2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries: An Annual Summary of the State’s Economic Geology
compiled by Christopher E. Wright
Database design and data retrieval: Joseph G. Wells Mineral industries map/digital cartography: Dean R. Martin
STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Michael P. Angle, Chief
Columbus 2020 DISCLAIMER
The information contained herein has not been reviewed for technical accuracy and conformity with current ODNR Division of Geological Survey standards for published or open-file materials. The ODNR Division of Geological Survey does not guarantee this information to be free from errors, omissions, or inaccuracies and disclaims any responsibility or liability for interpretations or decisions based thereon.
RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION
Wright, C.E., compiler, 2020, 2019 Report on Ohio mineral industries—An annual summary of the state’s economic geology: Columbus, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, 22 p.
Editing: Tony Bresnen Graphic design and layout: Jeremy Gladden PREFACE
The 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries continues in the efforts of the ODNR Division of Geological Survey to present a clear and concise representa- tion of mining production, sales, and employment for Ohio’s mineral industry commodities. This report continues in the simplified and concise format, where a discussion of each geologic commodity is presented in a bulleted format to make viewing and obtaining the desired data easier for the user. Percent change com- parisons of 2019 production and sales values for each commodity with those of the previous year are notated, with the 2018 data coming from the 2018 edition of this report (Wright, 2019). The Map of Active Mineral Industry Operations in Ohio is included at the end of the report and continues to act as a standalone product. The map includes a table with information about each labeled point, including the company name and total combined tonnage of material(s) mined at each operation location. The appendices are not included within the report and are instead available as downloadable files on theODNR Division of Geological Survey’s Industrial Minerals webpage. These appendices include data for all commodities catego- rized by company, commodity, and county. Digital versions of these appendices allow users to view and organize data in a way that is convenient to them, which has been a feature widely requested by report users. Chris Wright Geologist
iii iv CONTENTS
Preface...... iii 2019 Ohio economic geology in brief...... 1 Coal...... 3 Industrial minerals...... 7 Limestone and dolomite...... 9 Sand and gravel...... 13 Sandstone and conglomerate...... 16 Clay and shale...... 18 Salt...... 21 References cited...... 22
FIGURES
1. Map showing total value of coal sold in Ohio in 2019, by county...... 1 2. Map showing total value of industrial minerals sold in Ohio in 2019, by county...... 1 3. Graphs showing value of coal, nonfuel minerals, and oil and gas in Ohio since 1960...... 2 4. Stratigraphic column of coals mined in Ohio during 2019...... 3 5. Map showing coal sales in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity...... 4 6. Graph showing sales and value of coal in Ohio since 1910...... 5 7. Stratigraphic column of nonfuel industrial minerals mined in Ohio during 2019...... 9 8. Map showing sales of limestone and dolomite in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity...... 12 9. Graph showing sales and value of limestone and dolomite in Ohio...... 12 10. Map showing sales of sand and gravel in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity...... 13 11. Graph showing sales and value of sand and gravel in Ohio...... 13 12. Map showing sales of sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity...... 16 13. Graph showing sales and value of sandstone and conglomerate...... 17 14. Map showing clay sales in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity...... 19 15. Map showing shale sales in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity...... 19 16. Graph showing sales and value of clay in Ohio...... 19 17. Graph showing sales and value of shale in Ohio...... 19 18. Map showing counties producing salt in Ohio in 2019 and their ranking in sales...... 21 19. Graph showing sales and value of salt in Ohio...... 21
TABLES
1. Fuel and nonfuel mineral sales and production in Ohio in 2019...... 1 2. 2019 Ohio coal production and sales by county, in descending order of production...... 4 3. 2019 Ohio coal production, by production size group and change from 2018...... 4 4. 2019 Ohio coal production, by county and mining method ...... 4 5. 2019 Ohio coal production, by county and seam...... 5 6. 2019 Disposition of Ohio coal, by county...... 5 7. 2019 Dollar value of coal at mine, by county and mining method ...... 6 8. 2019 Wage and salary payments to Ohio coal mine employees, by county and occupational group...... 6 9. 2019 Value of Ohio industrial minerals...... 7 10. 2019 Employment at Ohio industrial-mineral operations, by county...... 8 11. 2019 Ohio limestone and dolomite sales, by county and use...... 10 12. 2019 Production of lime from Ohio, by county and use ...... 11 13. 2019 Ohio sand and gravel sales, by county and use...... 14 14. 2019 Ohio sales of crushed sandstone and conglomerate, by county and use...... 17 15. 2019 Ohio sales of dimension sandstone, by county and use...... 17 16. 2019 Ohio clay sales, by county and use...... 20 17. 2019 Ohio shale sales, by county and use ...... 20
v vi 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 1
2019 OHIO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN BRIEF
The total tonnage of coal and industrial minerals 10,000 people. Industrial-mineral production increased produced in Ohio during 2019 was 119,942,687 tons or for limestone and dolomite, sand and gravel, clay, and salt, approximately 10.3 tons per capita. The total value1 of coal while production decreased for coal, shale, and sandstone was $286,515,295 in 2019; the value of oil and gas was and conglomerate. The total value of nonfuel industrial $7,250,154,980; and the value1 of all nonfuel industrial minerals exceeded $1 billion for the sixth straight year. In minerals was $1,265,517,000 in 2019 (figs. 1, 2, 3; table 1). 2019, the production-leading commodity of limestone and The combined value of fuel and nonfuel minerals produced dolomite was up 8.5%, with the second leading commodity in Ohio during 2019 was $8,802,187,275 or approximately of sand and gravel up 8.1% from 2018; the third leading $750 per capita. commodity of coal was down 14.6% from 2018 values. Reported and estimated total direct employment in the extractive industries of Ohio in 2019 was more than
1 Includes reported and estimated values. Some operations reporting sales did not report a value for those sales. A statewide-average price per ton was calculated for each industrial-mineral commodity based on sales for which the value was reported. A statewide-average price per ton was calculated for coal based on method of production for which sales or value was reported. These calculated averages were used to estimate the value of the sales for which the actual values were not reported.
ASHTABULA ASHTABULA
WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE OTTAWA LAKE WOOD WOOD TRUMBULL TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING MAHONING
VAN WERT VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN HARDIN MERCER CARROLL MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW MORROW TUSCARAWAS TUSCARAWAS KNOX KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DELAWARE DARKE DARKE
LICKING LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK CLARK NOBLE NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN MORGAN FAYETTE FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ROSS ATHENS ATHENS
VINTON VINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND HAMILTON HAMILTON CLERMONT CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS PIKE MEIGS JACKSON JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO SCIOTO
LAWRENCE LAWRENCE
$25,000,000 – $500,000,000 $1,000,000 – $4,999,000 $25,000,000 – $150,000,000 $1,000,000 – $4,999,000 $5,000,000 – $24,999,000 $1 – $999,000 $10,000,000 – $24,999,000 $1,000 – $999,000 $5,000,000 – $9,999,000 FIGURE 1. Total value of coal sold in Ohio in 2019, by county. FIGURE 2. Total value of industrial minerals sold in Ohio in 2019, by county.
