Maritime Cliff Vegetation of Flamborough Head

Maritime cliff vegetation of Flamborough Head

William Milliken Colin Pendry

Survey undertaken for English Nature October 2002

Table of contents

BACKGROUND ...... 3

FLAMBOROUGH HEAD ...... 3 OBJECTIVES ...... 3 PRIOR RESEARCH ...... 4 RESOURCES ON ACCOMPANYING CD ...... 6

METHODS...... 6

STANDARD MAPPING ...... 6 MAPPING CLIFF HABITATS ...... 7 SEA SURVEY ...... 7 EXTENT OF MARITIME CLIFF HABITAT AND HARD AND SOFT CLIFF AREAS ...... 8

BAP HABITAT CLASSIFICATION ...... 9

OVERVIEW OF THE VEGETATION ...... 9

NVC COMMUNITIES ...... 14

OVERVIEW OF NVC CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING ...... 14 CG7: FESTUCA OVINA - HIERACIUM PILOSELLA - THYMUS PRAECOX/PULEGIOIDES GRASSLAND ...... 15 M22A: JUNCUS SUBNODULOSUS-CIRSIUM PALUSTRE FEN MEADOW - TYPICAL SUB-COMMUNITY ...... 16 M27C: FILIPENDULA-ANGELICA MIRE - JUNCUS EFFUSUS-HOLCUS LANATUS SUB-COMMUNITY ...... 17 MC4: BRASSICA OLERACEA MARITIME CLIFF-LEDGE COMMUNITY ...... 18 MC6: ATRIPLEX PROSTRATA - BETA VULGARIS SEA BIRD CLIFF COMMUNITY ...... 19 MC8 FESTUCA RUBRA-ARMERIA MARITIMA MARITIME GRASSLAND ...... 20 MC9: FESTUCA RUBRA-HOLCUS LANATUS MARITIME GRASSLAND ...... 25 MC11B: FESTUCA RUBRA-DAUCUS CAROTA SSP. GUMMIFER MARITIME GRASSLAND - ONONIS REPENS SUB-COMMUNITY ...... 26 MG1A: ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS GRASSLAND - FESTUCA RUBRA SUBCOMMUNITY ...... 28 MG5A: CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS-CENTAUREA NIGRA GRASSLAND - LATHYRUS PRATENSIS SUB- COMMUNITY ...... 29 MG12A: FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA GRASSLAND - LOLIUM PERENNE-HOLCUS LANATUS SUB- COMMUNITY ...... 30 OV9: MATRICARIA PERFORATA-STELLARIA MEDIA COMMUNITY ...... 31 OV24A: URTICA DIOICA-GALIUM APARINE COMMUNITY - ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS-RUBUS FRUTICOSUS AGG. SUB-COMMUNITY ...... 32 OV26D: EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM COMMUNITY - ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS-HERACLIUM SPHONDYLIUM SUB-COMMUNITY ...... 33 OV27B: EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM COMMUNITY - URTICA DIOICA-CIRSIUM ARVENSE SUB- COMMUNITY ...... 35 S12: TYPHA LATIFOLIA SWAMP ...... 36 S26B: PHRAGMITES - URTICA TALL HERB FEN ...... 36 S28B: PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA TALL-HERB FEN ...... 36 SD2: HONKENYA PEPLOIDES-CAKILE MARITIMA STRANDLINE COMMUNITY ...... 37 SM16C: JUNCUS GERARDII SALT MARSH COMMUNITY - FESTUCA RUBRA-GLAUX MARITIMA SUB- COMMUNITY ...... 38 W21A: CRATAGEUS MONOGYNA-HEDERA HELIX SCRUB - HEDERA HELIX-URTICA DIOICA SUB- COMMUNITY ...... 39 W22C: PRUNUS SPINOSA-RUBUS FRUTICOSUS SCRUB - DACTYLIS GLOMERATA SUB-COMMUNITY .... 40 W23B: ULEX EUROPAEUS-RUBUS FRUTICOSUS SCRUB - RUMEX ACETOSELLA CUB-COMMUNITY ...... 41 W24B: RUBUS FRUTICOSUS-HOLCUS LANATUS UNDERSCRUB - ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS- HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM SUB-COMMUNITY ...... 42 W25B: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM - RUBUS FRUTICOSUS UNDERSCRUB - TEUCRIUM SCORODONIA SUB- COMMUNITY ...... 43

NON-NVC COMMUNITIES ...... 44

AF**: AGROSTIS CLIFF FLUSH ...... 44 AG**: AGROSTIS SUCCESSIONAL VEGETATION ...... 46 AR**: ARRHENATHERUM/TEUCRIUM SCREE SLOPE VEGETATION ...... 46 BS**: BRACHYPODIUM-RICH CLIFF GRASSLAND ...... 47 PB**: CALCICOLOUS GRASSLAND ON SLOPES BELOW THE PILLBOX NEAR OLD BECK ...... 49 SS**: SUCCESSIONAL VEGETATION AT SEWERBY AND SOUTH-FACING SLOPES ...... 50 ORCHIDS ...... 51

ALIEN AND NATURALISED SPECIES ...... 51

COASTAL EROSION ...... 51

GRAZING, MANAGEMENT AND VEGETATION CHANGE ...... 55

REFERENCES ...... 56

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 56

APPENDIX 1: LOCATIONS OF VEGETATION QUADRATS AT FLAMBOROUGH ...... 57

APPENDIX 2: QUADRAT DATA FROM FLAMBOROUGH HEAD ...... 59

APPENDIX 3: DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN CLIFF HABITATS AT FLAMBOROUGH HEAD 75

APPENDIX 4: NVC MAP OF FLAMBOROUGH HEAD ...... 83

APPENDIX 5: TARGET NOTES ...... 106

APPENDIX 6: SPECIES RECORDED ON FLAMBOROUGH SEA CLIFFS ...... 110

Background

Flamborough Head Flamborough Head lies between Filey and Bridlington on the northeast coast of Yorkshire. The site (formerly known as Speeton and Flamborough Coast SSSI) comprises the coastal cliffs between Reighton and Sewerby, composed of chalk and softer sedimentary rocks. The cliff line exposes a variety of geological features and the chalk, which reaches 130 m at Bempton, has been eroded to form impressive stacks and caves between North Cliff and Castlemere Hole. These rock exposures are also of interest in supporting important breeding bird colonies, whilst the cliff slopes support interesting plant communities.

Flamborough Head was identified as a Special Protection Area in 1993 and a candidate Special Area of Conservation in 1996. It was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1986 under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. The site is of international geological importance, with numerous features of interest within a rock sequence spanning the Upper Jurassic period, about 140 million years before the present (MYBP) to the top of the Cretaceous about 70 MYBP, overlain by Pleistocene deposits less than 1 million years old. The site is also important for studies of coastal geomorphology. It is particularly notable, as one of a suite of chalk coastlines, in being within the North Sea wave climate rather than subject to the Atlantic swell or English Channel wave climates, and as the only chalk site extensively overlain by glacial deposits. The north-facing cliffs support internationally important colonies of breeding seabirds with including kittiwakes, guillemots, razorbill, puffins, gannets and fulmars.

The cliff-top vegetation is characterised by both a maritime influence, and by the calcareous influence of the chalk underlying the surface boulder clay. Thus sea cliff species such as thrift Armeria maritima and sea plantain Plantago maritima grow alongside herbaceous species more typical of chalk grassland such as kidney vetch Anthyllis vulneraria.1

Objectives The objectives of the survey were as follows:  To define and map the area of maritime cliff habitat at Flamborough Head.  To categorise cliff habitat into maritime soft cliff and maritime hard cliff units and BAP habitat types.  To classify and map the vegetation within the cliff habitat into NVC vegetation units.  To support the above with quadrat data, target notes, photographs and other relevant observations.

1 Information paraphrased from English Nature Citation and Project Specification.

Prior research The authors are aware of the existence of three previous vegetation surveys in the Flamborough Head area:

 A very detailed vegetation survey of Flamborough Head was undertaken by Sylvia Arnold between July and October 1984. This included both cliff habitats and inland areas. Arnold’s report includes in-depth habitat descriptions, species lists and target notes. These refer to a map that was not seen by the current authors.

 Robert Frith and Associates conducted a rapid NVC survey in a limited area on the Flamborough Heritage coast in 1998. The quadrat data presented in this report are not accompanied by grid references. However, these do not appear to overlap with the maritime cliff areas covered by the present study.

 NVC data were collected during a site visit by Geoff Radley and David Rogers of English Nature in August 1995. These include NVC mapping and sampling of the soft cliff areas at Reighton/Speeton, and target note NVC data from the vicinity of the Flamborough Head lighthouse.

Figure 1: The Saddle

Figure 2: Flamborough Head, showing locations mentioned in this report

Resources on accompanying CD NVC map on Mapinfo database (folder ‘Mapping’)  NVC (NVC polygons) – table  Quadrats – table  Targets (target notes) – table  Mosaics (mosaic polygon data) - table  Photos – table  Map (NVC map) – workspace Interactive map including photos and transect data  Open ‘Flamborough Interactive Survey.htm’ to activate site  Land survey photos stored in folder ‘Interactive/Imagefiles/Landimages’  Sea survey photos stored in folder ‘Interactive/Imagefiles/Seaimages’ Report and data (folder ‘Report and data’)  This report (‘Report.doc’ – MS Word)  Quadrat data (‘Quadrat data.xls’ – MS Excel)

Methods

Standard mapping Fieldwork was undertaken during the month of August 2002. Initial reconnaissance of the vegetation was undertaken by cliff walking and offshore observation, aided by binoculars and photographic equipment. Maps of vegetation communities and habitat types were hand-drawn onto printouts of OS Landline maps. The exact locations of vegetation boundaries (and the locations of target notes, quadrats and photographs) were ascertained with the use of a Garmin Etrex GPS receiver. GPS points were downloaded directly onto a laptop computer and incorporated in the survey database. In open areas (cliff top) this gave reasonable accuracy (the Etrex claims to give points with an accuracy of up to 5m). However, when operating at the base of the cliffs (where available satellites were obscured by the rock) it was sometimes impossible to obtain a fix of better than 20-30m accuracy.

Vegetation communities were sampled using standard NVC sampling techniques as closely as the terrain allowed. Where possible, five quantitative sample quadrats were surveyed for each NVC type identified. Within each 2x2m quadrat (25x25m for woodland/scrub canopy), species were ranked by their dominance according to the following (Domin) scale: 1. <4% cover – few individuals 2. <4% cover – several individuals 3. <4% cover – many individuals 4. 4-10% cover 5. 11-25% cover 6. 26-33% cover 7. 34-50% cover 8. 51-75% cover 9. 76-90% cover 10. 91-100% cover

In the species composition tables that follow in this report (Appendix 2), species have been ranked according to frequency and range of dominance values encountered in the sample quadrats. Frequency is measured as the number of quadrats in which the species was encountered (i.e. between I and V). Thus, ranking a species as III (4-5), for example, indicates that it was found in 3 out of the sample quadrats, that the maximum dominance recorded was 11-25% and the minimum was 4-10%.

Access to otherwise inaccessible cliff ledges was obtained with the help of rope access techniques developed during previous cliff surveys (i.e. double anchors of mild steel angle-irons buried in the cliff top, double static abseil ropes with backup devices, VHF radio communication etc.).

Photographs were taken with a Fujichrome Finepix digital camera.

Mapping cliff habitats Apart from the obvious access difficulties, the primary limitations in mapping cliff vegetation are as follows:

 Much of the vegetation lies on a near-vertical plane and cannot realistically be depicted in a vertical projection.

 Attempts to do so inevitably result in significant underestimates of the extent of the vegetation.

 Without the availability of aerial photographs it is often impossible to gain an accurate aerial view of the spatial distribution of complex vegetation sequences beneath steep cliffs.

 Variation of vegetation down the cliff is compressed by vertical mapping to the extent that boundaries cannot always be realistically delineated.

As a consequence of these limitations, maps of cliff vegetation using standard techniques are of limited practical value. In order to help to overcome these limitations, the mapping data from this survey have been supplemented by a horizontal survey undertaken from the sea.

Sea survey The sea survey consists of a series of overlapping digital images covering the entire length of the Flamborough cliffs, taken from a chartered vessel at the beginning of the survey. Images were printed and annotated during the vegetation survey, and at least one known point on each image was recorded with GPS. The photographs have been assembled into an easily navigable html site (viewable with any standard web browser programme) together with hotlinks to photographs and survey (quadrat) data. This assemblage clearly shows the extent of the cliff vegetation and the variation along the Flamborough coast, and should provide a valuable monitoring and management tool.

Extent of maritime cliff habitat and hard and soft cliff areas The definitions for hard and soft cliff habitats have been outlined in some detail by Hill et al. (2002). The first stage of the survey procedure involves the classification of cliff sections into these two categories. The situation at Flamborough Head is complex, however, and for the majority of the cliff area it is not possible to make a simple classification into one or the other. This is due to the geology of the coastline, where deep deposits of glacial drift are found overlying chalk cliffs of varying height and hardness. Where the depth of the drift is significant (and on occasion where it is shallow), the upper sections of the cliff behave in the manner of soft cliffs, with active slumping zones associated with flushes and erosion of the undercliff. These areas support successional vegetation. The chalk cliffs below them, however, which extend from Sewerby to Speeton, are effectively hard cliff zones (although there is some undercutting and occasional collapse). Hard and soft cliff divisions have therefore been based upon the line of break of slope from the cliff top and the bottom line of the ‘coastal slope’ (soft cliff) as marked on the OS Landline map. The inner edge of the SSSI is taken as the boundary of the cliff top (in general this follows the clifftop path), except where this diverges significantly from the break of slope

Table 1: BAP cliff habitats at Flamborough Head Hard cliff habitat Area (ha) Unvegetated crevices and ledges 12.53 Vegetated crevices and ledges, including bird-influenced examples 7.02

Maritime cliff grassland, other improved grassland, tall-herb vegetation, 5.85 bracken and scrub Flushes and springs 0.36 Total 25.76

Soft cliff habitat Late succession vegetation on drier ground 60.89 Early succession vegetation on drier ground 10.63 Mud and clay 1.06 Early succession vegetation on wetter ground 0.95 Late succession vegetation on wetter ground 0.23 Strandline 0.02 Total 73.78

Cliff top habitat Maritime cliff grassland, other improved grassland, tall-herb vegetation, 16.31 bracken and scrub Flushes and running water (area not mappable) Total 16.31

TOTAL CLIFF AREA 115.85

BAP habitat classification All vegetation polygons have been assigned to one of three classes: Soft Cliff, Hard Cliff and Cliff Top. The distribution of these three primary habitat types is shown in Appendix 3. By assigning each of the NVC (or unvegetated) units to one of the broad habitat types specified by Hill et al. (2002), and summing the areas covered by each, it has been possible to provide spatial estimates for each habitat type:

Overview of the vegetation At Sewerby the chalk cliffs are low. These are overlain by a deep layer of actively eroding drift supporting early successional vegetation (SS**) with tall herbs such as Epilobium hirsutum, Equisetum telmateia and Reseda luteola. There are numerous flushes (AF**) down the face of the hard cliff, dominated by Agrostis stolonifera. This combination of flushes on the cliff face accompanied by patches of damp successional vegetation (including Pulicaria dysenterica and small Juncus mires) on the overlying soft cliff slope continues eastwards to Green stacks. Where seepage through the soft cliff is greatest, distinct patches of Phragmites australis occur on the cliff slope. The cliff top from Sewerby to Green stacks is dominated by a combination of MG1 (Arrhenatherum elatius) and MG12 (Festuca arundinacea) mesotrophic grasslands.

