ELE M E N TS OF GAE LIC ' GRAM MAR

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Some Press Notices.

' ‘ ’ land N ew — h Dr ie Gra m ar is the H . at G ll s igh s l o say t . i m best hitherto published of the Gaelic language would not possibly be acc e ted as an th n i hl fla eri N everthe‘ ess We m u st p y i g h g y tt ng. l , sa that it i th f r t r ar o f the wav the bes . g amm y s e best, a and a la ua e et bli h d ng g y pu s e .

Glasgow Herald We c an heartily rec om m end this book'

ort/ta u i ll o w1sh to W m Citrom d e. Sho ld be stu d ed by a wh gain an insight into the arc haic c onstruction of the Gaelic ’ l n a guage.

—‘ S - cotsm an. Is w ll bas d i a stud of the istorical de e e . n y h l velopm ent of the language and the results of m odern c om parativ e ’ hilolo p gy.

’ ’ F eem an s r ou n al . illi r itc as h j r . Dr. G es wo k is e ellent; e evid n t ’ e ly kn ows his o wn language well .

’

Tzm es . Of m u ch m ore value than its m arket p ric e to a

Studen ’ t of Gaelic .

P R E F A C E

THIS CLAss B00]: is inten ded to enable the learner to proceed by easy steps from the sim plest to the higher sta es f Ga All irre larities f orm an d g o elic stu dy. gu o f co stru tio ar x lu d d om this ar The Seco d n c n e e c e fr P t. n

art Will deal With irre ularities of Gram m ar an d P g ,

Su bse u e t arts will the Third Part with Idiom . q n p c arry the stu dy of the langu age in to the higher reaches of literatu re an d histor y.

For the be i er it is recom m en ded to co sta tl gnn , n n y practise the reading alou d of the Gaelic Exercises ; an d after the English Ex ercises have been translated correc tly these also shou ld be u sed as a further ex ercise in reading.

’ are to the a e of the au thor s The referenc es (Gr. ) p g

are to the a es Gram m ar ; the other references (p. ) p g of the Class Book.

GA E L I C GRA MMA R EXE RCI SE S

VOCABULARY

N OUN S

1 DE L ABLE N ou N s . IN C IN

MASCULINE

alder abhawa feam a. s ndering bainne milk flamh appearance sannt greed beithe birch fliodh chickweed sath satiety bliochd milk f‘uachd cold sgath shelter bbsd boasting fuath hatred sioda silk cc cream gaire laughter sliochd descendants cé the math gean m ood smachd control cead ermission wrestlin sm ear ith marr p gl eac g p , ow eliu fam e gruth cu rds sprochd dejection coirce oats i chd it sult atness o o p y f , j y ‘ dill the worst re e uach value , fus l dragh trouble luchd ap eople t eachd a coming dreach appearance miadh esteem teas heat druchadew neach aperson tlachd pleasure ‘ ebw a bar ley oide a stepfather tml th en/uy eud ealou ri n order sense umha. brass j sy a , A GAELIC GRAMMAR

FEMININE air de height geit e sharpness uaisl e nobility aire heed goin ne scarcity nin e time aithne kn owledge gbraiche folly beatha life l aige weakness bardachd poetry Béurla English m aise elegance bbidhche beau ty boille rage m éirl e theft caisead steepness braise imp etuosity m oill e slowness caoil ead narrowness brcin e ofienslveness nair e shame crostachd perverseness bu inne a stream r eit e conciliation dil seachd faithfu lness c aisa steepness saorsafreedom fialachd generosity c aoil e leanness seirbhe bitterness naomhachd holiness cli strength side weather m easarrachd temp eranc e d oill e blind ness slaint e health plobair eachd piping d oimhne depth t airbhe pr ofit seoltachd cu nning failt e a welcom e te one (fem ale) tapachd cleverness fu in e a kneading tu ath p easantry tebm achd expertness gaisge bravery tubha. thatch tuigse understanding

2 FI RST DE LE . C NSION

MASCULINE

acbd an act a deed driu an a arition. a , g pp pl uc lump aite a place eas a cascad e reachd a rule beachd an opinion fath a caus e roc a wr inkle béu c a roar feachd an arm a host ru a i y, d th ng bend a hurt abhd a cra t trick s al a sk l shriek g f y g ir , heus behaviour ill e a lad g , a servant sgaoth a swarm bior a sharp stick gadaiche a thief sgrath turf boinn e a drop gréusaiche ashoemaker siochair e aweakling bragh an explosion I arla an earl slios aflank cl eas a la a trick iomair e arid e lan d sm al a s ot blemish p y, g qf p , clod a clod tu , rf loch a lake srath a strath c nuachd a head lios a garden sruth a stream i s a belt c r o m aide a stick stuchd a pinnacle

deu d atooth the um, m earachd a mistak , g e taibhse a ghost d os a tu t bush m f , eas fru it tighearna a lord dreachd an ofice oibriche a worker uchd the breast VOCABULARY

FEMININE aim e a sloe faiche afield osna a sigh ath aford fairge a sea roth a wheel atbarla a heifer fead a whistle seiche a hide beannachd a blessing fleadh afeast sgoth a skif breab a kick geas a spell sgriach a shriek caile a lass iarna a hank b a ourne tri sgrlo j y, p c ard a card it e a eather li h a r ad a wa f s g e o , y ceirtle a clew lach a wild duck speur thefirmament cnead sigh 10th afilly spor aflint uciu ch m enisle d . lu a ouse sl eagh a spear d earc a berry m allachd a curse srad a spark dile aflood nies a weasel tairgse an of er earba a roe oidhche a night trath a meal time

3 E D DE LE . S CON C NSION

MASCULINE am adan afool fraoch heather bgl ach a youn g man achadh afield garadh a garden br gold arhbar corn geam hradh winter bran a song balgam a m outhful giom ach a lobster partan a crab bruadar a dream laodh a cr shou t hr a cro g y, p p bard a oet li m a oint knee ran a roar p g j , blas taste avour ru nn s rowndsel m en a lain , fl g a g g p bradan a salmon iolach a shou t eean ron a seal , p c at a cat I nchar Ju ly sabhal a barn cladach a shore laoch a hero sagart ap riest cnodan a gurnet laogh a calf sam hradh summ er damh an or ta m adh a do searrach a oal , s g ad g f dun a heap m aorach shell-fish sgadan a herring eabar mud m onadh a hill tarbh a bu ll earrach spring m ult a wedder tal an adz e teghar au tum n naosg a snipe u an a lamb 4 GAELIC GRAMMAR

FEMI N I N E

mire abhag a terrier dialtag a bat lathach, a lound r ad a hat eallach a burden léabag, f e

ater - ru el ub a bend loo adharc a horn easach w g l , p banarach a milkmaid easgann an eel ludag little finger bearach a dog- fish fardach a hom e m ag apaw blathach bu ttermilk feorag a squ irrel m u c apig rb a crann hole orda a thum b brog a shoe f g y, g

‘ bru ach a bank gam ag a stride osag a breez e buarach cow-fetters gaoth wind pollag a lythe cabhag haste garrag a young crow riabhag a lark c eardach a sm ith lac a dell ravine seabha a hawk y g , g clarsach a harp glas a lock slat a rod a r om a a ni inch sm ebrach a thrush clu as n ea g g p , p craobh a tree griosach em bers spbg a claw d aolag a beetle gu cag a bud sron a nose deantag a nettle lam h a hand tuagh an axe a sm oke larach am ark aru in ubb l an a le de thach , a pp

THIRD DE CLENSION

MASCULINE aingidh a wicked dorsair a doorkeep er m uinichill a sleeve p erson draoidh a m agician n abaidh a neighbour ainm hidh an animal easbu ig a bishop nam haid an enemy amhlair a beer faidh aprophet paipeir p ap er aoigh a gu est faladair a scythe peileir a bu llet balgair afor: famhair a giant peilist eir a qu oit bathaich a byre fllidh apoet rongair a lounger bréid a patch forsair aforester seilisd eir awaterfiag buachaill a shepherd gobhainn a smith séu dair a jeweller burraidh a blockhead grudair a brewer sgiobair a skipp er cagailt a hearth lu dair a slovenlym an siachair a weakling aa r iend carai f lunndair a sluggard speu clair Sp ectacles i she herd clbe r a p m aighstir a m aster su lair a gannet larsair a har er m ilid c p h a champion trinnseir a plate debraidh an exile m inidh an awl ughdair an au thor VOCABULARY

FEMININE

acaid apain geinn a wedge poit apot airidh a shealing geir tallow phit drinking aois age graisg a r abble pris aprice bail c a rid e ed e ei h a herd re a ra e g , g gr g is c bathais forehead gru aim a surly look ribheid a reed

biathainn a worm gu it a corn- fan t u inu a prom ontory

him a verdict inntinn m ind r oid bog- myrtle braid the t iobairt an a erin roinn a share division f fi g , bu aidh victory iolair an eagle sail a heel caile chalk laoidh a hym n saill fat c araid apair lbinidh rheumatism sam hu in n hallowmas carraig a rock l uaidh p raise seachd u in a week ceir was: m alairt exchange seirm musical n oise cls a tax m aoin wealth seisd a siege clais afur row m eidh a balance sgailc a bald pate c u ing a yoke m eir g rust sgait a skatefish c is a cau se m u in a m ane s aoim a start ri ht u g g , f g dail a m eadow ield m u ini hin con dence s ei m ocker , f g fi g g y dail dela m uinntir a eo le s eir a sherr rock y p p g y, deiro alm s it naistinn care cau tion s illinn a enn , p y , g p y dris thorn n eip a turnip sgoinn trim ness d u ais reward nim h poison sitir a neigh s a church w rk labour slibist a slut eaglai ohair o , earail a cau tion high a virgin sm uid sm oke eilid a hind eir an edge socair ease

eisir an oyster oisg a yearling ewe spiris a hen - roost fiacail a tooth onair honou/r spréidh cattle fu aim noise pairc apark suipeir a supp er fois eace r est ic itch s ist a lail p , p p u f gairm a call plaigh aplague tair depreciation gaoid disease ploie the mu mps toil will il ear l the cheek nair hour time ge t f p uic , GAELIC GRAMMAR

