, Kyotaro Onoue, Hideo Nagata and Kalsuhiko Wakabayashi. 560

Modelling the Effects of Characteristics and Secondary Injection on Emissions. G.Devaradjane and N.Buluswamy. 563

Development of Anodic Oxidation Catalyst For Catalytic Combustion of Exhaust Gas. Intan Elizabeth Sungkono, Wei Yong Ying, Kyoke Yamamoto, Hideo Kamey and Toshiyuki Koya 570

Investigation On Reduction of CO in SI Engine with . C.M.Vara Prasad, C.Prabhakar Reddy and M V S.Murali Krishna 576

• Energy Conversion and Utilization

A Case Study for Life Cycle Value Assessment (LCVA) as an Energy Dicision Making Tool: Conventional Gasoline and Reformulated Gasoline. Mario Reynolds, M.D. Checkel, R.A.Fraser and R.Macintosh 583

Technical and Economic Analysis For Conversion of An Emergency Generator into A Cogeneration System : Study of Case For a Hospital. Jose' Luz SHveira, Mauro Jose' Cavalcanti Leite, Francisco EulaKo, Alves Dos Santos. and Carlo Alberto Luengo 606

Technical Guide For Exergy Analysis. Chen Mingzheng, Zheng Danxing and Song Zhiping 677

Equation Oriented Modelling of Plant Utility Systems and Their Optimisation using A Novel SQP Method. WiKam Morton and Miguel Angel Rodriguez - Toral. 679 xl

Combined Heat And Power (CHP) Plants and Environment. Sukru Bekdemir, Recep Ozturkand Muammer Akgun 629

Study on Catalyst Assisted Combustion With Catalyst Temperature Limiting. Fumikiro Hanba, Mitsuaki Tanabe and Kiyoshi Aoki. 637

A Case Study of Air Eurichment with Oxygen in the Incineration of Industrial Wastes. G.F.Melo, P.T.Lacava and J.A.Carvalho Jr. 644

Rapid Pyrolysis of Agricultural Residue at High Temperature. Rolando Zanzi, Krister Sjostrom and Emilia Bjornborm 657

Combustion of Oil Sludge in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Incinerator. Adi Surjosatyo, Farid Nasir Hj Ani and Md Zahid Abdullah 657

Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Food Industrial Plant. Ruchira Taprap and Sujitta Raungrusmee 664

Flow in Elliptical Domain With a Circular Wellbore at the Center and Application to Cyclic Steam Stimulation. Mohammad Tamin and S.M.Faroug Ali. 674

FPRDI Combustor For Coffee Drying. Belen B. Bisana and Antonio B. Layong Jr. 687

The Monte Carlo Simulation Method For Calculating Spot Prices Hourly of Electricity in Energy Generation System. Ricardo Villarroel Davalos and Edvaldo A.De Somtana 692

Experimental Investigations About the Performance of A Two Wheeler With Two Strocke SI Engine For Fuel Economy and Lean Burning. Shivayogi S.Hiremath and S.N.Kurbet 700

Experimental Investigation on a Lambretta Scooter Engine by Adopting Different Carburettors to Evaluate the Matching Feasibilities - In View of Road Test. Shivayogi S. Hiremath, R.Nagaraj and S.N.Kurbet 707

Development and Testing of Low Cost Gen Set For Fuel Economy and lean Burning. Shivayogi S. Hiremath, D.D.Chillal and S.N.Kurbet 774

Energy Accumulated and Stractural Stability of Salt-Hydrate Gasbeton Storage Composite. M.Hadjieva, R.Kirilov, R.Stoykov and Tz. Filipova 779

Common Movement Characteristic and Modeling of Municipal Solid Wastes Matter inner Martin Stocker. Jian Ruimin, Chen Dong and Zhang Hesheng 723

Experimental Investigations on Performance of Cl Engine With as Alternate Fuel A Dual Mode Operation Case. Shivayogi S. Hiremath, R.Nagaraj and S.N.Kurbet 728

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer by Impingement. Wang Baoguan 734

• Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuels

Efficient Combustion of Wet Biomass Fuel. Heikki Oravainen 740 XI

Analysis on the Modelling of Gasification Kinetic Data of An Argentinean Coal Char Under Chemical - Diffusional Control Conditions. J.Ochoa and A.LCukierman 744

Thermal Degradation of Hardwoods Residues : Kinetics and Effects of Pyrolysis Conditions on Chars Features. P.A.Delia Rocca, E.G.Cerrella, P.R.Bonelli and A.LCukierman 750

Gasification of an Agricultural by product: A Study Towards Actived Carbons Preparation. G.I.Horowitz, G.Lombardi, M.C.Cassanello and A.LCukierman 757

Pyrolytic Oil and Char Recovery From Rice Husk Waste. Mohammad Nurul Istam and Farid Nasir Ani. 762

Modelling of the Rapid Pyrolysis of Wood. M.Nik-Azar, A.Mirfakliraee and B.Dabir. 769

Investigations on Crude and Esterified Jatropha Oil as Substitute Fuels in Diesel Engine. CM. Vara Prasad, C.Prabhakar Reddy, M. V.S.Murali Krishna and K.Sudhakar Reddy. 782

Studies on Methanol-Diesel Mixtures With Air Gap Insulated and Liner in Diesel Engine. CM. Vara Prasad, C.Prabhakar Reddy, M. V.S.Murali Krisna and K.Sudhakar Reddy. 797

