Theraväda Buddhism Selections from the Päli Canon

I. The Four Noble Truths

Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth (Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta) (The First Sermon of the Buddha)

Thus have I heard. The Blessed One was once living in the Deer Park at Isipatana (the Resort of Seers) near Bäränasi (Benares). There he addressed the group of five bhikkhus: "Bhikkhus, these two extremes ought not to be practised by one who has gone forth from the household life. What are the two? There is devotion to the indulgence of sense-pleasures, which is low, common, the way of ordinary people, unworthy and unprofitable; and there is devotion to self-mortification, which is painful, unworthy and unprofitable. "Avoiding both these extremes, the Tathägata has realized the Middle Path: it gives vision, it gives knowledge, and it leads to calm, to insight, to enlightenment, to Nibbäna. And what is that Middle Path. . . ? It is simply the Noble Eightfold Path, namely, namely, thirst for sense-pleasures; thirst for existence right view, right thought, right speech, right action, and becoming; and thirst for non-existence (self- right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right annihilation). concentration. This is the Middle Path realized by the "The Noble Truth of the Cessation of suffering is this: Tathägata, which gives vision, which gives knowledge, It is the complete cessation of that very thirst, giving it and which leads to calm, to insight, to enlightenment, to up, renouncing it, emancipating oneself from it, Nibbäna. detaching oneself from it. "The Noble Truth of suffering (Dukkha) is this: Birth "The Noble Truth of the Path leading to the Cessation is suffering; aging is suffering; sickness is suffering; of suffering is this: It is simply the Noble Eightfold Path, death is suffering; sorrow and lamentation, pain, grief namely right view; right thought; right speech, right and despair are suffering; association with the action; right livelihood; right effort; right mindfulness; unpleasant is suffering; dissociation from the pleasant right concentration. is suffering; not to get what one wants is suffering--in "'This is the Noble Truth of Suffering (Dukkha)': such brief, the five aggregates of attachment are suffering. was the vision, the knowledge, the wisdom, the science, "The Noble Truth of the origin of suffering is this: It the light, that arose in me with regard to things not is this thirst (craving) [Taëhä] which produces re- heard before. 'This suffering, as a noble truth, should be existence and re-becoming, bound up with passionate fully understood': such was the vision, the knowledge, greed. It finds fresh delight now here and now there, the wisdom, the science, the light, that arose in me with

Manuscript of Dhammacakkappavattanasutta in Pali. Black Burmese script on palm leaf. The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—2 regard to things not heard before. 'This suffering, as a II. The Three Characteristics noble truth, has been fully understood': such was the vision, the knowledge, the wisdom, the science, the The Discourse on the Not-self Characteristic light, that arose in me with regard to things not heard (Anatta-lakkhana Sutta) before. (The Second Sermon of the Buddha) "'This is the Noble Truth of the Origin of suffering': such was the vision . . . 'This Origin of suffering, as a Thus I heard. On one occasion the Blessed One was noble truth, should be abandoned': such was the vision, living at Benares, in the Deer Park at Isipatana (the . . . 'This Origin of suffering, as a noble truth, has been Resort of Seers). There he addressed the bhikkhus of the abandoned': such was the vision,. . . with regard to group of five: "Bhikkhus." — "Venerable sir," they things not heard before. replied. The Blessed One said this. "'This is the Noble Truth of the Cessation of "Bhikkhus, form (rüpa) is not-self. Were form self, suffering': such was the vision. . . 'This cessation of then this form would not lead to affliction, and one suffering, as a noble truth, should be realized': such was could have it of form: 'Let my form be thus, let my form the vision, . . . 'This Cessation of suffering, as a noble be not thus.' And since form is not-self, so it leads to truth, has been realized': such was the vision, . . . with affliction, and none can have it of form: 'Let my form be regard to things not heard before. thus, let my form be not thus.' "'This is the Noble Truth of the Path leading to the "Bhikkhus, feeling (vedanä) is not-self. . . Cessation of suffering': such was the vision,. . . 'This "Bhikkhus, perception (saïïä) is not-self. . . Path leading to the Cessation of suffering, as a noble "Bhikkhus, determinations (saðkhära) are not-self. .. truth, should be followed (cultivated)': such was the "Bhikkhus, consciousness (viïïaëa) is not self. Were vision, . . . 'This Path leading to the Cessation of consciousness self, then this consciousness would not suffering, as a noble truth, has been followed lead to affliction, and one could have it of (cultivated)': such was the vision, the knowledge, the consciousness: 'Let my consciousness be thus, let my wisdom, the science, the light, that arose in me with consciousness be not thus.' And since consciousness is regard to things not heard before. not-self, so it leads to affliction, and none can have it of "As long as my vision of true knowledge was not consciousness: 'Let my consciousness be thus, let my fully clear in these three aspects, in these twelve ways, consciousness be not thus.' regarding the Four Noble Truths, I did not claim to have "Bhikkhus, how do you conceive it: is form realized the perfect Enlightenment that is supreme in permanent or impermanent?" the world with its gods, with its Maras and Brahmas, in "Impermanent, venerable Sir." this world with its recluses and brähmaëas, with its "Now is what is impermanent painful or pleasant?" princes and men. But when my vision of true "Painful, venerable Sir." knowledge was fully clear in these three aspects, in "Now is what is impermanent, what is painful since these twelve ways, regarding the Four Noble Truths, subject to change, fit to be regarded thus: 'This is mine, then I claimed to have realized the perfect this is I, this is my self'"? Enlightenment that is supreme in the world with its "No, venerable sir." gods, its Maras and Brahmas, in this world with its "Is feeling permanent or impermanent?... recluses and brähmaëas, with its princes and men. And "Is perception permanent or impermanent?... a vision of true knowledge arose in me thus: My heart's "Are determinations permanent or impermanent?... deliverance is unassailable. This is the last birth. Now "Is consciousness permanent or impermanent?" there is no more re-becoming (rebirth). "Impermanent, venerable sir." This the Blessed One said. The group of five "Now is what is impermanent pleasant or painful?" bhikkhus was glad, and they rejoiced at his words. "Painful, venerable sir." (Saàyutta nikäya, LVI, 11) "Now is what is impermanent, what is painful since subject to change, fit to be regarded thus: 'This is mine, * * * this is I, this is my self'"? "No, venerable sir." The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—3

"So, bhikkhus any kind of form whatever, whether Dhamma, this orderliness of the Dhamma: All processes past, future or presently arisen, whether gross or subtle, are stressful (dukkha). whether in oneself or external, whether inferior or "The Tathägata directly awakens to that, breaks superior, whether far or near, must with right through to that. Directly awakening & breaking through understanding how it is, be regarded thus: 'This is not to that, he declares it, teaches it, describes it, sets it forth. mine, this is not I, this is not myself.' He reveals it, explains it, & makes it plain: All processes "Any kind of feeling whatever... are stressful (dukkha). "Any kind of perception whatever... "Whether or not there is the arising of Tathägatas, "Any kind of determination whatever... this property stands — this steadfastness of the "Any kind of consciousness whatever, whether past, Dhamma, this orderliness of the Dhamma: All future or presently arisen, whether gross or subtle, phenomena are not-self (anatta). whether in oneself or external, whether inferior or "The Tathägata directly awakens to that, breaks superior, whether far or near must, with right through to that. Directly awakening & breaking through understanding how it is, be regarded thus: 'This is not to that, he declares it, teaches it, describes it, sets it forth. mine, this is not I, this is not my self.' He reveals it, explains it, & makes it plain: All "Bhikkhus, when a noble follower who has heard (the phenomena are not-self (anatta)." truth) sees thus, he finds estrangement in form, he finds (Aìguttara-Nikäya, III, 134) estrangement in feeling, he finds estrangement in perception, he finds estrangement in determinations, he Dialogue Between King Milinda and Nägasena finds estrangement in consciousness. "When he finds estrangement, passion fades out. Said the king, "Bhante1 Nägasena, will you converse With the fading of passion, he is liberated. When with me?" liberated, there is knowledge that he is liberated. He " Your majesty, if you will converse with me as the understands: 'Birth is exhausted, the holy life has been wise converse, I will; but if you converse with me as lived out, what can be done is done, of this there is no kings converse, I will not." more beyond.'" " Bhante Nägasena, how do the wise converse? " That is what the Blessed One said. The bhikkhus " Your majesty, when the wise converse, whether were glad, and they approved his words. they become entangled by their opponents' arguments Now during this utterance, the hearts of the bhikkhus or extricate themselves, whether they or their opponents of the group of five were liberated from taints through are convicted of error, whether their own superiority or clinging no more. that of their opponents is established, nothing in all this can make them angry. Thus, your majesty; do the wise (Saðyutta-Nikäya, XXII, 59.) converse." " And how, bhante, do kings converse?" The Discourse on the Orderliness of the Dhamma "Your majesty, when kings converse, they advance a (Dhamma-niyama Sutta) proposition, and whoever opposes it, they order his punishment, saying, ‘Punish this fellow!’ Thus, your "Monks, whether or not there is the arising of majesty, do kings converse." Tathägatas, this property stands — this steadfastness of " Bhante, I will converse as the wise converse, not as the Dhamma, this orderliness of the Dhamma: All kings do. Let your worship converse in all confidence. processes are inconstant (anicca). Let your worship converse as unrestrainedly as if with "The Tathägata directly awakens to that, breaks a priest or a novice or a lay disciple or a keeper the through to that. Directly awakening & breaking through monastery grounds. Be not afraid! " to that, he declares it, teaches it, describes it, sets it forth. " Very well, your majesty," said the elder in assent. He reveals it, explains it, & makes it plain: All processes (Milindapaïha, 28) are inconstant (anicca). "Whether or not there is the arising of Tathägatas, this property stands — this steadfastness of the