TABLE 1. Fuel and nonfuel mineral sales and production in Ohio in 2019 Change in value from Commodity Production1 Sales2 Value3 2018 (percent) Limestone and dolomite 71,047,875 tons 69,378,847 tons $732,477,522 + 11.9 Coal 8,214,447 tons 7,782,004 tons $286,515,295 – 24.5 Sand and gravel 34,253,368 tons 33,635,624 tons $269,516,368 + 9.7 Salt 3,876,312 tons 4,390,924 tons $206,882,674 – 5.2 Sandstone and conglomerate 1,200,974 tons 1,250,224 tons $45,007,773 – 6.6 Shale 397,961 tons 405,894 tons $4,168,998 – 63.8 Clay 951,750 tons 950,237 tons $7,463,665 + 26.2 Gas 2,616,223,483 thousand cubic feet not available $5,781,853,897 – 17.4 Oil 27,662,040 barrels not available $1,468,301,083 + 7.1 1 The production figures for industrial minerals are estimates, as many operators do not know actual production. For those operators that do not report production, production is assumed equal to sales or estimated from ODNR Division of Mineral Resources Management records. 2 Includes material for captive use. 3 The FOB value of industrial minerals sold was estimated for mines that failed to report this information and for those producing material for captive use. These estimates were calculated using a statewide-average price per ton calculated using reported FOB values. 2 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
A 1,400
1,200
coal 1,000 ) s
800 dolla r illion m
600 ( alue
400 v
nonfuel minerals 200
0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
B 10,000
8,000 ) s
6,000 dolla r oil & gas illion m 4,000 ( alue v 2,000 nonfuel minerals coal 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 3. (A) Value of coal and nonfuel minerals in Ohio since 1960. (B) Value of coal, nonfuel minerals, and oil and gas in Ohio since 1960. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 3
COAL Commodity summaries and directories of operators are available at: https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety- conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/industrial-minerals/ TEM LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Y S GROUP Coal was first recognized in Ohio by pioneers during S the 1740s, and the first map of Ohio coal deposits was made in 1752 (Crowell, 1995). Coal production first occurred in ard
Jefferson County during 1800 and amounted to 100 tons. ermian P Dun k Columbiana County was the next to report coal production Washington (No. 12) coal starting in 1803 (Crowell, 1995). Since that time, nearly 4 Waynesburg (No. 11) coal
billion tons of coal have been mined from coal seams in the ahela Uniontown (No. 10) coal state (see fig. 4; Crowell, 1995); this represents a value of Meigs Creek (No. 9, Sewickley) coal 2 more than $200 billion in 2019 dollars. Pomeroy (No. 8a, Redstone) coal
Throughout 2019, ODNR issued one underground- Monon g Pittsburgh (No. 8) coal mine expansion permit and no surface-mine expansion permits. There were also no new surface or underground permits issued. Several coal operations ceased or curtailed Ames marine zone production in 2019 because of less-expensive, competing Harlem coal Anderson coal natural gas and decreased demand. Wilgus coal Conemaugh Brush Creek marine zone Mahoning (No. 7a) coal 2 The following link will provide more information about the formation and uses of Ohio’s coal resources: Upper Freeport (No. 7) coal https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety- Lower Freeport (No. 6a) coal y conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/energy-resources/coal-geology Middle Kittanning (No. 6) coal Strasburg (No. 5a) coal ennsylvanian
P Lower Kittanning (No. 5) coal Vanport marine zone
Alleghe n Clarion (No. 4a) coal Winters coal Production Newland (No. 4, Brookville) coal • Tons produced = 8,214,447 (–14.6% from 2018) • U.S. ranking: Tionesta (No. 3b) coal ◦ 15th out of 23 producing states Upper Mercer (No. 3a) coal (USDOE, 2020) Lower Mercer (No. 3) coal tsville
• Leading counties (percentage of statewide o t
P Quakertown (No. 2) coal production): Sharon (No. 1) coal ◦ Belmont (61.8%) ◦ Harrison (17.5%) ◦ Perry (10.9%) FIGURE 4. Stratigraphic column of coals mined in Ohio during 2019 ◦ Noble (5.1%) (black), other significant coal beds (red), and associated key beds (blue) used for stratigraphic correlation. Modified from Brant and • Top producing seams (table 5): Delong (1960, table 9), Collins (1979, fig. 3), and Larsen (1991, fig. 2). ◦ Pittsburgh (No. 8) ◦ Middle Kittanning (No. 6) ◦ Upper Freeport (No. 7) Sales (see figs. 5, 6 and tables 2, 6, 7) • Tons sold = 7,782,004 (–21.3% from 2018) • Value = $286,515,295
Employment (see table 8) • Production employees reported = 771 • Nonproduction employees reported = 209 • Average employee wages: ◦ Surface-mine production = $48,523 ◦ Underground-mine production = $79,054 • Total wages earned = $109,547,928 4 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 2. 2019 Ohio coal production and sales by county, in descending order of production County Production (short tons) Sales (short tons) Belmont 5,079,352 4,873,629 ASHTABULA WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA Harrison 1,440,023 1,450,255 OTTAWA LAKE WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA Perry 891,353 648,055 DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE Noble 416,823 416,823 HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK Tuscarawas 355,630 355,610 MAHONING
VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE Stark 19,953 24,449 ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN MERCER CARROLL Mahoning 5,163 5,163 AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX Vinton 3,074 3,074 LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE Jackson 2,633 4,633 DARKE LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI Columbiana 437 307 MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK NOBLE Guernsey 6 6 PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN TOTAL 8,214,447 7,782,004 FAYETTE HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS
VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO
TABLE 3. 2019 Ohio coal production, by production size group and LAWRENCE change from 2018 2019 Change from
Production size group Number of Production 2018 (short 1,000,000 – 4,999,999 tons 250,000 – 499,999 tons tons) mines reporting (short tons) 500,000 – 999,999 tons <100,000 tons 1,000,000 tons and over 1 4,735,046 –1,443,625 500,000 to 999,999 tons 2 1,333,309 743,710 250,000 to 499,999 tons 3 959,429 –524,662 FIGURE 5. Coal sales in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity. 100,000 to 249,999 tons 5 822,313 107,427 50,000 to 99,999 tons 3 168,269 –330,952 25,000 to 49,999 tons 4 145,823 61,414 Less than 25,000 tons 13 50,258 –12,777 TOTAL 31 8,214,447 –1,399,465
TABLE 4. 2019 Ohio coal production, by county and mining method Underground Surface All Total Number Production (short tons) Production (short tons) methods number Number County of (short of of mines mines Continuous tons) mines Total Longwall reporting Total Strip Auger Highwall reporting miner Belmont 5,079,352 4 1 4,735,046 4,293,404 441,642 3 344,306 237,084 13,784 93,438 Columbiana 437 1 1 437 437 Guernsey 6 1 1 6 6 Harrison 1,440,023 5 2 823,554 823,554 3 616,469 587,592 28,877 Jackson 2,633 2 2 2,633 2,633 Mahoning 5,163 2 2 5,163 5,163 Noble 416,823 4 4 416,823 416,823 Perry 891,353 2 1 829,737 829,737 1 61,616 46,869 14,747 Stark 19,953 1 1 19,953 17,104 2,849 Tuscarawas 355,630 8 1 218,458 218,458 7 137,172 137,172
Vinton 3,074 1 1 3,074 3,074 TOTAL1 8,214,447 31 5 6,606,795 4,293,404 2,313,391 26 1,607,652 1,453,957 60,257 93,438 1Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding of production tonnages. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 5
TABLE 5. 2019 Ohio coal production, by county and seam Production (short tons) Upper Newland Lower Middle Lower Upper Pomeroy Meigs Creek County1 Clarion Strasburg Pittsburgh Waynesburg Total Mercer (No. 4, Kittanning Kittanning Freeport Freeport (No. 8a, (No. 9, (No. 4a) (No. 5a) (No. 8) (No. 11) (No. 3a) Brookville) (No. 5) (No. 6) (No. 6a) (No. 7) Redstone) Sewickley) Belmont 5,079,352 4,995,848 64,722 18,782 Columbiana 437 437 Guernsey 6 6 Harrison 1,440,023 5,475 823,554 421,761 163,585 25,648 Jackson 2,633 1,346 1,287 Mahoning 5,163 5,163 Noble 416,823 416,823 Perry 891,353 8,864 882,489 Stark 19,953 19,953 Tuscarawas 355,630 2,129 19,961 33,852 10,617 289,071 Vinton 3,074 3,074 TOTAL2 8,214,447 2,129 21,307 3,074 49,166 10,617 1,191,513 5,475 823,991 5,417,609 163,585 507,199 18,782 1Production from mines operating in more than one county was evenly split between the counties involved unless a county-specific breakdown was provided by the operator. 2Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding of production tonnages.