AF** flush, Ulex scrub, Reedbeds, Mesotrophic grass, Rubus, Maritime/calcareous grass, Dry ledge vegetation, Successional veg,

Figure 3: Beacon Hill, showing complex mixture of mesotrophic grassland, Ulex scrub, reedbeds, Rubus scrub, maritime/calcareous grassland and successional vegetation (soft cliff) with AF** flushes and drier (MC8f) ledges on the chalk cliffs below

Towards Dane’s Dyke and beyond, the cliff slope becomes more consolidated and supports increasing quantities of calcareous/maritime grassland. In more sheltered areas these are replaced by the mesotrophic grasslands that descend from the cliff top above. There are also scattered patches of scrub communities (Crataegus, Rubus, Prunus and Ulex) on the cliff slopes. From Dane’s Dyke eastwards the grassland on the soft cliff slope (MC11) is

9 increasingly dominated by Brachypodium sylvaticum (classified as BS**). Here, the steep well-drained ledges on the chalk cliff face below (in between the damper AF** flushes) support a sparse vegetation similar to MC8f maritime grassland. This sometimes descends almost to sea level.

Where the soft cliff has slumped en masse to form a lower plateau, there is typically a mixture of mesotrophic grassland, tall herb vegetation (Urtica, Cirsium, Epilobium angustifolium) and Rubus scrub. Small streams cutting through the cliff face support Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum and (in one case) Phalaris arundinacea. At South Landing there is a strip of Atriplex prostrata strandline vegetation (SD2) backed by a strip of Elytrygia atherica grass. In this relatively sheltered location the MG12 mesotrophic grassland descends the soft cliff almost to sea level.

Figure 4: South landing, showing a mixture of mesotrophic (MG12) and calcareous/maritime (BS**) grassland on the soft cliff slopes, SD2 strandline vegetation at the base, a large patch of Rubus scrub near the shore, and Ulex scrub on the cliff (right)

Eastwards from South Landing the cliffs continue in a similar fashion, with the soft cliff slope alternating between BS** and SS** interrupted by patches of scrub and Phragmites, although at Sand Hole there is a patch of W25 Pteridium/Rubus vegetation. Approaching Green Stacks, however, the cliff slope grassland becomes more maritime in nature (MC11), with greater quantities of Plantago maritima and P. coronopus and generally less Brachypodium sylvaticum. Centaurea scabiosa, which does not occur further to the west, becomes a conspicuous component of the vegetation.

The vegetation from Green Stacks northwards becomes distinctly more maritime in nature. Although sheltered slopes and plateaux support areas of mesotrophic (MG1) grassland with scattered patches of scrub and tall herb vegetation (with occasional small patches of Juncus/Pulicaria mire in wetter areas), the more exposed cliff slopes (and in some areas the cliff top as well) are covered by dense Festuca rubra maritime grasslands. These alternate between MC8 and the more dicotyledon-rich MC9, depending on degree of

10 exposure and underlying soil conditions. Ononis repens is occasionally locally abundant in these grasslands, and although Armeria maritima is largely absent it may be abundant at the junction of cliff top and cliff slope. Below the MC8/9, on the steep crumbling lip of the chalk cliffs, there is sometimes a narrow band of sparse MC8f vegetation with Anthyllis vulneraria. Brachypodium-rich BS** grassland also makes its way around the Flamborough headland, occurring in small patches on the lower cliff slope where the position is relatively sheltered (e.g. within Pigeon Hole).

Figure 5: North landing, showing a complex mixture of Arrhenatherum (MG1) and Festuca rubra (MC8) grasslands on the left, and successional vegetation on the eroding cliff face on the right

Eroded patches on the soft cliff, usually occurring at the back of small inlets, generally support Plantago-rich MC8e vegetation with conspicuous presence of the glaucous-leaved F. rubra ssp. juncea. Several small patches of perched saltmarsh (SM16) vegetation with Triglochin and Glaux occur at the base of these eroded basins. MC8e is also abundant on the eroded soft cliff slopes of exposed headlands such as Thornwick Nab and Stacks Pinnacle.

From Green Stacks northwards, seabirds begin to influence the vegetation. On the soft cliff slope this is restricted to small patches that are regularly used by pigeons, and traces of enrichment (again, usually manifested by the presence of T. maritimum) above cliffs with nesting kittiwakes etc. Below these nesting cliffs, however, the influence is much greater, and dense patches of Atriplex prostrata MC6 vegetation occur. These are generally found on steeply shelving ledges, and become increasingly common as one progresses northwards.

From Sanwick Brig to Reighton the cliffs are higher (to 130+m), the drift overlay is shallower and the rock is harder. The cliff top is dominated by MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland interspersed with smaller patches of Festuca rubra- dominated MC8 grassland. Plantago maritima becomes increasingly scarce among this grassland as the cliffs rise (presumably reflecting decreasing maritime influence). The short soft cliff slope (in places no more than 1-2m) is generally dominated by MC8 Festuca grassland, but in more sheltered areas the MG1 grassland extends down from the cliff top almost to the edge (leaving a characteristic ‘Festuca fringe’). From Dane’s Dyke westwards, however, tall herb vegetation (OV24 - dominated by Urtica dioica and Galium aparine) becomes an important component both of the cliff top (towards the edge) and the cliff slope. This continues as far as the screes at Speeton.

Below the edge of the soft cliff slope the vegetation is strongly influenced by seabird activity, consisting of a complex mosaic of MC6 seabird ledge vegetation (with Atriplex prostrata), OV24 tall herb vegetation, MC8 Festuca grassland and bare rock (often densely coated with green algae). Some patches of the MC6/OV24 complex support populations of Brassica oleracea, possibly warranting its classification as MC4. The MC8 grassland occasionally covers substantial areas where gentler slopes descend the cliff face. This generally shows signs of nitrogen enrichment from the surrounding seabird ledges, often incorporating significant quantities of Silene dioica and Tripleurospermum maritimum. Agrostis stolonifera becomes a dominant element of the vegetation in damp gullies in the cliff face.

Figure 6: Old roll-Up, showing the relatively gentle and sheltered MC9 slopes on the right, and a complex mixture of MC8 (Festuca rubra), MC6 (Atriplex prostrata) and OV24 (Urtica dioica) on the steeper cliffs with seabird nests on the left. Note the golden-coloured MG1 grassland on the short soft cliff slope, with its characteristic green Festuca (MC8) fringe, and the green algae at the base of the cliffs on the left.

Where the Festuca-dominated slopes are relatively gentle and sheltered (i.e. at Old Roll-up) they become more species-rich, with higher concentrations of dicotyledons (MC9). Towards the western end of the tall cliffs these slopes descend almost to the sea. Here, particularly on steep well-drained slopes, they present a shorter sward displaying both maritime and calcareous

12 influence (MC8f).

At Speeton the cliffs retreat from the sea. Although the break of slope remains high, the vertical cliff slope gradually diminishes and is replaced by scree slopes. These slopes are covered by a patchy and variable vegetation dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius and Teucrium scorodonia (classified as AR**). At the western end of these screes, below the small outcrops that mark the western limit of the chalk, small patches of rabbit-grazed CG7 grassland occur close to the sea.

Figure 7: The view towards Speeton cliffs from Black Cliff Nab, showing a mixture of MG5 grasslands, early succession vegetation (on the more mobile ground), Phragmites and scrub. Note the scree slopes before the start of the main cliffs.

West of the screes lies the large expanse of boulder clays that make up the Reighton/Speeton soft cliffs. These mobile slopes and slumping gullies support a complex of species-rich MG5 mesotrophic grasslands, scrub communities (Crataegus, Ulex, Prunus and Rubus),2 early succession vegetation (AG**) and (on plateaux) small patches of MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland with Dryopteris and Phyllitis ferns. These areas are associated with small patches of Epilobium angustifolium tall herb vegetation. The red clays are generally more calcareous in nature than the black clays, and tend to

2 The upper valley of Old Beck contains a ribbon of Acer pseudoplatanus woodland. This was not mapped or sampled.

13 support more species-rich grasslands and successional communities.3 In the slumped areas at the base of the eroded basins the ground is generally wetter, with significant patches of Pulicaria dysenterica and (particularly towards the western limits of the cliffs) Parnassia palustris. Small patches of Juncus, Typha and Filipendula mire are found in these basins.

NVC communities

Table 2: NVC communities on the Flamborough cliffs and their coverage Community Area (ha) MG1a 18.57 H8.1 (Bare rock) 12.53 MC8a 10.84 W21a 10.06 MG5a 9.77 MG12a 7.51 AG** 7.02 OV24a 5.86 MC8d 5.15 AR** 4.52 MC9 4.13 W24b 3.35 MC6 2.93 SS** 2.48 BS** 2.29 W23b 1.41 MC8e 1.17 H8.2 (Bare ground) 1.06 MC8f 0.99 PB** 0.98 MC11b 0.80 S26b 0.71 AF** 0.60 CG7a 0.28 OV27b 0.22 M22a 0.20 W22c 0.15 W25b 0.07 M27c 0.03 SD2 0.02

Overview of NVC classification and mapping Much of the vegetation at Flamborough Head does not fit comfortably into the NVC classification as devised by Rodwell (1991-2000). This is due to the fact that little coastal sampling was undertaken in northeast England (apart from the Northumberland coast) during NVC characterisation work. As far as possible, however, the vegetation has been classified according to the NVC

3 In one area to the west of Old Beck the grassland (classified as PB**) are more calcareous than mesotrophic in nature.

14 system. In several cases, species that are described as ‘constants’ in the original definitions of these vegetation types are absent from the vegetation at Flamborough. These differences have been outlined in the following section.

There is substantial micro-local variation in the vegetation at Flamborough Head, at least partly as a result of the dynamic erosion processes in the upper cliff (resulting in regular alternation between early succession, late succession and more established communities). Much of the cliff area is therefore composed of a complex mosaic of vegetation types that could not realistically be mapped as separate areas. This complexity is compounded by the process of two-dimensional mapping of a three-dimensional surface upon which two or three vegetation types often intergrade (i.e. down the cliff) within a relatively small area (see Methods). As a result, a significant proportion of the vegetation at Flamborough was mapped as community mosaics.

CG7: Festuca ovina - Hieracium pilosella - Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland CG7 grassland occurs on thin free-draining calcareous soils, often in association with rabbit grazing and anthills. It usually forms a short sward relatively rich in dicotyledenous species and bryophytes (see Fig 8). This type of grassland was only recorded within a relatively restricted area at Flamborough, below Rabbit Rocks at Speeton. Its distribution is patchy, and both anthills and rabbit grazing are evident in the area.4 Thymus, which was found in both of the quadrats allocated to this vegetation type, was not recorded in any other community at Flamborough. Its presence, together with Leontodon hispidus, Festuca ovina/rubra and Hieracium pilosella (Pilosella officinarum) suggest its inclusion within this vegetation type. However, its species composition is not sufficiently similar to any of Rodwell’s sub- communities to warrant further classification, and the high levels of Brachypodium sylvaticum in the samples leave some doubt as to whether it really fits CG7 at all.

4 This was the only evidence of significant grazing anywhere on the Flamborough cliffs.

Figure 8: Rabbit-grazed calcareous grassland near Bulltongue Nook

M22a: Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen meadow - Typical sub-community M22a is a highly variable community that can be dominated by a number of species, its main characteristic being a rank sward dominated by rushes and sedges (see Fig 9). Small Juncus-dominated flushes were recorded at a number of sites on the Flamborough cliffs, generally at the bottom of eroded basins on soft cliffs. In slumped soft cliff areas on the southern side of the headland, this type of vegetation occurs at the head of some of the (AF**) flushes. The dominant species of Juncus varies from J. inflexus to J. articulatus. Pulicaria dysenterica (which is widespread in damp areas of soft cliff) is a constant and prominent component of this vegetation type, as are various Carex species. Considerable variation was found in the composition of these flushes, some notable species (e.g. Eriophorum praelongum,

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Mentha aquatica, Parnassia palustris) occurring at only one or two sites.

Figure 9: Juncus mire with Pulicaria at North Landing

M27c: Filipendula-Angelica mire - Juncus effusus-Holcus lanatus sub- community A small area of damp ground at the westernmost extremity of the site was found to support vegetation dominated by Filipendula ulmaria, Juncus inflexus and Pulicaria dysenterica (see Fig 10). This fits fairly well into the M27c community, which incorporates a wide range of vegetation communities dominated by Filipendula (often with rushes and tall herbs). The J. effusus- Holcus lanatus sub-community is less dominated by F. ulmaria and generally supports a higher proportion of rushes than the other sub-communities, providing the best match for this stand.

Figure 10: Filipendula/Juncus mire at Reighton Gap

MC4: Brassica oleracea maritime cliff-ledge community On some of the seabird-influenced ledges on the Bempton-Speeton cliffs (see target notes), Brassica oleracea was found growing amongst the Festuca/Atriplex MC6 vegetation (see Fig 11). This was not observed in quantities large enough to warrant mapping. Brassica is not normally a component of MC6 vegetation, possibly warranting the classification of these quadrats as MC4. The MC4 community is characteristic of crumbling cliff ledges on calcareous rocks, and is sometimes associated with seabird activity. However, apart from the occurrence of Brassica these samples have little in common with the species composition described by Rodwell (2000), and may be better considered as variations on MC6.

Figure 11: Cliff ledge vegetation with Brassica oleracea at Old Roll-up

MC6: Atriplex prostrata - Beta vulgaris sea bird cliff community Sloping ledges heavily influenced by the presence of seabirds are found on the lower (hard) cliffs from Green Stacks Pinnacle all the way to the end of the cliffs at Speeton. Heaviest nitrogenation occurs below the seabird nesting sites, where the vegetation is dominated by a mixture of Atriplex prostrata, Festuca rubra and Tripleurospermum maritimum (see Fig 12). Other common species include Sonchus oleraceus, Stellaria media and Cochlearia officinalis. Phleum pratense was also recorded among this vegetation in quadrats on the Bempton cliffs. Relative proportions vary, and on some ledges the cover is almost 100% Atriplex. MC6 vegetation as described by Rodwell (2000) is very variable, but is usually dominated by Atriplex prostrata, Beta vulgaris or Lavatera arborea, often in association with Tripleurospermum. This community is specifically associated with seabird communities, and fits well

19 with the samples from Flamborough.

Figure 12: Atriplex prostrata seabird ledge vegetation near Breil Nook

MC8 Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland This community constitutes maritime grassland with a generally closed sward usually dominated by Festuca rubra, which often forms a thick mattress. Apart from F. rubra the only species normally regarded as ‘constant’ in the community is Armeria maritima, which may be abundant as scattered cushions. The abundance and composition of the dicotyledenous component of this vegetation varies considerably between sub-communities, depending on levels of maritime influence and soil/drainage conditions.

Vegetation broadly fitting this description dominates most of the soft cliff slope (and in some places the cliff top) from Green Stacks round to the western end

20 of the Speeton cliffs. Armeria maritima, however, was notably absent or else very sparse among these communities.5 In spite of this omission these areas have been classified into sub-communities, but it should be observed that there is considerable intergradation between one type and another even within relatively small areas.

Figure 13: Festuca rubra/ Plantago spp. grassland near the Saddle

5 Armeria maritima was often found to be absent from the grassland on the cliff slopes themselves but abundant in a thin strip along the break of slope (this was also the case for Galium verum along much of the cliff edge). This may be due to the greater availability of bare ground at the cliff edge, allowing it to gain a purchase. Elsewhere the dense cushion- like cover of Festuca rubra probably hinders its establishment.

MC8a- Typical sub-community The typical MC8 community is rather species-poor, but Agrostis stolonifera can sometimes form a significant component. Plantago maritima and P. lanceolata are frequently present, as are Cochlearia officinalis and Sonchus arvensis.