ADJBOTI VES

FIRST DECLE NSION

d ona. bad l eamh sham eless

o lhard lau ta. aler t active lea hte molten andanaf o y ca , g ‘ aonaichte united fada long malda gentle blasdapalatable m ear merry bt éaghfine finealta elegant ‘ tural briste broken fi11 worthy nadurra. na iat cour a eous buidhe yellow foirfe p erfect n a. g c a stron brave escarra ierce alm g, f kin asda excellent rebta rozen ceanalta mild, d g f a onabl cearr wrong gearr shor t reu santa. re s e

l le t- hand d wron nu surl siobhalta eace ul c l f e , g g y p f cneasda humane granda. ugly stuama abstemious

r r nnealta well- order d ana thin shallow crosdap e ve se i e t ,

a a. bold orw rd ior alta ina able tm a ex ert d lm , f a g fi te p u b labharra talkative u r n blue danarra st b orn uai ag ee , daoi (a) wicked (person) ladam a bold

SECOND DECLENSION acrach hungry ciar dusky aghmhor fortunate bodhar deaf ciontach guilty ai hearach mirth ul bradach thievish claon obli ue wron g f q , g ainniseach needy bras imp etuous comasach capable aineolach ignorant buan lasting cbmhnard level aithreach re entant crooked one- e ed co p cam , y thromach just an h raw c aol slender crabhach devout amhaltach vexin caomh tender kind cr g , om bent ard high cas steep cutach bobtailed bacach lame c earbach clumsy dall blind n white air t ba , f ceutach elegan (in bold baoth foolish cian rem ote daot dear VOCABULARY diomba h n c a gry grad su dden peallach shaggy dluth close rod rotten iollach neat g p , trim bl dubh ack iochdm hor pityful rabach bu llying bhach sorrow du fu l iongantach wonderfu l rag stig; u nwilling b dur stu b orn l osal lowly rapach noisy ealamh quick lag weak ream har fat earbsach trustfu l leathan broad riabhach brindled easlan u nhealthy luath swift rlom hach costly Eirionnach I rish m aol bald ropach slovenly falam h em t m aoth so t mild samhach i p y f , qu et fann weak aint m arbh dead , f saor free fas waste m olach hair rou h y, g slan whole fiar crooked m br great subhach m erry fuar cold m u sach nasty sunndach cheerfu l gagach stu ttering naomh holy splocach m ean ann scarce narach shame u l l m ild m g f t ath , s ooth arbh thick rou h neartm hor stron r g , g g to rach fru itfu l gionach greedy nuadh new tru agh pityfu l glas grey obann sudden u allach gay gbrach foolish 6g young uasal noble

THIRD DECLENSION abaich rip e cixbhr aidh fragrant glic wise i wi ked v i aing dh c diam hain a n goirt sore, sour aoibhinn joyfu l dlblidh abject grim eil m anly baidhel l friendly dlu igheil handy grinn p retty nn m elodious oill eir dark inich tid neat bi d y, brisg brittle dbm hail bu lky ionraic righteous bruith cooked domhain deep laidir strong chin white eireachdail handsom e l eisg lazy caoin kind m ild ithich alse m aith ood , e f g ciuin m ild eace ul eiti h dism al erce m ilis sweet , p f g , fi li active fairsin wide m in so t smooth c s g f , kindl ust f l tran u il atient naim hdeil hostile cbir y, j bi q , p cruinn rou nd foirm eil lively oilt eil horrible 8 GAELIC GRAMMAR

birdhearc glorious sglth tired tais soft i ab nd ant soirbh eas entle tinn sick pa lt u y, g r lev uairc civil ui heil care u l eidh sm ooth, el s g f

REGULAR TRAN SITIVE VERBS

1 W E THE AL I S A MUTE OR S - P E . H N INITI UR

I P ER P ST N C. F UT. N C. M . A I DI I DI Buail strike (thou) Bhuail stru ck Bu ailidh shall or willstrike

S bac revent cum kee hold m othaich erceive o, p p , p bath drown dall blind m uth change b nna h bl s dath d e col u ais old ea ic e s y , o r p gf blais taste d earbh prove saor setfree b so ten stee doir t ou r out scol direct og f , p p breu be uile belie d in shu t sin stretch g g , u r awa l a d hau l dra bris b eak duisg ken s o , g bru ith cook gabh take slu ig swallow huain reap gearr cu t tairg of er c aill lose glac catch taisg store up caith s end wa te lan clean bil throw p , s g g caoidh lam ent m arbh kill t og raise cinn grow m eal enjoy treigforsake ceil den conceal m eil rind u s ather y, g tr g c reach plunder m ill spoil t uig u nderstand c uir saw(as seed) m ol praise

2 . WHEN THE INITIAL I S A VOWEL OR F

’ At swell (thou ) Dh at swelled Ataidh will swell ’ P as grow (thou ) Dh fhas grew Fasaidh will grow

agair claim fi h weave iarr ask s k g , ee aidich confess fill fold innis tell

aithris relate fb air exile ioc a render g p y, hrdaich exalt fbghlu im learn l slich degrade fag leave fosgail op en ith eat VOCABULARY 9

W E T OR - M E 3. H N HE INITIAL I s A LIQUID S UT

I P ER P AST N C FUT . N I C. M . I DI . I D Loisg burn (thou ) Loisg burned Loisgidh will burn Sgar sever (thou ) Sger severed Sgaraidh will sever labhair speak naisg bind reub rend las kindle n r h u tto shame roinn divide sha/re aaic p , l ea thr ow down neartaich stren t en s ian lu ck tear g gh p p , l ea h m elt n i h wa h stad sto cease g g s p, l eighis heal n ochd show streap clim b leum jump reio sell stiuir steer

IN TRANSITIVE VERBS

bagair threaten glaodh cry cu bh cry bean touch m air last eng die

heir catch ill r eturn imich o set ou t p g , b on r rich it remove eachdaich c side seall look im fl , bruadair dream seas stand falbh depart caidil sleep snam h swim fan rem ain it or u on coisich walk suidh sit feith wa f , p coim head look tachair m eet l eig let danns dance taghail frequent leum jump dealaich part with trod scold lu igh lie druidh penetrate tuit fall neadaich nestle gair laugh nuallaich howl geill submit am ais hit upon ru ith run goir crow amhairc look upon rebah freez e guil weep at swell sguir cease gearain complain eirich arise spreadh burst OF N OUN S

R E I —One N ou ov er s a other in the GE VE UL . n g n n NITI Th N er ed is alwa s lac ed a ter that Case. e oun gov n y p f which governs it.

INDECLINABLE N OUN S

EXE RCISE 1

‘

i l iii blio hd. At eorna. cead gare. c iu oide. d c t ir i chd . l h achd . tar fiam h gair e. ga e o uc d sm

bainh e. m iadh li . teachd fu a h tlachd teachd. e u c d .

ruth baiu e. lu h coir ce g n ac . Air de bbidhche. boidhche m aise. braise cros

tachd . doill e brci e eir e bard h oinne m aise. n . g ac d . g

m oill e fialachd. raiche r d i n m gb ba achd . m a se ao h b d . i ac u a sle dilseachd . boill t ir h e gbraiche. a b e ai t sl e. beathe ais e. ais e beath n g g g g a. Maise cliu u m ais . cli e. bbsd u aisle. beathe

sabhd. s ath tubba. drea h i g c ga sge. tairbhe cliu.

lu ach reite. diu iobaireach p d . sath seoltachd . iochd

u aisle. sm e fi l h ar a ac d . or ai h g c e tnuth. lu ach te. ais e sliochd g g . goinne cé.

The Articl b f e e ore the Governing N oun in English is n ot to be tran slated (p. 1 0

1 2 GAELIC GRAMLI AR

u sa t . u sult an r uth am baiu e. an rian g nn g . g , n ,

am m iadh .

i l inn Le be tha. u Beurla. a do m hne. e o a g g e. l ir air d i . n airde. a e. am a g dream e aithne. a ill i r n ill am m i bo e. ri a s e ri sao sa. a do e o lle g g . , .

ai dream . l hn ir u aisle am brais g e ait e. a . e. gu

tairbhe. brci ill l fi l hd . u dil s a u e a ac eachd . ne g bo e. g

An lu a h u m ba. l eli lio hd a tart t c e s c . eas u u , g

t s t rt l . r t i ea a . e lu ach Beurla ri sao sa bea he . e g i l i l i . ir r m a se failte. an a e s a te e e badachd g n gu g .

le u i l l b ir a h . m r i u doimhn a s e p o a e c d a s ea ga sge. g e sannt .

With the swellin of heat to the am e of de g . f sc ndan s with the worst of barle lau ht r of e t . b e y. y g

to th v lu f am m il boastin . wi o th thirst of . g e a e f e. k in th la hter of hatr d on hir a h e u . t t e g e t st of fam e. com in of ld in th wor of r c o e st orde . g .

To the h i h of ra r e t b v e . in owl d O lif with g y kn e ge f e. sc arc it f welc om e with blin dn m o ess of oll . in reedo y . f y f of lif with h l e. t e va u e o h f ealth. o l wn n s o ess of tim e. in the en erosit of easa g y p ntry. shelter of tha h with a I tc . sc rc it of o ou t of n y c rn. the v alu e of ord r h o e . at t e c m in of heal h with g t . the eal ou s of i in o . t the ro t Of m ra j y p p g p fi te pe nce. ou t of the Offen sive ess of r wi h n g eed . t welcom e of brav er y.

E I II — RUL The Obj ec t of a Transitive Verb is n am ed the Ac cu sative Case I t i . s for N ou ns al ways the sam e in orm as the N om in ativ f e. EXERCISES 13

Buail strike bac r even t blais taste i l lose m i , p , , ca l , e l

rin d m ol r aise to r aise see Li st . g , p , g ( p

EXE RCISE 3

Bu ail coir ce. bac dra h. blais ruth caill fa g g . eth.

m eil eerma. m ol dilseachd . to cliu. fli g bac odh.

a S rochd . m ol tla hd t b c p c . og umba.