TABLE 6. 2019 Disposition of Ohio coal, by county Number of Disposition1 (short tons) County1 Stored mines Total2 Rail Water Truck Conveyor Belmont 4 4,873,629 3,674,961 1,198,668 314,762 Columbiana 1 307 307 130 Guernsey 1 6 6 Harrison 5 1,450,255 361,885 1,088,370 14,065 Jackson 3 4,633 4,633 1,500 Mahoning 2 5,163 5,163 Noble 4 416,823 416,823 Perry 2 648,055 504,052 144,003 Stark 1 24,449 24,449 Tuscarawas 8 355,610 175,781 179,829 Vinton 1 3,074 3,074 TOTAL3 32 7,782,004 4,716,679 0 3,065,325 0 330,457 1Tonnage of coal shipped from mines operating in more than one county was evenly split between the counties involved and type(s) of disposition reported unless county-specific information was provided by the operator. 2Does not reflect tonnage stored. Reflects tonnage sold and shipped from mine. 3Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding.
60 1,400
50 1,200 ) sales 1,000 s 40 dolla r tons ) 800 30 illion illion m m 600 ( ( 20
400 alue sales v
10 value 200
0 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 6. Sales and value of coal in Ohio since 1910. 6 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 7. 2019 Dollar value of coal at mine, by county and mining method Total Underground Surface Tonnage Per ton Tonnage Per ton Tonnage Per ton County1 No. of Value at mine2 No. of Value at mine2 No. of Value at sold average sold average sold average mines (dollars) mines (dollars) mines mine2(dollars) (short tons) (dollars) (short tons) (dollars) (short tons) (dollars) Belmont 4 4,873,629 $168,019,152 $34.48 1 4,512,449 $155,901,649 $34.55 3 361,180 $12,117,503 $33.55 Columbiana 1 307 $25,759 $83.91 1 307 $25,759 $83.91 Guernsey 1 6 $148 $24.67 1 6 $148 $24.67 Harrison 5 1,450,255 $61,199,151 $42.20 2 812,543 $36,765,362 $45.25 3 637,712 $24,433,789 $38.31 Jackson 3 4,633 $74,762 $16.14 3 4,633 $74,762 $16.14 Mahoning 2 5,163 $170,397 $33.00 2 5,163 $170,397 $33.00 Noble 4 416,823 $10,143,219 $24.33 4 416,823 $10,143,219 $24.33 Perry 2 648,055 $34,219,497 $52.80 1 581,764 $31,996,993 $55.00 1 66,291 $2,222,504 $33.53 Stark 1 24,449 $1,031,753 $42.20 1 24,449 $1,031,753 $42.20 Tuscarawas 8 355,610 $11,539,237 $32.45 1 218,458 $9,830,610 $45.00 7 137,152 $1,708,627 $12.46 Vinton 1 3,074 $92,220 $30.00 1 3,074 $92,220 $30.00 TOTAL 32 7,782,004 $286,515,295 $36.82 5 6,125,214 $234,494,614 $38.28 27 1,656,790 $52,020,681 $31.40 1Sales reported from mines operating in more than one county were evenly split between the counties involved unless county-specific information was provided by the operator. 2The FOB value of coal sold was estimated for those mines that failed to report this information. These estimates were calculated using a statewide-average price per ton by mining method, based on reported FOB values deemed to be reliable.
