Women in Congress 1917–2006

prepared under the direction of The Committee on House Administration of the U.S. House of Representatives vernon j. ehlers, chairman juanita millender-mcdonald, ranking member

by the Office of History and Preservation, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives

u.s. government printing office, washington, d.c., 2006 69505_title_pg_i_to_vii.qxd 11/30/2006 1:40 PM Page ii

107th Congress H. Con. Res. 66 House Document 108-223 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C.: 2006

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Women in Congress, 1917–2006 / prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration of the U.S. House of Representatives, by the Office of History and Preservation, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. p. cm. — (House document ; 108–223) “An updated version of House document 101–238, entitled Women in Congress, 1917–1990''—Introd. “Matthew A. Wasniewski, editor-in-chief ”—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United States. Congress—Biography. 2. Women legislators —United States—Biography. I. Wasniewski, Matthew A. (Matthew Andrew), 1969– . II. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. III. United States. Congress. House. Office of History and Preservation. IV. Women in Congress, 1917–1990. JK1030.W66 2006 328.73092'2—dc22 [B] 2006030660

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 0-16-076753-9 69505_title_pg_i_to_vii.qxd 11/30/2006 1:40 PM Page iii

HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION NO. 66 ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

SUBMITTED BY THE HON. MARCY KAPTUR

Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring),

SECTION 1. PRINTING OF REVISED VERSION OF ‘‘WOMEN IN CONGRESS, 1917–1990.’’ An updated version of House Document 101–238, entitled ‘‘Women in Congress, 1917–1990’’ (as revised by the ), shall be printed as a House document by the Public Printer, with illustrations and suitable binding, under the direction of the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives.

SECTION 2. NUMBER OF COPIES. In addition to the usual number, there shall be printed 30,700 copies of the document referred to in section 1, of which—(1) 25,000 shall be for the use of the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives; and (2) 5,700 shall be for the use of the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate.

Approved by the House April 4, 2001 Approved by the Senate April 24, 2001

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compiled and edited under the direction of the Committee on House Administration of the U.S. House of Representatives Vernon J. Ehlers of , Chairman Juanita Millender-McDonald of California, Ranking Member

Robert W. Ney of Ohio Robert A. Brady of Pennsylvania John L. Mica of Florida of California John T. Doolittle of California Thomas M. Reynolds of New York Candice Miller of Michigan

Karen L. Haas, Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives

office of history and preservation office of the clerk of the house Matthew A. Wasniewski, Editor in Chief Kathleen Johnson, Writer and Researcher Erin M. Lloyd, Writer and Researcher Laura K. Turner, Writer and Researcher

v Contents

INTRODUCTION 1

PART I: FORMER WOMEN MEMBERS

Chapter I: “I’m No Lady, I’m a Member of Congress”: Women Pioneers on Capitol Hill, 1917–1934...... 18

Chapter II: Onto the National Stage: Congresswomen in an Age of Crises, 1935–1954...... 136

Chapter III: A Changing of the Guard: Traditionalists, Feminists, and the New Face of Women in Congress, 1955–1976...... 324

Chapter IV: Assembling, Amplifying, and Ascending: Recent Trends Among Women in Congress, 1977–2006...... 542

PART II: CURRENT WOMEN MEMBERS...... 779

APPENDICES...... 930

INDEX...... 1000