With the I m erative of the Verb the Accusative as here p , , com es n ex t the v erb becau se the N om inative is im plied in the I m erative thu s bu ail thusa coirce blais thu p ; , ( ) , ( sa) s foll w gruth o, if an other N ou n o s, it is in the Genitive

Case govern ed by the Accu sative N ou n .

A Gen Bu ail coirce ce oide . bac at r ( ) ( ) eb na. blais liii ardachd m ru th bainne. to c b . ol uaisle sli g g ochd . i diu ir e to saor sa ai m e l co c . g g sge. m ol sgath

l i tairbhe r ia . fearna. b a s n

Bu t with the other Par ts of the Verb the N om in ative is — d n d the rder of Words is Verb m - A ex resse a N o . cc p , O , . , — an d Gem if there is on e ; thog uaisle cliu gaisge nobility

raised the fam e of bravery.

The P erso al ro ou n s m i I or m e thu thou or thee n P n , , e he or him an d 1 she or her m ay take the plac e of the i = a an d . N om inative or Accu sat ve. gu s

th bhee lei e ais e. chaill Thog tnuth fae . g g g u aisle

mheil mi ebrna a u s coirce. bhao br ci e m i cli. g n .

tho m i eli . mbol mi thu h chaill thu slainte. g u . c aill

bhac e i. bhu ail e coirce. bhlais i bliochd i e. . ill i m aise bhlais m i saorsa. cha . hail Mhol m i uaisle beatha. c l e tlachd reite. m bol 1 4 GAELIC GRAMMAR

th sa t diii dra h. bhl ai sliochd chu gaisge. og nn g s

f il te chaill i dr each slai te. bhao ta achd m i u aisle a . n p i ir B iu e. m hol e a éurl bhl ais e ru th ba a. Spr ochd . g n g thog e cliu dilseachd . l i i h i inn liu b a s d o de ba e. ailli Bacaidh sannt c . c dh

l m eilidh d ra h coirce. m olaidh ais fu ath u ais e. g g ge

i uailidh m i u m ha. bacaidh e dr each orai re te. b g che.

m olaidh i boidhche bar dachd . bacaidh tu sebltachd

l i h tu m aise i b ir hd t m eir le. m o a d p o a eac . ogaidh e h miadh slainte agu s beat a.

rv that with the F u tur e the Sec on d erson N om is Obse e P . — h siti n it is tu in every ot er po o thu .

t hatred . rin d c o thresh a reve rn. Strike br ss. p n g taste li e an d healt raise libert (strike) barley. f h p y

r en t en m it an oll rais con n brav er ev d . e a d y. p y f y p

taste am s ri alder and a ion an d w lcom e. t e c ili t e f e. k a r aise oet n d i in . bir c h . p ry p p g i a of br taste the v alu e of heal th Pr a se the v lu e ass.

rev e t wea n ess of life lose the c oldn ess of e m it . p n k . n y in f h the r d the c or o t e t i. e. stol orn reve t g n f ( en c ) . p n

oll f r a rais hatr a raise o e ed of eed n d e . f y ge. gr nvy p the beau t of o cilia o rais he am of raver y c n ti n. e t f e b y an d liber r n in an t . eve t c u nn d rv rs s y p g pe e enes .

I thr esh d he r e c orn . ev en sh tasted p ted theft. e ds cur . ou tho tas ted n obili u t . r y ( ) y g eed ground him . oll rais d e her . he lost health an d vi ou r I roun d f y g . g the worst of o ats. he rais ed the fam e of w orth. she

raised the obilit of w o p n y elc m e. I preven ted the folly im of etu osit . she tasted the de th of life p y p . EXERCISES 15

E v will reve t leas r tr bl will ri d o n y p n p u e. ou e g n c rn an barle a ste - ather will ra d y. p f p ise the beau ty of alder

and birc h. he will rais h a e t e f m e of generosity. he

lose the val u of r I shall rai e or will e f eedom . p se th der l h hall a h of c o tro . e s t ste t e bi er ss of oll I n tt ne f y. shall rev e t the e m it of ealou s she will ra e p n n y j y. p is the beau ty of life.

N OUN S OF THE FIRST DECLENSION

SI . ALL CASES P R. N OM GEN DAT NG LU . . . a bad Gille m . gill ean gille gillean

lass l Caile f. a cai ean cail e cailean m a bu n ch bada b d Bad . n a badan

The ten denc is to m ake all the Cases of the lural alike y P .

alwa i ht to m ake the Gen . lu ral in I t is ys r g P an . The shorter form here shown is rar ely u sed ex cept with the

This is tru e of all Declensions. Article (p.

Exnncrsn 4

lle iarla. béu eas. lod iom air . Beachd gill e. gi c c e

i h . i r it inn ada c e b o be he. bo sruth eas. beus g e

m ide fear a. cleas siochaire n drii hd lios. a . bain e. c n

bhd ill . i m ir r a hd. a e o a e coi e crios iarla. fath fe c g g c . lu r lus lios. c ruth. eachd feachd. lag fearna. p g u hd ei h d ill li h st c b t e. bbs e. ii siochaire gadaic e. g c

a dr each taibhse. fuachd stuchd . s al tighearn . g

cleas leac. sa t adaiche. lu c rath. gaire. g nn g p g

Atbarla faiche. cnead atharla. beannachd caile.

il tbarla. ite lach. luch faiche. dile fairge. go e a 16 GAELIC GRAMMAR

f ir . . sgriach luch. side a ge sgread nios seiche loth

r s or . m r h . slighe m earachd . s ad p ea ac d caile cli

luch. doim hne fair e. ais e tu ath. oinne tu t g g g g a h.

s oth fair e. beannachd saor sa. dilsea hd tair g g c gse.

h . h fialachd oidhc e slig e naomhachd.

i of a s - a the a The op nion tep f ther. ppearance of a

dw r the am e of a thief. a belt of sil . the m a f. f k ercy

lord . h thirst of a thi of a t e ef. a stream of r c eam .

the valu e of silk. the ru it of a arde a s i f g n. t ck of at of arl he ro t br as alder. a str h b e . t e t of a hos y f n ( ) t. ’ l h ho of - a shoem a er s be t. t e st a ste ather th k g p f . e

behaviou r of a lord. the c om in of a ho t the hos g g s . g t irl h of a la th s of a ost. ke. e k g i i r h hid of a fill The s h of a he e . t e e the floo g f y. d

f a h h eau t of tem eran c o ni t t e b e. the c r g . y p u se of hin a s ell . the offer of a t . the ic of a fill the p g k k y.

b e th r of o ilit of tem ra ce. e cu se erverse ess the n y p n p n . osi i a a a ru le of the the whis p t on of n e rl ft. tle of a

de berr . the ru l of host. a ar e m is ta a i g g n y ke. n ght f oll ei ht of a o the h wheel. th f y. g e sharpness of a s ar he cu ni of a m ou se h e . t t e e r p n ng . g ne osity of a las f a r h s. the beau t o st ath . t e beau t of a r y y feathe . h bl elc om t e essin g of a w e.

EXERCISE 5

Ai ait . i ai . l e a ate. u i te e at . g g e le beachd.

i s. ill . e ea u e a l och . l e m eas. g g g air roc. ri

th. ei f a hd . sru e c air sr ath . an re g achd . gu

d . l h ri stuch e ab d . slios. am f g eachd . EXERCISES 1 7

An it h . h a e fea d l . r le c o gabhd gille ri s ut eas.

m eas lios. l i f r i h . e b or eana. air m aide be t e le

r h . boinne d uchd . u sli s rn th tuc d ri g o eo a. an sga s

l t rt r u i h . ri u h f a h . sm achd tighearna. e a g e sa c e c d e c d i . u tb rl . I nn chd . Le airne a g ath. g a a a e bea a

. l f . i tr th. ir f ir u dile. r a a ge g e ead . a speu a g a

l rd ir ir l . n l . m m r r . a a spo e ca . a ce t e a och a e

idh h . acbd . gu o c e

. ri s riob Le beannachd oid e le osu a iochd . g

f ir . th lu h . an doim hne a e a fairge. gu bea a c g h u m aise éu r . le r eac d tairbhe beannachd . g sp

dr uchd oidhche. air i eu s siochaire. an tu ath . a g b

beannachd saorsa. ri e tha earba. am sleagh iarla. b a

in ion la . in an o . To a lac e in a lac e. at a c e p . p p p i in with a st c . b behav iou r . i a roar in hu rt. w th . y k

ic on a tu r . on a i b a tr . a with an ex los on . dr op . p y k f in t l with a s irl . a a s l m to a water a l. in a . be t. gu f k g t of f a water all . ou a a ain st a breast. ou t o stream . g f

a tream s .

i r with a blessin . d to a he e . ith a slo in a or . W e. f f g in a berr . in a clu e. on a with a ic to a lass. k k. y with a with sham e. b a m ista e. flood . on a roe . y k f in ear ou t o a ve . sp .

i with the roar of a water all . I n the opinion of a th ef. f r n m an to the ru it of a a de . in the gu m of a work . f g

with the blessi of a lass . by the m istake of a lad . ng

on the o fer of a lord . ou t at the whistle of the sea. f

- sham e in the eather of a wild du c . of the way of . f k a by the ru le of se . 18 GAELIC GRAMMAR

b the erm issio of a To the shelter of a night. y p n a iff hos on the chic weed of a eld. in the se s t. k fi k

f a sea at the wor er of a i ht a n i ht wor ker . skiff o . k n g g on the in the path of freedom an d of c onciliation. sea a ainst swelling of a flood. ou t of the depth of the . g = w th b the the breast of an arm y face to face i . y h r i of a lord with t e e e os t . cu n n ing of a labou rer. g n y

s li ss to the bles ing of ho ne .

i br eak arbh r ove abh take m arbh kilt Br s , de p , g , ,

r save set r ee tais stor e u trus ather . sao , f , g p , g

ne tives the Im erative na. bris do not break fil m. N a. ga p , with do n egatives the Past Tense cha do bhris mi I did not break an d ch with the ast Ten se form is the N e ative , a P g

Fu tu r e cha bhris mi I shall not break. These com e before

the Verb.