1Bhante is a respectful title. The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—4

Then drew near Milinda the king to where the “Nay, verily, your majesty.” venerable Nägasena was; and having drawn near, he “Is the hair of the body Nägasena?” greeted the venerable Nägasena; and having passed the “Nay, verily, your majesty.” compliments of friendship and civility, he sat down “Are nails . . . teeth . . . skin . . . flesh . . . sinews . . . respectfully at one side. And the venerable Nägasena bones . . . marrow of the bones . . . kidneys . . . heart . . . returned the greeting; by which, verily, he won the liver . . . pleura . . . spleen . . . lungs . . . intestines . . . heart of king Milinda. mesentery . . . stomach . . . faeces . . . bile . . . phlegm . . And Milinda the king spoke to the venerable . pus . . . blood . . . sweat . . . fat . . . tears . . . lymph . . . Nägasena as follows: — saliva . . . snot . . . synovial fluid . . . urine . . . brain of the “How is your reverence called? Bhante, what is your head Nägasena?” name?” “Nay, verily, your majesty.” “Your majesty, I am called Nägasena; my fellow- “Is now, bhante, form (rüpa) Nägasena?” priests, your majesty, address me as Nägasena: but “Nay, verily, your majesty.” whether parents give one the name Nägasena, or “Is sensation (vedanä) Nägasena?” Sürasena, or Vérasena, or Séhasena, it is, nevertheless, “Nay, verily, your majesty.” your majesty, but a way of counting, a term, an “Is perception (saïïä) Nägasena?” appellation, a convenient designation, a mere name, this “Nay, verily, your majesty.” Nägasena; for there is no Self here to be found.” “Are the predispositions (saðkhära) Nägasena?” Then said Milinda the king, — “Nay, verily, your majesty.” “Listen to me, my lords, ye five hundred Yonakas, “Is consciousness (viïïaëa) Nägasena?” and ye eighty thousand priests! Nägasena here says “Nay, verily, your majesty.” thus: ‘There is no Self here to be found.’ Is it poss,ible, “Are, then, bhante, form (rüpa), sensation (vedanä), pray, for me to assent to what he says?” perception (saïïä), the predispositions (saðkhära), and And Milinda the king spoke to the venerable consciousness (viïïaëa) unitedly Nägasena?” Nägasena as follows: — “Nay, verily, your majesty.” “Bhante Nägasena, if there is no Self to be found, “Is it, then, bhante, something besides form (rüpa), who is it then furnishes you priests with the priestly sensation (vedanä), perception (saïïä), the requisites, — robes, food, bedding, and medicine, the predispositions (saðkhära), and consciousness (viïïaëa) reliance of the sick? who is it makes use of the same? , which is Nägasena?” who is it keeps the precepts? who is it applies himself to “Nay, verily, your majesty.” meditation? who is it realizes the Paths, the Fruits, and “Bhante, although I question you very closely, I fail Nirvana? who is it destroys life? who is it takes what is to discover any Nägasena. Verily, now, bhante, not given him? who is it commits immorality? who is it Nägasena is a mere empty sound. What Nägasena is tells lies? who is it drinks intoxicating liquor? who is it there here? Bhante, you speak a falsehood, a lie: there is commits the five crimes that constitute ‘proximate no Nägasena.” karma’?2 In that case, there is no merit; there is no Then the venerable Nägasena spoke to Milinda the demerit; there is no one who does or causes to be done king as follows: — meritorious or demeritorious deeds; neither good nor “Your majesty, you are a delicate prince, an evil deeds can have any fruit or result. Bhante exceedingly delicate prince; and if, your majesty, you Nägasena, neither is he a murderer who kills a priest, walk in the middle of the day on hot sandy ground, nor can you priests, bhante Nägasena, have any teacher, and, you tread on rough grit, grave1, and sand, your preceptor, or ordination. When you say, ‘My fellow- feet become sore, your body tired, the mind is priests, your majesty, address me as Nägasena,’ what oppressed, and the body-consciousness suffers. Pray, then is this Nägasena? Pray, bhante, is the hair of the did you come afoot, or riding?” head Nägasena?” “Bhante, I do not go afoot: I came in a chariot.” “Your majesty, if you came in a chariot, declare to me the chariot. Pray, your majesty, is the pole the chariot?” “Nay, verily, bhante.” 2 By proximate karma is meant karma that ripens in the “Is the axle the chariot?” next existence. The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—5

“Nay, verily, bhante.” form (rüpa), sensation (vedanä), perception (saïïä), the Are the wheels the chariot?” predispositions (saðkhära), and consciousness (viïïaëa). “Nay, verily, bhante.” But in the absolute sense there is no Self here to be “Is the chariot-body the chariot?” found. And the priestess Vajirä, your majesty, said as “Nay, verily, bhante.” follows in the presence of The Blessed One: — “Is the banner-staff the chariot?” “Nay, verily, bhante.” “‘Even as the word of “chariot” means “Is the yoke the chariot?” That members join to frame a whole; “Nay, verily, bhante.” So when the Groups (Khandha) appear to view, “Are the reins the chariot?” We use the phrase, “A living being.”’” “Nay, verily, bhante.” “Is the goading-stick the chariot?” “It is wonderful, bhante Nägasena! It is marvellous, “Nay, verily, bhante.” bhante Nägasena! Brilliant and prompt is the wit of “Pray, your majesty, are pole, axle, wheels, chariot- your replies. If The Buddha were alive, he would body, banner-staff, yoke, reins, and goad unitedly the applaud. Well done, well done, Nägasena! Brilliant and chariot?” prompt is the wit of your replies." “Nay, verily, bhante.” “Is it, then, your majesty, something else besides (Milindapaïha, 25) pole, axle, wheels, chariot-body, banner-staff, yoke, reins, and goad which is the chariot?” Buddhaghoña's Commentary: “Nay, verily, bhante.” “Your majesty, although I question you very closely, Just as the word "chariot" is but a mode of expression I fail to discover any chariot. Verily now, your majesty, for axle, wheels, chariot-body, pole, and other the word chariot is a mere empty sound. What chariot constituent members, placed in a certain relation to each is there here? Your majesty, you speak a falsehood, a lie: other, but when we come to examine the members one there is no chariot. Your majesty, you are the chief king by one, we discover that in the absolute sense there is in all the continent of India; of whom are you afraid that no chariot; and just as the word “house” is but a mode you speak a lie? Listen to me, my lords, ye five hundred of expression for wood and other constituents of a Yonakas, and ye eighty thousand priests! Milinda the house, surrounding space in a certain relation, but in the king here says thus: ‘I came in a chariot;’ and being absolute sense there is no house; and just as the word requested, ‘Your majesty, if you came in a chariot, “fist” is but a mode of expression for the fingers, the declare to me the chariot,’ he fails to produce any thumb, etc., in a certain relation; and the word “lute” for chariot. Is it possible, pray, for me to assent to what he the body of the lute, strings, etc.; “army” for elephants, says?” horses, etc.; “city” for fortifications, houses, gates, etc.; When he had thus spoken, the five hundred Yonakas “tree” for trunk, branches, foliage, etc., in a certain applauded the venerable Nägasena and spoke to relation, but when we come to examine the parts one by Milinda the king as follows: — one, we discover that in the absolute sense there is no “Now, your majesty, answer, if you can.” tree; in exactly the same way the words “living entity” Then Milinda the king spoke to the venerable and “Self” are but a mode of expression for the presence Nägasena as follows: — of the five attachment groups, but when we come to “Bhante Nägasena, I speak no lie: the word ‘chariot’ examine the elements of being one by one, we discover is but a way of counting, term, appellation, convenient that in the absolute sense there is no living entity there designation, and name for pole, axle, wheels, chariot- to form a basis for such figments as “I am,” or “I”; in body, and banner-staff.” other words, that in the absolute sense there is only “Thoroughly well, your majesty, do you understand name and form. The insight of him who perceives this a chariot. In exactly the same way, your majesty, in is called knowledge of the truth. respect of me, Nägasena is but a way of counting, term, He, however, who abandons this knowledge of the appellation, convenient designation, mere name for the truth and believes in a living entity must assume either hair of my head, hair of my body . . . brain of the head, that this living entity will perish or that it will not The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—6 perish. If he assume that it will not perish, he falls into “Or, in regard to the Self, Änanda, one holds the the heresy of the persistence of existences; or if he view, ‘Verily, neither is sensation my Self, nor does my assume that it will perish, he falls into that of the Self have no sensation. My Self has sensation; my Self annihilation of existences. And why do I say so? possesses the faculty of sensation.’ Because, just as sour cream has milk as its antecedent, “In the above case, Änanda, where it is said, so nothing here exists but what has its own antecedents. ‘Sensation is my Self,’ reply should be made as follows: To say, “The living entity persists,” is to fall short of the ‘Brother, there are three sensations: the pleasant truth; to say, “It is annihilated,” is to outrun the truth. sensation, the unpleasant sensation, and the indifferent Therefore has The Blessed One said: — sensation. Which of these three sensations do you hold “There are two heresies, O monks, which possess to be the Self?’ both gods and men, by which some fall short of the “Whenever, Änanda, a person experiences a pleasant truth, and some outrun the truth; but the intelligent sensation, he does not at the same time experience an know the truth. unpleasant sensation, nor does he experience an “And how, O monks, do some fall short of the truth? indifferent sensation; only the pleasant sensation does “O priests, gods and men delight in existence, take he then feel. Whenever, Änanda, a person experiences pleasure in existence, rejoice in existence, so that when an unpleasant sensation, he does not at the same time the Doctrine for the cessation of existence is preached to experience a pleasant sensation, nor does he experience them, their minds do not leap toward it, are not an indifferent sensation; only the unpleasant sensation favorably disposed toward it, do not rest in it, do not does he then feel. Whenever, Änanda, a person adopt it. experiences an indifferent sensation, he does not at the “Thus, O monks, do some fall short of the truth. same time experience a pleasant sensation, nor does he “And how, O monks, do some outrun the truth? experience an unpleasant sensation; only the indifferent “Some are distressed at, ashamed of, and loathe sensation does he then feel. existence, and welcome the thought of non-existence, “Now pleasant sensations, Änanda, are transitory, saying, ‘See here! When they say that on the dissolution are due to causes, originate by dependence, and are of the body this Self is annihilated, perishes, and does subject to decay, disappearance, effacement, and not exist, after death, that is good, that is excellent, that cessation; and unpleasant sensations, Änanda, are is as it should be.’ transitory, are due to causes, originate by dependence, “Thus, O monks, do some outrun the truth. and are subject to decay, disappearance, effacement, “And how, O monks, do the intelligent know the and cessation; and indifferent sensations, Änanda, are truth? transitory, are due to causes, originate by dependence, “"We may have, O monks, a priest who knows things and are subject to decay, disappearance, effacement, as they really are, and knowing things as they really are, and cessation. While this person is experiencing a he is on the road to aversion for things, to absence of pleasant sensation, he thinks, ‘This is my Self.’ And after passion for them, and to cessation from them. the cessation of this same pleasant sensation, he thinks, “Thus, O monks, do the intelligent know the truth.” ‘My Self has passed away.’ While he is experiencing an (Visuddhi-Magga ch. 18.) unpleasant sensation, he thinks, ‘This is my Self.’ And after the cessation of this same unpleasant sensation, he The Great Causes Discourse thinks, ‘My Self has passed away.’ And while he is (Mahänidäna Sutta) experiencing an indifferent sensation, he thinks, ‘This is my Self.’ And after the cessation of this same indifferent “In regard to the Self, Änanda, what are the views held sensation, he thinks, ‘My Self has passed away.’ So that concerning it? he who says, ‘Sensation is my Self,’ holds the view that “In regard to the Self, Änanda, either one holds the even during his lifetime, his Self is transitory, that it is view that sensation (vedanä) is the Self, saying, pleasant, unpleasant, or mixed, and that it is subject to ‘Sensation is my Self;’ rise and disappearance. “Or, in regard to the Self, Änanda, one holds the “Accordingly, Änanda, it is not possible to hold the view, ‘Verily, sensation is not my Self; my Self has no view, ‘Sensation is my Self.’ sensation;’ The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—7