Species-poor Festuca rubra grassland dominates the soft cliff slopes for most of the length of the cliffs between Green Stacks and Speeton (see Fig 13), apart from the more sheltered areas (where it becomes more dicotyledon-rich) and the particularly exposed/eroded areas (where it becomes Plantago- dominated). These grasslands have been categorised as MC8a. Apart from Festuca rubra the only significant species in this community tend to be Plantago spp. (P. maritima where the maritime influence is greater) and in some cases Agrostis stolonifera. Tussilago farfara can be locally abundant on damp or disturbed ground. This vegetation generally merges with MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland towards the top of the cliff slope.

Figure 14: Festuca rubra-Holcus lanatus maritime grassland on high cliffs at Bempton

MC8d: - Holcus lanatus sub-community The MC8d sub-community is similar to MC8a but generally contains a higher component of species typical of neutral grasslands (including Achillea millefolium, Lotus corniculatus, Centaurea nigra and Rumex acetosa. Holcus lanatus is constant in this sub-community, which is the least maritime of the MC8 grasslands.

Much of the Festuca-dominated grasslands that occur sporadically (particularly on the promontories) along the cliff top between Green Stacks and Sanwick Brig are more species-rich than their cliff-slope counterparts, and have been allocated to this sub-community. This is also the case for the Festuca grasslands on the cliff slopes of the Bempton-Speeton cliffs (see Fig 14), where the height of the cliffs above the sea results in reduced maritime influence (but there may be some nitrogen enrichment from surrounding seabird colonies). It should be noted, however, that Holcus lanatus is not constant in the samples of this vegetation, in contrast to Rodwell’s definition, and Armeria maritima is likewise absent. Furthermore there is considerable and constant intergradation with the slightly more maritime MC8a and the slightly less maritime MC9 grasslands.

Figure 15: Short Plantago sward (MC8e) on steep ground by Pigeon Hole

MC8e: - Plantago coronopus sub-community This sub-community, in contrast with the previous two, constitutes a short sward with a heavy content of Plantago coronopus and P. maritima, together with Agrostis stolonifera and Armeria maritima. Communities matching this description were recorded on the soft cliff slope from Green Stacks to Sanwick Brig (see Fig 15). This was generally confined to small areas where a relatively high maritime influence is combined with steep or eroding ground (where the Plantago species may have an advantage).6 A glaucous-leaved maritime form of Festuca rubra (ssp. juncea) commonly occurs in this vegetation community, making it easily recognisable, and Armeria maritima is more abundant than it is in any other community at Flamborough Head.

In spite of the similarities in composition and structure to the descriptions of the MC8e sub-community, it should be noted that the vegetation at Flamborough is ungrazed whereas Rodwell (2000) describes MC8e as being the product of grazing.

MC8f: - Anthyllis vulneraria sub-community The MC8f sub-community generally occurs on steep slopes where drainage is excessive, and is characterised by a reduced dominance of Festuca rubra together with a greater preponderance of Anthyllis vulneraria. Vegetation roughly corresponding to this description occurs along the relatively sheltered steep lower cliff ledges on the southern coast of Flamborough (i.e. from Green Stacks towards Sewerby), and on steep loose ground (again relatively sheltered) at the cliff edge northwards to Kindle Scar (see Fig 16). However, the composition does not match Rodwell’s descriptions particularly comfortably. Many of the theoretically ‘constant’ species (e.g. Armeria maritima, Silene vulgaris) are missing and the Anthyllis content is generally low. Given the regular presence of Daucus carota in the samples, this vegetation may fit equally well into MC11.

6 For example, at the heads of the many inlets between Flamborough Head and North Landing. The ground at ther head of the gulley is usually eroding, but may also take the brunt of the spray forced up these gulleys during rough weather.

Figure 16: Ledge vegetation with Anthyllis vulneraria at Kindle Scar

MC9: Festuca rubra-Holcus lanatus maritime grassland MC9 grassland generally has a close rather low-growing or tussocky sward dominated by Festuca rubra, sometimes with considerable quantities of Holcus lanatus or Dactylis glomerata. It is usually found in more sheltered locations than the more maritime MC8, and herbaceous dicotyledons usually form an important component (including non-maritime species).

Scattered occurrences of dicotyledon-rich Festuca grassland were encountered on the cliff slopes between Green Stacks and Sanwick Brig, generally in more sheltered locations than the MC8 communities (see Fig 17). Plantago lanceolata is generally abundant in these grasslands, as is Centaurea nigra. There is considerable variation in species composition, with Dactylis glomerata and Agrostis stolonifera, Lotus corniculatus, Cochlearia officinalis and others achieving significant cover in some quadrats. Armeria

25 maritima, which is supposedly a constant, is notably absent (as is the case for MC8 grasslands). This somewhat heterogeneous community (which did not show a sufficiently good match to warrant classification to sub-community level) intergrades with neighbouring MC8 and MG1 communities and in some places shows calcareous influence in its composition.

Figure 17: Dicotyledon-rich Festuca rubra grassland on cliff slope near Swineshaw Hole

MC11b: Festuca rubra-Daucus carota ssp. gummifer maritime grassland - Ononis repens sub-community MC11 is the least maritime of the MC communities described by Rodwell (2000). It produces a rather tussocky sward generally dominated by grasses, of which Festuca rubra is the most abundant. Dactylis glomerata is a constant in this community, as is Daucus carota, and the maritime component is relatively small. It is usually found in areas that receive relatively low levels of salt spray, usually on calcareous rocks. MC11b (in which Ononis repens is a constant component) is the most calcareous of the sub-communities, characteristic of dry south-facing slopes and cliff edges. It supports a number of species typical of calcareous grasslands such as Carlina vulgaris and Blackstonia perfoliata.

Vegetation comparable to MC11b was found on the relatively sheltered, dry, south-facing slopes from Green Stacks around towards South Landing (see Fig 18). About halfway between Green Stacks and South Landing, however, the maritime influence diminishes and this grades into BS** grassland (with which it has considerable affinities: see below). Daucus and Dactylis were

26 constants, and Ononis repens was present/abundant in four out of five quadrats. Centaurea scabiosa is also found in this vegetation type. The presence of Festuca arundinacea in some of the samples is due to intergradation with the MG12 clifftop grassland.

Although there is a reasonable match with Rodwell’s MC11b description, both in terms of habitat and constant species, one or two of the samples appear to show greater maritime influence than one would expect. This suggests an overlap with the MC8f vegetation that tends to occur on the ledges further down the cliff (see above).

Figure 18: Daucus-rich grassland at South Landing

Figure 19: Arrhenatherum grassland on cliff top at Sewerby

MG1a: Arrhenatherum elatius grassland - Festuca rubra subcommunity The MG1a community is composed of coarse-leaved tussock grasses (usually dominated by Arrhenatherum elatius together with Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus). Tall umbellifers are frequent, as are a number of other tall herb species. Beneath these there is generally a layer of smaller grasses (including Festuca rubra) and dicotyledenous herbs. This community is very widespread, and is associates with a lack of grazing on circumneutral soils.

This type of mesotrophic grassland community, easily recognised by the heavy dominance of Arrhenatherum elatius, dominates the cliff top over the majority of the site (see Fig 19). In more sheltered locations where spray deposition is limited (e.g. at North Landing and Thornwick Bay and on slumped areas of cliff between Dane’s Dyke and Green Stacks), it also covers

28 significant proportions of the soft cliff slope. Its floristic composition and diversity are variable. In general the most impoverished stands are found on the cliff top, but where it intergrades with more calcareous/maritime grasslands on the cliff slope the composition can be more diverse. In addition to Arrhenatherum and Festuca rubra, other grasses such as Dactylis glomerata, Elytrigia repens and Holcus lanatus can make significant contributions to cover, and tall herb species such as Cirsium arvense, Urtica dioica and Heracleum sphondylium may be prominent.

The MG1 grasslands at Flamborough have been assigned to MG1a (the most species-poor sub-community). However, where the vegetation intergrades with Urtica dioica tall herb vegetation (e.g. on the Bempton-Speeton cliffs) or with more calcareous grasslands on the underlying cliff slopes, it could potentially be reclassified on a local scale (e.g. Centaurea scabiosa and Epilobium angustifolium variants of MG1a, Urtica dioica sub-community MG1b, Centaurea nigra sub-community MG1e and Pimpinella saxifraga variant).

MG5a: Cynosurus cristatus-Centaurea nigra grassland - Lathyrus pratensis sub-community MG5 is a dicotyledon-rich ‘old meadow’ grassland of variable composition and appearance. This classification has been assigned to the somewhat variable late-succession grasslands on the soft cliffs at the northern end of the site (Reighton). These cliffs are highly mobile, but in some areas (including the base of eroding/slumping basins) the grassland has become sufficiently established to present reasonably continuous cover (see Fig 20).

These grasslands are dominated by a mixture of grasses including Festuca rubra, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Agrostis stolonifera and Holcus lanatus, and Centaurea nigra, Plantago lanceolata and Equisetum arvense are constant components. Lotus corniculatus and Lathyrus pratense are also commonly encountered in this community. There is a variable calcareous element reflecting local changes in substrate.7 In wetter areas of ground (e.g. at the base of slumps) Tussilago farfara, Pulicaria dysenterica and Parnassia palustris may also be prominent.

These variable grasslands do not fit particularly comfortably into MG5 as described by Rodwell (1992). Nevertheless, this somewhat embracing community does appear to offer the closest fit.

7 This led Radley and Rogers (1995) to classify some of these grasslands as calcicolous CG communities – not unreasonably.

Figure 20: Species-rich grassland in damp eroding basin at Reighton

MG12a: Festuca arundinacea grassland - Lolium perenne-Holcus lanatus sub-community The MG12 community is characteristic of moist but relatively free-draining soils in a coastal environment. It is dominated by tussocks of Festuca arundinacea and Festuca rubra, with relatively low levels of dicotyledons and other grasses. MG12a is the less maritime of the sub-communities, and sometimes has significant Agrostis stolonifera content.

Figure 21: Festuca arundinacea grassland on cliff top near South Landing

Most of the mesotrophic grasslands along the cliff tops between Sewerby Hall and Green Stacks match well with the description of this community (See Fig. 21). Festuca arundinacea is dominant or co-dominant with Agrostis stolonifera and Festuca rubra and a small number of dicotyledenous herbs. Dactylis glomerata is also constantly present, and high levels of Phragmites australis occur near the edges of reed beds.

In places this community alternates with patches of MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland on the cliff top, and it also extends well down the cliff slope8 where it intergrades with wet flushes and with more calcareous grasslands (e.g. BS**).

OV9: Matricaria perforata-Stellaria media community This ruderal community was only found at one location on the cliffs (Breil Nook – see Fig. 22). It occurred at the tip of a headland on which the Arrhenatherum grassland had been mown.9 The occurrence of this vegetation (typical of agricultural situations) is presumed to be the result of nitrogen enrichment associated with land management (and possibly with the aforementioned mowing). M. perforata was not found at the site, but the

8 At South Landing it extends virtually to the shore.

9 Mown grassland was not encountered elsewhere within the SSSI.

31 abundance of Stellaria media and Polygonum aviculare suggest this community.

Figure 22: Ruderal vegetation on cliff top by Breil Nook

OV24a: Urtica dioica-Galium aparine community - Arrhenatherum elatius-Rubus fruticosus agg. sub-community Patches of tall nettles occur sporadically along the Flamborough cliffs. In most cases these appear to be natural, although at one or two sites (see below and target notes) their occurrence appears to be related to small-scale management issues. It is only on the Bempton-Speeton sea cliffs westwards from Dane’s Dyke, however, that this community achieves significance (See Fig. 23). Here it dominates considerable proportions of the clifftop as well as the soft cliff slope. It also occurs in abundance on ledges below seabird nesting areas in the steep hard cliff zone, presumably on account of nitrogen

32 enrichment from above. Apart from Urtica dioica and Galium aparine, the only other species that achieve significant cover are Silene dioica (particularly on the seabird cliffs), Heracleum sphondylium, Agrostis stolonifera, Arrhenatherum elatius and Eurhynchium praelongum.

This vegetation matches well with Rodwell’s OV24. The dense cover of Urtica and the relative scarcity of other species suggests the typical sub-community OV24a.

Figure 23: Nettles on ledges below seabird nests on the Bempton cliffs

OV26d: Epilobium hirsutum community - Arrhenatherum elatius- Heraclium sphondylium sub-community OV26 comprises dense stands of species-poor tall herb vegetation dominated by Epilobium hirsutum (often accompanied by Urtica dioica). This occurs on moist but well aerated soils. Dense stands of vegetation of this type occur sporadically along the soft cliff slop at Flamborough, generally in patches too small to merit mapping (See Fig. 24). However, they sometimes form part of more complex mixtures of tall herb vegetation and are particularly associated with the tops of flushes (i.e. at the base of the soft cliff slope) between Sewerby and Green Stacks. Epilobium hirsutum is a significant part of the SS** successional vegetation described below. The regular occurrence of Arrhenatherum in this vegetation justifies its classification into the OV26d sub- community.

Figure 24: Patch of Epilobium hirsutum above a flush on Beacon Hill

Figure 25: Epilobium angustifolium at Bulltongue nook

OV27b: Epilobium angustifolium community - Urtica dioica-Cirsium arvense sub-community Patches of OV27b tall herb community dominated by Epilobium angustifolium, occur throughout the site, generally in plateau areas where there has been slumping of the soft cliff (See Fig. 25). It is generally found in association with MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland, and A. elatius can account for significant cover within it. Urtica dioica is usually present and there may be a dense cover of Eurhynchium praelongum on the ground. The largest patches occur at the northern end of the site, on the plateaux east of Old Beck. Here they are found in association with the ferns Phyllitis scolopendria and Dryopteris filix-mas, which were not recorded elsewhere. The constant presence of Urtica and the occurrence of Cirsium arvense and Rubus fruticosus in the vegetation justify its classification into the OV27b sub-community.

Figure 26: Typha below New Closes Cliff, Reighton

S12: Typha latifolia swamp Typha latifolia does not occur in mappable quantities at the site. It was noted below New Closes cliff (at the base of a slumped area of soft cliff) at Reighton (See Fig. 26). Other significant species in the quadrat included Juncus articulatus and Eleocharis palustris. The species composition of the sample does not match closely the S12 descriptions by Rodwell (1995), however, and no sub-community was allocated.

S26b: Phragmites - Urtica tall herb fen Reedbeds occur in a number of locations along the cliffs from Dane’s Dyke eastwards (to beyond South Landing). These usually occur towards the base of the soft cliff slope, at the head of an AF** flush (see below). The largest patch occurs (interspersed with brambles) on the slopes below Beacon Hill (See Fig. 27). Small patches of reeds also occur on the more maritime cliffs around Newcombe Hope. One patch also occurs near Black Cliff Nab on the soft cliffs at Reighton. Apart from Phragmites, the only constant species in the quadrats sampled was Arrhenatherum elatius. This justifies its classification into the S26b sub-community.

Figure 27: Phragmites stand intermixed with Rubus on the cliff slope below Beacon Hill

S28b: Phalaris arundinacea tall-herb fen A small ribbon of vegetation dominated by Phalaris arundinacea was found in the bed of a small stream that cuts through the cliffs to the east of Sand Hole (See Fig. 28). This area was not large enough to be mappable. Arrhenatherum elatius, Rubus fruticosus and Urtica dioica were also present. The presence of Urtica suggests its classification into the S28b sub-

36 community.