• Internal Combustion Engines and Pollution Control

Effect of Deposits on Hydrocarbon Emission in a spark Ignition Engine. Zhohua Huang, Haitao Guo, Keyu Pan, Longbao Zhou and Deming Jiang 802

Ultrasonic Evaporation . Z.D.Yan and M.LWong 808

Development of a Fast, Low Cost Data Acquisition and Analysis System for Dl Diesel Engines. Jamil Ghojel and S.K.Tang 813

Analytical Heat Release Function for Dl Diesel Engines. Jamil Ghoje 827/

Performance of a Lean Burn S.I.Engine with Catalytically Coated Composite Piston. Parthasarathy, S 830

Experimental Investigation of Spatial Distribution of Heat Flux on the Head of A Dl Diesel Engine. CS.Cheung 838

Analysis of Combustion Noise in Automobile Diesel Engine. Zhang Zongjie, Zhang Biaobiao, Suo Haitao and Yu Qiang 846

The Enhanced Cooling of Ramjet Engine Combustor. Gu Weizao and Liu Wenyan 852

Investigation of Aftermarket Products For Improving Fuel Economy and Emissions Somchai Chanchaona 858 iii

Studies on Water-Diesel Emulsion in Diesel Engine. CM. Vara Prasad and C.Prabhakar Reddy. 863

Effect of catalytic Converter on two Wheeler Engine Performance & Emissions. A.Rekman and K.C.Singhai. 876

Design and Testing of Pin-Fixed Copper Oxide Metal Foil Catalytic Converter. S.P Venkatesan, C.G.Saravanan and K.Natarajan 885

An Experimental Study of In-Cylinder Tumbling Air Motion in a Four-Valve S.I.Engine by LDA. Shu-liang Liu, Yu feng Li, Shao-Xi Shi, Ming-Zhi Feng, Zhen-ZhongXu and KongU 892

A Study of the Effects of the Grooved Combustion Chamber on Fuel/Air Mixing in A Small D.I.Diesel Engine. Wanhua Su, Rongwen Lin, HuiXie and Shao Xi Shi. 899

Effects of Fuel Injection Mode and Combustor Exit Geometry on Swirl Combustion with Preheated Air. P.C.Chisale, M.Masuda and T.Nakajima 905

Combustion in a Lean-Burn Piston Engine with Catalytic Prechamber. Josef Jarosinski, Ryszard Lapucha and Jacek mazurkiewiez 973

NOx Reduction in A Diesel Engine with Ceramic Coating on the Top of the Piston. P.K.Bose, R.A.Beg, B.B.Ghosh, S.K.Das and Amitava Majamder. 979

Combustion and Exhaust gas Emission Characteristics of Lean Mixture Ignited by Gas-Oil Injection. Koji Yoshida, Hideo Shoji, Atsushi Saima and Hidenori Tanaka 928

A New Method of Diagnosing In-Cylinder Combustion Dificiency by Utilizing Intra-cycle speed fluctuation Based on Fuzzy Classification Theory. Chen Hongyan, Wu Feng and Yan Zhaoda 940

Analysis of Combustion in Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine with Two Zone Combustion Model and Different Heat Transfer Models. P.Tamilporai and N.Buluswamy. 950

The Performance of the Dual-Fuel LPG/Gasoline Vehicle. Hewu Wang and Yaozhang Bian 962

Experimental Study on a New Type Direct Injection Circularly Stratified Charge Combustion System for Gasoline Engines. Longbao Zhou and Hui Zhao 968

Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engine With Charge Turbulized by Directed Jet. Andrzej Kowalewicz, Grzegorz Pawlak and Andrzej Ro'zycki. 976

Ethanol Fumigation Close to the Intake Value at Increased Injection Pressure and with Ignition Improve Enhances Performance and Reduces Emission in a Dl Engine. B.K.Venkanna and P.B.Gangavati. 983

Increased Injection Presure in A D.I. Engine Enables Higher Water Percentages in Water/Diesel Emulsion and Improves Performance & Reduces Emissions. B.K.Venkanna and Smt Swati B. Wadawadagi. 945 xiv

Improved Performance and Reduced Emissions in A D.I.Engine by Fumigating Methanol with Ignition Improver and with Increased Injection Presure. B.K.Venkawna andSmt SwatiB. Wadawadagi. 990

Analysis on Radical Behavior Under Knocking Operation in a Spark-Ignition Engine. Yasushi Ota, katsunori Komuro, Toshiyuki Matsushima, Koji Yoshida, Hideo Shoji and Atsushi Saima 997

Advanced Stratified Charge Combustion In Two-And Four Rotary Engines. H.Heitland, R.Rinne andK.Wislocki. 7005

Performance of A LPG Fueld Two Wheeler With Four Stroke S.I.Engine - An Overview on Road Test. Shivayogi S.Hiremath, A.M.Lakkanagavi and S.N.Kurbet 7074

Experimental Studies On Performance of A Two Stroke S.I. Engined Two Wheeler With Modified Dual Intake Manifolds And Throttling Systems for Fuel Economy and Emission Control. Shivayogi S.Hiremath, A.M.Lakkanagavi and S.N.Kurbet 7079

Jet Ignition of Lean Mixtures for IC Engine Applications. WalanskiP. 7025

Author List