DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnobotany of Camptotheca Decaisne: New Discoveries of Old Medicinal Uses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnobotany of Camptotheca Decaisne: New Discoveries of Old Medicinal Uses CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SFA ScholarWorks Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks NCPC Publications and Patents National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops 2014 Ethnobotany of Camptotheca Decaisne: New Discoveries of Old Medicinal Uses Shiyou Li Stephen F Austin State University, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, [email protected] Wanli Zhang Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ncpc_articles Part of the Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Li, Shiyou and Zhang, Wanli, "Ethnobotany of Camptotheca Decaisne: New Discoveries of Old Medicinal Uses" (2014). NCPC Publications and Patents. Paper 48. http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ncpc_articles/48 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in NCPC Publications and Patents by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 140 Pharmaceutical Crops, 2014, 5, (Suppl 2: M7) 140-145 Open Access Ethnobotany of Camptotheca Decaisne: New Discoveries of Old Medicinal Uses Shiyou Li* and Wanli Zhang National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA Abstract: Camptotheca trees had been used as fuelwood and an ornamental species in its native China. There were no re- ports on medicinal uses of Camptotheca in China and thus it was believed the trees had no medicinal before its antitumor activity discovered in 1957. We conducted national surveys of Camptotheca in China from 1994 to 1999. We found that Camptotheca acuminate is commonly known as happytree (xi shu) because the trees can be used as folk medicine to cure stubborn phlegm as well as other diseases, thus making patients “happy”. There are three local names to refer the uses of C. acuminata in China. In addition, there are at least 25 other local names for tree morphology and habitat of the species by 35 ethnic groups. There are two local names for C. lowreyana. The Dong people made paste from fresh leaves or fruits and powder from dry materials from any part of this tree species and mixed some or all with rice wine to cure many stub- born diseases including furunclulosis, skin diseases, and even a liu (probably a kind of cancer). Medicinal and other ethnic uses of Camptotheca trees in China were reported in this study. Keywords: Camptotheca, cancer, ethnobotany, etymology, happytree, medicinal uses, wood uses. INTRODUCTION To wit, the label of a specimen (F. A. McClure 6546) at Harvard University Herbaria collected from Guangdong, The current value of plant-based drugs worldwide is es- China in 1921 indicates "drug plant" although no detailed timated to be more than $200 billion a year [1]. According to information on its medicinal uses is provided [9]. Balick and Cox, nearly one out of every four pharmaceutical drugs in use today was discovered from studying plants used One of the purposes of our study has been to document by indigenous peoples for healing. Undoubtedly, the ethno- the ethnic uses of Camptotheca in selected remote minority botanical approach to drug discovery is important in the regions in China. identification of potentially therapeutic drugs [1]. Ethnic use Based on our national survey in China in 1994-1999, we of happytrees for medicine in China is still a puzzle although found that Chinese minority people of the Dong nationality it has drawn the attention of many medical doctors, chemists, have been using Camptotheca for traditional drug purposes botanists, and cancer patients for decades. Previously, it was for hundreds and possibly thousands of years. Until now, commonly thought that the Chinese happytree was largely a however, there has been no scientific evidence of its use for fuelwood and an ornamental species [2-7]. In fact, there were medicinal purposes either within or outside of China. Our no reports on medicinal uses of Camptotheca in China until new findings of certain ethnic use may lead to new directions 1957 when its anti-cancer activity was discovered [8, 9]. As for medicinal studies of the species. In addition, these find- a member of one of the first delegations of American scien- ings validate the importance of ethnobotanical studies in the tists to enjoy academic exchanges with China, Dr. Monroe E. general utilization of plant resources [1]. Wall, the discoverer of CPT and taxol, made a special three- week trip to China in 1976 to investigate medical uses of MATERIALS AND METHODS Camptotheca in southern China. Dr. Wall could not docu- A comprehensive literature review was conducted in ment any instances and thus concluded that no medical uses China and the United States between March 1994 and De- existed in China before the 1960s [6, 7]. These conclusions cember 1995. During this period, a non-structured field sur- have not been questioned by scientists until now. As Li and vey was conducted in the southern Chinese provinces of Si- Adair stated in 1994, however, 