EXERCISE 6

i . ris m ai . Bris m a de na b de. dearbh reachd na

h ri . r ab c os h d. n d earbh eachd . g na gab beu a

i feachd . n r h n o . r tais m a b s sao a saor gadaiche. g

ir . r . n d r h . m eas a taisg na e ea bh ru d . gabh eac d na m arb l h s or oi ri h h h ac . a b c e. taisg beannac d. t i na a sg m allachd .

Bhris m i bior . cha d o hri b s thu m aide. bhris

ibriche m aide. chado bhris oi o briche m aide. dhear bh

m i reachd. cha do dhear h b e reachd . ghabh feachd faiche. cha d o habh feachd faich ill g e. mharbh g e

nios. cha do mharbh ille ic s . ch d g n a o mharbh i nios. i shaor t hearna tuath. cha do shaor ti g ghearna tu ath.

Brisidh ille crios. cha bhris ill g g e crios . dearbh

20 GAELIC GRAMMAR

a lad did n ot ta e the O inio the valu e of a shelter . k p n

a labou rer ath r d of a thi a thie stored u hatred . e e ef. f p g a rid a d n ot store u e v a sho em er di . ge of barley. k p n y r he did a thief did n o t take the heifer of a shoem ake .

sh did n o br a a ru le of order. a n ot take fru it. e t e k weasel ill ed a m ou se a weasel did n ot ill a eld k . k fi = m ou se m ou se of field . l ar shall rov e a ru e. a A lord shall break a spe . I p

r rul of easa tr a lass will lad shall n ot p ove a e p n y. ’

rd rui a thie will ta e a lord s s ear . a take ga en f t. f k p

- h if labou r r ll kill a wild du c he will n ot kil l a e er. e wi k.

r easan tr will save a a lord will n ot sav e peasant y. p y a thie will not lor a sea will store u a stream . d . p f

r u a bl ssin a weaklin will n ot ather c om . sto e p e g. g g a host will n ot br a a s ell a s ell will n ot kill a g e k p . p h a h a whistle will o . o g st spell will n ot prove a g st. set r a ho of n i h f ee g st g t.

a - a labou rer A l d thr eshed the c orn of a step father .

rev en d h a sho m a r did n ot reven t the t. p te t eft. e ke p f

a thie tas ed c on rol a lad did n ot lose sham e. f t t . s te - ather did n o rin d a labou rer did n ot p f t g c orn .

raise a thie a weaklin did n ot raise a s ear . p f. g p I shall stri e a he will n o rik a hei r she bu sh. t st e e k f . will r ev en t a mis ta e he will n ot r v en t a tric . p k . p e k

will tast h : I e fru it. t ou wil t n ot taste garden fru it ru it of a ar d en he shall in ld. f g . gr d c orn of the fie an arm shall raise the ru le of a lor a lord shall y p d. n ot raise the order of an arm shall rais th am e p y. I e e f of a easan tr p y. EXERCISES 21

SECONDDECLENSION

D GEN AT. P R N O E DAT . LU . M. G N . .

m a sea Ron . l r oin r on r oin r on r oin Glac f a d etl glaice glaic glacan glac glacaibh

EXERCISE 7

Achadh arbhair r h r ir l in . a b a ba d . ba gam am ada .

las m or aich. ru d r l i h rr h r r i b a b a a ao c . sea ac ea a ch.

adan eam hr aidh i m h I u h ir m h sg g . g o ac c a . aorac i sam hraidh. m adadh m ona dh. r on cladaich. di m

r ar aidh bl ru n i bai . ru nnas n ea g g g . as g a sg. bran

iolaich.

r i h u h i cl as ab a e. d th h Ad bana a c e. g ea ac ceard

i h r f r i h m u i r l f eo a e. cab a ce. s éabai e. a c e. og g g on g h l i s ann lath i h m r ea a c e. a s obh sm eo ac g a ce. g go g e i u r i h ii b e. l b slait i m a u ca e. ca c ao e. a ge. go g g g g g f r i h d l i r h r i larach a da c e. spog ao a ge. iab ag b u a che. lii r d i b o a e. ordag laim he. g

r l lathaiche. blas easaiche. easach Ad bai d . b as b

m hr idh ra clarsaiche. cat riosaiche. m ult gea a . o n g in lathach cl daich n i h l t rada . a . s e m o a d . s a b p g h artai sabhal arbhair . arb ar sabhail . li m p n . g lar aich h daim h m a bradain . las c s e. tu a . go g g g

ir . am l i h l im h a th earraich. osa fo ha a ao c . a e. g o g g g g ibhe larach r h a daic e. rd l i h larach cr ao . ce o ag og a c . h d i i e. a sa a rt ru a il lar h tu a . larach sabha . ac g g g g hr i h d . u n ba ar n u an raoin . u an sam a a am adai . n

l m h lao h earraich. lao h m onaidh. aiche. u an ai e. g g 22 GAELI C GRAMMAR

baird lao h h tairbh . lao h . h laog Cir . laog g g

easaiche.

ar ls cat. ri di h r a hadh . u b d . Aig cladac . ai c g m.

n eabar ri bhal . le or ar h l s . a . sa . an g ad . a p ao g i r o ar dh. air lim a a . l m a . e gu sa hradh. a g g g n r h n idh ai m u lt o laich u l n sa airt f aoc m o a . g g . g g u g . abhai bh l air bran laoich. gu cat s l . an sa a samh ir r n t ir h. a dim ir i rr r aidh. ls a a b C . a g sea ach

rr i i la h eam hraidh ea a ch agus a g og g . i ir i i e l la s. a aid abha . Ri c ardaich. e g . an c g ag am i ri ru aich. an craoibh. le cr i . le a . clu ais. b o g g g liii l m uic a u air laimh. an b. e g s ls u an.

R — N ou n ov ern ed whether in Ge i LE IV. If the U g , n tive or Dative does itsel ov ern a ollowin N ou the , f g f g n,

rst N ou is alwa s in the om in ative orm thu s blas fi n y N f ; , — m aorach cladaich the flavou r of shor e shellfish not — blas m aoraich air glas c eardaiche on the lock of a sm ith — not r l y ai g ais .

ar l ai l aradh G adh sagairt . g as gar dh . g as g i l la a a lim ise. lim a ar idh lim s s g rt . g gla g g s g a . g g aradh a irt las m aorai h l r h clad g s ga . b c . b as m ao ac

aich. blas m aorach cladach earraich. deathach

ardai f che. l d thai h l ardaiche. e ea c . e deathach f eallach lathai h ir ll i h ath c e. a ea a c . air eallach l

aiche. laodh am adain . le am le laodh g adan . g

am adain . or sabh il r sabh a . o al samhr dh sr n p p ai . o m adai ar dh. l h sr lar ac oine. ach sr m an on adaidh . araich l . an lar h r i n ac s o ne. a lar ach sr on m adaidh. lar h r an ac s m adadh m onaidh. on spog seobhaige. EXERCISES 23 i a s bi . ai s o eo hai e ai s o seobha g p g g p g s b g . g p g g

ro hair . tu a h lai h l im h mhe l tu ai h le tu a a e. g g . e g . g riosach far daich r i h n r h g e. an g iosa c . a g iosac

fardaiche. an r g iosach fardach laoich.

Th h e eld of a ool the taste of a m ou th u l . t e fi f . f

n ee of a bard Au u m n hea h r a r t t e i. e. he the of k .

ld a salm on of o c an . Au tu m . a a f o the e n c t o g . ( )

h c r of a al . u l rou n ds l a son of triu m h. t e se J y g e . g p y

al a m o o a shor crab. Su m er c r . arden a Winter f . e p g

f a ox the rv rsen ess o n . heather . pe e h a f a m il m aid a t e h t o . The horn of a beetle. k

h h m b of a han d . tree of a dell . t e t u bu rden of m ir e. a

h law f a t rrier a f an ax a tree bu d t e C o e . the hand o e. .

i h lo f the ha d of a m il m a d. t e c o n ip of a cheese. n k k a sm i h t y. i n f an ox an d of m r the hor o . A bu rden of m u d e.

h tas of a haw the son of a thru sh. t e te the Claw of k . g l the ear of a lam b an d the bu tterm ilk an d of gru e . kn ee of a calf. ’ f a bu ll - al arn the roar o c . The look of a priest s b . f

r lam b the horn of a Win ter ox . the cry of a Su m m e . a h ro the Claw of the the sm oke of (the) dwellin g of e . he son of a Su m m er f em bers. t e. cat o em bers c at i. g ( )

bu rden of m ou tain the n ose of a hom e do . a lark. g n

’ h ba of a lain r the ail of a hero s shoe. t e heathe . n nk p ’ of or the taste of a dair m aid s bu tterm il . the c n . y k claw of a sm ithy c at. ’

arde in a riest s arde . On the gr ou n dsel of a g n . p g n

r on a Wi ter sea. with the shou t of triu m ph of a he o. n 24 GAELIC GRAMMAR

with a S rin foal. ou t of a o n the shore of ocean . p g

’ o p et s garden .

on the hat of a m il m aid . in the On a hat. ( ) k

- ou t of water ru el. out of bu tterm ilk of a dairym aid . g

with a ha d - loc b a thu m b of a bu rden of nettles. n k. y i he d. n t a a in the ha d of a hero. on a tree bu h nd . n

r breez e i with a Su m m e . nose of a p g. wi h a f a eat on the ear of a hom e cat. t The ear o .

l o with the loo of a sm ith . b the look of a ck . k y y

’ h arde of a r the look of a arde . t e he o s hom e. g n g n ’ m bers of the rou dsel of a oet s arde . the e poet. g n p g n ’ n of a thru sh b the so of a a h m the so . poet s o e. g y ng ’ h m a s Jul a Ju l c ro . t e ou Su m m er thru sh. y p y ng n y a a c ra ba the hor of c ro the cra of a b t. t. p . nny nny n he hor of an ox b the hor an ox on a hor . on t . . n n y n in he ha te x the haste of a terrier. t s of a m ou ntain o . ’ o on the haste of a ou m a s terrier. f a terrier. y ng n

EXERCISE 8

a i i V rbs hi h r or . Em ploy all Tr ns t ve e t e to u sed. 113.