Figure 28: Phalaris arundinacea in stream bed east of Sand Hole

SD2: Honkenya peploides-Cakile maritima strandline community The only significant patch of strandline community occurs at South Landing (See Fig. 29). There are a few other small patches scattered at the base of the cliffs further west, but rarely more than a couple of square metres. The quadrat sample showed 100% Atriplex prostrata, but Sinapsis arvensis was also observed growing in this community. No other species were recorded.

Although this vegetation contained neither Honkenya peploides nor Cakile maritima, SD2 (which can be dominated by A. prostrata) is the closest match among the strandline communities described by Rodwell (2000).

Figure 29: Atriplex prostrata strandline vegetation at South Landing

SM16c: Juncus gerardii salt marsh community - Festuca rubra-Glaux maritima sub-community Numerous small patches of perched saltmarsh occur in flushes (generally at the base of small eroded basins in the MC8 soft cliff slope) from the Flamborough Fog Station to Sanwick Brig (See Fig. 30). These are variable in composition but generally characterised by the presence of Triglochin maritimum and Glaux maritima. Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera are also regularly present (and sometimes dominant). These species usually surround small, damp, eroded, unvegetated depressions. Other species that may be present include Juncus spp., Samolus valerandi and Plantago maritima.

SM16 saltmarsh usually describes large areas rather than small flushes.

However, these match well with the SM16c sub-community, where Juncus gerardii is sparser than in the other sub-communities and Festuca and Glaux tend to dominate.

Figure 30: Perched saltmarsh flush with Glaux, Triglochin and Samolus at Cooness Nook

W21a: Crataegus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub - Hedera helix-Urtica dioica sub-community Small patches of mixed scrub dominated by Crataegus monogyna are scattered along the south-facing cliffs from Sewerby to Green Stacks, as well as at Holmes Gut (North Landing). They generally occur in relatively sheltered locations. Large patches of this vegetation type (generally interspersed with MG5 grassland) also occur over the more stable areas of soft cliff at the northern end of the site (Reighton – see Fig. 31). This type of scrub is variable in composition, and in places it intergrades with W23 Ulex and W22 Prunus scrub. Rosa canina, Ulex europaeus and Rubus fruticosus are common constituents of the vegetation but Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Sambucus nigra and Acer pseudoplatanus can all have local significance. Lonicera periclymenum was only recorded in the small patch of scrub at Speeton Gap.

These stands of scrub lack the Hedera helix that is normally regarded as a constant in the W21 community, but otherwise the match is good. The relative species poverty and the density of the canopy suggest its classification into the W21a sub-community.

Figure 31: Mixed Crataegus scrub west of Old Beck, Reighton

W22c: Prunus spinosa-Rubus fruticosus scrub - Dactylis glomerata sub- community Small patches of homogeneous wind-blown Prunus spinosa scrub occur along the cliffs (both at the southern and northern ends of the site). In some cases these form part of a larger area of W21a scrub, in which cases they were not mapped separately). In cases where they stood alone they were mapped as W22c scrub. No quadrats were made, but this vegetation generally consisted of an impenetrable tangle of pure blackthorn (See Fig. 32). The D. glomerata sub-community is the most maritime, and has been recorded on cliffs elsewhere in the UK. However, this sub-community is described as patchy, with maritime grassland vegetation interspersed among it, which was not the case at Flamborough.

Figure 32: Low windblown Prunus spinosa scrub east of Old Beck, Reighton

W23b: Ulex europaeus-Rubus fruticosus scrub - Rumex acetosella cub- community Patches of scrub dominated by Ulex europaeus (sometimes pure stands) occur at a number of locations along the cliffs from Speeton to Green Stacks and in a small patch at Holmes Gut (North Landing). Although the gorse bushes may on occasions be loosely scattered on the cliff, it is more common for them to form a closed canopy with very few other species (See Fig. 33). The only other species of significance in this vegetation type is Rubus fruticosus.10 This justifies its classification into the W24b sub-community.

10 This community can intergrade with W24 Rubus underscrub.

Figure 33: Ulex scrub near South Landing

W24b: Rubus fruticosus-Holcus lanatus underscrub - Arrhenatherum elatius-Heracleum sphondylium sub-community W24b underscrub is typically dominated by brambles, rank grasses and tall dicotyledons. Dense bramble patches are common on the Flamborough cliffs (particularly on slumped plateaux) from Sewerby to Green Stacks and also among the considerable expanses of soft cliff around Flamborough, North Landing and Thornwick Bay (See Fig. 34). They are also found on the soft cliffs at Reighton/Speeton. They are generally very dense, with strong dominance of Rubus fruticosus, but Cirsium arvense, Galium aparine and Urtica dioica may be in evidence. These stands are often adjacent to patches of tall herb vegetation (OV24, 27).

Although W24 is often associated with woodland (and tends therefore to incorporate other woody species), this is not universally the case. Although

42 the bramble scrub at Flamborough appears to lack Holcus lanatus (which is a ‘constant’ for W24) it can nonetheless be assigned to this community. We have sub-classified it as W24b on account of the presence of Arrhenatherum and Urtica content.

Figure 34: Rubus patch north of Flamborough lighthouse (with patches of Calystegia on left and Chrysanthemum with white flowers)

W25b: Pteridium aquilinum - Rubus fruticosus underscrub - Teucrium scorodonia sub-community The W25b underscrub community brings together vegetation dominated by mixtures of bracken and brambles. This is often (but not exclusively) associated with taller woody vegetation, and relative proportions of the two ‘constants’ can very considerably. The only occurrence of Pteridium aquilinum on the Flamborough cliffs was recorded on the slopes of a gulley in the cliffs at Sand Hole (See Fig. 35). Two quadrats were recorded: one on each side of the gulley. Arrhenatherum elatius and Centaurea nigra occurred in both, but woody species such as Rubus fruticosus and Ulex europaeus were only recorded in one. Nevertheless this composition justifies its classification into the W25 community, and the presence of Ulex (and its relative species poverty) suggests the W25b sub-community.

Figure 35: Pteridium aquilinum at Sand Hole

Non-NVC communities

AF**: Agrostis cliff flush Between Sewerby and Green Stacks there are numerous wet flushes on the cliffs, generally running from the top of the hard (chalk) cliffs right down to their bases (See Fig. 36). The vegetation of these flushes is generally strongly dominated by Agrostis stolonifera, although Juncus articulatus, Eupatorium cannabinum and (occasionally) Sinapsis arvensis can be significant. Tussilago farfara is typically present in low densities, as are Epilobium parviflorum and Pulicaria dysenterica. Pellia endivifolia and Didymodon tophaceus can dominate small patches of the rock face where water flows continuously, and Melilotus officinalis typically grows on the margins of the flushes. These flushes tend to originate from slumped areas of

44 the soft cliff above them, which are presumably more mobile on account of the water flowing through them. These damp slumped areas typically support small Juncus mires or dense patches of water-tolerant herbs such as Pulicaria dysenterica, Eupatorium cannabinum and Epilobium hirsutum. This community has not been classified by the NVC, and is mapped here as a separate unit.

Figure 36: Flush vegetation on cliffs below Beacon Hill

Figure 37: Early succession vegetation beneath New Cliff, Reighton

AG**: Agrostis successional vegetation Slumping and erosion occurs in the soft cliff zone all around the Flamborough cliffs. The early succession vegetation that colonises these areas varies both in composition and density according to differences in substrate and exposure. This vegetation is not covered by the NVC. Early succession vegetation on the cliffs from Reighton to Flamborough head (with the exemption of areas dominated by Plantago maritima/coronopus and classified as MC8e) has been mapped as AG** (See Fig. 37). The dominant species in this vegetation are Agrostis stolonifera and Tussilago farfara. No other species are constant or abundant. Successional vegetation on the black clays at Reighton/Speeton is particularly species-poor, with little more than A. stolonifera, whereas on the red clay (which has a slightly more calcareous nature) and on the drift deposits overlying the chalk further east, the composition is marginally more diverse.

AR**: Arrhenatherum/Teucrium scree slope vegetation A distinctive vegetation type was found to cover the scree slopes below the most northerly chalk cliff outcrops at Speeton (See Fig. 38). This is characterised by a sparse cover of Arrhenatherum elatius, Teucrium scorodonia and Festuca rubra, together with Senecio jacobaea and a number of mosses (most notably Dicranum scoparium, Pseudoscleropodium purum and Homalothecium lutescens. Teucrium was not encountered anywhere else on the site, and the moss coverage here is higher than in any other grassland community. A number of other species can show local abundance

46 including Geranium robertianum, Rumex acetosa, Cladonia pyxidata and Holcus lanatus. Heracleum sphondylium is widespread. The closest NVC affinity probably lies with MG1 Arrhenatherum grassland, but the abundance of Teucrium does not sit well with this and we have decided to maintain it as a separate unit.

Figure 38: Arrhenatherum/Teucrium-dominated scree slopes east of Rabbit Rocks

BS**: Brachypodium-rich cliff grassland The relatively sheltered cliff slopes between Dane’s Dyke and South Landing and on towards Green Stacks support species-rich grassland with a notably high Brachypodium sylvaticum component (See Fig. 39). This community also occurs around Pigeon Hole near the Flamborough lighthouse, and on the lower cliff slopes northwards to Kindle Scar. It intergrades with MC11 Festuca-Daucus grassland, with which it has considerable affinities. This grassland shows considerable calcicolous tendencies but is also subject to

47 maritime influence.

In addition to the dominant B. sylvaticum and Festuca rubra, other grasses such as Agrostis stolonifera and Dactylis glomerata are locally prominent. Daucus carota, Medicago lupulina, Anthyllis vulneraria and Festuca arundinacea are usually present (the last of which is abundant on the cliff tops in this area), and locally abundant species include Plantago maritima, Sanguisorba minor, Carlina vulgaris, Rhinanthus minor and Lotus corniculatus.

Figure 39: Brachypodium-rich grassland on cliffs east of South Landing

The closest NVC matches for this vegetation appear to be the more species- rich sub-communities of MC11 and MC9, both of which can support significant calcicolous elements. Brachypodium sylvaticum is not normally a component of MC11, but B. pinnatum can co-dominate with F. rubra in the species-rich Sanguisorba sub-community, and it may be that B. sylvaticum is playing the same role at Flamborough. However, we have decided to maintain it as a separate community.

Figure 40: Calcareous grassland on unstable ground below the pillbox near Old Beck, Reighton

PB**: Calcicolous grassland on slopes below the pillbox near Old Beck An area of grassland was sampled on partially eroded (slumping) slopes below the pillbox above Old Beck, Reighton that differs from the other MG5 grasslands in the vicinity (see Fig. 40). It was differentiated from these species-rich mesotrophic grasslands by its more calcareous nature. Constant species among the three samples included Festuca rubra (the dominant grass), Carex flacca (relatively abundant), Sanguisorba minor, Tussilago farfara (indicating the disturbed nature of the ground), Brachypodium sylvaticum, Centaurea nigra and Trifolium pratense. Lotus corniculatus is locally abundant, and the occurrence of Briza media (which is uncommon elsewhere) is notable. This type of grassland does not appear to find a very comfortable fit in the NVC system. Radley et al. sampled it during their 1995 survey of the area and classified it as CG6a Avenula pubescens grassland

(but without the ‘constants’ A. pubescens, A. pratensis and Taraxacum spp.). It does indeed have affinities with this community but we have decided to maintain it separately.

Figure 41: Successional vegetation on eroding cliff at Sewerby

SS**: Successional vegetation at Sewerby and south-facing slopes This vegetation occurs along the rapidly eroding soft cliff slopes between Sewerby and Dane’s Dyke, and onwards (in eroded patches between the more consolidated grassland slopes) towards green Stacks. At the (notably dry) time of the visit these slopes were dry and crumbling, but it was evident both from the composition of the vegetation and from the level of erosion that they are generally damp. There are numerous AF** flushes on the hard cliffs below, bearing witness to this generally damp nature. As with early successional vegetation elsewhere at Flamborough, Agrostis stolonifera is a

50 consistent and sometimes dominant member of the community (see Fig. 41). Tussilago farfara is likewise constant and sometimes abundant, and the damper areas (e.g. at the heads of the flushes) support large quantities of tall herbs such as Epilobium hirsutum and Equisetum telmateia. Dactylis glomerata, Medicago lupulina and Rumex crispus are common elements and Anthyllis vulneraria, Melilotus officinale and Reseda luteola show local abundance. Festuca arundinacea, which dominates the cliff top above, may also be present in significant quantities. Early succession vegetation of this type is not covered by the NVC.

Orchids Due to the lateness of the year it was not possible to make valid identifications of certain plant groups that require flowers for accurate naming (most notable the orchids and the violets). Arnold (1984), however, provided detailed target notes on the occurrence of orchids on the Flamborough cliffs, and it is recommended that any specific investigation of orchids and other rare species should refer to her notes. The following species were cited: Dactylorhiza purpurella Wet flushes on cliffs D. purpurella x praetermissa Near lighthouse D. fuchsii Frequent on cliffs Orchis mascula Dane’s Dyke Ophyris apifera North side of South Landing Gymnadenia conopsea Slopes east of Old Beck, Speeton Gap Anacamptis pyramidalis Frequent on cliffs G. conopsea x A. pyramidalis Slopes east of Old Beck, Speeton Gap

Alien and naturalised species A number of alien and naturalised species were recorded at the site. One of the most common is Montbretia (Crocosmia) sp., which occurs in small patches on the cliff slopes from Sewerby to Thornwick Bay. Senecio cinerea was found growing on the lower slopes of the cliffs at Ragstone Hole and Centranthus ruber was abundant in a patch of flush vegetation on the cliff slope east of Beacon Hill. Two small patches of Cerastium tomentosum were also recorded growing on banks at the cliff edge (see target notes). A number of apparently naturalised species also occur among the scattered W21 scrub between Sewerby and Green Stacks, including Prunus domestica, Rosa sp. (cultivated escape) and Ligustrum ovalifolium. Exotic bushes have also been planted around the top of the Sewerby steps including Cotoneaster sp. and Lonicera involucrata.

Coastal erosion Erosion is integral to the Flamborough head coastline and helps to account for the habitat and species diversity of the site. Erosion is most pronounced at the northern end of the site (Reighton/Speeton), where the soft boulder clays are directly exposed to the sea (Figs 45-6). Here the cliffs are highly mobile, and there is massive slumping combined with significant retreat of the cliff edge (15-25m since the OS Landline map was surveyed). Further south, in the hard cliff zone between Speeton and Sanwick Brig, erosion is confined to

51 the occasional spectacular rock fall (Fig. 44). The drift layer on these cliffs is generally shallow, and, apart from where it has been undermined by such falls, there is little significant erosion.

South of Sanwick Brig, where the soft cliff layer is deeper and the cliffs are lower, large areas of eroded cliffs can be observed (Fig. 43). This may be partly due to occasional undermining of the chalk cliffs beneath (although these are relatively stable) but appears to be more connected with solifluction on wetter ground (e.g. at the heads of inlets), and, on exposed headlands (e.g. Thornwick Nab), with maritime exposure.

The cliffs on the southern side of the headland are relatively sheltered but the levels of erosion of the soft cliff layer are generally higher than further north. This is increasingly the case as one progresses towards Sewerby at the southern end of the site (Fig. 42). This erosion is partly caused by collapse of small sections of chalk cliff, but is also strongly related to the presence of flushes (i.e. weakening of the drift layer due to high moisture content).