TABLE 8. 2019 Wage and salary payments to Ohio coal mine employees, by county and occupational group Wage and salary payments (nearest whole dollar)2 County1 Underground production Surface production All occupations Other employees employees Belmont $89,595,978 $28,509,887 $2,943,950 $58,142,141 Guernsey $1,235,462 $485,978 $749,484 Harrison $14,567,062 $9,037,036 $2,648,927 $2,881,099 Jackson $63,375 $63,375 Jefferson $67,215 $67,215 Mahoning $201,059 $201,059 Noble $3,118,402 $3,118,402 Perry $7,381,404 $6,565,000 $290,869 $525,535 Stark $354,845 $134,238 $220,607 Tuscarawas $837,038 $448,512 $388,526 TOTAL3 $117,421,840 $44,111,923 $10,335,310 $62,974,607 1For those operations reporting activity in more than one county, wage and salary payments were evenly split between the counties involved unless county-specific information was provided by the operator. 2For those operations reporting only a total wage and salary payment for all workers, an equal pay rate was assumed for all employees. In cases where quarterly employment was reported but wage and salary payments were not, wage and salary payments for that quarter were estimated from reported payments in the other quarters to arrive at the annual figure. 3Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 7
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Commodity summaries and directories of operators are available at: https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety- conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/industrial-minerals/ Industrial minerals are nonmetallic, nonfuel rocks Industrial minerals were reported as produced or or minerals that have economic value and are essential sold at 361 operations in 83 Ohio counties during 2019. to modern society. Industrial minerals have been mined The combined value of all industrial minerals sold in 2019 or quarried in Ohio since the establishment of early was $1,265,517,000 (table 9). This is the sixth consecutive settlements and include limestone, dolomite, sand, gravel, year that the combined value of all nonfuel minerals has sandstone, conglomerate, clay, shale, salt, gypsum, and peat. exceeded one billion dollars. The statewide combined Hundreds of construction projects and industrial products employment for all nonfuel industrial mineral extraction was rely on the availability of industrial minerals. 4,363 employees (table 10). The production of multiple commodities is important to the economic success of mine operations in many areas of Ohio. The production of sand and gravel along with clay is often located in glaciated portions of northern and western Ohio, where deposits of sand and gravel can occur with clay- 3 The following links will provide more information on the general bedrock rich glacial tills. The Pennsylvanian-age cyclic sedimentation and glacial geology of Ohio: https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety- in eastern Ohio includes coals, clays, shales, and limestones conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/bedrock-geology/ in close proximity, allowing for economic recovery of https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety- multiple commodities.3 conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/glacial-geology/
TABLE 9. 2019 Value of Ohio industrial minerals Change from 2018 Percent of Commodity Sales (tons) Value1 (tons/percent) total value Limestone and dolomite 69,378,847 +4,557,800/+7.0 $732,477,522 57.9 Sand and gravel 33,635,624 +2,199,900/+7.0 $269,516,368 21.3 Salt 4,390,924 +481,718/+12.3 $206,882,674 16.4 Sandstone and conglomerate 1,250,224 +80,413/+6.9 $45,007,773 3.6 Shale 405,894 –118,235/–22.6 $4,168,998 0.3 Clay 950,237 +282,259/+42.3 $7,463,665 0.5 Total 110,011,750 +7,283,855/+7.1 $1,265,517,000 100.0 1The FOB value of industrial minerals sold was estimated for those mines that failed to report this information and for those producing material for captive use. These estimates were calculated using a statewide-average price per ton based on reported FOB values. 8 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 10. 2019 Employment at Ohio industrial-mineral TABLE 10. 2019 Employment at Ohio industrial-mineral operations, by county operations, by county (cont.)
Total Production Nonproduction Total Production Nonproduction County County Employees2 Employees Employees Employees2 Employees Employees
Adams 24 10 14 Logan 58 35 23 Allen 22 12 10 Lorain 3 2 1 Ashland 18 12 6 Lucas 64 50 14 Ashtabula 7 5 2 Madison 10 7 3 Athens 7 5 2 Mahoning 100 80 20 Auglaize 7 4 3 Marion 12 11 1 Belmont 342 67 275 Meigs 23 17 6 Brown 31 16 15 Mercer 21 16 5 Butler 146 51 95 Miami 46 36 10 Champaign 11 6 5 Monroe 8 8 0 Clark 19 14 5 Montgomery 53 37 16 Clermont 48 40 8 Morrow 6 6 0 Columbiana 8 5 3 Muskingum 68 52 16 Coshocton 29 20 9 Noble 18 15 3 Crawford 15 15 0 Ottawa 125 89 36 Cuyahoga 258 219 39 Paulding 41 35 6 Darke 10 7 3 Perry 12 8 4 Defiance 20 12 8 Pickaway 12 11 1 Delaware 23 23 0 Pike 29 26 3 Erie 117 90 27 Portage 134 99 35 Fairfield 5 2 3 Preble 29 21 8 Franklin 178 110 68 Putnam 6 6 0 Fulton 1 1 0 Richland 18 14 4 Gallia 1 1 0 Ross 21 12 9 Geauga 65 59 6 Sandusky 216 189 27 Greene 50 42 8 Scioto 5 4 1 Guernsey 37 20 17 Seneca 67 15 52 Hamilton 117 56 61 Shelby 232 13 219 Hancock 6 6 0 Stark 111 83 28 Hardin 29 18 11 Summit 100 1 99 Harrison 2 2 0 Trumbull 0 0 0 Henry 1 1 0 Tuscarawas 219 61 158 Highland 35 29 6 Union 50 34 16 Hocking 59 28 31 Van Wert 31 27 4 Holmes 47 28 19 Warren 30 15 15 Huron 1 1 0 Washington 73 31 42 Jackson 2 2 0 Wayne 59 38 21 Knox 68 40 28 Williams 0 0 0 Lake 136 74 62 Wood 68 50 18 Licking 34 22 12 Wyandot 149 122 27 TOTAL 80 counties 4,363 2,551 1,812 1 Any tally inconsistencies are because of computer rounding produced by partial-year employment. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 9
LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE Limestone and dolomite are Ohio’s most versatile industrial minerals. Both are used by the construction TEM LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Y S industry as aggregate, as an essential ingredient in the GROUP S cement industry, to produce lime, as a flux in the steel and glass industries, as filler in a multitude of products, as an agricultural supplement, in water purification, and as a Glacial clay building stone. Ohio has long been a national leader in the Glacial sand and gravel
production of lime and construction aggregates. Pleistocene Devonian- and Silurian-age carbonates located in the western half of Ohio are the primary geologic units ard producing crushed stone. Pennsylvanian- and Mississippian- ermian P Dun k age limestones are important sources of aggregate in local a- markets of eastern Ohio (Stout, 1941; Lamborn, 1951). Fishpot limestone Redstone limestone hela Monon g Bellaire sandstone Ames limestone Buffalo sandstone Cone- maugh Brush Creek limestone
y Upper Freeport sandstone Lower Kittanning clay Vanport limestone ennsylvanian
Production P Clarion shale Putnam Hill limestone • Tons produced = 71,047,875 (+8.5% from 2018) Alleghe n Newland-Brookville clay • U.S. ranking: Tionesta clay ◦ 6th out of 50 producing states for crushed Middle Mercer clay tsville Massillon sandstone stone (USGS, 2020a) o t
P Sharon conglomerate In the top 5 of the 28 producing states for ◦ Maxville Limestone lime (USGS, 2020b) Logan Formation • Top Producing Geologic Units (fig. 7): ◦ Columbus/Delaware Limestones (Devonian) ◦ Lockport Dolomite (Silurian) Black Hand Sandstone
Mississippian Buena Vista Sandstone ◦ Greenfield/Peebles/Tymochtee Dolomites Berea Sandstone (Silurian) Bedford Shale Ohio Shale ◦ Cedarville Formation (Silurian) Chagrin Member Sales Ten Mile Creek Dolomite (See figs. 8 , 9) onian Dundee Limestone Delaware Limestone • Tons sold = 69,378,847 (+7.0% from 2018; table De v Columbus Limestone