Bu i cha bhu ail am ada arhbar . bhlais a l arbhar . n m i al h b gam blathaiche. c a. do bhlais bard m aorach. cha bhlai l h i m h l d n s og ac g o ac . b aisidh cat sga a . m l farda h h n l d th o c ac a m o ea ach na eabar. m olaidh banarach la l ogh ach cha m ho i m uc . cha do mhol e

m adadh. to iolach a u s ra le clars i h m hol g g o n a c . o lach m ult th m a w g . og i gar adh ( all). cha do thog

m i lao h. to aidh m i searr ach ach h g g c a ghlac m i e.

n a to bran naiolach. bhris d am h g adharc ri craoibh. EXERCISES 25 brisidh m i slat ri searrach . gabhaidh dam h arhbar an eam hradh. cha d o habh banarach cabha g g g. m harbh cat sm eor ach air craoibh agu s dialtag am froig ach cha d o m harbh e riabhag m onaidh na ' seobha hl g. g ac oglach giom ach agu s partan ach cha d o hlac e olla na eas ann lathaiche la i g p g g . g ca dh sagart cnodan agu s sgadan ach cha ghlac e bearrach na leaba tru g. s m aorach cladaich ach na taisg

c it . blais easach ach na m ol i l ( ) . g ac bradan air bru i h a c .

A bard praised Su m m er bu t he did n ot praise Win ter . a thief will taste water - gru el bu t he will n ot taste lobst r in a h rr haste a ou n m an c au ht an eel e u y ( ). y g g an d a d o fi h i h a rod a ha ill a h a la an g s w t . wk w c tc rk d a h bu he is em will n ot c atc h a bat t ru sh t S (seobhag f . )

d l o a wedd r n a n a o st e o hill . a ox will or a beetle. g

f orn I c au ht a lob ter a hau l a load bu rden o c . s ( ) g , he will ee a lam b u rn et an d a c rab on the shore. s g , k p ,

a calf an d a oal bu t she will n ot ee a do or a bu ll. , f , k p g

a her o will n ot store u a hea a fool will spoil a harp . p p o a c at cau ht a thru sh in a tree an d a lar on a f gold. g k in al a riest raised a S rin oal an d a W ter c . ban k . p p p g f f ’ hom a seal S oiled a he will praise with son g a hero s e. p

a ou n m an shot a sta on a hill an d a haw salm on . y g g k a m il m aid did n ot stri e a i with a rod on a field . k k p g

- r a ool s oiled bu t she c au ght a c alf with a c ow fette . f p

- a bre z e of win d an apple tree with the ax e of a poet. e the oet will raise the stru ck the sm oke of a sm ithy. p p son g of a lark on a Su m m er field . 26 GAE LIC GRAMMAR

i walk airm call seas stan d seall look suidh Cois ch , g , , , — sit tuit all I tra sitive Verbs . , f n n

EXERCISE 9

i irm r m dadh. seas air Gois ch air achadh. ga ai a

l h i ru aich na airm air m adadh c adac . na seas a r b . g .

eall air ar dh na seall air am ada . su idh air s g a . n bru aich ls clarsaich ach na suidh air dim eabair le

abhai na coisich le am ada air rao . airm air c g. n n g

abhai ir r mhr aidh . n g gu achadh. seall a pb sa a

ll athaich. sea an lamh am adain . na suidh an l

h r i T uit mi l u h ha do thuit arr a c ao bh. e t aig . c g ag

thui t hairm m i r abhai . sheas t c a an griosaich . g ai g ir e a laraich . shuidh oglach an ceardaich. choisich m i u far u h thuit g dach baird ag s thuit m i an lathaic . i n i h l i a m a lathach geamhra dh. s eas m i an g a e gus sheall mi air feorai an craoibh g .

airm idh a d l lar sai h c i ichidh mi G mi air b r e c c . o s

far d i ach aird uidhidh m h. ui gu b . s mi a farda c s dhidh mi f r air ha h i i h mi air am adach b d . c c o s c lad c ach ach coisichidh mi air m onadh ls m adadh. seallaidh m i air larach far daiche agus air deathach c ar d i h e a c e.

‘ Bru adair dr eam laodh er leum u m lu i h lie , g g, j p , g , w ith r u n s amh swim , n .

I dream ed of on a et a o . ou th cried to on or ri ( ) p y ( , ) a do in a ld e . a do fish will swim on h shore a g fi g t e . do shall dream of a d r g wed e . A c at will j u m p on a wall an d he will lie an d dream

28 GAELIC GRAMMAR

i h l e toil faidh. an eir ois e Air sgailc drao d . g g

l i r u fiacail ain idh. an sm uain e snaim sg obai . g g

rai ai salair s eire. a amhlair. am bu aidh c a d. g g ri n s ir saill u ail i an t n e e. s bathaich m aighst r . g

u hdair ei e. l i ri it rudair . u s e famha r . po g g g g g uai h u h ir b d g da .

N ouns of m ore than on e syllable an d ev en su ch m ono syllables as tend to give a distinct sou n d to the characteristic t n Fem i in i need n ot take term inal e of he Ge . n e.

’ i l is is but l i i h inn m lairt s l inn. G a s b at a . a g ac o g (

if ro ou c d as a m on os ll able irm ri h id e . oisge p n n y ) se b e .

i l h lu idh u luaidh laoidh. le sgeig sl bist. gu aoid a . g ir i h or i i l inidh fia il m eir m e g m e d m e dhe. aca d o . ca g or m ir e ge.

h i a h r n t a of e. t e The pain of a wicked pe so . e p n g d la m i a h ri ht the c au t o of eo le. t e e y of a s ith. n p p f g

f an a l i h r s f a bala on h ed e o w t the u t o c e. t e e g e. n g of a h wi h th c au tio of m a a he call of toot t e ster. t t . n th d he e v er i t. on th bald a of a u i i in t c e p te m s c an. b re f a ri i h awl o the o e d. w t the of a m ith t y f n s . victor of a rabb in de reciation of the c o fide ce of y le. p n n a m a icia b the ai of the oiso h ooth of g n. y p n ( ) p n in t e t

a door ee er in the v ic tor of the offeri of a vir i . k p . y ng gn b the wor y k of the rabble an d the noise of drinking. to the will of a m a ster with the m o r of an au thor. . cke y on the ed e of a roc in a m eadow a ai st the raise g k . g n p of the ho ou r of vi h th r n c tory. wit e m ockery of a boo at the health of a rien d in the r a lm s f . ew rd of the a i of a t chu rch. the ai of a bin d in a thor ith (p y) p n n . w EXERCISES 29

the su rl lo y ok of a brewer an d with the noise of ex c ha e m ar eti o r bu si es with he ng ( k ng n s). t c au tion of an o ster an d the ri ht of a s a - fi o a i o y f g k te sh. t h nd n the ed of e a roc . rom the o e of alm s or de en d g k f y k ( p ence).

ou t of a la f - u e o m u m s. in the check of a oolish r p g p f pe son. in the dri in of a i o sm th. u t of the m in d of a ro h nk g p p et.

Beannaich bless bath d r own creach lu nder m , , p , cu hold kee diiis awaken tair o er tui u n der st n , p , g , g f , g a d .

EXERCISE 1 1

h ann i h as ui l B e a c e b g eag ais. cha d o bheannaich

faidh ain idh. beannaichidh filidh lar g c sair . bhath

fu aim fois. hreach bal air s iri c g p s . creachaidh amhaid m aoi cum idh m i c il n . h n a ao n aga t . c a chum ais i r id m aoi . ha d hu m r d b a n c o c g g sgo nn . hiiisg i h f h cib ir na i h h d hu is ao d ilid e ba d . c a o d m ai g ghstir . burraidh na debraidh ach dhu isg e d orsair agu s

bu haill thair bi h deir . cha do thair nam ac . g g o g haid

tui idh burr aidh earail . ch earail na iobairt . g a do i ha d o bheann thuig ughdair laoidh tair namha d . c aich i h h feidh loinidh agu s cha bheanna ch . b at graisg

i ath idh m u ini hin eilt . duis idh seirm gre gh. b a g g g h uis i inntinn ain dh laoidh inntinn faidh ach c a dh g gi .

A e will bless eac e bu t it i will n ot bless a ai or g , p ( ) p n

a ax a m aster will n ot bless the dela of a slu ard. t . y gg a yearling- ewe did n ot u n derstand the fright of the

ea l a slu t will n ot un derstan d the c au se of ru st. g e. a bisho the work of a slu t will n ot awaken c onfiden ce. p will n ot u nderstand the c onfidenc e of a wicked m an or 30 GAELIC GRAMMA R

f a boor a bloc head did n ot ee the rice of a o . k k p p an d a a c th turnip or an oyster bu t he kept pain p t h. e

dic t of vic tor awa e ed the tooth of the rabble v er y k n ( ) .

of wealth will lu der the rest an d ease of a e the ru st p n g . a diseas a boor drowned a yearlin g ewe in a furrow. e destroyed the eagle of (the) roc k an d (the) c attle on a he wic ed m an will n ot u derstan d the m eadow. t k n ’ do n ot drow the har er s cattle rin of a ro het. offe g p p n p . r plu n der the wealth of a boo .

THE P LURAL

R — Whe the overn ed N ou is Genitiv ULE V. n g n e — if that is o i l r Plu r al it is aspirated p ss b e (G .

EXERCISE 1 2

abhd ille. abhd hillean . abhdan hillean I . G g g g g g . h h illean habhd n l h d i h gill e g ab dan. g g a . c eas g a a c

n leas n hadaichean . r e chd n thi h c a . c a g a a g earnan. ath bhe h n t m h m easan shraithean . f ac da . le eas aid

h d i h n am oill a a c ea . lai hi h ir ean . b e g an ge s oc a ean. ir r is hr ith air d r a b a e s u ean . ea can shr aithean . air

sr aithean dhearcan .

ar ir aradh II. G adh a d . bhar r b g d. garaidh bhad.

lim daim h luin dham h. m g . g adadh m onaidh.

m adaidh m honadh. ar tai hl p n c adach. an garadh

har d . an r i h b ga a dh s agart . air achaidh tharbh agus

dhamh . le cait shahbal.