Figure 42: Eroding cliffs at Sewerby

Figure 43: Collapsing upper (soft) cliffs to the east of South Landing

Figure 44: Rockfall on the Bempton cliffs - this occurred less than a week before the photograph was taken

Figure 45: Erosion of grey clays near Black Cliff Nab, Reighton

Figure 46: Eroding basin in the soft cliffs at Reighton

Grazing, management and vegetation change There is no livestock grazing at Flamborough Head. This may at least partly account for the fact that some areas of cliff grassland appear to be under gradual encroachment by bramble scrub (e.g. north of the Flamborough lighthouse) or hawthorn scrub (e.g. on the less mobile soft cliff areas at Reighton/Speeton). The only grazing of any significance recorded at Flamborough was rabbit grazing at the northern end of the site, in particular between the aptly named Rabbit Rocks and the Old Beck near Reighton. Some of the grassland in this area has been grazed to a very short (but generally species-rich) sward. This coincides roughly with the area mapped as CG7 chalk grassland community, which is noted by Rodwell (1992) often to be associated with rabbit grazing.

No major management issues were noted at the site. At a few locations, agricultural runoff from adjacent fields appears to have caused local nitrogen enrichment (resulting in development of tall herb vegetation) and likewise the small-scale dumping of grass clippings from the golf course and the houses at North Landing (see target notes). The much larger areas of OV24a Urtica/Galium vegetation on the tops and slopes of the Bempton cliffs west of Dane’s Dyke, however, are presumed to be influenced by seabird populations rather than agricultural regimes in the adjacent fields.

References Arnold, S. (1984). Botanical Survey of the Flamborough Headland Heritage Coast. Unpublished report.

Hill, C., Ball, J.H, Dargie, T., Tantram, D. & Boobyer, G. (2002). Maritime Cliff and slope inventory. English Nature Research Reports 426. English Nature, Peterborough.

Frith, R. et al. (1998). Flamborough Heritage Coast Botanical Surveys. Unpublished report.

Leach, D., Rogers, D., Y Radley, G. (1995). NVC target notes and maps for Speeton/Reighton and Flamborough Headland. Unpublished report. Rodwell, J.S. (ed.). (1991). British Plant Communities. Volume 1. Woodlands and scrub. Cambridge University Press.

Rodwell, J.S. (ed.). (1991). British Plant Communities. Volume 2. Mires and heaths. Cambridge University Press.

Rodwell, J.S. (ed.). (1992). British Plant Communities. Volume 3. Grasslands and montane communities. Cambridge University Press.

Rodwell, J.S. (ed.). (1995). British Plant Communities. Volume 4. Aquatic communities, swamps and tall-herb fens. Cambridge University Press.

Rodwell, J.S. (ed.). (2000). British Plant Communities. Volume 5. Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats. Cambridge University Press.

Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the support and advice provided by Tom Mallows (Project Officer) during the survey. For assistance in the field we would like to thank Ruth Atkinson, Julie Jones and Anna Stewart. For the success of the sea survey we are indebted to Mr R.W. Rollison BEM of Bridlington for his local knowledge, patience and seamanship. We also acknowledge the important support provided by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, including the specialist taxonomic advice provided by Liz Kungu, Jim Ratter, Henry Noltie and Douglas MacKean. The staff of the Humber Coastguard and the Bridlington Tourist Office kindly helped us with the printing of maps and digital images during fieldwork. Finally, we thank the staff of the Ship Inn, Flamborough for tolerating our unusual activities and early breakfast demands.

Appendix 1: Locations of vegetation quadrats at Flamborough Quadrat Easting Northing Aspect Slope 66 520838 468872 0 1 514676 475804 NE 30 70 516468 475020 N 70 2 514748 475736 NE 5 71 516717 474928 N 80 3 514729 475648 NE 30 72 516717 474928 N 30 4 515275 475488 NE 10 73 516646 474953 N 50 5 515706 475260 0 74 516637 474977 N 45 6 516017 475100 NE 10 75 516355 475035 NW 60 7 515956 475100 NE 30 76 516101 475117 N 40 8 515592 475239 NE 45 77 516062 475117 N 30 9 515320 475396 SE 0 78 515937 475182 N 5 10 515365 475397 20 79 515770 475223 N 15 11 515363 475417 NE 10 80 515753 475229 12 515409 475441 NE 20 81 515738 475222 N 35 13 515374 475452 NW 20 82 515675 475251 0 14 515280 475472 NE 20 83 515486 475345 0 15 524653 471947 0 84 515491 475330 NE 5 16 524653 471947 0 85 515450 475343 SE 5 17 524814 471617 0 86 515369 475468 N 20 18 524953 471532 NE 45 87 515330 475463 N 10 19 524914 471545 NE 40 88 515248 475454 N 10 20 524807 471610 0 89 515020 475684 NE 20 21 524777 471630 NE 40 90 514991 475599 N 10 22 524478 471849 NE 50 91 514972 475547 NE 20 23 524397 471947 E 40 92 514992 475550 0 24 524252 472080 E 30 93 514957 475578 E 15 25 524210 472053 N 20 94 514555 475959 0 26 524139 472068 NE 45 95 514549 475975 0 27 524061 472176 E 10 96 514167 476320 0 28 524060 472183 E 30 97 514167 476320 N 20 29 524001 472228 N 25 100 516071 475036 NE 20 30 523964 472206 W 25 101 516288 474979 NE 20 31 523820 472052 SE 45 102 517123 474854 0 32 523820 472052 SE 45 104 518891 474524 0 33 523743 472229 NE 10 105 524819 471633 N 80 34 523743 472229 NE 15 106 524819 471633 N 70 35 523691 472327 E 10 107 524661 471775 SE 70 36 523536 472363 NW 45 108 524663 471767 SE 70 37 523537 472354 NW 50 109 524655 471783 SE 60 38 525330 470926 E 20 110 520108 473845 NE 30 39 525352 470953 0 111 520108 473845 NE 40 40 525412 470919 E 10 112 520108 473845 NE 45 41 525451 470942 SW 10 113 520108 473845 NE 30 42 525398 470901 0 114 520108 473845 NE 70 43 525550 470732 SE 30 115 520053 473910 E 60 44 525568 470765 NE 45 116 520062 473906 E 60 45 525588 470765 S 40 117 520060 473895 E 60 46 523537 472354 N 5 118 525635 470748 NE 5 47 519886 468506 SE 40 119 525635 470748 NW 50 48 519878 468491 SE 40 120 525807 470678 NE 15 49 519878 468491 SE 40 121 525765 470412 E 45 50 520008 468604 0 122 525773 470431 SE 20 51 520162 468674 SW 40 123 525744 470470 S 50 52 520091 468635 S 85 124 525814 470433 S 60 53 521160 469001 0 125 525762 470392 E 50 54 523239 469270 S 5 126 525719 470310 S 50 55 523276 469262 0 127 525715 470305 SE 60 56 523296 469251 SW 40 128 525679 470239 SE 40 57 523305 469253 SW 50 129 525583 470138 S 50 58 523316 469250 S 40 130 525360 469980 S 60 59 523319 469272 SW 30 131 525799 470678 SE 5 60 523332 469257 0 132 523121 469280 SW 40 61 523777 469220 SE 40 133 522936 469191 NE 5 62 515201 475516 NE 20 134 522739 469193 S 25 63 515044 475660 NE 10 135 522635 469206 SW 30 64 514685 475853 N 20 136 522739 469193 S 20 65 520491 468759 S 45 137 522635 469206 SW 20

138 522651 469217 S 20 179 522809 472461 E 50 139 522509 469231 SW 50 180 523234 472374 S 40 140 521283 469036 0 181 520596 473594 NE 65 141 520299 468730 0 182 520596 473594 NW 50 142 520056 468633 0 183 520596 473594 NW 70 143 521007 468943 SE 40 184 520596 473594 NW 70 144 521040 468973 0 185 521438 473178 145 521035 468957 SE 20 186 521438 473178 146 521020 468953 SE 30 187 523447 472258 SW 60 147 521087 468983 SE 5 188 523440 472270 SW 45 148 521112 468989 SE 15 189 523444 472278 NW 80 149 521810 499204 S 45 190 524009 471973 W 20 150 522112 469220 W 45 191 524095 472156 NW 20 151 522512 469237 W 40 192 524093 472144 0 152 521706 469213 S 80 193 524412 471924 NE 30 153 521706 469213 S 1297 194 524415 471911 0 154 521814 469186 S 80 195 524668 471742 NE 50 155 521889 469175 S 70 196 525091 471401 N 5 156 522153 469192 S 85 197 525498 470677 E 5 157 522179 469194 S 198 525289 469938 S 50 158 520639 468816 SE 65 199 525335 470951 N 10 159 520639 468816 SE 50 200 525454 470922 SW 80 160 520639 468816 201 525468 470928 SE 80 161 521025 468940 S 70 202 523062 472331 NE 40 162 521020 468943 S 60 203 523140 469282 W 45 163 521481 469126 S 70 204 523148 469297 0 164 521467 469120 S 70 205 523423 469177 S 30 165 522270 469196 70 206 523628 469182 S 60 166 522270 469196 207 523727 469207 0 167 522270 469196 SE 50 208 523801 469226 SW 40 169 521460 469124 SE 70 209 523929 469251 S 15 170 520310 473754 N 10 210 524138 469315 SE 45 171 520592 473580 se 40 211 525160 469872 SE 70 172 520600 473586 W 70 212 524577 469527 0 173 521156 473373 0 213 525802 470674 NE 60 174 521161 473384 NE 70 175 521392 473175 S 20 176 521430 473166 N 30 177 522767 472503 NE 1314 178 522394 472623 NE 40

Appendix 2: Quadrat data from Flamborough Head NVC COMMUNITIES

CG7 Festuca ovina - Hieracium pilosella - Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland M22a Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen meadow - Typical sub-community M27c Filipendula-Angelica mire - Juncus effusus-Holcus lanatus sub-community MC4 Brassica oleracea maritime cliff-ledge community MC6 Atriplex prostrata - Beta vulgaris sea bird cliff community MC8a Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland - Typical sub-community MC8d Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland - Holcus lanatus sub-community MC8e Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland - Plantago coronopus sub- MC8f Festucacommunity rubra -Armeria maritima maritime grassland - Anthyllis vulneraria sub- MC9 Festucacommunity rubra -Holcus lanatus maritime grassland MC11b Festuca rubra-Daucus carota ssp. gummifer maritime grassland - Ononis repens sub- MG1a Arrhenatherumcommunity elatius grassland - Festuca rubra subcommunity MG5a Cynosurus cristatus-Centaurea nigra grassland - Lathyrus pratensis sub-community MG12a Festuca arundinacea grassland - Lolium perenne-Holcus lanatus sub-community OV9 Matricaria perforata-Stellaria media community OV24a Urtica dioica-Galium aparine community - Arrhenatherum elatius-Rubus fruticosus OV26d Epilobiumagg. Sub-community hirsutum community - Arrhenatherum elatius-Heraclium sphondylium sub- OV27b Epilobiumcommunity angustifolium community - Urtica dioica-Cirsium arvense sub-community S12 Typha latifolia swamp S26b Phragmites - Urtica tall herb fen S28b Phalaris arundinacea tall-herb fen SD2 Honkenya peploides-Cakile maritima strandline community SM16c Juncus gerardii salt marsh community - Festuca rubra-Glaux maritima sub-community W21a Cratageus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub - Hedera helix-Urtica dioica sub-community W22c (no quadrats) Prunus spinosa-Rubus fruticosus scrub - Dactylis glomerata sub-community W23b Ulex europaeus-Rubus fruticosus scrub - Rumex acetosella cub-community W24b Rubus fruticosus-Holcus lanatus underscrub - Arrhenatherum elatius-Heracleum W25b Pteridiumsphondylium aquilinum sub-community - Rubus fruticosus underscrub - Teucrium scorodonia sub- NON-NVC COMMUNITIEScommunity

AF** Agrostis cliff flush AG** Agrostis successional vegetation AR** Arrhenatherum/Teucrium scree slope vegetation BS** Brachypodium-rich cliff grassland PB** CG on slopes below pillbox SS** Successional vegetation at Sewerby and south-facing slopes

NVC community data:

NVC Quadrat Score Domin CG7 5 82 II (6-4) Brachypodium sylvaticum 6 4 II (4-3) Leontodon hispidus 3 4 II (4-1) Thymus polytrichus 1 4 II (3-2) Plantago lanceolata 2 3 II (3-1) Veronica chamaedrys 1 3 II (2-2) Centaurea nigra 2 2

II (2-1) Polygala vulgaris 2 1 II (1-1) Primula vulgaris 1 1 I (5-5) Carex flacca 5 I (5-5) Festuca ovina 5 I (5-5) Festuca rubra 5 I (4-4) Lotus corniculatus 4 I (4-4) Pseudoscleropodium purum 4 I (4-4) Trifolium pratense 4 I (3-3) Eurhynchium striatum 3 I (3-3) Rhytidiadelphus loreus 3 I (3-3) Viola sp. 3 I (2-2) Teucrium scorodonia 2 I (1-1) Angelica sylvestris 1 I (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 I (1-1) Bellis perennis 1 I (1-1) Carlina vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Dicranum scoparium 1 I (1-1) Euphrasia officinalis 1 I (1-1) Pilosella officinarum 1 I (1-1) Lathyrus pratensis 1 I (1-1) Linum catharticum 1 I (1-1) Rosa canina 1

M22a 33 34 92 199 IV (4-1) Agrostis stolonifera 2 1 3 4 IV (3-2) Pulicaria dysenterica 3 3 2 2 III (5-3) Carex flacca 3 3 5 III (5-2) Juncus inflexus 2 4 5 III (4-2) Holcus lanatus 2 3 4 III (4-1) Equisetum arvense 1 2 4 III (3-2) Tussilago farfara 3 2 2 III (2-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 2 1 II (7-4) Juncus articulatus 4 7 II (5-4) Hydrocotyle vulgaris 5 4 II (4-4) Festuca rubra 4 4 II (4-3) Eurhynchium praelongum 4 3 II (4-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 4 II (4-1) Deschampsia cespitosa 4 1 II (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 1 I (5-5) Eriophorum angustifolium 5 I (4-4) Calliergonella cuspidata 4 I (4-4) Mentha aquatica 4 I (3-3) Carex distans 3 I (3-3) Parnassia palustris 3 I (3-3) Vicia cracca 3 I (2-2) Carex hirta 2 I (2-2) Juncus conglomeratus 2 I (2-2) Ranunculus acris 2 I (1-1) Centaurea nigra 1 I (1-1) Cirsium palustre 1 I (1-1) Lathyrus pratensis 1 I (1-1) Potentilla reptans 1

I (1-1) Primula vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Prunella vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Rubus fruticosus 1 I (1-1) Triglochin palustre 1

M27c 96 I (8-8) Filipendula ulmaria 8 I (6-6) Juncus inflexus 6 I (5-5) Pulicaria dysenterica 5 I (3-3) Agrostis stolonifera 3 I (2-2) Festuca arundinacea 2 I (2-2) Holcus lanatus 2 I (2-2) Potentilla anserina 2 I (1-1) Angelica sylvestris 1 I (1-1) Lathyrus pratensis 1 I (1-1) Rubus fruticosus 1

MC4 110 111 II (7-4) Festuca rubra 7 4 II (6-4) Tripleurospermum maritimum 4 6 II (3-3) Sonchus oleraceus 3 3 II (3-2) Stellaria media 3 2 II (3-1) Brassica oleracea 3 1 II (3-1) Urtica dioica 3 1 II (2-1) Atriplex prostrata 2 1 II (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 1 I (2-2) Plantago coronopus 2 I (1-1) Silene dioica 1

MC6 71 105 106 107 112 V (9-3) Atriplex prostrata 3 5 8 9 4 V (5-1) Tripleurospermum maritimum 1 4 3 1 5 IV (8-4) Festuca rubra 8 4 4 8 IV (4-1) Plantago coronopus 1 1 4 1 IV (3-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 3 2 1 II (4-3) Phleum pratense 4 3 II (3-2) Stellaria media 2 3 II (1-1) Cochlearia officinalis 1 1 II (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 1 II (1-1) Plantago maritima 1 1 I (4-4) Silene dioica 4 I (1-1) Lolium perenne 1 I (1-1) Plantago lanceolata 1