“In the above case, Änanda, where it is said, ‘Verily attribute such a heretical lack of knowledge and sensation is not my Self; my Self has no sensation,’ reply perception to a monk similarly freed.” should be made as follows: ‘But, 'brother, where there (Dégha-Nikäya, 15) is no sensation, is there any “I am”?’” “Nay, verily, Reverend Sir.” III. Dependent Origination “Accordingly, Änanda, it is not possible to hold the view, ‘Verily, sensation is not my Self; my Self has no The Middle Doctrine sensation.’ (Kaccäna Sutta)

"In the above case, Änanda, where it is said, ‘Verily, The world, for the most part, O Kaccäna, holds either to neither is sensation my Self, nor does my Self have no a belief in being or to a belief in non-being. But, for one sensation. My Self has sensation; my Self possesses the who in the light of the highest knowledge, O Kaccäna, faculty of sensation,’ reply should be made as follows: considers how the world arises, belief in the non-being ‘Suppose, brother, that utterly and completely, and of the world passes away. And for one who in the light without remainder, all sensation were to cease — if of the highest knowledge, O Kaccäna, considers how there were nowhere any sensation, pray, would there be the world ceases, belief in the being of the world passes anything, after the cessation of sensation, of which it away. The world, O Kaccäna, is for the most part bound could be said, “This am I”?’” up in a seeking, attachment, and proclivity [for the “Nay, verily, Reverend Sir.” groups], but a monk does not sympathize with this “Accordingly, Änanda, it is not possible to hold the seeking and attachment, nor with the mental view, ‘Verily, neither is sensation my Self, nor does my affirmation, proclivity, and prejudice which affirms a Self have no sensation. My Self has sensation; my Self Self. He does not doubt or question that it is only evil possesses the faculty of sensation.’ that springs into existence, and only evil that ceases from existence, and his conviction of this fact is “From the time, Änanda, a monk no longer holds the dependent on no one besides himself. This, O Kaccäna, view that sensation is the Self, no longer holds the view is what constitutes Right Belief. that the Self has no sensation; no longer holds the view That things have being, O Kaccäna, constitutes one that the Self has sensation, possesses the faculty of extreme of doctrine; that things have no being is the sensation, he ceases to attach himself to anything in the other extreme. These extremes, O Kaccäna, have been world, and being free from attachment, he is never avoided by The Tathägata, and it is a middle doctrine agitated, and being never agitated, he attains to Nirvana he teaches: in his own person; and he knows that rebirth is exhausted, that he has lived the holy life, that he has On ignorance (avijjä) depends karma; done what it behooved him to do, and that he is no On karma depends consciousness (viïïaëa); more for this world. On consciousness depend name and form (näma-rüpa); “Now it is impossible, Änanda, that to a mind so On name and form depend the six organs of sense freed a monk should attribute the heresy that the saint (saÿäyatana); exists after death, or that the saint does not exist after On the six organs of sense depends contact (phassa); death, or that the saint both exists and does not exist On contact depends sensation (vedanä); after death, or that the saint neither exists nor does not On sensation depends desire (taëhä); exist after death. On desire depends attachment (upädäna); “And why do I say so? On attachment depends existence (bhava); “Because, Änanda, after a monk has been freed by a On existence depends birth (jäti); thorough comprehension of affirmation and On birth depend old age and death (jarä-maraëa), affirmation's range, of predication and predication's sorrow, lamentation, misery, grief, and despair. Thus range, of declaration and declaration's range, of does this entire aggregation of misery arise. knowledge and knowledge's field of action, of rebirth and what rebirth affects, it is impossible for him to But on the complete fading out and cessation of ignorance ceases karma; The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—8