Air adh ir l a cean tharbh. e brb an h g b anar ach. air

clu asan dhialta . an s o an abha n g p g ga . am fr bgan dhialta an a larai h n hr g . c ea c aobhan. EXERCISES 31

III. Falad ir a ean bhu achaillean . trinnseirean

chaird ean for charaide s u ( an ). pe clairean m haighstir

c an. an drisean hair cean . am air p p cean dhrisean . air fiaclan c o tr hlibi s stean . ls eiseir n ir ( n ) ea shuipe ean . u dailean bhi th i a a nnean. u bi th i n i g g a a n ean dha lean . i uist fh a s ean amhairean . le m eir heilisteir an g g p e .

Fem inine N ou ns of the First and Second Declensions take

th shorte f m of th e r or lu r . e Gen . P by preference if the in itial is aSpirable ; thus géire shl eagh the sharp ness of Sp ears rather than geire shl eaghan ; so sm eoraichean ghl ac (the) thru shes o the dales rather than hlac f ( ) g an . But Fem inines of the Fir st Declension ending in a v owel even thou gh initial is aspirable take the longer form beachdan chail ean the o inions o ir ls— n ot chai f th t air s p f g l e, a h g ean the o — cause of fiers n ot thairgse. T l nsion u su all take th l n r form The hird Dec e y s e o ge .

Th r i she herds e o i i n s of oets the taste of u ts. p n o p . f p

f f h h tric of o wed the wedders o S e herds. t e s ders . p k w a lin h dream s of h with the belts of e s. t e ar ers k g p . d es h hen —roosts o riests wi h lu m s of we . on t e f p . t p g in the b r s with the taste of the ru its of arde s. y e . f g n thorn s arde s of oets b stream s rom hills of the g n p . y f to the a the ex chan e or selli an d bu in of ( ) se . g ( ng y g) an b the offerin salm on s u r ets lobsters d crabs. , g n , , y g

x s the n ei h of oals. to the n ei h of bu lls an d of o en . g f g d c a o with the tric s of do s an ts. n of Su m m er foals. k g

r b the n oises of the praise of shepherds an d p iests. y

s ou t of the sm o es of hom es on stream s an d sea . k

in tu ts of the thor s of urrows. m eadows an d straths. f n f b the h l an d of s ates. with the poison of dogfis (p . ) k y 32 GAE LIC GRAMMAR

warn in s of ro hets m a ic ian s an d riests. the roar g p p , g p h to the si hs of ex iles. b t e so s of herds of bu ll s. g y ng ail s the n oise of beetles and of harps an d the work of fl .

f c ats with the c o de c e of lads an d of lasses. on o . nfi n

- r wers in th the bald pates of lords an d bards an d b e . e

f oresters the ri ht of ea les an d of hi ds bu ll ets o f . f g g n

n il on rocks a d h ls .

l f the overn ed N oun is n ot as irable If the initia o g p . N ou ns of First an d Third Declensions m ust take the longer l f rm f h n d D cl ns ural . The o o t e Seco e e ion form of the Gen . P

u ffic ien t withou t the as iration to Show the Case. is s , p ,

i rl I rl n . se ch n atha an Béu c easan . beu san a a ea

le osnan m da an iom airean achadh. air luinean a a n. g lao h u s h le brai sm ebrach a u s riabha g ag ab ag. n g g a srad n earail naimhdean sgaoim n aosg. a r n spo a .

T r he floods of wate all s b the ru its of arde s . f . y f g n the taste of sloes on the horn s of hei ers with the . f . te th of r on h a - du c s e oes an d bin ds . t e fe thers of wild k an d of ea les in herds of h ifer an o the . e s d c alv es t g .

flav ou r of sloes a les an d bo - m tl i ht r e. in the r , pp g y f g

of mic e an d sni es an d weas ls the ellin an d bu p e . s g ( y in of c al s an d lam bs an d s al a d e s n eels and flou n ders. g) f ,

When the Article is with the N ou n the refer ence is iven , p g to the shorter form s even where the lon er , g form s are n ec es — sar when withou t the Article as will be r esen tl s en y p y e .

The N om . and lu r Acc . P al will be stu died with the Article in n ex t c ha ter p . EXERCISES 33

THE ARTICLE

i Wth the N OMIN ATI VE an d ACCUSATIVE of Mascu line

N ou s the Article is an t be ore Vowels am be ore n f , f

Labials an d an be ore all other i itial l tters , f n e . I t is an always before these Cases of Fem in in e N ou ns — exce t that where the in itial is as ir ated an loses p p n, an d that before s- pu re it is an t

EXERCISE 1 3

- a - - - An t ite. a n t eas . an t br . an t i ao gh.

beuc. am m aide. am lu c . am f h r p og a . an cleas.

an taibhse. n im an su l r a d ai . an adan . sg .

’ ’ ’ An tim e. an ubbal . a hail a h c e. g aoth. a

hl h - ai . an lam h r id an o . an an p g . spbg. t slat. an t - s ha eab g.

Buain r ea bruith cook caith s en d lac catch l n p , , p , g , g a

i w t r clean lu s allow il h ow sh . , s g , t g , oot

Bhuain an t - oibriche an t - ebrna agu s an t - arhbar le al i ru ithi each an i m h am r f ada r . b dh o ac a ta n g , p n, a us an cnbdan air ca ailt caraid le teas fear a a us g , g , n g beith h d hl an e na am m ai hsti e. c a o g ac gill g r an la h m m ult n sear r a h an achadh arbhair og , a , a an c , .

- t - r l h glanaidh an t bglach an eb n a e guit. c a shluig l i i rad an rbn am m aorach ach s u g dh e am b an .

- ilid a u n ar haith Thilg an t bglach an e g s a e ba. c ’ h heatha ha do bhruith an acaid agu s an lbinid a b . c ’ n na am t lacaidh an a bhanarach an sgada par an . g ’ rr i h hlan a haile abhag clu as cait agus glun sea a c . g c C 34 GAELIC GRAMMAR

’ ’ u s an d ach cha do bl a i a bhu arach a bhrbg ag a g n . ’ r i h ir d il cha ghlac a chaile an atharla le bua a c a a .

r n h m is a e the arm will Th e ac t will p eve t t e t k . y he Shor h h rrin orsoo t e. th d estroy the c orn . t e e g f k e the bu ll will n ot tast priest did n ot gather the c rop . e l h d h h o the ou m an wil n ot lose t e o . t e t e c rn . y ng g

a h r will n o or hero did n ot forsake the frien d . e o t f sake a i n d th labou r r athered the rid e of cor h r e e . t e f e . g g n ores r did n u h r the boor will n ot ta e f te ot c t t e t ee. k sham e = will n ot be as ham d th old will n o e . ( e) g t bless a bl h ad th wor will n o ill h l oc e . e t t e s u ard k ( ) k k gg . the lad did n ot kill the salm on n or the lythe n or the e h do will n o a h m h h el. t e t ors e t e aster n or t e om e g f k . the i will n o t store u the rou dse the cat will p g p g n l. n o taste the m il the o t a h r d a h a f c o t . e t e e e o rn k p g p , an d he stored it ill in r do n ot cu t th tr (e) t w te . e ee bu t ou t the thorn the ia t ill ed th hin d in . g n k e a d ell with a stick the sm ith did n ot brea the loc the w as l k k . e e lu n dered the m o s in l th thi p u e a fie d . e ef did n ot sow the c ro bu t he lu dered the h - h p p n en roost. t e priest an d the bisho raised the h m p p y n.

GENITIVE Sin gular of the Article is an for Mas culine an d na. for Fem in in e. The in itials of the G Ma of en . sc .

N ou ns are as irated li e the N om F m . so p k e . an loses 11

an d it is an t be ore - r T f s pu e. he Fem inine takes h be ore Vowels f .

The DA VE as irates in h M t e asc . and F i is TI p em . ; t there ore li e the other as ir ati — cases G n. f k p ng e Mass. and N om F . em .

36 GAELIC GRAMMAR

’ ir n l i chaidil an cat ar ms a bhathaich air a a eag a s.

h i il am bu a haill air cir na carr ai e. an spiris. cha c a d c g r cha do Shn am h an caidilidh an ron air an sgei .

it ir an t - sru th Snamhaidh an eas ann a s an sga a . g nn i h i h n lar air u s am bard air latha ch. s u d a c s ag

bru ach na glaice gu oidhche.

h the rul e of the lace. the T e fam e of the barley. p

h son aste of h alm the c ro of the Au tu m n . t e t t e s on . p g

of h in r a r h roar o he hill o he he the . t e f the t e W te . t f t

asc ad h r h n u e he si c t e st e th of the E lis to . t h e. ng ng ( g ) g of h h ifer h his l f h win d the obilit t e e t e w t e o t e . of . n y

the u ders an he u d rs an din of the easa tr t din . t t n g n e g p n y. the fl f a o the sni e of Au tu m n. he n ose nk the hill. p t — of a do fi - sh. the ose of o fi the ha d of g n the d g sh. n the u est. the vic tor of h off r g y (the) tem perance. t e e in of the ra he m a bble. t e of h o the sm o e of g n t e f al. k the hom e. the m oc er of the off n si th k y ( ) e veness. e

o ster an d the crab of the shore th alm o of h y . e s n t e stream an d the sea

On the am e of the arl h r b e . at t e u le of the lace f y p . b the taste of the salm o wi . th the c ro of Au tu m n y n p .

on the am e a h r l . t t b e u e. the tast with h r e. o f y t e c p. in the m u d f h . ou t o t e ard n wi h e . t the s n a ain s g o g. g t th l e oa . b the a wi et. th the eas f y g nn e.