35 ethnic groups of people chuan, Hunan, Guangdong and Yunnan with emphasis on the live in the native range of Camptotheca and use dozens of more remote minority regions. Over 250 individuals includ- local names for the tree. Cultural and geographical isolations ing medical doctors, folk doctors (rural bare-foot doctors), are the two major barriers to documentation of long tradi- chemists, biologists, professors, foresters, farmers, enterprise tions of ethnic uses of Camptotheca by minority Chinese [9]. managers and government officials were interviewed or par- ticipated in our field surveys. Ethnic groups interviewed in- *Address correspondence to this author at the National Center for Pharma- cluded the minority nationalities Dong, Bai, Hui and Dai and ceutical Crops, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen majority Han in the southern Chinese provinces. All avail- F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA; able specimens of Camptotheca deposited at the following Tel: 936-468-2071; Fax: 936-468-7058; E-mail: [email protected] herbaria worldwide (A, CDBI, HNNU, IBSC, KUN, MO, P, 2210-2906/14 2014 Bentham Open Ethnobotany of Camptotheca Decaisne Pharmaceutical Crops, 2014, Volume 5 141 PE, SZ and US) were examined. Location, habitat, local tients “happy” [11]. Here, the stubborn phlegm refers to the name, and other information were recorded for each speci- phlegm syndrome which is difficult to cure, and which is the men examined. These activities have produced the largest cause or manifestation of stubborn diseases such as recurrent single collection of happytree genetic stock available in the asthma and headache. Xi Shu was first translated into Eng- world today. lish as "happytree" and C. acuminata var. acuminata was called Chinese happytree by the senior authors in 1994 [9]. ETYMOLOGY The name happytree has been widely used in the English- speaking world, although it is also known as "Tree of Joy" The genus Camptotheca was established by Joseph De- sometimes. From the original Chinese meaning mentioned caisne, Director of the Jardin Des Plantes in Paris in 1873. above, however, the English name "happytree' is the more The type Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne was described appropriate translation. based on specimens collected by Father Armand David in Lushan, Jiangxi Province during his 1868-1870 plant explo- Local names for the Chinese happytree differ from region ration trip in China. The genus name Camptotheca is from to region in China, most referring to tree morphology, habi- the Greek "campto,” meaning bent or curved and "theca," a tat, and uses. For example, Chinese names for the description case. The name refers to the anthers which are bent inward in of fruit morphology include Ba Jiao Su (#anise tree, a distinctive manner. The species name, acuminata, refers to in Guizhou), Ling Shu (!, arris tree, in Jiangxi), Tu Ba acuminate tips of leaves. Jiao ( #, wild anise, in Guizhou) and Ye Ba Jiao ($ "wild banana, in Guizhou) (Fig. 2). The names for The first appearance of the Chinese happytree (C. acumi- indicating the habitat of the tree include Chao Yang Zi nata var. acuminata) in Chinese literature was as early as in ( sunny seed, in Guangxi), Han Lian () or Han 1848. In the book Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu Kao [Illustrated In- Lian Mu () or Han Lian Zi ( dry lotus tree, in vestigation of the Names and Natures of Plants] published in Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Sichuan), Shui Bai Za (water baiza, in 1848, the happytree is identified under the name of Han Lian Hunan), Shui Dong Gua ( water white gourd, in [10]. This Chinese herbal book briefly describes morphology Sichuan), Shui Li Zi ( water chestnut, in Sichuan), and habitat, but no uses of the tree (Fig. 1). It recorded that Shui Mo Zi ( water foam, in Yunnan), Shui Ting Han Lian grew in the western mountains in Nanchang (Ji- Mu ( tree along river, in Sichuan), Shui Tong Shu angxi), had reddish brown bark, green stems, leaves similar ( water tung tree, in Guangdong and Guangxi) and to those on vegetative shoots of paper mulberry, fruited in Shui Zong Shu (water palm, in Guangdong). the fall with tens of individual fruits about the same size as the water bean assembled together in a ball which resembled qiu (a fur ball for a traditional Chinese game), or a cluster of small bananas. Fig. (2). Fruit of the Camptotheca acuminata is often known as wild anise or wild banana. Chinese names for indicating the uses of the Chinese happytree include Hua Gan Zi Shu ( tree for a kind of litter, in Yunnan), Jia Shu (fine tree, in Fujian) and Long Shu ( dragon tree, in Yunnan).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • De Novo Genome Assembly of Camptotheca Acuminata, a Natural Source of the Anti-Cancer Compound Camptothecin Dongyan Zhao1, John
    Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript Camptotheca_Ms_v15_GigaSci.docx 1 2 3 4 1 De novo genome assembly of Camptotheca acuminata, a natural source of the anti-cancer 5 6 7 2 compound camptothecin 8 9 10 3 Dongyan Zhao1, John P. Hamilton1, Gina M. Pham1, Emily Crisovan1, Krystle Wiegert-Rininger1, 11 12 13 4 Brieanne Vaillancourt1, Dean DellaPenna2, and C. Robin Buell1* 14 15 16 5 1Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA 17 18 19 20 6 2Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 21 22 23 7 48824 USA 24 25 26 8 Email addresses: Dongyan Zhao <[email protected]>, John P. Hamilton <[email protected]>, 27 28 29 9 Gina M. Pham <[email protected]>, Emily Crisovan <[email protected]>, Krystle Wiegert- 30 31 10 Rininger <[email protected]>, Brieanne Vaillancourt <[email protected]>, Dean Dellapenna 32 33 34 11 <[email protected]>, C Robin Buell <[email protected]> 35 36 37 12 *Correspondence should be addressed to: C. Robin Buell, [email protected] 38 39 40 41 13 42 43 44 14 Manuscript type: Data note 45 46 47 48 15 49 50 51 16 Note: Reviewers can access the genome sequence and annotation using the following 52 53 54 17 temporary URL: http://datadryad.org/review?doi=doi:10.5061/dryad.nc8qr. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 1 64 65 1 2 3 4 18 Abstract 5 6 7 8 19 Background: Camptotheca acuminata is one of a limited number of species that produce 9 10 20 camptothecin, a pentacyclic quinoline alkaloid with anti-cancer activity due to its ability to 11 12 13 21 inhibit DNA topoisomerase.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Suitable Habitats of Camptotheca Acuminata Considering Both Climatic and Soil Variables
    Article Predicting Suitable Habitats of Camptotheca acuminata Considering Both Climatic and Soil Variables Lei Feng 1,2, Jiejie Sun 1,3, Yuanbao Shi 1,2, Guibin Wang 1,2,* and Tongli Wang 4,* 1 Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; [email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (Y.S.) 2 College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China 3 College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China 4 Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (T.W.); Tel.:+86-1377-052-1738 (G.W.); +1-604-822-1845 (T.W.) Received: 19 June 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 17 August 2020 Abstract: Camptotheca acuminata is considered a natural medicinal plant with antitumor activity. The assessment of climate change impact on its suitable habitats is important for cultivation and conservation. In this study, we applied a novel approach to build ecological niche models with both climate and soil variables while the confounding effects between the variables in the two categories were avoided. We found that the degree-days below zero and mean annual precipitation were the most important climatic factors, while the basic soil saturation, soil gravel volume percentage, and clay content were the main soil factors, determining the suitable habitats of C. acuminata. We found that suitable habitats of this species would moderately increase in future climates under both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa Grayensis Sp
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2013 Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee Nathan R. Noll East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Climate Commons, Paleontology Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Noll, Nathan R., "Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1204. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1204 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee ___________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology ___________________________ by Nathan R. Noll August 2013 ___________________________ Dr. Yu-Sheng (Christopher) Liu, Chair Dr. Tim McDowell Dr. Foster Levy Keywords: Nyssa, Endocarp, Gray Fossil Site, Miocene, Pliocene, Karst ABSTRACT Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Protein-Linked DNA Strand Breaks Induced in Mammalian Cells by Camptothecin, an Inhibitor of Topoisomerase I Joseph M
    (CANCER RESEARCH 49, 5016-5022. September 15. 1989] Protein-linked DNA Strand Breaks Induced in Mammalian Cells by Camptothecin, an Inhibitor of Topoisomerase I Joseph M. Covey,1 Christine Jaxel, Kurt W. Kohn, and Yves Pommier Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20S92 ABSTRACT tion of SDS, Camptothecin has been used to localize topoisom erase I binding sites in mammalian genes (10-13). However, it Camptothecin was recently identified as an inhibitor of mammalian has also been reported that a significant fraction of the breaks topoisomerase I. Similar to inhibitors of topoisomerase II, Camptothecin produces DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) and DNA-protein cross-links produced by Camptothecin in mammalian cells are not tightly (DPC) in mammalian cells. However, their one-to-one association, ex linked to protein (14) and that Camptothecin can produce DNA pected for trapped topoisomerase complexes, has not previously been cleavage without topoisomerase I in the presence of UV light demonstrated. We have studied camptothecin-induced SSB and DPC in and copper (15). These reports raised some questions as to Chinese hamster DC3F cells and their isolated nuclei, using the DNA whether camptothecin-induced DNA breaks in cells result alkaline elution technique. It was found that the SSB and DPC frequen solely and specifically from inhibition of topoisomerase I. cies detected following Camptothecin treatment depend upon the condi The present study was undertaken in order to reassess the tions used for lysis. When lysis was with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the question of protein linkage of DNA breaks produced by camp- observed frequencies of SSB and DPC were 2- to 3-fold greater than tothecin in mammalian cells and to determine the frequency of when sodium dodecyl sarkosinate (Sarkosyl) was used.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of Camptotheca Decaisne Shiyou Li Stephen F Austin State University, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, [email protected]
    Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks NCPC Publications and Patents National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops 2014 Taxonomy of Camptotheca Decaisne Shiyou Li Stephen F Austin State University, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ncpc_articles Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Li, Shiyou, "Taxonomy of Camptotheca Decaisne" (2014). NCPC Publications and Patents. Paper 38. http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ncpc_articles/38 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in NCPC Publications and Patents by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Pharmaceutical Crops, 2014, 5, (Suppl 2: M2) 89-99 89 Open Access Taxonomy of Camptotheca Decaisne Shiyou Li* National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA Abstract: Based on the phenotypic, micromorphological, and genetic analysis, three species are recognized in the genus Camptotheca Decaisne: C. acuminata Decaisne, C. lowreyana Li, and C. yunnanensis Dode. Camptotheca acuminata consists of three varieties: var. acuminata, var. tenuifolia Fang et Soong, and var. rotundifolia Yang et Duan. Camp- totheca lowreyana has three newly developed high CPT-yielding cultivars, namely ‘Katie’, ‘CT168’, and ‘Hicksii’, Keywords: Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne, Camptotheca acuminata var. tenuifolia Fang et Soong, Camptotheca acuminata var. rotundifolia Yang et Duan, ‘Katie’, ‘Camptotheca Decaisne, Camptotheca lowreyana Li, Camptotheca yunnanensis Dode, CT168’, ‘Hicksii’, taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Chemical Inductors of Replication Stress: Focus on Cell-Based Studies
    biomolecules Review Common Chemical Inductors of Replication Stress: Focus on Cell-Based Studies Eva Vesela 1,2, Katarina Chroma 1, Zsofia Turi 1 and Martin Mistrik 1,* 1 Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic; [email protected] (E.V.); [email protected] (K.C.); zsofi[email protected] (Z.T.) 2 MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-585-634-170 Academic Editor: Rob de Bruin Received: 25 November 2016; Accepted: 10 February 2017; Published: 21 February 2017 Abstract: DNA replication is a highly demanding process regarding the energy and material supply and must be precisely regulated, involving multiple cellular feedbacks. The slowing down or stalling of DNA synthesis and/or replication forks is referred to as replication stress (RS). Owing to the complexity and requirements of replication, a plethora of factors may interfere and challenge the genome stability, cell survival or affect the whole organism. This review outlines chemical compounds that are known inducers of RS and commonly used in laboratory research. These compounds act on replication by direct interaction with DNA causing DNA crosslinks and bulky lesions (cisplatin), chemical interference with the metabolism of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (hydroxyurea), direct inhibition of the activity of replicative DNA polymerases (aphidicolin) and interference with enzymes dealing with topological DNA stress (camptothecin, etoposide). As a variety of mechanisms can induce RS, the responses of mammalian cells also vary. Here, we review the activity and mechanism of action of these compounds based on recent knowledge, accompanied by examples of induced phenotypes, cellular readouts and commonly used doses.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemistry of Camptotheca Decaisne
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Pharmaceutical Crops, 2014, 5, (Suppl 2: M9) 163-172 163 Open Access Phytochemistry of Camptotheca Decaisne Shiyou Li* and Ping Wang National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA Abstract: To date, chemical investigations of the genus Camptotheca have been primarily focused on C. acuminata. Total 78 compounds have been isolated from the species, including alkaloids (1-28), ellagic acids (29-40), flavonoids (41-46), sterols (47-48), terpenes (49-55), tannins (56-71), polyphenols and fatty acids (65-72), iridoid (73), lignan (74), polyols (75 and 76), amide (77), and sacchardide (78). The contents of camptothecin (CPT, 1), the major active alkaloid varies significantly with Camptotheca species and varieties, tissue and tree age and seasonal changes. Among all taxa of Camp- totheca, C. acuminata var. acuminata has the lowest CPT contents (0.2249-0.3162% in young leaves, and 0.0392- 0.0572% in older leaves). C. lowreyana “Hicksii” has the highest CPT contents in both young and old leaves, approxi- mately 1.5-2 folds higher than those in C. acuminata var. acuminata. Young leaves and mature fruits have high CPT con- tents than other tissues in Camptotheca. In young tissues of C. acuminata var. acuminata, the lowest CPT levels were found in March and April (0.074% and 0.081%, respectively) and highest in June (0.265%). Keywords: Alkaloids, Camptotheca, Camptothecin variations, Camptothecins (CPTs), Ellagic acids, Flavonoids, sterols, Terpenes. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS The oxygenated positions may be present either as hydroxyl and methoxy groups or occasionally ester or glucose The report of chemical constituents of Camptotheca has (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Camptotheca Acuminata Seedlings to Different Light Environments
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 08 May 2015 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00321 Growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings to different light environments Xiaohua Ma 1, 2 †, Lili Song 1, 2 †, Weiwu Yu 1, 2, Yuanyuan Hu 1, 2, Yang Liu 1, 2, Jiasheng Wu 1, 2* and Yeqing Ying 1, 2* 1 Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China, 2 Edited by: School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China Brian Grout, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Light intensity critically affects plant growth. Camptotheca acuminata is a Reviewed by: light-demanding species, but its optimum light intensity is not known. To investigate Md. Abdullahil Baque, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, the response of C. acuminata seedlings to different light intensities, specifically 100% Bangladesh irradiance (PAR, 1500 ± 30 µmol m−2 s−1), 75% irradiance, 50% irradiance, and Carl-Otto Ottosen, Aarhus University, Denmark 25% irradiance, a pot experiment was conducted to analyze growth parameters, *Correspondence: photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal structure Jiasheng Wu and Yeqing Ying, and density, chloroplast ultrastructure, ROS concentrations, and antioxidant activities. School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Plants grown under 75% irradiance had significantly higher total biomass, seedling Zhejiang A & F University, 88 North Circle Road, Lin’an, Hangzhou height, ground diameter, photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiency, and 311300, China photochemical quenching than those grown under 100%, 25%, and 50% irradiance. [email protected]; [email protected] Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, relative electrolyte conductivity (REC), superoxide .− †These authors have contributed anion (O2 ) production, and peroxide (H2O2) content were lower under 75% irradiance.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationships Within Cornales and Circumscription of Cornaceae—Matk and Rbcl Sequence Data and Effects of Outgroups and Long Branches
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24 (2002) 35–57 www.academicpress.com Relationships within Cornales and circumscription of Cornaceae—matK and rbcL sequence data and effects of outgroups and long branches (Jenny) Qiu-Yun Xiang,a,* Michael L. Moody,b Douglas E. Soltis,c Chaun zhu Fan,a and Pamela S. Soltis d a Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4236, USA c Department of Botany and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-5826, USA d Florida Museum of Natural History and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Received 9 April 2001; received in revised form 1 March 2002 Abstract Phylogenetic relationships in Cornales were assessed using sequences rbcL and matK. Various combinations of outgroups were assessed for their suitability and the effects of long branches and outgroups on tree topology were examined using RASA 2.4 prior to conducting phylogenetic analyses. RASA identified several potentially problematic taxa having long branches in individual data sets that may have obscured phylogenetic signal, but when data sets were combined RASA no longer detected long branch problems. tRASA provides a more conservative measurement for phylogenetic signal than the PTP and skewness tests. The separate matK and rbcL sequence data sets were measured as the chloroplast DNA containing phylogenetic signal by RASA, but PTP and skewness tests suggested the reverse. Nonetheless, the matK and rbcL sequence data sets suggested relationships within Cornales largely congruent with those suggested by the combined matK–rbcL sequence data set that contains significant phylogenetic signal as measured by tRASA, PTP, and skewness tests.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Culture of Camptotheca Acuminata (Decaisne) in Temporary Immersion System (TIS): Growth, Development and Production of Secondary Metabolites