On the cessation of karma ceases consciousness; thing which has birth,’ is to say the same thing in On the cessation of consciousness cease name and form; different ways. If, O monk, the dogma obtain that the On the cessation of name and form cease the six organs soul and the body are identical, then there is no of sense; religious life; or if, O monk, the dogma obtain that the On the cessation of the six organs of sense ceases soul is one thing and the body another, then also there contact; is no religious life. Both these extremes, O monk, have On the cessation of contact ceases sensation; been avoided by The Tathägata, and it is a middle On the cessation of sensation ceases desire; doctrine he teaches: ‘On existence (bhava) depends On the cessation of desire ceases attachment; birth.’” On the cessation of attachment ceases existence; “Reverend Sir, what is existence (bhava)? . . . On the cessation of existence ceases birth; attachment (upädäna)? . . . desire (taëhä)? . . . sensation On the cessation of birth ceases old age and death, (vedanä)? . . . contact (phassa)? . . . the six organs of sense sorrow, lamentation, misery, grief, and despair. Thus (saÿäyatana)? . . . name and form (näma-rüpa)? . . . does this entire aggregation of misery cease. consciousness (viïïaëa)? . . . karma? and what is it has (Saðyutta-Nikäya, XXII, 90.) karma?” “The question is not rightly put,” said The Blessed From Ignorance as a Requisite Condition One. “O monk, to say: ‘What is karma? and what is it (Avijjäpaccaya Sutta) has karma?’ and to say: ‘Karma is one thing, but it is another thing which has karma,’ is to say the same thing Thus have I heard. in different ways. If, O monk, the dogma obtain that the On a certain occasion The Blessed One was dwelling soul and the body are identical, then there is no at Sävatthi in Jetavana monastery in Anäthapiëòika's religious life; or if, O monk, the dogma obtain that the Park. And there the Blessed One addressed the monks. soul is one thing and the body another, then also there “Monks,” said he. is no religious life. Both these extremes, O monk, have “Lord,” said the monks to The Blessed One in reply. been avoided by The Tathägata, and it is a middle And The Blessed One spoke as follows: doctrine he teaches: ‘On ignorance (avijjä) depends “O monks, on ignorance (avijjä) depends karma. . . . karma.’ Thus does his entire aggregation of misery arise.” “But on the complete fading out and cessation of “Reverend Sir, what are old age and death? and what ignorance, O monk, all these refuges, puppet-shows, is it has old age and death?” resorts, and writhings, — to wit: What are old age and “The question is not rightly put,” said The Blessed death? and what is it has old age and death? or, old age One. “O monk, to say: ‘What are old age and death? and and death are one thing, but it is another thing which what is it has old age and death?’ and to say: ‘Old age has old age and death; or, the soul and the body are and death are one thing, but it is another thing which identical, or the soul is one thing, and the body another, has old age and death,’ is to say the same thing in — all, such refuges of whatever kind are abandoned, different ways. If, O monk, the dogma obtain that the uprooted, pulled out of the ground like a palmyra-tree, soul and the body are identical, then there is no and become non-existent and not liable to spring up religious life; or if, O monk, the dogma obtain that the again in the future. soul is one thing and the body another, then also there “But on the complete fading out and cessation of is no religious life. Both these extremes, O monk, have ignorance, O monk, all these refuges, puppet-shows, been avoided by The Tathägata, and it is a middle resorts, and writhings, — to wit: What is birth (jäti)? . doctrine he teaches: ‘On birth depend old age and . . existence? . . . attachment? . . . desire? . . . sensation? death.’” . . . contact? . . . the six organs of sense? . . . name and “Reverend Sir, what is birth? and what is it has form? . . . consciousness? . . . karma? and what is it has birth?” karma? or, karma is one thing, but it is another thing which has karma; or, the soul and the body are “The question is not rightly put,” said The Blessed identical, or the soul is one thing and the body another, One. “O monk, to say: ‘What is birth? and what is it has — all such refuges are abandoned, uprooted, pulled out birth?’ and to say: ‘Birth is one thing, but it is another The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—9 of the ground like a palmyra-tree, and become non- By both together: — By the complete phrase existent and not liable to spring up again in the future.” “Dependent Origination” (paöicca-samuppäda) inasmuch (Saðyutta-Nikäya, XII, 35.) as such and such elements of being come into existence by means of an unbroken series of their full complement Buddhaghoña's Commentary: of dependence, the truth, or middle course, is shown. This rejects the heresy that he who experiences the fruit Inasmuch as it is dependently on each other and in of the deed is the same as the one who performed the unison and simultaneously that the factors which deed, and also rejects the converse one that he who constitute dependence originate the elements of being, experiences the fruit of a deed is different from the one therefore did The Sage call these factors Dependent who performed the deed, and leaning not to hold either Origination (paöicca-samuppäda). of these popular hypotheses, holds fast by nominalism. For the ignorance etc. which have been enumerated as constituting dependence, when they originate any of (Visuddhi-Magga ch. 17.) the elements of being, namely, karma and the rest, can only do so when dependent on each other and in case IV. Karma and Rebirth none of their number is lacking. Therefore it is dependently on each other and in unison and Rebirth is Not Transmigration simultaneously that the factors which constitute dependence originate the elements of being, not by a Said the king: “Bhante Nägasena, does rebirth take part of their number nor by one succeeding the other. place without anything transmigrating?” Accordingly The Sage, skillful in the art of discovering “Yes, your majesty. Rebirth takes place without the signification of things, calls this dependence by the anything transmigrating.” name of Dependent Origination. “How, bhante Nägasena, does rebirth take place And in so doing, by the first of these two words is without anything transmigrating? Give an illustration.” shown the falsity of such heresies as that of the “Suppose, your majesty, a man were to light a light persistence of existences, and by the second word, a from another light; pray, would the one light have rejection of such heresies as that existences cease to be, passed over [transmigrated] to the other light?” while by both together is shown the truth. “Nay, verily, bhante.” By the first: — The word “Dependent” (paöicca), as “In exactly the same way, your majesty, does rebirth exhibiting a full complement of dependence and take place without anything transmigrating.” inasmuch as the elements of being are subject to that “Give another illustration.” full complement of dependence, shows an avoidance of “Do you remember, your majesty, having learnt, such heresies as that of the persistence of existences, the when you were a boy, some verse or other from your heresies, namely, of the persistence of existences, of professor of poetry?” uncaused existences, of existences due to an overruling “Yes, bhante.” power, of self-determining existences. For what have “Pray, your majesty, did the verse pass over persistent existences, uncaused existences, etc., to do [transmigrate] to you from your teacher?” with a full complement of dependence? “Nay, verily, bhante.” By the second word: — The word “Origination" “In exactly the same way, your majesty, does rebirth (samuppäda), as exhibiting an origination of the elements take place without anything transmigrating.” of being and inasmuch as the elements of being “You are an able man, bhante Nägasena.” originate by means of a full complement of dependence, (Milindapaïha, 71) shows a rejection of such heresies as that of the annihilation of existences, the heresies, namely, of the “Bhante Nägasena," said the king, “what is it that is annihilation of existences, of nihilism, of the inefficacy born into the next existence?” of karma. For if the elements of being are continually “Your majesty,” said the elder, “it is name and form originating by means of an antecedent dependence, that is born into the next existence." whence can we have annihilation of existence, nihilism, “Is it this same name and form that is born into the and an inefficacy of karma? next existence?” The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—10

“Your majesty, it is not this same name and form that “Assuredly, bhante, would he be liable to is born into the next existence; but with this name and punishment.” form, your majesty, one does a deed—it, may be good, “For what reason?” or it may be wicked—and by reason of this deed “Because, in spite of what he might say, the man another name and form is born into the next existence.” would be liable to punishment for the reason that the “Bhante, if it is not this same name and form that is last fire derived from the first fire.” born into the next existence, is one not freed from one's “In exactly the same way, your majesty, with this evil deeds?” name and form one does a deed — it may be good, or it “If one were not born into another existence,” said may be wicked — and by reason of this deed another the elder, “one would be freed from one's evil deeds; name and form is born into the next existence. Therefore but, your majesty, inasmuch as one is born into another is one not freed from one's evil deeds.” existence, therefore is one not freed from one's evil “Give another illustration.” deeds.” “Your majesty, it is as if a man were to ascend to the “Give an illustration.” top storey of a house with a light, and eat there; and the “Your majesty, it is as if a man were to take away light in burning were to set fire to the thatch; and the another man's mangoes, and the owner of the mangoes thatch in burning were to set fire to the house; and the were to seize him, and show him to the king, and say, house in burning were to set fire to the village; and the ‘Sire, this man hath taken away my mangoes’; and the people of the village were to seize him, and say, ‘Why, other were to say, ‘Sire, I did not take away this man's O man, did you mangoes. The mangoes which this man planted were set fire to the village?’ and he were to say, ‘I did not set different mangoes from those which I took away. I am fire to the village. The fire of the lamp by whose light I not liable to punishment.’ Pray, your majesty, would the ate was a different one from the one which set fire to the man be liable to punishment?” village’; and they, quarreling, were to come to you. “Assuredly, bhante, would he be liable to Whose cause, your majesty, would you sustain?” punishment.” “That of the people of the village, bhante.” “For what reason?” “And why?” “Because, in spite of what he might say, he would be “Because, in spite of what the man might say, the liable to punishment for the reason that the last latter fire sprang from the former.” mangoes derived from the first mangoes.” “In exactly the same way, your majesty, although the “In exactly the same way, your majesty, with this name and form which is born into the next existence is name and form one does a deed — it may be good, or it different from the name and form which is to end at may be wicked — and by reason of this deed another death, never name and form is born into the next existence. Therefore theless, it is sprung from it. Therefore is one not freed is one not freed from one's evil deeds.” from one's evil deeds.” “Give another illustration.” “Give another illustration.” “Your majesty, it is as if a man were to take away the “Your majesty, it is as if a man were to choose a rice of another man, . . . were to take away the sugar- young girl in marriage, and having paid the purchase- cane, . . . Your majesty, it is as if a man were to light a money, were to go off; and she subsequently were to fire in the winter-time and warm himself, and were to grow up and become marriageable; and then another go off without putting it out. And then the fire were to man were to pay the purdhase-money for her, and bum another man's field, and the owner of the field marry her; and the first man were to return, and say, ‘O were to seize him, and show him to the king, and say, man, why did you marry my wife?’ and the other were ‘Sire, this man has burnt up my field’; and the other to say, ‘I did not marry your wife. The young, tender were to say, ‘Sire, I did not set this man's field on fire. girl whom you chose in marriage, and for whom you The fire which I failed to put out was a different one paid purchase-money, was a different person from this from the one which has burnt up this man's field. I am grown-up and marriageable girl whom I have chosen in not liable to punishment.’ Pray, your majesty, would the marriage, and for whom I have paid purchase-money’; man be liable to punishment?” and they, quarreling, were to come to you. Whose cause, your majesty, would you sustain?” The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—11