11, 12) ver R i 4 Detroit • Value = $732,477,522 (table 9) Salina Dolomite • Leading counties (percentage of statewide sales):
alina “Salt beds”
◦ Franklin (12.3%) S Wyandot (11.7%) Tymochtee Dolomite ◦ Green eld Dolomite ◦ Ottawa (8.2%) Peebles Dolomite Cedarville Dolomite
◦ Erie (6.4%) Silurian Lockport Dolomite Employment Laurel Limestone (See table 10) Dayton Limestone • Production employees reported = 1,311 Brass eld Formation • Nonproduction employees reported = 713 • Average employee annual wage = $56,576
• Total wages earned = $86,108,984 vician Cincinnati
• Average days worked per operation = 206 k Black River Limestone Ord o ver Bla c R i
FIGURE 7. Stratigraphic column of nonfuel industrial minerals mined in Ohio during 2019. 4 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1. Modified from Brant and Delong (1960, table 9), Ohio Division of Geological Survey (1990), and Slucher and others (2006). 10 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries Raw stone stone Raw for burning for 46 977 4,600 9,926 20,300 20,000 41,487 94,496 111,000 stone stone (aglime) Agricultural Agricultural cement cement portland Stone for for Stone manufacture 3,237 stone Dimension 8,197 84,996 19,900 83,459 77,473 641,803 494,025 404,340 396,000 661,489 440,000 226,642 235,590 225,000 685,397 371,000 674,169 1,069,378 5,137,986 1,562,045 2,284,000 4,104,024 2,289,111 1,588,816 1,086,145 other Unspecified/ fillers Extenders/ 113 2,158 3,000 ballast Railroad Railroad 4,188 6,621 3,047 1,000 27,822 64,747 16,939 687,671 204,991 126,231 287,094 652,025 Tons sold Tons 1,484,500 2,314,639 building Commercial Commercial 27 412 560 6,632 9,346 51,165 26,810 17,426 35,887 51,502 89,406 694,519 150,000 591,461 130,131 276,091 139,705 130,615 258,767 385,541 252,462 452,852 383,961 Road resurfacing construction/ 243 3,557 62,000 32,467 11,659 30,857 2019 Ohio limestone and dolomite sales, by county and county use by sales, and2019 Ohio dolomite limestone 235,570 349,000 519,027 275,000 370,000 447,356 107,000 148,000 Crushed and broken stone Crushed and broken concrete asphaltic Stone for for Stone 23 124 2,257 TABLE 11. TABLE 85,626 51,500 68,890 16,617 19,000 65,000 45,880 117,069 256,000 418,000 429,747 786,530 344,513 187,522 cement cement concrete portland Stone for for Stone 12,618 Flux Flux stone 280 4,111 1,324 9,581 5,572 6,000 3,825 7,872 57,484 17,253 38,321 10,000 28,000 21,439 20,063 10,000 50,242 Riprap 8,197 9,626 7,305 3,340 83,459 26,810 10,414 94,899 51,502 942,904 627,569 937,000 385,530 258,767 579,000 226,642 385,541 439,031 953,326 444,000 685,397 951,097 Total 1,069,378 1,393,806 1,562,045 2,035,000 1,992,524 3,100,000 4,401,554 8,489,496 1,607,232 2,289,111 2,047,240 1,469,309 1,095,017 8,197 9,626 7,305 3,340 83,459 26,810 10,414 94,899 51,502 947,504 627,615 385,530 258,767 579,000 226,642 385,541 448,957 953,326 444,000 685,397 951,097 types 1,069,378 1,393,806 1,562,045 2,035,000 2,012,824 1,048,000 3,120,000 4,405,768 8,530,983 1,607,232 2,289,111 2,047,240 1,563,805 1,095,017 Total all Total County Adams Belmont Allen Auglaize Brown Butler Clermont Clinton Coshocton Crawford Darke Delaware Erie Franklin Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Highland Hocking Holmes Jackson Knox Licking Logan Lucas Mahoning Marion Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Muskingum 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 11 251,931 785,474 1,922,376 2,959,781 Raw stone stone Raw for burning for 974 5,000 7,404 21,374 24,631 50,000 412,215 stone stone (aglime) Agricultural Agricultural 544,305 544,305 cement cement portland Stone for for Stone manufacture 1,494 4,731 stone Dimension 7,131 17,313 75,833 32,443 204,884 589,850 195,103 369,000 413,488 662,000 699,665 398,397 1,475,776 2,455,095 4,943,725 other 37,390,688 Unspecified/ 596 72,000 72,596 fillers Extenders/ 2,000 5,000 1,200 46,000 59,471 ballast Railroad Railroad 2,042 20,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 352,464 305,000 287,930 Tons sold Tons 7,148,951 building Commercial Commercial 276 50,000 58,667 218,500 200,000 150,000 134,131 254,456 558,126 3,239,133 8,998,567 Road resurfacing 0 construction/ 42,000 228,329 100,000 350,000 162,646 542,018 889,814 Crushed and broken stone Crushed and broken 4,906,543 concrete asphaltic Stone for for Stone 2019 Ohio limestone and dolomite sales, by county and county use (cont’d.) by sales, and2019 Ohio dolomite limestone Refractory (tons) 60,000 98,000 23,000 43,485 356,098 250,000 651,507 256,874 835,816 354,918 1,642,664 6,232,441 cement cement concrete portland 1,234,219 Stone for for Stone TABLE 11. TABLE Chemical and industrial (tons) 6,603 40,000 59,221 Flux Flux stone 71,024 71,024 4,738 6,000 2,000 1,260 4,417 2,392 9,955 39,072 47,681 78,004 102,451 589,337 Riprap Building (tons) 2,318 240,551 589,850 195,103 245,131 511,000 283,703 415,880 662,000 264,411 722,665 1 Total 5,438,408 1,083,284 1,511,249 2,455,095 2,115,295 8,058,804 65,457,815 114,509 835,816 354,918 1,305,243 2019 Production of lime from Ohio, by county and county use 2019 Production by of lime from Ohio, Total tons Total 3,292 240,551 195,103 245,131 511,000 283,703 662,000 264,411 722,665 types 5,690,339 1,134,155 1,088,284 3,454,999 1,227,479 2,455,095 2,122,699 8,108,804 Total all Total 69,378,847 TABLE 12. TABLE County County Burning produced a 44.1% weight loss. a 44.1% weight Burning produced Noble Ottawa Sandusky Seneca TOTAL 1 Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Putnam Ross Sandusky Seneca Shelby Tuscarawas Union Wert Van Wayne Wood Wyandot TOTAL 12 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
ASHTABULA
WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING
VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DARKE
CHAMPAIGN LICKING MIAMI GUERNSEY MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS
VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO
LAWRENCE
≥5,000,000 tons
1,000,000 – 4,999,999 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons 500,000 – 999,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons 250,000 – 499,999 tons <50,000 tons
FIGURE 8. Sales of limestone and dolomite in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity.
800
90 700
80 600 70 )
sales 500 s 60 dolla r tons ) 50 400 illion illion 40 m m 300 ( ( 30
200 alue sales value v 20 100 10
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 9. Sales and value of limestone and dolomite in Ohio since 1960. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 13
SAND AND GRAVEL Sand and gravel are common raw materials that are Sand-and-gravel deposits in Ohio primarily are major constituents of asphalt, concrete, mortar, landscaping, associated with Wisconsinan-age glacial outwash and kame roofing shingles, soil additives, and many other products. terraces in the valleys and tributaries of the Great Miami, Sand-and-gravel production increased rapidly in Ohio Scioto, and Muskingum Rivers located in the southwestern, beginning in the 1950s with the development of improved central, and eastern portions of the state, respectively. mining and processing machinery and increased demand Important sand-and-gravel deposits also are found in glacial from road building (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, kames in northeastern Ohio, beach ridges associated with Division of Geological Survey, 1959). Many depleted sand- ancestral Lake Erie, and alluvium of modern floodplains of and-gravel operations have been redeveloped as parks, the Ohio River and its tributaries. residential spaces, or commercial facilities because of their proximity to urban areas.