MC8a 23 37 177 183 185 V (10-7) Festuca rubra 10 8 7 9 10 V (4-2) Plantago lanceolata 3 4 3 2 3 IV (3-1) Plantago maritima 3 1 3 1 III (3-2) Agrostis stolonifera 2 3 2

III (1-1) Cirsium vulgare 1 1 1 III (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 1 1 II (4-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 4 1 II (3-2) Cochlearia officinalis 3 2 II (3-1) Sonchus arvensis 3 1 I (5-5) Tussilago farfara 5 I (3-3) Dactylis glomerata 3 I (3-3) Silene dioica 3 I (2-2) Cirsium arvense 2 I (2-2) Festuca rubra ssp. Juncea 2 I (2-2) Rumex acetosa 2 I (1-1) Centaurea nigra 1 I (1-1) Galium aparine 1 I (1-1) Leontodon autumnalis 1 I (1-1) Leontodon hispidus 1 I (1-1) Lotus corniculatus 1 I (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 I (1-1) Sonchus asper 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 I (1-1) Taraxacum officinale 1 I (1-1) Urtica dioica 1

MC8d 17 18 180 184 186 V (9-6) Festuca rubra 9 6 8 9 8 V (4-3) Plantago lanceolata 3 3 3 4 3 IV (3-1) Agrostis stolonifera 1 1 3 3 IV (3-1) Tripleurospermum maritimum 3 1 1 1 III (5-3) Plantago maritima 3 4 5 III (4-1) Cirsium vulgare 4 1 1 III (4-1) Cochlearia officinalis 4 3 1 III (1-1) Centaurea nigra 1 1 1 II (3-3) Silene dioica 3 3 II (3-2) Rumex acetosa 3 2 II (3-1) Eurhynchium praelongum 3 1 II (3-1) Festuca rubra ssp. Juncea 1 3 II (3-1) Holcus lanatus 1 3 II (2-2) Achillea millefolium 2 2 II (2-1) Heracleum sphondylium 2 1 II (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 1 II (1-1) Taraxacum officinale 1 1 I (4-4) Sonchus arvensis 4 I (3-3) Ranunculus acris 3 I (3-3) Senecio jacobaea 3 I (2-2) Armeria maritima 2 I (2-2) Bromus hordeaceus 2 I (2-2) Lotus corniculatus 2 I (2-2) Plantago coronopus 2 I (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 I (1-1) Cerastium fontanum 1

I (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 I (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 I (1-1) Leontodon autumnalis 1 I (1-1) Myosotis arvensis 1

MC8e 28 44 124 194 45 V (7-2) Plantago coronopus 2 4 7 7 3 V (6-1) Plantago maritima 5 5 1 6 5 IV (4-1) Agrostis stolonifera 1 1 4 4 IV (3-1) Armeria maritima 2 2 3 1 III (7-4) Festuca rubra 7 4 6 II (2-1) Daucus carota 1 2 I (6-6) Festuca rubra ssp. Juncea 6 I (3-3) Bryum sp 3 I (3-3) Lotus corniculatus 3 I (1-1) Cochlearia officinalis 1 I (1-1) Hypochaeris radicata 1 I (1-1) Leontodon autumnalis 1 I (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 I (1-1) Tripleurospermum maritimum 1

MC8f 155 165 198 200 75 V (8-3) Festuca rubra 8 3 5 7 7 V (3-1) Anthyllis vulneraria 1 2 2 3 3 IV (7-1) Plantago maritima 1 5 7 7 IV (4-1) Daucus carota 3 4 1 4 IV (4-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 2 1 4 III (3-1) Ononis repens 1 3 1 III (2-1) Senecio jacobaea 2 1 1 II (8-5) Bare ground 8 5 II (4-2) Dactylis glomerata 4 2 II (2-1) Plantago coronopus 2 1 II (1-1) Festuca arundinacea 1 1 I (4-4) Calliergonella cuspidata 4 I (3-3) Bellis perennis 3 I (3-3) Leontodon hispidus 3 I (3-3) Medicago lupulina 3 I (2-2) Agrostis stolonifera 2 I (2-2) Diplotaxis tenuifolia 2 I (2-2) Eurhynchium striatum 2 I (2-2) Linum catharticum 2 I (1-1) Angelica sylvestris 1 I (1-1) Brachypodium sylvaticum 1 I (1-1) Carlina vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Centaurea scabiosa 1 I (1-1) Cochlearia officinalis 1 I (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 I (1-1) Orchid 1

I (1-1) Reseda luteola 1 I (1-1) Rumex acetosa 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1

MC9 19 21 30 31 32 V (7-3) Festuca rubra 5 6 3 7 7 V (6-2) Plantago lanceolata 6 4 3 2 4 V (2-1) Heracleum sphondylium 2 2 1 1 2 IV (5-3) Centaurea nigra 3 4 5 3 IV (3-1) Holcus lanatus 1 3 1 2 IV (2-1) Cirsium arvense 2 1 1 1 III (4-2) Agrostis stolonifera 4 2 2 II (5-4) Lotus corniculatus 4 5 II (5-2) Dactylis glomerata 2 5 II (4-1) Cochlearia officinalis 4 1 II (4-1) Ononis repens 1 4 II (3-2) Equisetum arvense 2 3 II (3-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 3 II (3-1) Brachypodium sylvaticum 1 3 II (2-2) Senecio jacobaea 2 2 II (2-2) Tussilago farfara 2 2 II (2-1) Bellis perennis 1 2 II (2-1) Trifolium pratense 2 1 II (1-1) Cirsium vulgare 1 1 II (1-1) Rumex acetosa 1 1 II (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 1 I (5-5) Sanguisorba minor 5 I (4-4) Plantago media 4 I (3-3) Achillea millefolium 3 I (3-3) Plantago maritima 3 I (3-3) Sonchus arvensis 3 I (2-2) Anacamptis pyramidalis 2 I (2-2) Anthyllis vulneraria 2 I (2-2) Primula vulgaris 2 I (1-1) Beta vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Carex flacca 1 I (1-1) Festuca rubra ssp. Juncea 1 I (1-1) Leontodon hispidus 1 I (1-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1

MC11b 126 129 132 163 211 V (4-1) Daucus carota 1 3 4 4 2 V (3-2) Dactylis glomerata 2 3 3 3 3 IV (7-2) Festuca rubra 4 2 7 3 IV (6-1) Ononis repens 2 4 6 1 IV (5-1) Festuca arundinacea 3 1 2 5 IV (3-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 1 3 2 III (6-4) Agrostis stolonifera 6 4 5 III (4-1) Centaurea scabiosa 4 1 1 III (2-1) Centaurea nigra 2 1 2 II (6-1) Plantago coronopus 6 1

II (3-3) Leontodon hispidus 3 3 II (3-1) Anthyllis vulneraria 1 3 II (3-1) Brachypodium sylvaticum 3 1 II (2-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 2 II (1-1) Senecio erucifolius 1 1 II (1-1) Sonchus asper 1 1 I (7-7) Plantago maritima 7 I (3-3) Lotus corniculatus 3 I (3-3) Sanguisorba minor 3 I (2-2) Carex flacca 2 I (2-2) Medicago lupulina 2 I (2-2) Senecio aquaticus 2 I (2-2) Trifolium pratense 2 I (1-1) Achillea millefolium 1 I (1-1) Cirsium vulgare 1 I (1-1) Equisetum arvense 1 I (1-1) Potentilla reptans 1 I (1-1) Rubus fruticosus 1 I (1-1) Sinapis arvensis 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1

MG1a 29 50 85 102 171 V (8-6) Arrhenatherum elatius 7 8 6 7 7 V (6-3) Festuca rubra 5 3 3 5 6 V (5-1) Cirsium arvense 5 2 2 3 1 IV (6-1) Dactylis glomerata 2 3 6 1 IV (3-1) Rumex acetosa 3 3 1 2 III (4-1) Urtica dioica 1 4 1 III (3-1) Silene dioica 1 3 1 III (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 1 1 II (5-1) Holcus lanatus 1 5 II (4-2) Plantago lanceolata 4 2 II (1-1) Vicia cracca 1 1 I (4-4) Centaurea nigra 4 I (3-3) Agrostis capillaris 3 I (3-3) Cerastium fontanum 3 I (3-3) Cochlearia officinalis 3 I (3-3) Galium verum 3 I (2-2) Achillea millefolium 2 I (2-2) Angelica sylvestris 2 I (2-2) Elytrigia repens 2 I (2-2) Galium aparine 2 I (2-2) Potentilla reptans 2 I (1-1) Agrostis stolonifera 1 I (1-1) Anthriscus sylvestris 1 I (1-1) Rumex crispus 1 I (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1

MG5a 1 2 3 10 90 V (6-5) Festuca rubra 5 5 5 6 5 V (4-3) Agrostis stolonifera 4 3 4 4 4

V (4-2) Brachypodium sylvaticum 2 3 4 2 3 V (4-1) Equisetum arvense 2 3 3 1 4 V (3-2) Centaurea nigra 2 2 3 2 2 V (3-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 2 3 3 2 IV (4-2) Holcus lanatus 2 4 2 4 IV (4-2) Lotus corniculatus 3 4 2 3 IV (3-1) Lathyrus pratensis 2 2 1 3 IV (2-2) Tussilago farfara 2 2 2 2 III (4-2) Arrhenatherum elatius 2 2 4 III (4-2) Festuca arundinacea 4 2 2 III (4-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 4 1 3 III (3-2) Carex flacca 2 2 3 III (2-2) Prunella vulgaris 2 2 2 III (2-1) Rubus fruticosus 2 2 1 III (1-1) Cirsium palustre 1 1 1 II (4-3) Trifolium pratense 3 4 II (3-2) Anthoxanthum odoratum 3 2 II (3-2) Cirsium arvense 2 3 II (3-1) Achillea millefolium 3 1 II (3-1) Angelica sylvestris 3 1 II (3-1) Linum catharticum 1 3 II (3-1) Parnassia palustris 1 3 II (3-1) Viola riviniana 1 3 II (2-2) Dactylis glomerata 2 2 II (2-1) Leontodon hispidus 2 1 II (2-1) Rumex acetosa 2 1 II (2-1) Senecio erucifolius 2 1 II (1-1) Crataegus monogyna 1 1 I (5-5) Agrostis capillaris 5 I (4-4) Calliergonella cuspidata 4 I (4-4) Eurhynchium praelongum 4 I (4-4) Filipendula vulgaris 4 I (3-3) Hypnum cupressiforme 3 I (3-3) Sanguisorba minor 3 I (2-2) Brachythecium sp 2 I (2-2) Carlina vulgaris 2 I (2-2) Cynosurus cristatus 2 I (2-2) Hypericum tetrapterum 2 I (2-2) Pseudoscleropodium purum 2 I (2-2) Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus 2 I (1-1) Centaurium erythraea 1 I (1-1) Cerastium fontanum 1 I (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 I (1-1) Knautia arvensis 1 I (1-1) Ononis repens 1 I (1-1) Orchid 1

MG12a 53 136 143 149 128 V (8-5) Festuca arundinacea 8 6 5 6 6 V (6-2) Festuca rubra 2 6 5 6 4 V (4-1) Dactylis glomerata 4 2 1 2 3 IV (5-2) Agrostis stolonifera 3 2 5 5

IV (3-1) Centaurea nigra 1 3 1 1 IV (2-1) Cirsium arvense 2 1 1 1 III (4-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 4 1 III (2-1) Lathyrus pratensis 1 2 1 II (3-1) Brachypodium sylvaticum 1 3 II (3-1) Holcus lanatus 1 3 II (2-1) Convolvulus arvensis 1 2 II (1-1) Equisetum arvense 1 1 II (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 1 II (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 1 I (5-5) Phragmites australis 5 I (4-4) Arrhenatherum elatius 4 I (4-4) Ononis repens 4 I (3-3) Achillea millefolium 3 I (3-3) Agrimonia eupatoria 3 I (2-2) Torilis japonica 2 I (1-1) Daucus carota 1 I (1-1) Equisetum telmateia 1 I (1-1) Knautia arvensis 1 I (1-1) Leontodon autumnalis 1 I (1-1) Tussilago farfara 1

OV9 15 16 II (4-4) Stellaria media 4 4 II (4-3) Rumex crispus 4 3 II (3-1) Agrostis stolonifera 1 3 II (9-4) Cirsium arvense 4 9 II (9-4) Polygonum aviculare 9 4 I (2-2) Lolium perenne 2 I (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 I (1-1) Atriplex prostrata 1 I (1-1) Matricaria discoidea 1 I (1-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 I (1-1) Tripleurospermum maritimum 1

OV24a 72 73 113 170 173 V (9-7) Urtica dioica 9 8 8 8 7 V (7-1) Galium aparine 3 1 2 7 6 IV (6-2) Silene dioica 2 3 5 6 IV (2-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 1 2 2 II (5-3) Agrostis stolonifera 3 5 II (5-2) Arrhenatherum elatius 2 5 II (2-1) Cirsium vulgare 2 1 I (5-5) Eurhynchium praelongum 5 I (3-3) Stellaria media 3 I (2-2) Elytrigia repens 2 I (2-2) Holcus lanatus 2 I (2-2) Lamiastrum galeobdolon 2 I (2-2) Tripleurospermum maritimum 2 I (1-1) Atriplex prostrata 1 I (1-1) Capsella bursa-pastoris 1

I (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 I (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 I (1-1) Festuca rubra 1 I (1-1) Poa annua 1 I (1-1) Rumex acetosa 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1

OV26d 146 148 164 197 IV (9-2) Epilobium hirsutum 8 8 2 9 IV (5-2) Arrhenatherum elatius 2 3 3 5 III (5-2) Urtica dioica 5 2 4 II (7-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 7 II (4-4) Holcus lanatus 4 4 II (4-3) Agrostis stolonifera 4 3 II (2-1) Cirsium arvense 2 1 I (9-9) Equisetum telmateia 9 I (4-4) Rubus fruticosus 4 I (3-3) Festuca arundinacea 3 I (2-2) Epilobium parviflorum 2 I (2-2) Galium aparine 2 I (2-2) Pulicaria dysenterica 2 I (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 I (1-1) Eupatorium cannabinum 1 I (1-1) Leontodon autumnalis 1 I (1-1) Sinapis arvensis 1

OV27b 79 80 84 190 IV (9-7) Epilobium angustifolium 9 8 8 7 IV (7-4) Arrhenatherum elatius 5 4 4 7 IV (2-1) Urtica dioica 2 2 2 1 III (6-5) Eurhynchium praelongum 6 5 6 III (5-3) Silene dioica 3 5 5 III (2-1) Cirsium arvense 1 1 2 III (2-1) Dryopteris filix-mas 2 1 2 III (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 1 1 II (3-1) Angelica sylvestris 3 1 II (3-1) Phyllitis scolopendrium 3 1 II (2-1) Rubus fruticosus 1 2 I (3-3) Galium aparine 3 I (1-1) Cirsium palustre 1

S12 95 I (9-9) Juncus articulatus 9 I (5-5) Eleocharis palustris 5 I (4-4) Agrostis stolonifera 4 I (4-4) Typha latifolia 4 I (2-2) Equisetum arvense 2

S26b 25 63 135 III (9-9) Phragmites australis 9 9 9 III (5-2) Arrhenatherum elatius 5 3 2 I (4-4) Agrostis stolonifera 4 I (4-4) Brachypodium sylvaticum 4 I (4-4) Urtica dioica 4 I (2-2) Angelica sylvestris 2 I (2-2) Holcus lanatus 2 I (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 I (1-1) Equisetum 1 I (1-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1