    In vitro culture of Camptotheca acuminata (Decaisne) in Temporary Immersion System (TIS): Growth, development and production of secondary metabolites DISSERTATION A thesis submitted for the degree of Dr. rer.nat. (rerum naturalium) to the Biology Department, the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg prepared by Yantree Devi Sankar-Thomas Republic of Guyana 2009 This thesis is dedicated to my husband and two children Table of Contents Page I. ABSTRACT I II. Zusammenfassung IV 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Aims of this Study 3 2. LITERATURE OVERVIEW 5 2.1. Camptotheca acuminata 5 2.1.1. Botany 5 2.1.2. Geographical Distribution 6 2.1.3. Ecology 7 2.2. Camptothecin (CPT) 8 2.2.1. Plant Secondary Metabolites 8 2.2.2. Camptothecin and its Pharmacological Effects 8 2.2.3. Semi-Synthetic Derivatives of Camptothecin 9 2.2.4. Biosynthetic Pathway of Camptothecin 10 2.3. Plant Micropropagation 12 2.3.1. Temporary Immersion System (TIS) 13 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 17 3.1. Plant Material 17 3.1.1. Cuttings and Seeds 17 3.2. Plant Culture Media 18 3.3. Culture Vessels 19 3.3.1. Temporary Immersion System (TIS) Vessels 19 3.4. Sterilisation 20 3.4.1. Culture Apparatus, Glassware and Equipment 20 3.4.2. Nutrient Media and Substrates 21 3.4.3. Sterilisation of Plant Material 21 3.5. Growth Chambers 21 3.5.1. Illumination and Temperature 21 3.6. Plant Propagation Methods of C. acuminata 22 3.6.1. Ex Situ Seed Germination 22 3.6.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Nothapodytes Nimmoniana. an Overview REVIEW ARTICLE
    Vol. 59 No. 1 2013 DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2013-0006 REVIEW Article Phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Nothapodytes nimmoniana. An overview NAZEERULLAH KHAN*1, ENNUS TAJUDDIN TAMBOLI2, V.K. SHARMA1, SUNIL KUMAR1 1Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research Modinagar 201204 U.P. India 2Faculty of Pharmacy Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar New Delhi 110062 India *corresponding author: phone: +9187 91207145, e-mail: [email protected] Summary Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) (Icacinaceae), commonly known as Amruta is found in India particularly in Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir as well as Tamilnadu areas. It is an important medicinal plant, the major source of a potent alkaloid, namely camptothecin, of a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, anti-HIV, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and also applied in the treatment of anaemia. Camptothecin is still not synthesized, therefore, its production entirely depends on natural sources. N. nimmoniana is one such plant which yields contain camptothecin in significantly high amount. The plant is gaining interna- tional recognition due to its diversified medicinal uses. It is subjected to excessive har- vest. It has been categorized as a vulnerable and endangered plant. The present review encompasses the phytochemical, analytical, pharmacological, biotechnological, and other specific aspects of N. nimmoniana. Key words: Nothapodytes nimmoniana, camptothecin, pharmacological activities, phytochemistry N. Khan, ET. Tamboli, VK Sharma, S. Kumar 54 INTRODuCTION India’s rich repository of medicinal plant species (1/4 of the world) fulfills health care needs of more than 80% of the population of the country [1]. Out of these plants, 25% are found at Western ghats, a mega biodiversity hot-spot, im- portant site of collection [2].
    [Show full text]
  • (Grah.) Mabb. : an Endangered Medicinal Tree from Western Ghats of India
    DOMESTICATION OF NOTHAPODYTES NIMMONIANA (GRAH.) MABB. : AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL TREE FROM WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA Submitted To THE RUFFORD SMALL GRANTS FOUNDATION, UK BY DR. ANKUR PATWARDHAN (E-MAIL : [email protected] ) (Web site : www.ankurpatwardhan.com ) Research and Action in Natural Wealth Administration (RANWA) C-26/1 KETAN HEIGHTS, KOTHRUD, PUNE – 411038. MAHARASHTRA, INDIA. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, UK for their support. Thanks are also due to Dr. Josh Cole and Jane Raymond for their kind guidance. I am thankful to RANWA for extending the secretarial and institutional support. I am indebted to Dr. Vasudeva , Forestry College, Sirsi for his critical inputs through out the entire duration of the project and also for hosting the Nothapodytes cultivation workshop. I am also thankful to Dr. M.G. Watve , Garware College, Pune, for his kind support and encouragement. He permitted me to use all the necessary laboratory facilities required for high quality scientific research. I am also grateful to Mr. Utkarsh Ghate of AHARAM, Covenant Centre for Development, Madurai. His sustained interest in my work, perceptive comments and critical observations have contributed immensely to the quality of the research work presented here. I am grateful to Forest Department officials for their kind cooperation. Dr. Majumdar, PCCF, Wild Life, Mr. G. Saiprakash, CF, Working Plan, Aurangabad, Mr. M. K. Rao, CF, Wild Life, Kolhapur, Mr. Sunil Limaye, Addl. Tribal Commissioner, Amarvati rendered all the possible support and permitted us to visit the various forest areas. One of the most important members of the team is Mr.
    [Show full text]