ASHTABULA Production WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE • Tons produced = 34,253,368 (+8.1% from 2018) WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN • U.S. ranking: PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING ◦ 7th out of 50 producing states (USGS, 2020c)
VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA Sales HARDIN (See figs. 10, 11) MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS • Tons sold = 33,635,624 (+7.0% from 2018; table 13) KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE 5 DARKE • Value = $269,516,368 (table 9)
LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI BELMONT MUSKINGUM • Leading counties (percentage of statewide sales): MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE ◦ Stark (13.4%) GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN FAYETTE ◦ Portage (13.2%)
HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON Hamilton (9.5%) ROSS ◦ ATHENS VINTON ◦ Butler (8.1%) HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS Franklin (5.2%) JACKSON ◦
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO Employment (See table 10) LAWRENCE • Production employees reported = 934 • Nonproduction employees reported = 650 1,000,000 – 4,999,999 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons • Average employee annual wage = $47,774 500,000 – 999,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons • Total wages earned = $61,198,887 250,000 – 499,999 tons <50,000 tons • Average days worked per operation = 159
FIGURE 10. Sales of sand and gravel in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity. 5 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1.
70 300
60 250 )
50 s 200 dolla r tons ) sales 40 150 illion illion m m 30 ( ( value 100
20 alue sales v
10 50
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 11. Sales and value of sand and gravel in Ohio since 1960. 14 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 171 887 5,551 1,669 8,006 3,687 5,250 14,993 72,305 27,440 16,734 55,347 42,756 71,309 22,689 739,125 260,500 203,394 278,211 477,441 359,683 118,357 216,404 233,030 107,507 192,004 194,000 Gravel 171 509 7,844 2,030 1,008 6,250 2,204 2,663 1,280 5,250 28,409 27,440 45,894 36,046 71,084 78,057 28,000 95,822 734,693 260,500 156,386 275,684 321,387 882,870 260,208 213,810 285,109 346,994 132,491 192,004 Sand Other/unspecified 350 3,423 2,025 20,200 12,000 sand Industrial sand Foundry 392 250 4,907 4,510 2,258 21,193 28,594 13,745 27,000 Gravel Filtration 495 4,000 6,032 1,115 2,150 1,921 27,458 Sand 240 834 9,191 1,309 7,000 1,818 4,795 89,958 25,500 39,005 75,668 89,995 82,200 146,554 Gravel 19 60 27 553 resurfacing 6,408 47,067 46,228 59,000 20,400 45,536 Sand Road construction/ 1,478 20,000 24,931 29,027 39,440 11,484 30,126 30,000 11,476 104,502 Gravel Tons sold Tons 75,746 38,544 53,000 27,230 83,608 48,778 34,000 23,000 76,016 113,780 Sand Asphaltic concrete 16 69,464 65,974 89,744 26,000 18,197 52,049 48,760 24,806 54,000 237,103 185,035 138,577 Gravel 2019 Ohio sand and gravel sales, by county and county use by sales, 2019 Ohio sand and gravel concrete 615 6,588 4,024 80,761 21,800 74,806 32,813 45,000 48,000 Portland cement cement Portland 341,212 148,645 188,268 760,108 385,304 103,925 126,059 215,290 246,083 675,380 Sand TABLE 13. TABLE 494 5,055 8,000 8,093 6,158 44,979 34,125 59,651 17,488 13,000 26,366 20,975 90,663 54,162 289,426 241,260 689,976 169,726 317,592 204,516 Gravel Building 438 426 9,104 1,875 1,070 4,582 8,404 23,534 37,474 51,596 41,080 19,169 20,000 11,395 54,502 11,500 31,562 17,168 24,370 224,620 624,408 193,478 Sand 494 887 1,669 8,093 5,961 5,250 34,296 27,440 13,000 31,917 67,547 71,309 32,704 34,999 149,930 210,611 473,964 247,846 612,002 538,441 107,081 336,096 459,121 590,746 371,607 161,669 507,760 194,000 Total Total gravel 1,412,208 1,310,612 9,104 2,384 2,030 1,008 2,204 4,582 3,627 5,250 78,445 44,233 30,863 45,894 20,000 36,046 12,275 80,838 84,266 33,417 99,000 235,058 504,315 177,218 199,663 466,687 412,201 415,479 529,895 604,340 165,304 476,542 171,865 1,300,525 1,128,838 1,892,932 1,022,374 Total sand Total 9,598 3,271 2,030 2,677 2,204 9,588 78,529 58,303 45,894 33,000 36,046 12,275 12,675 66,121 10,500 228,375 445,669 978,279 425,064 231,580 148,385 519,282 751,575 989,016 155,575 326,973 984,302 293,000 206,864 2,712,733 1,740,840 1,005,128 3,203,544 1,195,086 1,393,981 Total sand Total and gravel County Ashland Ashtabula Athens Butler Champaign Clark Columbiana Coshocton Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Fairfield Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Hamilton Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Knox Licking Logan Lorain Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Miami Montgomery Morrow Muskingum 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 15 7,313 1,672 4,005 13,997 63,628 69,579 87,500 12,363 332,736 734,285 483,781 120,130 227,926 Gravel 5,887,365 7,312 2,289 1,671 3,005 65,232 87,500 12,363 74,775 235,334 100,930 151,736 100,414 782,784 210,378 Sand Other/unspecified 1,229,759 7,567,579 11,475 49,473 sand Industrial 0 sand Foundry 2,714 70,114 36,834 Gravel 212,511 Filtration 3,349 7,404 53,924 Sand 415 6,759 1,007 39,771 16,564 94,378 20,482 14,938 388,977 196,824 Gravel 1,354,182 19 resurfacing 15,644 28,563 18,087 226,444 440,822 295,754 Sand Road construction/ 1,250,631 53,601 30,000 28,807 26,376 29,172 40,219 11,827 280,064 727,815 129,612 Gravel 1,659,957 Tons sold Tons 9,208 75,000 40,824 35,395 20,724 71,136 167,539 703,386 143,972 129,000 Sand Asphaltic concrete 1,969,886 2,074 1,268 7,293 5,120 88,056 27,058 30,551 46,761 13,193 155,000 Gravel 1,386,099 concrete 272 3,800 6,174 2019 Ohio sand and gravel sales, by county and county use (cont’d.) by sales, 2019 Ohio sand and gravel 19,370 41,402 44,000 Portland cement cement Portland 327,000 499,307 141,511 278,901 127,941 Sand 1,018,039 6,012,398 521 410 6,596 TABLE 13. TABLE 12,135 35,174 24,100 41,892 317,366 157,174 354,000 229,441 205,875 118,608 Gravel 3,804,997 Building 5,850 4,436 31,590 16,336 96,348 48,541 29,606 31,483 228,400 322,226 200,051 Sand 2,426,622 1,672 93,372 13,997 32,681 87,500 12,773 82,731 534,821 190,991 104,985 134,210 602,638 362,470 308,416 153,207 Total Total gravel 1,584,263 1,985,124 14,305,111 272 9,208 1,671 6,174 65,050 87,500 16,799 482,876 235,334 161,083 192,560 161,048 917,227 299,350 537,820 250,119 214,892 2,870,181 2,522,647 19,330,513 Total sand Total 272 3,343 6,174 97,731 29,572 102,580 249,331 352,074 297,545 295,258 175,000 661,820 846,236 403,326 297,623 1,017,697 4,454,444 4,507,771 1,519,865 33,635,624 Total sand Total and gravel 1 County Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding. are tally inconsistencies Any Paulding Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Shelby Stark Summit Tuscarawas Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot TOTAL 1 16 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
SANDSTONE AND CONGLOMERATE Extensive high-quality sandstone and conglomerate Ohio led the nation in sandstone production for many deposits are located in central and eastern Ohio, from near decades; this natural resource continues to support the Lake Erie to the Ohio River. During the mid-1800s, these state’s industries today. Historically, the Pennsylvanian-age geologic resources were developed into large building Massillon sandstone and the Devonian-age Berea Sandstone stone and glass production industries, and to support the of northern Ohio, as well as the Mississippian-age Buena steel and associated industries. Many prominent buildings Vista Sandstone in southern Ohio, have been the primary in the state use local building stones, including the Ohio geologic units quarried for building stone (Bownocker, 1915; Statehouse, Cleveland’s Old Stone Church, The Ohio State see also fig. 7). University’s Orton Hall, Cincinnati’s City Hall, and numerous other churches, monuments, and historic structures.