S28b 209 I (7-7) Phalaris arundinacea 7 I (6-6) Arrhenatherum elatius 6 I (3-3) Rubus fruticosus 3 I (3-3) Urtica dioica 3 I (2-2) Holcus lanatus 2 I (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 I (1-1) Silene dioica 1

SD2 54 I (10-10) Atriplex prostrata 10

SM16c 27 46 118 191 202 V (8-4) Plantago maritima 7 4 8 4 5 V (7-4) Festuca rubra 6 5 4 7 6 V (4-1) Agrostis stolonifera 3 1 3 3 4 IV (7-2) Glaux maritima 3 7 4 2 III (4-3) Triglochin maritimum 4 4 3 III (4-2) Tussilago farfara 2 4 4 III (4-1) Lotus corniculatus 1 4 1 II (3-1) Samolus valerandi 3 1 II (2-1) Armeria maritima 1 2 II (2-1) Plantago coronopus 1 2 I (5-5) Bare ground 5 I (4-4) Carex flacca 4 I (3-3) Didymodon tophaceus 3 I (3-3) Festuca rubra ssp. Juncea 3 I (3-3) Leontodon hispidus 3 I (2-2) Juncus gerardii 2 I (1-1) Juncus bufonius 1 I (1-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1 I (1-1) Sonchus arvensis 1 I (1-1) Tripleurospermum maritimum 1

W21a 9 11 62 97 IV (8-5) Crataegus monogyna 8 6 7 5 IV (6-1) Rosa canina 1 6 III (7-2) Ulex europaeus 7 2 7 III (5-3) Rubus fruticosus 4 3 5 II (4-2) Acer pseudoplatanus 2 4 II (2-2) Sambucus nigra 2 2 I (6-6) Prunus spinosa 6 I (5-5) Fraxinus excelsior 5 I (3-3) Geum urbanum 3 I (3-3) Phyllitis scolopendrium 3 I (3-3) Silene dioica 3 I (2-2) Brachypodium sylvaticum 2 I (2-2) Dryopteris dilatata 2 I (2-2) Galium aparine 2 I (2-2) Geranium robertianum 2 I (2-2) Heracleum sphondylium 2 I (2-2) Urtica dioica 2 I (2-2) Viola sp. 2 I (2-2) Epilobium angustifolium 2 I (1-1) Angelica sylvestris 1 I (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 I (1-1) Cirsium vulgare 1 I (1-1) Epilobium montanum 1 I (1-1) Festuca arundinacea 1 I (1-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1 I (1-1) Torilis japonica 1

W23b 38 87 134 205 IV (10-4) Ulex europaeus 4 10 10 10 IV (9-1) Rubus fruticosus 9 4 2 1 II (3-1) Urtica dioica 3 1 II (2-1) Rosa canina 1 2 II (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 1 I (3-3) Galium aparine 3 I (1-1) Agrostis stolonifera 1 I (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 I (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 I (1-1) Heracleum sphondylium 1 I (1-1) Holcus lanatus 1 I (1-1) Prunus spinosa 1

W24b 81 140 204 207 IV (10-9) Rubus fruticosus 9 10 10 10 III (5-2) Galium aparine 3 5 2 III (4-2) Cirsium arvense 4 2 3 III (3-2) Urtica dioica 2 2 3 II (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 1

II (1-1) Ulex europaeus 1 1 I (4-4) Silene dioica 4 I (1-1) Crataegus monogyna 1 I (1-1) Dryopteris filix-mas 1 I (1-1) Rosa canina 1

W25b 61 208 II (8-8) Pteridium aquilinum 8 8 II (4-3) Arrhenatherum elatius 4 3 II (2-1) Centaurea nigra 2 1 I (4-4) Agrostis stolonifera 4 I (4-4) Festuca rubra 4 I (3-3) Brachypodium sylvaticum 3 I (3-3) Dactylis glomerata 3 I (3-3) Rubus fruticosus 3 I (3-3) Viola canina 3 I (2-2) Cirsium arvense 2 I (2-2) Ulex europaeus 2 I (1-1) Elytrigia repens 1 I (1-1) Galium aparine 1 I (1-1) Lathyrus pratensis 1 I (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 I (1-1) Silene dioica 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 I (1-1) Urtica dioica 1

AF** 52 131 154 161 166 V (8-4) Agrostis stolonifera 4 8 7 4 8 IV (3-2) Festuca arundinacea 2 3 2 3 IV (2-1) Plantago lanceolata 2 1 1 1 III (5-3) Juncus articulatus 5 3 4 III (4-1) Epilobium parviflorum 3 4 1 III (3-2) Tussilago farfara 2 2 3 III (2-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1 2 2 II (5-4) Eupatorium cannabinum 5 4 II (3-1) Equisetum palustre 1 3 II (2-1) Didymodon tophaceus 2 1 II (1-1) Ononis repens 1 1 II (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 1 I (8-8) Bare ground 8 I (5-5) Pellia endivifolia 5 I (4-4) Melilotus officinalis 4 I (1-1) Cratoneuron filicinum 1 I (1-1) Daucus carota 1 I (1-1) Epilobium hirsutum 1 I (1-1) Galium aparine 1 I (1-1) Rumex crispus 1 I (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 I (1-1) Sinapis arvensis 1 I (1-1) Sonchus asper 1

AG** 13 64 86 89 93 V (8-5) Agrostis stolonifera 7 5 8 5 7 V (3-1) Tussilago farfara 2 3 1 2 1 IV (8-5) Bare ground 7 5 8 5 II (2-2) Plantago maritima 2 2 II (2-1) Festuca ovina 2 1 II (1-1) Anthyllis vulneraria 1 1 II (1-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1 1 I (3-3) Festuca arundinacea 3 I (3-3) Festuca rubra 3 I (2-2) Holcus lanatus 2 I (2-2) Rumex acetosa 2 I (1-1) Centaurea nigra 1 I (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 I (1-1) Cirsium palustre 1 I (1-1) Cirsium vulgare 1 I (1-1) Leontodon hispidus 1 I (1-1) Lotus corniculatus 1 I (1-1) Plantago lanceolata 1 I (1-1) Prunella vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Rubus fruticosus 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 I (1-1) Trifolium pratense 1

AR** 6 7 76 77 78 V (7-2) Festuca rubra 2 6 7 5 3 V (5-3) Arrhenatherum elatius 5 5 3 4 5 V (4-2) Teucrium scorodonia 4 3 2 3 4 V (2-1) Senecio jacobaea 2 2 1 2 1 IV (6-3) Pseudoscleropodium purum 6 3 3 3 IV (4-1) Holcus lanatus 2 3 4 1 IV (2-1) Heracleum spondylium 1 1 2 1 III (4-1) Rumex acetosa 4 1 3 III (3-1) Dicranum scoparium 2 3 1 II (5-3) Homalothecium lutescens 3 5 II (3-3) Leontodon hispidus 3 3 II (3-2) Cladonia pyxidata 2 3 II (1-1) Campanula rotundifolia 1 1 II (1-1) Geranium pratense 1 1 II (1-1) Orchid 1 1 II (1-1) Primula vulgaris 1 1 II (1-1) Viola sp. 1 1 I (4-4) Lotus corniculatus 4 I (4-4) Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 I (3-3) Bryum capillare 3 I (3-3) Carex flacca 3 I (3-3) Cirsium palustre 3 I (3-3) Eurhynchium striatum 3 I (3-3) Festuca ovina 3 I (3-3) Lathyrus pratensis 3 I (3-3) Plantago lanceolata 3

I (2-2) Agrostis stolonifera 2 I (2-2) Anthyllis vulneraria 2 I (2-2) Ctenidium molluscum 2 I (2-2) Hypnum lacunosum 2 I (2-2) Pilosella officinarum 2 I (2-2) Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus 2 I (1-1) Cirsium arvense 1 I (1-1) Geranium sylvaticum 1 I (1-1) Peltigera sp. 1 I (1-1) Pulicaria dysenterica 1 I (1-1) Sonchus asper 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1

BS** 42 57 203 206 210 V (7-4) Brachypodium sylvaticum 4 4 6 6 7 V (6-2) Festuca rubra 5 2 5 4 6 V (3-1) Centaurea nigra 2 1 1 2 3 IV (4-3) Agrostis stolonifera 4 4 4 3 IV (3-2) Dactylis glomerata 3 2 3 3 IV (3-1) Anthyllis vulneraria 1 1 2 3 IV (3-1) Daucus carota 1 2 3 3 IV (3-1) Medicago lupulina 1 1 2 3 IV (2-1) Festuca arundinacea 1 1 2 1 III (4-2) Lotus corniculatus 3 4 2 III (4-2) Plantago maritima 4 4 2 III (3-2) Plantago lanceolata 3 3 2 III (2-1) Ononis repens 2 2 1 III (1-1) Senecio jacobaea 1 1 1 III (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 1 1 II (5-2) Sanguisorba minor 2 5 II (3-2) Senecio erucifolius 3 2 II (3-1) Carlina vulgaris 3 1 II (2-1) Lathyrus pratensis 1 2 I (4-4) Festuca ovina 4 I (4-4) Rhinanthus minor 4 I (3-3) Carex flacca 3 I (2-2) Leontodon hispidus 2 I (2-2) Trisetum flavescens 2 I (1-1) Achillea millefolium 1 I (1-1) Blackstonia perfoliolata 1 I (1-1) Centaurea scabiosa 1 I (1-1) Galium aparine 1 I (1-1) Plantago coronopus 1 I (1-1) Rubus fruticosus 1 I (1-1) Trifolium arvense 1

PB** 4 14 88 III (6-3) Festuca rubra 3 6 5 III (5-4) Carex flacca 5 4 4 III (4-3) Sanguisorba minor 4 3 3 III (4-2) Tussilago farfara 2 2 4

III (3-3) Agrostis stolonifera 3 3 3 III (3-2) Brachypodium sylvaticum 3 2 3 III (3-2) Centaurea nigra 2 3 2 III (3-2) Trifolium pratense 3 3 2 II (5-3) Lotus corniculatus 3 5 II (3-1) Briza media 3 1 II (2-2) Leontodon hispidus 2 2 II (2-2) Plantago lanceolata 2 2 II (2-1) Linum catharticum 1 2 II (2-1) Medicago lupulina 1 2 II (1-1) Festuca arundinacea 1 1 II (1-1) Plantago media 1 1 II (1-1) Prunella vulgaris 1 1 II (1-1) Senecio erucifolius 1 1 I (3-3) Festuca ovina 3 I (3-3) Holcus lanatus 3 I (2-2) Danthonia decumbens 2 I (2-2) Lathyrus pratensis 2 I (1-1) Achillea millefolium 1 I (1-1) Carlina vulgaris 1 I (1-1) Dactylis glomerata 1 I (1-1) Orchid 1 I (1-1) Parnassia palustris 1 I (1-1) Pilosella officinarum 1 I (1-1) Rumex acetosa 1

SS** 47 49 159 160 158 V (7-2) Agrostis stolonifera 5 2 5 7 3 V (5-1) Tussilago farfara 3 5 4 2 1 IV (3-1) Plantago lanceolata 2 1 3 3 IV (2-1) Dactylis glomerata 2 1 1 1 III (7-4) Equisetum telmateia 7 4 6 III (7-1) Epilobium hirsutum 1 7 1 III (4-1) Festuca arundinacea 1 4 4 III (3-1) Cirsium arvense 3 2 1 III (3-1) Medicago lupulina 2 1 3 III (1-1) Rumex crispus 1 1 1 II (4-4) Melilotus officinalis 4 4 II (3-1) Anthyllis vulneraria 1 3 I (5-5) Bare ground 5 I (3-3) Geum rivale 3 I (2-2) Senecio erucifolius 2 I (1-1) Arrhenatherum elatius 1 I (1-1) Elytrigia repens 1 I (1-1) Plantago maritima 1 I (1-1) Sonchus oleraceus 1 I (1-1) Trifolium pratense 1

Appendix 3: Distribution of main cliff habitats at Flamborough Head

0.2 0.1 C lif f 0 S h e lt e r P la n t a t io n

Kilometers ) m u ( h t a P

P a t h ( u m )

C o a s t a l S l o p e

S o u t h C l i f f

M ean High W ater

D y k e s E n d

Rock, Shingle & Sand

S h i n g l e

Shingle & Sand R o c k

P a t h ( u m )

Rock, Shingle a n d S a n d

M ean Low W ater

Br idlingt on Bay

R o c k C oastal Slope Shingle & Sand Sewer by Rocks

Br idlingt on Bay

G olf Course Coastal S lope

P a t h ( u m ) S h i n g l e S h i n g l e Sand & Shingle Br idlingt on Bay Ragst one Hole G olf Course

M ean High W ater Dane’s Sewer by Rocks

Sand & Shingle

R o c k Dyke R o c k , S a n d & S h i n g l e

M ean Low W ater

Rock, Sand & Shingle

P a t h ( u m )

M ean HighSand W ater & Shingle Coastal S lope

S h i n g l e

S h i n g l e B M 2 7 . 6 3 m

R o c k S h e lt e r

Sewerby Rocks

M ussel Beds C oastal Slope

Sewerby M ean Low W ater

Sand & Shingle

Rock, Sand & Shingle Bridlington Bay

R o c k E n d s

S a n d Nort h Sands S a n d & S h in g le

R o c k

Bridlington Bay

North Sands

S o u t h S e a

P la n t a t io n

South Sea Banks

P a t h ( u m ) n i a r D P a t h ( u m )

S y k e

Coastal S lope

C oastal Slope

e p o l S l a t s a o C I s s u e s

K e y H o le L if e b o a t Beac on Hill S t a t io n

C oastal Slope S a n d H o le T w o S t o n e s W e s t N o o k R o c k

P a t h ( u m ) Sout h Landing P a t h ( u m )

Sout h Clif f

S o u t h C l i f f S h in g le Coast al Slope E a s t N o o k Har t endale Cr ag P a t h ( u m ) S h in g le

R ock Sout h Clif f M e a n H i g h W a t e r S a n d Coast al Slope

S o u t h S e a M ean H igh W ater

R o c k R o c k

R o c k

M e a n L o w W a t e r Bridlingt on Bay

Br idlingt on Bay

M ean Low W ater

R o c k G reat Scars

South Landing

f f i l C h t r o N

R o c k s

re t a W w o L n a e M Selwicks Bay

e p o l S l a t s a o C r e t a W h g i H n a e M

P o s t Adam and Eve

d n a S R o c k p a t h S p r e a d n da S s R o c k s

R o c k s

MHW

C a v e R o c k s

Com m on Hole

P ath R o c k C a v e R o c k

Pigeon Hole C a v e s P illa r Coast al Slope C o u g h H o le

Putting G reen S p r in g

C oast lS ope

( gr oup f lashing, w h it e ) FS BM 4 6 . 9 7 m R o c k s

C a r P a r k Flam bor ough Head R a d io M athon Sand M a s t

R o c k s

C a v e

M athon Nook skcRo

G r e e n S t a c k s e p o l S l a t s a o C

S h in g le G reen Stacks e l g n i h S P in n a c le Green Stacks MHW

C a v e s

C a v e

S t a c k s P in n a c le R ocks

High St acks

P a t h ( u m )

R o c k

R o c k s R o c k

M LW

S outh C liff

( u m )