“That of the first man.” For when, in any existence, one arrives at the gate of “And why?” death, either in the natural course of things or through “Because, in spite of what the second man might say, violence; and when, by a concourse of intolerable, the grown-up girl sprang from the other.” death-dealing pains, all the members, both great and “In exactly the same way, your majesty, although the small, are loosened and wrenched apart in every joint name and form which is born into the next existence is and ligament; and the body, like a green palm-leaf different from the name and form which is to end at exposed to the sun, dries up by degrees; an the eye-sight death, nevertheless, it is sprung from it. Therefore is one and the other senses fail; and the power of feeling, and not freed from one's evil deeds." the power of thinking, and vitality are making the last “Give another illustration.” stand in the heart — then consciousness “Your majesty, it is as if a man were to buy from a residing in that last refuge, the heart, continues to exist cowherd a pot of milk, and were to leave it with the by virtue of karma, otherwise called the predispositions cowherd, and go off, thinking he would come the next (saðkhära). This karma, however, still retains something day and take it. And on the next day it were to turn into of what it depends on, and consists of such former sour cream; and the man were to come back, and say, deeds as were weighty, much practised, and are now ‘Give me the pot of milk.’ And the other were to show close at hand; or else this karma creates a reflex of itself him the sour cream; and the first man were to say, ‘I did or of the new mode of life now being entered upon, and not buy sour cream from you. Give me the pot of milk.’ it is with this as its object that consciousness continues And the cowherd were to say, ‘While you were gone, to exist. your milk turned into sour cream’; and they, quarreling, Now while the consciousness still subsists, inasmuch were to come to you. Whose cause, your majesty, would as desire and ignorance have not been abandoned and you sustain?” the evil of the object is hidden by that ignorance, desire “That of the cowherd, bhante.” inclines the consciousness to the object; and the karma “And why?” that sprang up along with the consciousness impels it “Because, in spite of what the man might say, the one toward the object. This consciousness being in its series sprang from the other.” thus inclined toward the object by desire, and impelled “In exactly the same way, your majesty, although the toward it by karma, like a man who swings himself over name and form which is born into the next existence is a ditch, by means of a rope hanging from a tree on the different from the name and form which is to end at hither bank, quits its first resting-place and continues to death, nevertheless, it is sprung fram it. Therefore is one subsist in dependence on objects of sense, and other not freed from one's evil deeds.” things, and either does or does not light on another “You are an able man, bhante Nägasena." resting-place created by karma. Here the former (Milindapaïha, 46) consciousness, from its passing out of existence, is called passing away, and the latter, from its being Buddhaghoña's Commentary: reborn into a new existence, is called rebirth. But it is to be understood that this latter consciousness did not It is only elements of being possessing a dependence come to the present existence from the previous one, that arrive at a new existence: none transmigrated from and also that it is only to causes contained in the old the last existence, nor are they in the new existence existence, namely, to karma called the predispositions without causes contained in the old. By this is said that (saðkhära), to inclination, an object, etc., that its present it is only elements of being, with form or without, but appearance is due. possessing a dependence, that arrive at a new existence. As illustrations here may serve There is no entity, no living principle; no elements of Echoes and other similes. being transmigrated from the last existence into the Nor sameness, nor diversity, present one; nor, on the other hand, do they appear in Can from that series take their rise. the present existence without causes in that one. This we will now make plain by considering birth and death As illustrations of how consciousness does not come as they occur every day among men. over from the last existence into the present, and how it springs up by means of causes belonging to the former The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—12 existence, here may serve echoes, light, the impressions of For he's gained the path a seal, and reflections in a mirror. For as echoes, light, Of not becoming over again. the impressions of a seal, and shadows have sound etc. (Saðyutta-Nikäya, VII, 12.) for their causes, and exist without having come from elsewhere, just so is it with this mind. . . . The Fire Sermon (Ädittapariyäya-sutta) He, then, that has no clear idea of death and does not master the fact that death everywhere consists in the Thus have I heard. The Blessed One was once living at dissolution of the Groups (Khandha), he comes to a Gayaslsa in Gaya with a thousand bhikkhus. There he variety of conclusions, such as, “A living entity dies and addressed the bhikkhus: transmigrates into another body.” "Bhikkhus, all is burning. And what is the all that is He that has no clear idea of rebirth and does not burning? "Bhikkhus, the eye is burning, visible forms master the fact that the appearance of the Groups are burning, visual consciousness is burning, visual everywhere constitutes rebirth, he comes to a variety of impression is burning, also whatever sensation, conclusions; such as, “A living entity is born and has pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, obtained a new body.”. . . arises on account of the visual impression, that too is burning. Burning with what? Burning with the fire of Therefore have the ancients said: lust, with the fire of hate, with the fire of delusion; I say it is burning with birth, aging and death, with sorrows, “‘The Groups (Khandha) break up, and only they,’ the with lamentations, with pains, with griefs, with wise say, despairs. ‘And death consisteth in their dissolution.’ "The ear is burning, sounds are burning, auditory The thoughtful men of insight sees them vanish; consciousness is burning, auditory impression is They're like the jewel shattered by the diamond.” burning, also whatever sensation, pleasant or painful or (Visuddhi-Magga ch. 17.) neither-painful-nor-pleasant, arises on account of the auditory impression, that too is burning. Burning with V. Nirvana what? Burning with the fire of lust. . . . "The nose is burning, odours are burning, olfactory Breaking the Cycle consciousness is burning, olfactory impression is (Udaya Sutta) burning, also whatever sensation, pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, arises on account of the [The Buddha:] olfactory impression, that too is burning. Burning with Over and over, the seeds all get planted; what? Burning with the fire of lust. . . . Over and over, the rain-god sprinkles rain. "The tongue is burning, flavours are burning, Over and over, the farmer farms the field; gustative consciousness is burning, gustative Over and over, the food grows in the realm. impression is burning, also whatever sensation, pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, Over and over, beggars do their begging; arises on account of the gustative impression, that too is Over and over, the givers give out gifts. burning. Burning with what? Burning with the fire of Over and over, the giver who has given; lust. . . . Over and over, goes to a better place. "The body is burning, tangible things are burning, tactile consciousness is burning, tactile impression is Over and over, he tires and he struggles; burning, also whatever sensation, pleasant or painful or Over and over, the fool goes to the womb. neither-painful-nor-pleasant, arises on account of the Over and over, he's born and he dies; tactile sensa: tion, that too is burning. Burning with Over and over, they bear him to his grave. what? Burning with the fire of lust. . . . "The mind is burning, mental objects (ideas, etc.) are But one who's wisdom is wide as the earth burning, mental consciousness is burning, mental Is not born over and over, impression is burning, also whatever sensation, The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—13 pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, Universal Love arises on account of the mental impression, that too is (Metta-sutta) burning. Burning with what? Burning with the fire of lust, with the fire of hate, with the fire of delusion; I say He who is skilled in good and who wishes to attain that it is burning with birth, aging and death, with sorrows, state of Calm should act (thus): with lamentations, with pains, with griefs, with He should be able, upright, perfectly upright, despairs. compliant, gentle, and humble. "Bhikkhus, a learned and noble disciple, who sees Contented, easily supported, with few duties, of (things) thus, becomes dispassionate with regard to the simple livelihood, controlled in senses, discreet, not eye, becomes dispassionate with regard to visible forms, impudent, he should not be greedily attached to becomes dispassionate with regard to the visual families. consciousness, becomes dispassionate with regard to He should not commit any slight wrong such that the visual impression, also whatever sensation, pleasant other wise men might censure him. (Then he should or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, arises on cultivate his thoughts thus:) account of the visual impression, with regard to that too May all beings be happy and secure; may their minds he becomes dispassionate. He becomes dispassionate be contented. with regard to the ear, with regard to sounds. . . . He Whatever living beings there may be—feeble or becomes dispassionate with regard to the nose. . . with strong, long (or tall), stout, or medium, short, small, or regard to odours. . . . He becomes dispassionate with large, seen or unseen, those dwelling far or near, those regard to the tongue . . . with regard to flavours. . . . He who are born and those who are yet to be born—may all becomes dispassionate with regard to the body. . . with beings, without exception, be happy-minded! regard to tangible things. . . . He becomes dispassionate Let not one deceive another nor despise any person with regard to the mind, becomes dispassionate with whatever in any place. In anger or ill will let not one regard to mental objects (ideas, etc.), becomes wish any harm to another. dispassionate with regard to mental consciousness, Just as a mother would protect her only child even at becomes dispassionate with regard to mental the risk of her own life, even so let one cultivate a impression, also whatever sensation, pleasant or painful boundless heart towards all beings. or neither-painful-nor-pleasant, arises on account of Let one's thoughts of boundless love pervade the mental impression, with regard to that too he becomes whole world—above, below and across—without any dispassionate. obstruction, without any hatred, without any enmity. "Being dispassionate, he becomes detached; through Whether one stands, walks, sits or lies down, as long as detachment he is liberated. When liberated there is one is awake, one should maintain this mindfulness. knowledge that he is liberated. And he knows: Birth is This, they say, is the Sublime State in this life. exhausted, the holy life has been lived, what has to be Not falling into wrong views, virtuous and endowed done is done, there is no more left to be done on this with Insight, one gives up attachment to sense-desires. account." Verily such a man does not return to enter a womb This the Blessed One said. The bhikkhus were glad, again. and they rejoiced at his words. (Suttanipäta, I. 8) While this exposition was being delivered, the minds of those thousand bhikkhus were liberated from impurities, without attachment. (Saàyutta-Nikäya, XXXV, 28) The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—14