Production ASHTABULA WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA • Tons produced = 1,200,974 (–3.4% from 2018) OTTAWA LAKE WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY • U.S. ranking: ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT ◦ 6th out of 50 producing states for crushed PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK stone (USGS, 2020a) MAHONING VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE The 2019 U.S. state rankings for the 33 ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ◦ HARDIN MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES dimension-stone producing states were MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON unavailable SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DARKE
LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY • Top Producing Geologic Units (fig. 7): MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN ◦ Sharon conglomerate (Pennsylvanian) CLARK NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY Berea Sandstone (Devonian) MONTGOMERY MONROE ◦ GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN ◦ Cuyahoga Formation (Mississippian) FAYETTE HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ◦ Allegheny Group (Pennsylvanian) ATHENS VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT Sales PIKE MEIGS JACKSON (See figs. 12, 13) BROWN ADAMS GALLIA • Tons sold = 1,250,224 (+6.9% from 2018; table 14, SCIOTO 15) LAWRENCE • Value6 = $45,007,773 (table 9) • Leading counties (percentage of statewide sales): 500,000 – 999,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons ◦ Geauga (61.9%) 100,000 – 249,999 tons <50,000 tons ◦ Wayne (9.9%) ◦ Mahoning (6.8%) ◦ Lake (6.7%) ◦ Knox (3.3%) FIGURE 12. Sales of sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio in 2019, by Employment county and quantity. (See table 10) • Production employees reported = 168 • Nonproduction employees reported = 55 • Average employee annual wage = $57,500 • Total wages earned = $12,650,089 • Average days worked per operation = 153
6 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 17
6 60
5 50 ) s 4 40 dolla r tons ) 3 30 illion illion
sales m m ( ( 2 20 alue sales v value 1 10
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 13. Sales and value of sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio since 1960.
TABLE 14. 2019 Ohio sales of crushed sandstone and conglomerate, by county and use Tons sold Polishing/ Fire and County Foundry Metallurgical Engine Industrial Other/ Total Glass sand Refractory Riprap Aggregate Silica flour grinding furnace Frac sand Construction sand pebble sand sand unspecified sand sand Carroll 3,700 3,700 Columbiana 23,929 10,961 12,968 Geauga 773,321 82,218 183,676 5,139 7,564 32,657 210,512 25,537 226,018 Guernsey 9,598 281 9,317 Huron 4,881 4,881 Knox 41,212 9,202 2,963 4,211 4,781 17,092 2,963 Lake 84,272 62,121 22,151 Mahoning 85,010 85,010 Pike 39,701 7,358 32,343 Portage 15,439 15,439 Tuscarawas 28,361 186 28,088 87 Wayne 123,448 12,846 101,825 4,368 4,409 TOTAL 1,232,872 91,420 183,676 5,139 7,564 18,194 205,920 0 2,963 0 4,211 0 373,229 55,597 284,959
TABLE 15. 2019 Ohio sales of dimension sandstone, by county and use Tons sold County Rough Rough Other/ Total Refractory Rubble Grindstones Finished Curbing Flagging construction architectural unspecified Columbiana 515 350 165 Coshocton 3,132 3,132 Erie 7,766 1,636 493 1,688 3,913 36 Knox 160 76 28 56 Lorain 4,499 3,375 1,124 Scioto 1,280 1,280 TOTAL 17,352 0 2,062 3,868 0 1,716 5,093 0 36 4,577 18 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
CLAY AND SHALE The ceramics industry in Ohio has a long and dynamic used to produce value-added products (e.g., building bricks, history. Potteries were established by the early 1800s industrial ceramics, pottery, expanded aggregate, quarry to supply dinnerware, and by the early 1900s, Ohio was tile), thus the economic impact is much greater than the producing tremendous amounts of building bricks, sewer combined mined value. pipes, roof and floor tiles, paving bricks, art pottery, and Pennsylvanian-age shales and clays of eastern Ohio refractory products. Edward Orton, Jr., established the first are the primary sources of raw materials for the ceramics ceramics engineering program in the nation at Ohio State industry; Mississippian- and Devonian-age shales of University in 1894. Ohio clay and shale still are being used northern and central Ohio and Pleistocene-age glacial clays to produce important ceramic products, though production of western Ohio are important secondary sources. General tonnages are much less than 100 years ago. Ohio ceramic discussions of clay and shale geology in Ohio can be found products are shipped throughout the eastern United States in Lamborn and others (1938) and Stout and others (1923). and Canada. Nearly all clay and shale produced in Ohio is
Production • Shale: • Tons produced (clay) = 951,750 (+28.2% from 2018) ◦ Tons sold = 405,894 (–22.6% from 2018; table • Tons produced (shale) = 397,961 (–10.3% from 2018) 17) • The 2019 U.S. state rankings for the 40 clay and shale ◦ Value8 = $4,168,998 (table 9) producing states were unavailable (USGS, 2020e). • Leading counties for shale (percentage of statewide Sales sales): (See figs. 14, 15, 16, 17) ◦ Tuscarawas (43.7%) • Clay: ◦ Athens (9.9%) ◦ Tons sold = 950,237 (+42.3% from 2018; table 16) ◦ Holmes (7.9%) ◦ Value7 = $7,463,665 (table 9) ◦ Harrison (7.0%) • Leading counties for clay (percentage of statewide ◦ Marion (5.8%) sales): Employment ◦ Tuscarawas (24.0%) (See also table 10) ◦ Athens (19.6%) • Production employees reported = 156 ◦ Trumbull (12.4%) • Nonproduction employees reported = 97 ◦ Greene (7.9%) • Average employee annual wage = $42,279 ◦ Muskingum (6.8%) • Total wages earned = $10,189,300 • Average days worked per operation = 116 7 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1. 8 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1. 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 19
ASHTABULA ASHTABULA
WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE OTTAWA LAKE WOOD WOOD TRUMBULL TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING MAHONING
VAN WERT VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN HARDIN MERCER CARROLL MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW MORROW TUSCARAWAS TUSCARAWAS LOGAN KNOX LOGAN KNOX JEFFERSON UNION JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION SHELBY COSHOCTON HARRISON COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DELAWARE DARKE DARKE
LICKING LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT MUSKINGUM BELMONT FRANKLIN MADISON FRANKLIN MADISON CLARK CLARK
NOBLE FAIRFIELD NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY PREBLE PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN MORGAN FAYETTE FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON HOCKING WASHINGTON WARREN BUTLER WARREN CLINTON BUTLER CLINTON ROSS ROSS ATHENS ATHENS
VINTON VINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND HAMILTON HAMILTON CLERMONT CLERMONT MEIGS PIKE MEIGS PIKE JACKSON JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO SCIOTO
LAWRENCE LAWRENCE
100,000 – 249,999 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons <50,000 tons <50,000 tons
FIGURE 14. Clay sales in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity. FIGURE 15. Shale sales in Ohio in 2019, by county and quantity.