The do will n ot swim in th m g e u d. the labour er will

n ot Slee in the Su m m er or in the Au tu m n bu t h p , e will slee in the Win ter a wild d p . u c k will swim on the sea bu t a seal will n ot swim on the la , ke. the blockh ead will i s t on the Shore and he will dr eam of (on ) ease an d EXERCISES 37

wealt h. the thief will Sleep in the barn of the priest in

the i ht bu t he will n n g , ot dream of the reward of the his th e t. the d o swam on the stream on the la ( ) f g , ke,

an d on the sea in the Su m m er the shoem a r . ke sat on

the eld with the rien d in he l the ou fi f (t ) Ju y. y ng m an sle t in the hill with the c al the lam b an d h d t e o . p f, , g the lad will n o t dream of the hom e on th s ra e t th.

The PLURAL of the Ar ticle is na for the N om in ativ e an d Ac cu sative an d for the Dative ; it takes h before w Vo els .

The Gen itive is nan which becom es n , am before Labial s.

EXERCISE 1 5

Ghlac na h - am adain n r d i l i a b a a n . g aca dh na bu achaill ean na h - u iu a u n - i a g s a h b sgean . cha do bhris na gill ean na faladairean ris na seilisteirean

s n - m hr h brisidh na cailea na u ann a t Sa ad . n b ar i h n m hol na m ai hstir ean n m adaidh a u n a c ea . g a g s a

— h tais idh n h - b laich am br a n h ab agan . g a g p nns a

for h rr n c on tr . ea a bua h il saibhlean ( sabhailean) . g c a lean n a drisean air n a br uachan agus anns na aladair ean claisean leis na f .

iom ir t i ard h ebrn a nan a ean . i ca Sm u d nan ce ac . n is n n i ir n m bard . r a e se ea n n l h . brai na a ac an n p ,

nan iom ach nam arta a u s nam bearrach. g , p n, g duisgidh na h - bglaich le brain nan riabhag agu s nan

h lacaidh na cait na naois a s na h - iom sm ebrac . g g nn 38 GAELIC GRAMMAR

- heannaich airean agus na lu chan air na h achaidh. b an h- easbuigean agu s na sagairt na cailean agus

- i cha do bhris na na gillean anns na h eagla sean . l n n ard h n n m fard h gadaichean g asan a ce ac a a ac . ’ hlars h fu aim nan r m illidh an dhuisg a c ac b an . r u n m h clarsair bruadair nam bad ag s a filidh. c a do thuig na balgairean fath sgaoim nan earban agus nan eildean

The you ng m en did n ot c atch the seals bu t they he salm o l of h la an r h cau ght t n (p ) t e kes d st eam s. t e shepherds will catch th e heifers on the hills an d the calves on th lds the orester s c au ht the weasel wi h h e fie . f g s t t e rr r the she herds kill ed the oxes in th te ie s. p f e holes an d in the furrows by (m ean s of) the ax es of the workm en and with stic s The lads c au ht a hea of lo k . g p bsters and of crabs in the be ds an d u rrows of the shore an d n f , the irls coo ed them in the ots the slu a g k p . gg rds folded the arm s an d shu t the ears of the m in d in ease an d in

a i n o rest. the u thor d d t enj oy the praise of the rabble n or the o feri of the bloc heads the i f ng k . ne ghbours threw the u oits ou t of the arde s on to the fi ld q g n ( ) e s. the heroes stru ck the en em ies of the peasantry with the s ears. the u ests en o ed the taste of the a les the p g j y pp ,

sloes the berries an d the sh ll - fish e l . , , (p ) in the hom es of the rie ds the boor f n . stru c k the horns of the ox en an d h t e knees of the c alves with sticks of bit ch in the EXERCISES 39

ADJECTIVES

Ad e i j c t v es foll ow the sam e lin es of in flec tion as N ou s I n . t is therefore con v en ien t to class them u n der three Decle sio s n n .

SI N G . L R P U . E DA D T G N T OM GEN A . . . N . . shona sona sona sona sona DE L I . G C . ( ille) bhochd bochd bochda bochda bochda.

bhain ban bana bana bana.

ghlic glie glice glice glice

shona sona shona sona sona sona il e I . Oa DECL. ( ) bhochd bochda bhochd bochda bochda bochda

bhan baine bhain bana bana bana

ghlic glice ghl ic glice glice glice

FOR P RACTICE

Declin e the foll owing N ou n s an d Adj ec tives to gether :

SC F EM SC MA . . MA . bainn e blasda— bardachd ebrn a dona

bbsd bochd bent la fliodh fada beithe bréagh failte hoed an dana fearna briste slainte gean ealanta coirce bruite tubha druchd rebta oide calm a té neach stu am a

aite bochd earba gadaiche gnn tairgse gill e calm a c aile beachd cearr slighe crios fada sgoth gr eu saiche leam h tairgse beu s gasas atbarla l och r ebta ath cl eas granda fairge oibriche stuam a trath 40 GAELIC GRAM MAR

ASC. MASC. M

arbhar tana cat m ear

bradan blasda segart siobhalta

achadh bu idhe laoch tebm a

t artan cearr bglach calauta

d am h cr osda bard l eamh

bran gcarr cuan nain e

c at ban lbchr an saor giom ach cam m adadh acrach

s earrach caol di m ard c ladach cbm hnard m onadh l osal glbn crom bard uasal c at du bh fal nuadh bradan m arbh cnbdan reamhar achadh fu ar am adan spiocach c larsair binn fuaim dr aoidh aingidh cbis balgair clis eil id feidh ionraic bigh filidh glic m al airt sgiobair l eisg gréisg milidh tais slibist cagailt reidh bail c n abaidh suair e earail fighdair sgith sail

EXERCISE 1 6

n 8 With Tra sitiv e Verbs in ls an d . Vowe F (p ,

Gr 1 06 an d In tra sitive Verbs . ) n (p.

Ardaichidh beatha stu am slai hr i t a nte b s e. ’ ’ dh aithris oi alm a bard h hl dh a air de c ac d b asda. g ’ aile chalm u h dh fhas i h m c a d ais g asda. greu sa c e teb a c oirce a u s ebrna br ea h iarr idh g g . a gill e caomh agus ’ c aile chaomh baiu l dh fh ne b asda. oghluim tu ath ’ chneasda beiI s m easarr a dh fh . osgail gadaiche gnu ’ ath i h fuar cha d ar d i m b a c . a ch a m aighstir ceanalta EXERCISES 41

a ’ n lunndair danarra cha ard i h an t - easbui . n a c g

cneasda an t - ain idh g ladarna.

The Dati ve Singular of a Masculine N ou n is Aspirated if the A ticl — ’ r e precedes ; cat glas a grey cat but air a chat ghlas on the re ca g y t.

Baiu ’ e blasda. am bainne blasd hainne n a. ce a b ’ bhlasda. ruth a h g b ainne bhlasda. bardachd bhlasda. ’ a bhardachd bhl d i as a. lill n a O a bardachd blasda. g ’ a bhar dachd bhlasda feilt d o a. . e dhona agu s gean n braiche fei lte do a. ai feil dh n b lach g n g te o a. g

- m easarra. an t b lach m a rr l i h g e sa a. teachd an bg a c ’ m heasarr a. ban r h m hald hald a ac a. a bhanarach m a.

’ lam b nabanarai he m alda i alde c . a g a bhanaraich mb .

’ dh fhas fliodh fada agus gr unnasg trom an aite ’ oires h as r i h c b ain. h fh a c an pb ceu tach an aite fr o c . ’ cha d fhas roid heallach an aite fraoich hair h p g b . Cha sheall cat dubh air om a h r m ha do gi c c o . c ’ sheall an cat du h air a hi m h hr m cha b g o ac c o . hearain s arr h ol air a hadh ui h d nnsaidh g e ac ca c b d e. a lm ha hair adai he nu caile ghasda le gille c a a. c g g c g l r nn ri m ai ri slait chaoil . cha dhea aich gar ag fha gb g d l h mhnar . bhlasda. coisichidh eilid chlis gu c adac c b

’ r i fhu ir aidilidh dh fhas deantag ard air la a ch a . c ’ m adadh gnu agus abbag ghnu an sabhal m br a m h i h tir illidh cat fiata u riosaich bhlath. a g s . p g g r i n r i h ch an lta ghlaodh bu rraidh danarra ba a a c e a .

s d th u l the t the The stu bborn thief c on fes e e gy f . h c hu rch in good bishop related the great theft from t e ht the wise s u irrel will n ot leave the warm the nig . q 42 GAELIC GRAMMAR

ol in h hi h trees the hu m an e riest will tell the h e t e g . p h the ai t m ind an d the lasting work o f the c urch. f n the exile ate the sweet apple with great pleasure.

- the thievish fox will seek the hen r oost in the byr e. kindly au thor will relate the pr aise of the gloriou s r the rett m il m aid will old the thic etter vic to y. p y k f k f bu t She will n ot fold the ragged patch of the prophet. the fierc e enem y exil ed the warm frien d of the em pty

the m elodiou s har ers will ex alt the raise of hom e. p p the great hym n at Hall owm as .

- - with a stu tteri With greedy bu ying an d selling. ng a a a fat a a a hu rch. on f ox an d m agician . t gre t c t

r in hi h a h r a d a hic h r with a t c e t e n in t t o . heife . k k n

l s with h ha lad happy lad an d with a happy a s . t e ppy an d with the ha lass to the bro e health of a ppy . k n

oor lad to the bro en health of the oor lad. a p . k p a ab ect kindly host will gather an abun d nt reward . j

- slu ts will n ot catch the cheerful c orn fan in the Au tum n . the ruit ul dale will row a n oble ro r the f f g c p of c o n . sm ith looked u pon the sm ooth bald - pate of the harper with e v the ac tiv e weasel ate a whole a l in the n y. pp e

it ul r on a l law on ru britt e c . the brittl claw. f f t ee. e on the bri l law of the croo ed lobs r a i tt e c te . m il d ht k n g . the m ild i ht h d la of th m ild ht b the . t e e e ni n g y g . y lo dela of n i a ll w w the m ild ht. e o at a ello ng y g y calf. y

c al . at on the ai f the yellow c alf. h ry kn ees of the ow al yell c f.