VI. Meditation activity of the (breath-) body, I shall breathe out': thus he trains himself. . . . The Foundations of Mindfulness "Thus he lives observing (the activities of) the body (Satipaööäna-sutta) internally, or. . . externally, or . . . both internally and (Abridged) externally. He lives also observing origination-factors in the body, or dissolution-factors in the body, or Thus have I heard. The Blessed One was once living origination-and-dissolution factors in the body. Or his among the Kurus, at Kammassadamma,a market town mindfulness is established to the extent necessary just of the Kuru people. There the Blessed One addressed for knowledge and awareness that the body exists and the bhikkhus and spoke as follows: he lives unattached, and clings to naught in the world. "This is the only way, Bhikkhus, for the purification In this way Bhikkhus, a bhikj{hu lives observing (the of beings, for the overcoming of sorrow and activities of) the body. lamentation, for the destruction of suffering and grief, for reaching the right path, for the attainment of [2. Postures of the body] Nibbäna, namely the Four Foundations (four forms of "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows when he is Presence) of Mindfulness. What are the four? going, 'I am going.' He knows when he is standing, 'I "Here a bhikkhu, ardent, clearly comprehending am standing.' He knows when he is sitting, 'I am sitting.' things and mindful, lives observing (the activities of) He knows when he is lying down, 'I am lying down.' Or the body, having overcome covetousness and he knows just how his body is disposed. repugnance towards the world (of body); observing "Thus he lives observing (the activities of) the body feelings, having overcome covetousness and internally, or externally. . . . repugnance towards the world (of feelings). . . observing (the activities of) the mind, having overcome [3. Full Attention] covetousness and repugnance towards the world (of "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu applies full mind); observing mental objects, having overcome attention either in going forward or back; in looking covetousness and repugnance towards the world (of straight on or looking away; in bending or in stretching; mental objects).” in wearing robes or carrying the bowl; in eating, drinking, chewing or savouring; in attending to the calls (I. BODY) of nature; in walking, in standing, in sitting; in falling asleep, in waking; in speaking or in keeping silence. In "And how does a bhikkhu live observing (the activities all these he applies full attention. of) the body? "Thus he lives observing (the activities of) the body.

[1. Breathing] [4. Repulsiveness of the body] "Here Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu having gone to the forest, "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu reflects on this to the foot of a tree or to some empty place, sits down, very body enveloped by the skin and full of manifold with his legs crossed, keeps his body straight and his impurity, from the sole up, and from the top of the hair mindfulness alert. down, thinking thus: 'There are in this body hair of the "Ever mindful he breathes in, and ever mindful he head, hair of the body, nails, teeth, skin, flesh, sinews, breathes out. Breathing in a long breath, he knows 'I am bones, marrow, kidneys, heart, liver, midriff, spleen, breathing in a long breath'; breathing out a long breath, lungs, intestines, mesentery, stomach, faeces, bile, he knows 'I am breathing out a long breath'; breathing phlegm, pus, blood, sweat, fat, tears, grease, saliva, in a short breath, he knows 'I am breathing in a short nasal mucus, synovial fluid, urine.' breath'; breathing out a short breath, he knows 'I am "Just as if there were a double-mouthed provision- breathing out a short breath.' bag full of various kinds of grain such as hill paddy, "'Experiencing the whole (breath-) body, I shall paddy, green gram, cow-peas, sesamum and husked breathe in'; thus he trains himself. 'Experiencing the rice, and a man with sound eyes, having opened that whole (breath-) body, I shall breathe out': thus he trains bag, were to reflect thus: This is hill paddy, this is himself. 'Calming the activity of the (breath-) body, I paddy, this is green gram, this is cow-pea, this is shall breath in': thus he trains himself. 'Calming the The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—15 sesamum, this is husked rice, just so, Bhikkhus, a without flesh and blood, held together by the tendons. bhikkhu reflects on this very body enveloped by the . . . skin and full of manifold impurity, from the sole up, (6) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a and from the top of the hair down, thinking thus: There body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to dis- are in this body hair of the head, hair of the body, nails, connected bones, scattered in all directions here a bone teeth. . . synovial fluid, urine. "Thus he lives observing of the hand, there a bone of the foot, a shin bone, a thigh the body. . . . . bone, the pelvis, spine and skull. . . . (7) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to bleached [5. Material Elements] bones of conch-like colour. . . . "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu reflects on this (8) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a very body, as it is, and it is constituted, by way of the body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to bones, more material elements: 'There are in this body the element of than a year old, lying in a heap. . . . earth, the element of water, the element of fire, the (9) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a element of wind.' body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to bones rotten "Just as if, Bhikkhus, a clever cow-butcher or his and become dust. . . so he applies this perception to his apprentice, having slaughtered a cow and divided it own body thus: "Verily, my own body, too, is of the into portions, would be sitting at the junction of four same nature; such it will become and will not escape it.' high roads; in the same way, a bhikkhu reflects on this "Thus he lives observing the body. . ." very body, as it is, and it is constituted, by way of the material elements: 'There are in this body the elements II. FEELINGS of earth, water, fire and wind.' "And how Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live observing "Thus he lives observing the body. . . . feelings? "Here, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu when experiencing a [6. Nine Cemetery Objects] pleasant feeling knows: ‘I experience a pleasant feeling’; (1) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a when experiencing a painful feeling, he knows: ‘I body dead one, two, or three days, swollen, blue and experience a painful feeling'; when experiencing a festering, thrown on to the cemetery, so he applies this neither-pleasant nor-painful feeling, he knows: 'I perception to his own body thus: 'Verily, my own body, experience a neither-pleasant-nor-painful feeling.' When too, is of the same nature; such it will become and will experiencing a pleasant worldly feeling, he knows: 'I not escape it.' experience a pleasant worldly feeling'; when "Thus he lives observing the body. . . . experiencing a pleasant spiritual feeling, he knows: 'I (2) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a experience a pleasant spiritual feeling'; when body thrown on to the cemetery, being eaten by crows, experiencing a painful worldly feeling, he knows: 'I hawks, vultures, dogs, jackals or by different kinds of experience a painful worldly feeling'; when worms, so he applies this perception to his own body experiencing a painful spiritual feeling, he knows: 'I thus: 'Verily, my own body, too, is of the same nature; experience a painful spiritual feeling'; when such it will become and will not escape it.' experiencing a neither-pleasant-nor-painful worldly "Thus he lives observing the body. . . . feeling, he knows: 'I experience a neither-pleasant-nor- (3) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a painful worldly feeling'; when experiencing a neither- body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to a skeleton pleasant-nor-painful spiritual feeling, he knows; 'I with some flesh and blood attached to it, held together experience a neither-pleasant-nor-painful spiritual by the tendons. . . . feeling.' (4) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a "He lives in this way observing feelings internally, . body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to a skeleton, . . or externally, or . . . internally and externally. He lives blood-besmeared and without flesh, held together by observing origination-factors in feelings, or dissolution- the tendons. . . . factors in feelings, or origination-and-dissolution factors (5) "And further, Bhikkhus, just as a bhikkhu sees a in feelings. Or his mindfulness is established to the body thrown on to the cemetery reduced to a skeleton extent necessary just for knowledge and awareness that The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—16 feeling exists, and he lives unattached, and clings to 'Sense-desire is in me,' or when sense-desire is not naught in the world. In this way, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu present, he knows: 'There is no sense-desire in me.' He lives observing feelings. " knows how the non-arisen sense-desire arises; he knows how the arisen sense-desire disappears; and" he knows how the non-arising in the future of the abandoned sense-desire comes to be. III. MIND (2) "When anger is present, he knows: 'Anger is in "And how, Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live observing me. . . .' mind? (3) "When torpor and languor are present,' he knows: "Here Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows the mind with 'Torpor and languor are in me. . . .' lust, as being with lust; the mind without lust, as being (4) "When restlessness and worry are present, he without lust; the mind with hate, as being with hate; the knows: 'Restlessness and worry are in me. . . .' mind without hate, as being without hate; the mind (5) "When doubt is present, he knows: 'Doubt is in with ignorance, as being with ignorance; the mind me,' or when doubt is not present, he knows, 'There is without ignorance, as being without ignorance; the no doubt in me.' He knows how the non-arisen doubt shrunken state of mind as the shrunken state; the arises; he knows how the arisen doubt disappears; and distracted state of mind as the distracted state; the he knows how the non-arising in the future of the developed state of mind as the developed state; the abandoned doubt comes to be. undeveloped state of mind as the undeveloped state; "In this way he lives observing mental objects the state of mind with some other mental state superior internally, or externally, or internally and externally. He to it, as being the state with something mentally lives observing origination-factors in mental objects, or superior to it; the state of mind with no other mental dissolution-factors in mental objects, or origination- and state superior to it, as being the state with nothing dissolution-factors in mental objects. Or his mindfulness mentally superior to it; the concentrated state of mind is established to the extent necessary just for knowledge as the concentrated state; the unconcentrated state of and awareness that mental objects exist, and he lives mind as the unconcentrated state; the liberated state of unattached and clings to naught in the world. In this mind as the liberated state; and the unliberated state of way, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives observing the five mind as the unliberated state. hindrances as mental objects. "He lives in this way observing the mind internally, or externally, or internally and externally. [Five Aggregates] "He lives observing origination-factors in mind or "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives observing dissolution-factors in mind or origination-and- the five aggregates of clinging as mental objects. dissolution-factors in mind. Or his mindfulness is "How, Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live observing established to the extent necessary just for knowledge (contemplating) the five aggregates of clinging as and awareness that mind exists, and he lives mental objects? unattached, and clings to naught in the world. Thus, "Here, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu thinks: Thus is material Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives observing mind." form; it arises in this way; and it disappears in this way. Thus is feeling; it arises in this way; and it disappears in IV. MENTAL OBJECTS this way. Thus is perception; it arises in this way; and it "And how, Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live observing disappears in this way. Thus are mental formations; mental objects? they arise in this way; and they disappear in this way. Thus is consciousness; it arises in this way; and it [Five Hindrances] disappears in this way. "Here, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives observing the Five "Thus he lives contemplating mental objects Hindrances as mental objects. internally, etc. . . .' In this way, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu "How, Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live observing the lives contemplating the five aggregates of clinging as Five Hindrances as mental objects? mental objects. (1) "Here, Bhikkhus, when sense-desire is present, a bhikkhu knows: The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—17