4 14
12
3 ) sales 10 s dolla r tons ) 8 2 value illion illion m m 6 ( (
4 alue sales 1 v 2
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 FIGURE 16. Sales and value of clay in Ohio since 1960.
5 16
14 4
12 ) s
10
3 dolla r tons ) 8 illion illion
sales m ( m 2 ( 6 alue v
sales 4 1 value 2
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 FIGURE 17. Sales and value of shale in Ohio since 1960. 20 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 16. 2019 Ohio clay sales, by county and use Tons sold County Common clay Vitrified Cement Other/ Total Stoneware Refractories Construction Landfill use products products manufacture unspecified Ashtabula 3,530 3,530 Athens 186,450 160,000 26,450 Auglaize 1,885 1,885 Cuyahoga 1,936 127 1,809 Defiance 100 100
Geauga 314 314 Greene 75,000 75,000 Jackson 30,752 27,503 3,249 Licking 29,912 29,912 Mahoning 48,699 2,670 46,029
Muskingum 64,160 54,160 10,000 Paulding 51,280 51,280 Perry 15,860 15,859 1 Portage 17,902 370 77 17,355 100 Stark 1,976 1,976
Trumbull 117,557 117,557 Tuscarawas 228,000 225,480 2,015 505 Warren 100 100 Washington 41,436 41,436 Wood 33,388 33,388
TOTAL 950,237 330,030 77 0 138,295 3,249 255,809 144,007 78,770
TABLE 17. 2019 Ohio shale sales, by county and use Tons sold County Common clay Vitrified Cement Lightweight Other/ Total Construction Landfill use products products manufacture aggregate unspecified Athens 40,000 40,000 Columbiana 8,807 8,807 Coshocton 23,321 23,321 Cuyahoga 9,412 9,412 Harrison 28,321 28,321
Hocking 22 22 Holmes 32,125 700 31,425 Knox 725 725 Licking 7,584 7,584 Mahoning 12,889 12,889
Marion 23,656 23,656 Noble 13,142 13,142 Perry 14,875 14,875 Richland 80 80 Tuscarawas 177,511 177,511 Wayne 13,424 13,421 3 TOTAL 405,894 227,537 14,875 0 9,412 53,164 23,321 77,585 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 21
SALT
Salt was one of the first industrial minerals produced in Harbor in Lake County. A second large underground Ohio and was a valuable commodity to early pioneers who operation was constructed in Cleveland, beginning in 1957. obtained it from natural springs. The first State Legislature The primary use for Ohio salt in 2019 was ice control. Salt enacted laws concerning salt springs in 1803–1804, and also was used as an additive in animal feed, for cattle blocks, wells were drilled in Jackson and Muskingum Counties, and as a commercial and residential water-softening agent. leading to the first commercial salt production in the Salt production in 2019 increased slightly when state. The most important area for early salt production compared to 2018 values, and sales increased for the first was in Meigs County, beginning in 1850. By 1903, Ohio time since 2014. The recent stretch of unusually warm was producing 14.7 percent of all salt in the United States winters with lower-than-average precipitation have resulted (Bownocker, 1906). in municipalities not needing to replenish salt supplies The modern salt industry in Ohio began in 1956 with every year. This year’s increase in salt sales may reflect the construction of the underground salt mine at Fairport municipalities need to restock their supplies.
ASHTABULA Production WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS 2 GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE • Tons produced = 3,876,312 (+1.1% from 2018) WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA SANDUSKY DEFIANCE ERIE 1 LORAIN • U.S. ranking: PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA In the top 7 of 16 producing states PUTNAM HANCOCK ◦ 3 MAHONING VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE (USGS, 2020f) ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN 4 MERCER CARROLL • Top producing geologic units (fig. 7): AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON ◦ Salina Group (Silurian) SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DARKE Sales LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT (See figs. 18, 19) MADISON FRANKLIN 5 CLARK • Tons sold = 4,390,924 (+12.3% from 2018) NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY 9 MORGAN • Value = $206,882,674 (table 9) FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS Employment VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON (See table 10) CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON • Production employees reported = 303
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO • Nonproduction employees reported = 189
LAWRENCE • Average employee annual wage = $65,599 • Total wages earned = $32,274,822 • Average days worked per operation = 309 Salt
FIGURE 18. Counties producing salt in Ohio in 2019 and their rankings in sales. 6 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1.
7 250
6 200 )
5 s dolla r tons ) 150 4 sales illion illion m m 3 ( ( 100
2 alue sales value v 50 1
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 19. Sales and value of salt in Ohio since 1960. 22 2019 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
REFERENCES CITED Bownocker, J.A., 1906, Salt deposits and the salt industry in Stout, W., Stull, R.T., McCaughey, W.J., and Demorest, Ohio: Columbus, Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, D.J., 1923, The coal formation clays of Ohio: Columbus, Bulletin No. 8, 42 p. Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin 26, 588 Bownocker, J.A., 1915, Building stones of Ohio: Columbus, p. Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin 18, 160 U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), 2020, Monthly p. Coal Production Estimates, January–December 2019: Brant, R.A., and Delong, R.M., 1960, Coal resources of Ohio: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Columbus, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Administration, last accessed August 6, 2020, at Division of Geological Survey Bulletin 58, p. 25–28.