THE P LURAL

There is no aspiration of the Plu ral ex cept for Mas

44 GAELIC GRAMMAR

PRON OUN S

THE PERSON AL AN D P OSSESSIVE PRON OUN S

Cha negatives the Past ten se taking do before the

rb thu s d bhu ail mi I d id n ot strike. Ve ; , cha o The Fu tu re negative is form ed by cha an d the form — of Past tense withou t do ; cha bhu ail mi I shall n ot

With Verbs of the Sec o d Class . 8 the n of strike. n (p )

cha is restored . 1 9 Gr . (p ,

EXERCISE 1 8

h do dhuis e m ise. Cha do bhuail mi thu . c a g

habh mi i. cha do i i dhuis e m i. bhua l m thu . g g i h h i i l ea thu sa m ise. cha do lea m se g ab m sc . n n

- h thil m ise thus thil m i fei iadsan . c a do a. g n g

- h ill si ne i d n haill iadsan iad fei . cha d o c a a sa . c n n

- - i f i dhuis iadsan m i fei . dhiiis iad misc . s nn e n. g n g — h dhiiis i dsan sin si e habh i misc . c a do g a n nn . g

h cha d o habh ise m i. cha d o c a do ghabh i mi. g

h h mis habh m ise ise buailidh mi thu . g ab ise c. g .

bu ailidh tu m i. bu ailidh se m i. buailidh si thu. i d caillidh sibb s n . leanaidh ia duisgidh sinn thu . n

il i iadsan misc: bu ailidh mise thu ss . mi. t g dh

i i du is idh si ne iadsan . cha bhu ail ca llidh esan se. g n

mi thu . cha bhu ail thu m i. cha bhuail se mi. cha

bhuail Si mi cha habh si e iad . cha lea iadsan . g nn n

si e. cha dhiiis iadsan mise. cha thil mi e esa nn g g s n.

h habh mise i. caill sin . cail n ill c a g n l sinne. a ca

thusa si . na caill thu sa si e na caill thu sa nn nn . EXERCISES 45

iadsan . bu ailibh m i. i bu ail bh mise. bu ailidh se m i—m i se. duis ibh m ise. abhaibh es g g an . gabh aibhse is ~ e. leanaibh iad iads n a . tilgibh sinn i s e. na til ib g h esa . na bu ailibhse Si nn n nne. duisg ibhse m i se. na duis ibh i g adsan .

- Buail m i f i - e . na bu i - a l thu fei . na n n caill e fein. na d i - u s i f i - g e . du is thu sa m i fei n n g n . a duisg thu sa thu - f i e . na abh fei esa l n g n n . ean fein ise. lea thu sa fei rare ise rather lea n n ( ) n thu sa ise. til ibh fei iadsan . til ibhse fei m is g n g n e. gabhaibh

- fei m i. abhaibhse fei m i fei n g n n.

Bhu il m - a o m hac coirce. bhu ail m o m h i ac sa co ros . hu il b a m o m hac fei coir ce. chaill m i m o m h n ac .

haill m i m - c o m hac sa. chaill m i m o m ha f i c e n . lean

i r - s a beachd . cha d o lea iad ar bea hd n nn n c e. cha do lea si ar beachd fei chaill m o m n nn n . hac m o

- chrios. chaill m o m hac sa m o hr ios f i h h c e n. g ab do hille- sa a Shli h f i h do h h g g e e n . c a g ab do chaile sa a sli h f i haill bhur ill an - n g e e n . c g e sa a atharlan

- fei . cha do chaill ar illean n an liii f i n g e c e n .

He stru m we lost them the did n ot a c e. t e u k . y k s. we Shall n ot rev en t them ou did n ot u n d r p . y e stan d

' ou r son . ou r c at s oiled ou r arden ou r ou n g y p g . y g m en thr esh d h ir c orn an d their barle in ou r barn e t e y y s . th o ou r r u el on ou r em r eir lasses did n ot c o k g y be s.

m il r r rm il they did n ot taste ou r sweet k o ou bu tte k. ou r Shepherds will n ot Spen d their n ights in you r

sm ith ou r ll an d ou r oals ran to their elds . y. y fi y f fi r their black c at c au ght ou r poor lark on you r great t ee. 46 GAELIC GRAMMAR ou r terrier did n ot cu t you r hu m ane friend at their

ou r ste ather shall n ot burn ou r barle . hous e. pf y y

n r n owled e th you r j ealou sy did n ot preve t ou k g . y

' u th did n ot de oflen siven ess did n ot kill o r pity. ey ny

r ou l threw the ou r works or your (pl ) brave y. y (p )

on . o r shor s m u d on their fields an d u e .

Tran slate this (1 ) with Sim ple form s of the Pr on oun s m s an d 3 with fein form (2) with Em phatic for ( ) .

VERBS

Regul ar Verbs are u su ally divided into two Conj u ga tion s— the Fir st with initial Mu te Co son an ts the n ,

Secon d with in itial Vowels an d f (Gr . A thir d class m ay with adv antage be form ed of initial Liq uids

n d - m u te which do n ot show as ir ation Gr a S p ( .

EXE RCISE 1 9

1 ractise the Con u ation of th r s . P j g e Ve b in the

Lists . 8 (pp ,

Ma e sen te s havin 2. k nce g given Verbs with N ou ns

rom a iv en List as Ac cu sativ es or b ects an d Pro f g O j ,

ou n s for N om i atives thu s b m ea s of l l n n ; , y n bu ai , b , lois an d the I declin abl N o n s g n e u (p .

’ Bhu ail mi beith e. dh bl thu inn l i ba e. o sg e

fear a. bu ailidh i ith l be e. b aidh mi blio h n c d . l i idh e ebrn ’ o s a. n g a do bhu ail e coirce. an d bl i

bainne. an do lois thu fear a m g n . a bu eil thu EXERCISES 47

e ach. an bl i an lois e fliodh. bhuailinn n cé. g ebr na. bhu il a eadh h ebrna. tu coir ce. bhu ailead e

’ ’ bhu aileam aid ir co ce. dh blainn bainne. dh bladh tu baiu e lois inn f ar i i h e lo s eadh e be t e. n g na. g

En 3 . glish with sam e Verbs an d First Declen sion List (p .

I stru c a head with a stic did ou bu rn the belt k k. y . he did n ot stri e the sh Shall ri h k oem aker . they st ke t e l in acle. et u s bu rn the stic s in the n i h we p n k g t. wou ld bu rn the S iffs on h a the wou ld drin k t e se . y k h as ade t e c c .

Sim ilarly Mascu lin e N ou ns of Sec on d Declen sion with V rb N ot as ira i l ral e s lac fa r eio. e t on of u of g , g, p P

Ad ectiv es with Mascu lin es j .

An do hl thu r d cha d o reic iad na g ac b a an. ’ searr ai h fa m i n l i dh fha inn ar h c . ga a d a ao gh. ga g ad an t - ir hl t m i r saga t . g acadh u an r bn aol a r sgei .

They Shall sell the c orn if he wou ld sell the c alves an d the oals I wou ld sell the ell ow ox an d the white f . y

w wo a h lac lob ers an d the bu ll . e u ld c tch t e b k st c roo d ra wou ld the catch the bald seals on ke c bs. y roc s on the Shore if thou shalt leav e the waste eld k . fi

I if the Shall leav e the waste elds Shall catch you . y fi m if he shall leav e the hair we shall n ot c atch the . y

wedders we shall sell them . let them sell the fat ll wedd rs let u s c atch the swi t sn i e. we wou ld se e . f p h the c ooked shellfis . ’ i ha let u s catch the Shall I c atch the m ilkm a d s t. 48 GAELIC GRA MMAR

he would sell the black du sky bat in the c rann y. — = — pig for a bobtailed terrier (Idiom air for so m u ch) . wou ld let u s sell the lam e c row for a penn y. I i h r he le t c atch the swift sq u irrels in the h g t ees. f

r a hu rch woul d ou the m elodiou s harp at the g e t c . y i sell the elegant hat for an u gly lam e terr er . let u s l rais aith s n ot rev en t e erosit bu t et u s e ul e s. p g n y, p f f n we wou ld taste ou r I wou ld n ot dr own a c at or a dog. y l b il e u s the o d rea o a les ou wou d e u . w ul b ur pp . y g y k

l let m n ot lam e t their oll . let him onfes s e c s . ru e . n f y

l l ri a et u s n ot u der our e ds. l th m let u s le ve. p n f n et e

r s w w let u so oats. I ou ld rove holi s sow ba le . y p ne s. she w d thou wou ldst catch m y harp . oul c u t their

a h h ir r m e wou ld o t e eedo . h nk . enj y f

Ou r shepherds an d ou r you n g- m en claim ed their j u st

w ou r bar an o o ts orsoo a re ard. y ds d ur p e f k the w y of

l a r h r blin dn ess. s h io do n ot l et u c nge ou be av u . et u s

old r han s let them n o tr t h h an f ou d . t s e c t eir h ds to the t if I loo if o si lt ou r l I w . . u m e ould f k y ( ng) y go d. str n th n th ir an w off r e e e t ed h ds. h l g e e ed t e gold. et us n o t orsa our warm ri n s if ou will orsa f ke f e d . y f ke m e I shall lose m eace he will n ot ather ou r t l y p . g ne t es or our Shar ho I t rns . wou ld ask u r o l . son y p y (p ) g. he woul d tell th ir sham the white c ats a h e e. te t e m elodiou s thru sh s let u s c atch th e . e grey c ats on ou r hi h trees l hem m el th . et t t e ellow old let u s di g y g . p the blac do in the dee urrow we loo ed u o th k g p f . k p n e

ellow elds . let them swim in the d e is e sea. ar e e y fi p y , de art retu r to if our hom e. the would Show h p , n y y t eir lastin braver let them rem ain g y, . DAVJ U U l 1 2 0 - 2 1 TR LONDON N , 7 7 S AND, . WAIFS ANDSTRAYS OF CELTICTRADITION

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