[Six Sense-Bases] development of the arisen Enlightenment-factor of the "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhli lives con- Investigation of mental objects comes to be. templating the six internal and the six external sense- (3) "When the Enlightenment-factor of Energy is bases as mental objects. present, he knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of Energy "How, Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live con-templating is in me'; when the Enlightenment-factor of Energy is the six internal and the six external sense-bases as absent, he knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of Energy mental objects? is not in me'; and he knows how the non-arisen "Here, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows the eye and visual Enlightenment-factor of Energy arises, and how forms, and the fetter that arises dependent on both (the perfection in the development of the arisen eye and forms); he knows how the non-arisen fetter Enlightenment-factor of Energy comes to be. arises; he knows how the arisen fetter disappears; and (4) "When the Enlightenment-factor of Joy is present, he knows how the non-arising in the future of the he knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of Joy is in me'; abandoned fetter comes to be. "He knows the ear and when the Enlightenment-factor of Joy is absent, he sounds. . . the nose and smells. . . the tongue and knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of Joy is not in me'; flavors. . . the body and tangible objects. . . the mind and and he knows how the non-arisen Enlightenment-factor mental objects, and the fetter that arises dependent on of Joy arises and how perfection in the development of both; he knows how the non-arisen fetter arises; he the arisen Enlightenment-factor of Joy comes to be. knows how the arisen fetter disappears; and he knows (5) "When the Enlightenment-factor of Relaxation (of how the non-arising in the future of the abandoned body and mind) is present, he knows: 'The fetter comes to be. Enlightenment-factor of Relaxation is in me'; when the "In this way, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives con- Enlightenment-factor of Relaxation is absent, he knows: templating mental objects internally, etc. . . . In this way, 'The Enlightenment-factor of Relaxation is not in me'; Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the six internal and he knows how the non-arisen Enlightenment-factor and the six external sense-bases as mental objects. of Relaxation arises, and how perfection in the development of the arisen Enlightenment-factor of the [Seven Factors of Enlightenment] Relaxation comes to be. "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives observing (6) "When the Enlightenment-factor of Concentration the Seven Factors of Enlightenment as mental objects. is present, he knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of "How Bhikkhus does a bhikkhu live observing the Concentration is in me'; when the Enlightenment-factor Seven Factors of Enlightenment as mental objects? of Concentration is absent, he knows: 'The (1) "Here Bhikkhus, when the Enlightenment-factor Enlightenment-factor of Concentration is not in me'; and of Mindfulness is present, the bhikkhu knows: 'The he knows how the non-arisen Enlightenment-factor of Enlightenment-factor of Mindfulness is in me'; or when Concentration arises, and how perfection in the the Enlightenment-factor of Mindfulness is absent, he development of the arisen Enlightenment-factor of knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of Mindfulness is not Concentration comes to be. in me'; and he knows how the non-arisen (7) "When the Enlightenment-factor of Equanimity is Enlightenment-factor of Mindfulness arises; and how present, he knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of perfection in the development of the arisen Equanimity is in me'; when the Enlightenment-factor of Enlightenment-factor of Mindfulness comes to be. Equanimity is absent, he knows: 'The Enlightenment- (2) "When the Enlightenment-factor of the factor of Equanimity is not in me'; and he knows how Investigation of mental objects is present, the bhikkhu the non-arisen Enlightenment-factor of Equanimity knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of the Investigation arises, and how perfection in the development of the of mental objects is in me'; when the Enlightenment- arisen Enlightenment-factor of Equanimity comes to be. factor of the Investigation of mental objects is absent, he "Thus he lives observing mental objects internally, knows: 'The Enlightenment-factor of the Investigation etc. . . . Thus, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives observing the of mental objects is not in me'; and he knows how the Seven Factors of Enlightenment as mental objects. non-arisen Enlightenment-factor of the Investigation of mental objects arises and how perfection in the The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—18

[Four Noble Truths] (Majjhima Nikäya, Sutta No. 10, abridged) "And further, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives contemplating the Four Noble Truths as mental objects. "How Bhikkhus, does a bhikkhu live con-templating Selections from the Four Noble Truths as mental objects? The Dhammapada "Here, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu knows, 'This is Dukkha (suffering),' according to reality; he knows, 'This is the 1 Origin of Dukkha,' according to reality; he knows, 'This All (mental) states have mind as their forerunner, mind the Cessation of Dukkha,' according to reality; he knows, is their chief, and they are mind-made. If one speaks or 'This is the Path leading to the Cessation of Dukkha,' acts, with a defiled mind, then suffering follows one according to reality. even as the wheel follows the hoof of the draught-ox. "Thus he lives contemplating mental objects internally, etc. . . . In this way, Bhikkhus, a bhikkhu lives 2 contemplating the Four Noble Truths as mental objects. All (mental) states have mind as their forerunner, mind "Bhikkhus, whosoever practices these four is their chief, and they ate mind-made. If one speaks or Foundations of Mindfulness in this manner for seven acts, with a pure mind, happiness follows one as one's years, then one of these two fruits may be expected by shadow that does not leave one. him: Highest Knowledge (Arahantship), here and now, 3 or if some remainder of clinging is yet present, the state 'He abused me, he beat me, he defeated me, he of Non-returning. robbed me': the hatred of those who harbour such "Bhikkhus, let alone seven years. Should any person thoughts is not appeased. practice these four Foundations of Mindfulness in this manner for six years. . . for five years . . . four years. . . 5 three years. . . two years. . . one year, then one of these Hatred is never appeased by hatred in this world; it two fruits may be expected by him: Highest Knowledge, is appeased by love. This is an eternal Law. here and now, or if some remainder of clinging is yet present, the state of Non-returning. 24 "Bikkhus, let alone a year. Should any person practice Whosoever is energetic, mindful, pure in conduct, these four Foundations of Mindfulness in this manner discriminating, self-restrained, right-living, vigilant, his for seven months. . . for six months. . . five months. . . fame steadily increases. four months. . . three months. . . two months. . . a month. . . half a month, then one of these two fruits may 25 be expected by him: Highest Knowledge, here and now, By endeavour, diligence, discipline, and self-mastery, or if some remainder of clinging is yet present, the state let the wise man make (of himself) an island that no of Non-entering. flood can overwhelm. "Bhikkhus, let alone half a month. Should any person practise these four Foundations of Mindfulness, in this 26 manner, for a week, then one of these two fruits may be Fools, men of little intelligence, give themselves over expected by him: Highest Knowledge, here and now, or to negligence, but the wise man protects his diligence as if some remainder of clinging is yet present, the state of a supreme treasure. Non-returning. "Because of this was it said: 'This is the only way, 27 Bhikkhus, for the purification of beings, for the Give not yourselves unto negligence; have no overcoming of sorrow and lamentation, for the intimacy with sense pleasures. The man who. meditates destruction of suffering and grief, for reaching the right with diligence attains much happiness. path, for the attainment of Nibbäna, namely the four Foundations of Mindfulness.'" This the Blessed One said. Satisfied, the Bhikkhus rejoiced at his words. The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—19

33 90 This fickle, unsteady mind, difficult to guard, For him, who has completed the journey, who is difficult to control, the wise man makes straight, as the sorrowless, wholly set free, and rid of all bonds, for fletcher the arrow. such a one there is no burning (of the passions).

94 35 He whose senses are mastered like horses well under Hard to restrain, unstable is this mind; it flits the charioteer's control, he who is purged of pride, free wherever it lists. Good it is to control the mind. A from passions, such a steadfast one even the gods envy controlled mind brings happiness. (hold dear).

38 96 He whose mind is unsteady, he who knows not the Calm is the thought, calm the word and deed of him Good Teaching, he whose confidence wavers, the who, rightly knowing, is wholly freed, perfectly wisdom of such a person does not attain fullness. peaceful and equipoised.

47 103 The man who gathers only the flowers (of sense One may conquer in battle a thousand times a pleasures), whose mind is entangled, death carries him thousand men, yet he is the best of conquerors who away as a great flood a sleeping village. conquers himself.

50 111 One should not pry into the faults of others, into Though one may live a hundred years with no true things done and left undone by others. One should insight and self-control, yet better, indeed, is a life of rather consider what by oneself is done and left undone. one day for a man who meditates in wisdom.

61 119 If, as one fares, one does not find a companion who It is well with the evil-doer until his evil (deed) is better or equal, let one resolutely pursue the solitary ripens. But when his evil (deed) bears fruit, he then sees course; there can be no fellowship with the fool. its ill effects.

67 120 That deed is not well done, which one regrets when It is ill, perhaps, with the doer of good until his good it is done and the result of which one experiences deed ripens. But when it bears fruit, then he sees the weeping with a tearful face. happy results.

81 129 Even as a solid rock is unshaken by the wind, so are All tremble at weapons; all fear death. Comparing the wise unshaken by praise or blame. others with oneself, one should not slay, nor cause to slay. 82. Even as a lake, deep, extremely clear and tranquil, so 131 do the wise become tranquil having heard the Teaching. He who, seeking his own happiness, torments with the rod creatures that are desirous of happiness, shall 85 not obtain happiness hereafter. Few among men are they who cross to the further shore. The others merely run up and down the bank on 159 this side. If a man practices himself what he admonishes others to do, he himself, being well-controlled, will have The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—20 control over others. It is difficult, indeed, to control 201 oneself. The conqueror begets enmity; the defeated lie down in distress. The peaceful rest in happiness, giving up 160 both victory and defeat. Oneself is one's own protector (refuge); what other protector (refuge) can there be? With oneself fully 204 controlled, one obtains a protection (refuge) which is Health is the best gain; contentment is the best hard to gain. wealth. A trusty friend is the best kinsman; Nibbäna is the supreme bliss. 165 By oneself indeed is evil done and by oneself is one 223 defiled. By oneself is evil left undone and by oneself Conquer anger by love, evil by good; conquer the indeed is one purified. Purity and impurity depend on miser with liberality, and the liar with truth. oneself. No one can purify another. 231 167 Be on your guard against physical agitation; be Do not follow mean things. Do not dwell in controlled in body. Forsaking bodily misconduct, follow negligence. Do not embrace false views. So the world right conduct in body. (i.e. Saàsära, the cycle of existence and continuity) is not prolonged. 232 Be on your guard against verbal agitation; be 171 controlled in words. Forsaking wrong speech, follow Come, behold this world, how it resembles an right ways in words. ornamented royal chariot, in which fools flounder, but for the wise there is no attachment to it. 233 Be on your guard against mental agitation; be 178 controlled in thoughts. Forsaking evil thoughts, follow Better is the gain of Entering the Stream than sole right ways in thoughts. sovereignty over the earth, than going to heaven, than rule supreme over the entire universe. 234 The wise are controlled in deed, controlled in words, 183 controlled in thoughts, verily, they are fully controlled. Not to do any evil, to cultivate good, to purify one's mind, this is the Teaching of the Buddhas. 239 By degrees, little by little, from moment to moment, 184 a wise man removes his own impurities, as a smith The most excellent ascetic practice is patience and removes the dross of silver. forbearance. 'Nibbäna is supreme', say the Buddhas. He indeed is no recluse who harms another; nor is he an 251 ascetic who hurts others. There is no fire like lust. There is no grip like hate. There is no net like delusion. There is no river like 185 craving. To speak no ill, to do no harm, to practice restraint according to the fundamental precepts, to be moderate 274 in eating, to live in seclusion, to devote oneself to higher This is the only Way. There is no other for the consciousness, this is the Teaching of the Buddhas. purification of Vision. Follow this Way: this is the bewilderment of Mära (Evil). The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—21

275 348 Following this Way you shall make an end of Free thyself from the past, free thyself from the suffering. This verily is the Way declared by me when future, free thyself from the present. Crossing to the I had learnt to remove the arrow (of suffering). farther shore of existence, with mind released everywhere, no more shalt thou come to birth and decay. 276 You yourselves should make the effort; the 362 Awakened Ones are only teachers. Those who enter this He who is controlled in hand, controlled in foot, Path and who are meditative, are delivered from the controlled in speech, and possessing the highest control bonds of Mära (Evil). (of mind), delighted within, composed, solitary and contented, him they call a bhikkhu. 277 'All conditioned things are impermanent (anicca)', 367 when one sees this in wisdom, then one becomes He who has no attachment whatsoever to Name and dispassionate towards the painful. This is the Path to Form (mind and body), and he who does not grieve Purity. over what there is not, he indeed is called a bhikkhu.

278 368 'All conditioned things are dukkha (Ill)', when one The bhikkhu, who abides in loving-kindness, who is sees this in wisdom, then he becomes dispassionate delighted in the Teaching of the Buddha, attains the towards the painful. This is the Path to Purity. State of Calm, the happiness of stilling the conditioned things. 279 'All states (dhamma) are without self (anattä)', when 385 one sees this in wisdom, then he becomes dispassionate He for whom there exists neither this shore nor the towards the painful. This is the Path to Purity. other, nor both, he who is undistressed and unbound, him I call a brähman. 281 Watchful of speech, well restrained in mind, let him 387 do no evil with the body; let him purify these three The sun glows by day; the moon shines by night; in ways of action, and attain the Path made known by the his armour the warrior glows. In meditation shines the Sages. brähman. But all day and night, shines with radiance the Awakened One (Buddha). 335 Whosoever in this world is overcome by this 420 wretched clinging thirst, his sorrows grow like Birana He whose destiny neither the gods nor demigods nor grass after rain. men do know, he who has destroyed defilements and become worthy, him I call a brähman. 336 But whosoever in this world overcomes this 423 wretched craving so difficult to overcome, his sorrows He who knows former lives, who sees heaven and fall away from him like water-drops from a lotus (leaf). hell, who has reached the end of births and attained to super-knowledge, the sage, accomplished with all 338 accomplishments, him I call a brähman As a tree cut down sprouts forth again if its roots remain uninjured and strong, even so when the * * * propensity to craving is not destroyed, this suffering arises again and again. The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—22

The Last Words of the Buddha A second time and a third time too the Blessed One (Mahäparinibbäna-sutta) addressed the bhikkhus . . . as above. The bhikkhus remained silent even for the third time. Then the Blessed One addressed the Venerable Änanda: Then the Blessed One addressed them and said: 'It 'It may be, Änanda, that to some of you the thought may be, Bhikkhus, that you put no questions out of may come: reverence for your Teacher. Then, Bhikkhus, let friend "Here are (we have) the Words of the Teacher who is speak to friend.'5 gone; our Teacher we have with us no more". But Even at this, those bhikkhus remained silent. Änanda, it should not be considered in this light. What Then the Venerable Änanda said to the Blessed One: 'It I have taught and laid down, Änanda, as Doctrine is wonderful, Sir. It is marvellous, Sir. I have this faith, (Dhamma) and Discipline (Vinaya), this will be your Sir, in the community of bhikkhus here, that not even teacher when I am gone. one of them has any doubt or perplexity about the 'Just as, Änanda, the bhikkhus now address one Buddha, or the Dhamma, or the Sangha, or the Path, or another with the word "Friend" (Ävuso), they should not the Practice.' do so when I am gone. A senior bhikkhu, Änanda, may 'You speak "'out of faith, Änanda. But in this matter, address a junior by his name, his family name or with Änanda, the Tathägata (i.e. Buddha) knows, and knows the word "Friend"; a junior bhikkhu should address a for certain, that in this community of bhikkhus there is senior as "Sir" (Bhante) or "Venerable" (Äyasmä). not even one bhikkhu who has any doubt or perplexity 'If the Sangha (the Community, the Order) should about the Buddha, or the Dhamma, or the Sangha, or wish it, Änanda, let them, when I am gone, abolish the the Path, or the Practice. Indeed, Änanda, even the lesser and minor precepts (rules). lowest in spiritual attainments among these five 'When I am gone, Änanda, the highest penalty3 hundred bhikkhus is a Stream-entrant(Sotäpanna), not should be imposed on the Bhikkhu Channa.' liable to fall (into lower states ),is assured, and is bound 'But, Sir, what is the highest penalty?' for Enlightenment.' 'Let the Bhikkhu Channa say what he likes, Änanda; Then the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus, the bhikkhus should neither speak to him; nor advise saying: 'Then, Bhikkhus, I address you now: him, nor exhort him.'4 Transient are conditioned things. Try to accomplish Then the Blessed One addressed the bhikkhus: 'It your aim with diligence.' may be, Bhikkhus, that there may be doubt or These were the last words of the Tathägata. perplexity in the mind of . even one bhikkhu about the (Dégha-Nikäya, 16) Buddha, or the Dhamma, or the Sangha, or the Path, or the Practice. Ask Bhikkhus. Do not reproach yourselves afterwards with the thought: "Our Teacher was face to face with us; we could not ask the Blessed One when we were face to face with him". ' When this was said, the bhikkhus remained silent.

3Literally: ‘Divine penalty’, Brahma-daëòa.

4Channa was the close companion and charioteer of Prince Siddhärtha before he became the Buddha. Later he entered the Order of the Sangha, was egoistically proud because of his close association with the Master. He tended to be obstinate and self-willed, lacking in proper esprit de corps and often behaving perversely. After the Parinirväna (death) of the Buddha, when Änanda visited Channa and pronounced on him this penalty of a complete social boycott, even his proud spirit 5The Idea is that if they did not like to put any questions to was tamed, he became humble, his eyes were opened. Later he the Buddha out of respect for their Teacher, a bhikku should mended his ways and became an Arahant, and the penalty whisper the question to his friend, and then the latter could ask automatically lapsed. it on his behalf. The History of Indian Philosophy Theraväda Buddhist Texts—23

Sources

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2. The Discourse on the Not-self Characteristic (Anatta-lakkhana Sutta). Three Cardinal Discourses of the Buddha, trans. Ñanamoli Thera (Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1981).

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