P a t h

R o c k

R o c k s W a t e r H e d g e N o o k

M e a n L o w

C oastal Slope

M ean High W ater

MLW Br idlingt on B a y R o c k

C a t t le m e r e H o le

R o c k s

MLW

Cat t lem ere Scar

T r u c k w a y

P a t h ( u m ) R o c k

M ean High W ater

C oastal Slope S outh C liff

Br idlingt on Bay

M ean Low W ater

O l d F a l l

O ld F a ll

C oastal S lope

N e w F a ll

Cr a ik e we lls

P a t h ( u m ) C oastal Slope

M ean High W ater

S outh C liff

n i a r D

R o c k S y k e

M ean Low W ater

H o le R o c k s S c a t t e r e d R o c k R o c k

S h in g le Nor t h Clif f S h in g le Thor nwick Bay

S c a t t e r e d Coast al Slope R o c k R o c k P a th ( u m ) Coast al Slope M e a n LowW a t e r J o e R o c k e l g n i h S W h it e le y 's

FB S m u g g le r s ' H o le H o le

W e s t S c a r R o c k s C a v e Ham m er Rock E a s t ) m u ( h t a P S c a r

D r a i n R o c k C a v e Coast al Slope H ig h H o lm e T h o r n w ic k R o c k R o c k H o le M H W a n d M L W S a n d

M e a n H i g h W a t e r C a v e s Robin Lyt he's S h in g le Bacon Flit ch H o le H o le T h e ) m u ( h t a P R o c k s C o o n e s s A r c h e s C a v e R o c k s N o o k C a v e s F ilt e r N a t u r a l D a n c in g M e a n Low A r c h W ater B e d S c h o o l C a v e s C a v e

P a t h ( u m ) R o c k R o c k s

R o c k H i g h N o r t h C li f f M e a n W a te r k c a r T

C oastal Slope

N a t u r a l D r a i n P a t h ( u m ) A r c h e s H o r s e

P a t h H o le ( u m )

) m u ( h t a P N e w c o m b e R o c k s S a n d h t a P H o p e N o r t h L a n d in g ) m u ( C o a s ta l S lo p e S h i n g l e H o lm e s R o c k P a t h ( u m ) G u t N o r t h C li f f C o a s t a l S a n d S lo p e S lip w a y

e p o l S l a t s a o C C a r f il C h t r o N Coast al Slope P a r k ) m u ( h t a P Breil Nook D r a i n M H W C a r t e r FS Lane Carter Lane C o a e s p o l tS l a t a s a o lC f f i l C h t r o N C o a s t a l S lo p e Nor t h Clif f D ra in T rac k P a th ( u m ) S lo p e R o c k s C a r P a r k C o a s t a l Coast al Slope n i a r D B r e il N o o k S lo p e S a d d le P a t h ( u m ) W L M N o o k K in g P a t h ( u m ) H o lm e s R o c k

R o c k C o a s t a l G u t S lo p e T h e S a d d le

TCB P o n d

Q u e e n R o c k

P a th ( u m ) Sout h Br eil B r e il

Pet r el Hole

h t r o N

North f f i l C Landing e p o l S l a t s a o C M e a n L o w W a t e r

R o c k s

R o c k M ea n H ig h W at er

htaP

B r e il H e a d e l o H l l a F

Nat ur al Ar ch

N a t u r a l R o c k A r c h R o c k

M L W

Cr adle Head

C a v e

S w in e s h a w retaWwoLn M R o c k H o le R o c k

C a v e

R o c k R o c k s S to t le B a n k

N o r th C li f

M e a n H ig h W a te r

S c o u t H o le P a th ( u m )

R o c k

M L W

S t o t t le

e p o l S l a t s a o C B a n k R o c k R o c k s N o o k

C a v e St ot t le Bank Hole

R o c k s

R o c k M e a n

r e t a W w o L

Selwicks Bay The Lim ekiln

S a n d

C a v e s

) m u ( h t a P C a v e s Kindle Scar

f f i l C h t r o N

M o lk H o le

R o c k s

re t a W w o L n a e M

e p o l S l a t s a o C r e t a W h g i H n a e M

P o s t Adam and Eve

R o c k s

MLW

M e a n L o w W a te r M ea n H ig h W at er D y k e s E n d R o c k

F o x H il

N o rt h C lif B o u ld e rs

N o o n N o o k

P a th ( u m )

Danes' Dyke

epSloats C

R o c k

W hit e Corner

Dykes Plant at ion

M ea n

R o c k Low

W a te r htr o N M e a n H ig h W a te r

C lif

G u ll N o o k Coast al Slope

P a t h ( u m )

P o n d

la t s a o C

S l o p e

P a t h ( u m )

Close Nooks

)mu(htPa P o n d B M 8 5 . 5 3 m

P a t h ( u m )

R o c k

R o c k s M e a n L o w

W a te r R o c k Thornwick Bay

R o c k s

N o r t h C l i f f M e a n C o a s t a l S l o p e H ig h W a t e r

P a t h ( u m )

R o c k R o c k R o c k s Lang L a n g N e s s N e s s R o c k

C a v e R o c k

S c a b S c a r R o c k S a n w ic k C a v e R o c k s R o c k

Churchyard Cave N a t u r a l Sanwick Br ig T h o r n w ic k A r c h N a b C a v e s

L it t le Chatterthrow R o c k C a v e T h o r n w ic k I r o n C a v e s R o c k N a t u r a l Holm es Scar H o le A r c h

S c a t t e r e d R o c k R o c k s R o c k

) m u ( h t a P S h in g le Nor t h Clif f P a t h ( u m ) S h in g le Thor nwick Bay

S c a t t e r e d Coast al Slope R o c k R o c k P a th ( u m ) Coast al Slope M e a n LowW a t e r J o e R o c k ) m u ( h t a P e l g n i h S P o n d W h it e le y 's

FB S m u g g le r s ' H o le H o le

W e s t S c a r C a v e

) m u ( h t a P

D r a i n R o c k C a v e Coast al Slope H ig h H o lm e T h o r n w ic k H o le R o c k S a n d

M e a n H i g h W a t e r

S h in g le Bacon Flit ch H o le

C a v e F ilt e r N a t u r a l A r c h B e d C a v e s

P a t h ( u m )

k c a r T

D r a i n H o r s e H o le

) m u ( h t a P

H o lm e s P a t h ( u m ) G u t C o a s t a l

S lo p e

C a r Coast al Slope P a r k

D r a i n

T rac k

C a r P a r k C o a s t a l S lo p e

H o lm e s

C o a s t a l G u t S lo p e

R o c k s

O ld S t a ir s

B a r o n O ld O v e n S c a t t e r e d R o c k L i t t l e S p r i n g

S c a t t e r e d R o c k M e a n L o w W a t e r

R o c k

Net t le Tr ip

R o c k

M e a n H ig h W a t e r

P a t h ( u m ) Full Sea M ar k

P o n d R ock M ean Lo wW ate r

Bart let t Nab

B e m p to n C li f s R o c k s

G r a n d C r a b R o c k s S t a n d M ean Low W ater S c a t t e r e d

M o s e s R o c k R o c k D o w n g a t e

C o a s t a l S lo p e

W a lm s le y S ip in g Old Roll Up

B o u ld e r s

S t o d d y D y k e s P a t h ( u m )

Coast al Slope

T r a c k

Three Nooks

T h e L e y s

New Roll- up

B o u ld e r s

O ld R o ll- u p

S c a t t e r e d Black Shelf R o c k MLW

MLW

M azey Shelves MLW R o c k S c a t t e r e d R o c k Pigeon Cot e S c a le N a b P a th ( u m ) S i d e B r a y s R o c k s

MLW

C o a s t a l S lo p e dnasreBluo ckRoderSta

M e a n Low W a t e r

B o u ld e r s

S c a t t e r e d O ld D o r R o c k

M e a n W a t e r L it t le D o r H i g h B e m p t o n C l i f f s

B o u ld e r s

W andale Nab

C o a s t a l S l o p e P ig T r o u g h

P a t h ( u m ) Blacksm it h's S h o p

P in n a c le

B M 9 1 . 0 6 m S t o n e P o n d

B o u ld e rs

B em pto nC lif s S cat er dR ock

B illia r d e p o l S l a t s a o C T a b le

R o c k s

MLW

C a t N a b

M ea n H ig h W at er D y k e s E n d

Danes' Dyke

C r a b R o c k s

M e a n L o w W a te r Weather Castle

D u lc e y D o c k

M e a n

H ig h W a te r B o u ld e r s

Coast al Slope

Red Clif f Hole Coast al Slope

M e a n H i g h W a t e r M e a n L o w W a t e r

S p e e t o n C l i f f s

Coast al Slope

R o c k s

C o a s ta l S lo p e MLW M e a n L o w W a t e r Coast al Slope E a r t h w o r k P a t h ( u m ) Cr owe's Shoot R a i n C l i f f

R a i n C l i f f

M e a n Jor dan's Leap C o a s t a l S l o p e H i g h W a t e r B o u l d e r s W e a t h e r C a s t le

Coast al Slope MLW

P illa r R o c k s B M 1 3 5 . 1 9 m MLW

1 3 0 . 8 m P a t h ( u m ) H a il s t o n e

S h e l v e s Buckt on Clif f s

1 1 5 . 3 m

C o a s t a l R o t t e n R o w S l o p e

R o c k s Barnet Shoot Buckt on Clif f s

M e a n L o w W a t e r C o a s t a l S lo p e

B o u ld e r s H a r t le y S h o o t

R o t t e n R o w

B o u r d a s s M at t hew Allison's Nab S h o o t M e a n H i g h W a t e r

G r e a t M o o r

C o a s t a l

S lo p e R o c k s B e m p t o n

C lif f s O ld S t a ir s P a t h ( u m )

B a r o n O ld O v e n L i t t l e S p r i n g

P a t h ( u m )

T r a c k

P o s t s

S a n d

C o a st a lS lo p e R e ig h to n S a n d s

B o a t C lif f

M e a n L o w W a te r

Coast al Slope

R e i g h t o n G a p

TCP (RNLI)

C oa sta lS lop e

M e a n H ig h W a te r

G il C lif

S a n d

S pet onS ands

lSeastpCo

P o s t s

P o s t s ni a rD

New Closes Clif f

F ile y B a y M e a n L o w W a te r

S a n d

P o s t s

Speet on Sands New Closes Clif f

M e a n H ig h W a te r S a n d

T r a c k C oastlSpe

S a n d S a n d

Filey Bay

S a n d

M iddle Cliff C o a s t a l S lo p e P o s t s

B lack C liff N ab M eanLowWtr

S a n d

P o n d

B lack C liff N ab

Blac k Clif f

Coast al Slope Speet on Sands Blac k Clif f Old Beck S h in g le

S p r e a d s Coast al Slope M e a n H ig h W a te r

Bullt ongue Nook

O l d B e c k

Coast al Slope Coast al Slope S h in g le S a n d

Speeton G ap K in g R o c k

Q ueen Rocks Double Rock

I s s u e s P a t h ( u m )

MLW

Coast al Slope C r a b R o c k s S h in g le

Speet on Sands

S h in g le

Speet on Clif f s

S h in g le

Br econ Hole

Rabbit Rocks

Coast al Slope D u lc e y Coast al Slope D o c k

T r a c k S p e e t o n M e a n C lif f s H ig h W a te r

P a t h ( u m ) E a r t h w o r k Coast al Slope Coast al Slope Raikes Closes

J a c k d a w Nanny G oat 's P a t h ( u m ) C r a g H o u s e

Appendix 4: NVC map of Flamborough Head

Sewerby to Reighton (progression around Flamborough Head)

Scale: 1:5,000

This map is reproduced from the OS map by English Nature with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.

MC11b (4) + SS** (3) + MG12a (3) TA17ER2/7

Rock TA17ER2/6Shelter Bare

Quadrat 52 Quadrat 51 Sewerby Rocks Mussel Beds Coastal Slope Quadrat 142 Bare TA17ER2/8

h t a P TA17ER2/5 Mean Low Water Quadrat 50 TA17ER2/4

P a t h Bare

C oastal S lope Sand & Shingle

P a t h TA17ER2/3

Sand and Shingle Rock, Sand & Shingle

Nort h Sands Quadrat 47 M ean High W ater

Sand and Shingle Sewer by Rocks

R o c k E n d s Quadrat 49 R o c k

R o c k E n d s

S e w e r b y Rock Ends Quadrat 48 R o c k s TA17ER2/2R o c k N o r t h S a n d s Sand MG1a S a n d North Sands Sand & Shingle

R o c k Roc k

SS** (6) + Bare (3) + AF** (1) 0 0.05 0.1 P a t h Kilometers

G olf Course Bridlington Bay

P a t h TA17ER2/1

Sand andM Shingle ean High W ater

Sand and Shingle

C oastal Slope

North Sands

S a n d

M ean Low W ater

Kilometers

0 0.05 0.1 Kilometers MC11b (5) + MG12a (3) + SS** (1) + Bare (1)

W24b (8) + OV26d (2) Quadrat 140 TA17ER2/12 Quadrat 148 Quadrat 53 MG12a Quadrat 147

Quadrat 144Bridlington Bay Golf Cours e TA17ER2/11 Coastal Slope MG12a (8) + OV27b (1) + W24b (1) Path (um) Shingle Shingle MG12a (5) + OV26dBridlington (3) Bay + W21a (2) Ragstone Hole Golf Cours e TA17ER2/13

Mean High Water W22c Bare (5) + SS** (3) +Sewerby MC11b Roc k s (2) Sand & Shingle Quadrat 66

Quadrat 158 Roc k MG12a (7) + MC11b (2) + OV26d (1) Quadrat 160 Rock, Sand & Shingle Quadrat 159 Quadrat 143

Mean Low Water

Rock, Sand & Shingle Quadrat 161 Quadrat 145 Quadrat 65

Path (um) TA17ER2/10 Quadrat 146

Mean High Water Sand & Shingle Quadrat 141 Coastal Slope Quadrat 162 MC11b (4) + SS** (3) + MG12a (3) Shingle ShingleTA17ER2/9 SS** (6) + Bare (3) + AF** (1) Bare (9) + AF** (1)

Bare Rock

Quadrat 51 Sewerby Rocks Mussel Beds Bare TA17ER2/8

Shelter Cliff Plantation Quadrat 153 0.05 0.1 Quadrat 152 MG12a (7) + SS** (2) + W24b (1) 0 Path (um) S26b (7) + W24b (3) MG12a (5) + BS** (2) + SS** (2) + S26b (1) Kilometers W24b MG12a TA17ER2/14 SS** (5) + MG12a (4) + OV26d (1) Quadrat 150Coastal Slope Path (um) SS** (5) + Bare (5) OV24a Path (um)

Coastal Slope

South Cliff

Hartendale Crag Quadrat 163 Mean High Water Dy k es End TA17ER2/16 Quadrat 169 Rock, Shingle & Sand Quadrat 154 TA17ER2/15 Shingle

Quadrat 164 Shingle S26b Quadrat 155 MC11b (5) + MG12a (3) + SS** (1) + Bare (1) Shingle & Sand Roc k MG1a Quadrat 157 Path (um) Bare (8) + MC8f (1) + AF** (1) Quadrat 156 W24b Rock, Shingle and Sand

W24b (8) + OV26d (2) Bare M ean Low Wat er Quadrat 140 TA17ER2/12 Quadrat 53 W21a (4) + MG12a (4) + W24b (3) Quadrat 148 Bridlington Bay

MG12a Roc k Coastal Slope Shingle & Sand Sewerby Roc k s

Coastal Slope MG12a (8) + OV27b (1) + W24b (1) Shingle Shingle Sand & Shingle Ragstone Hole TA17ER2/13

Mean High Water W22c Bare (5) + SS** (3) +Sewerby MC11b Roc k s (2) Sand & Shingle

Roc k MG12a (7) + MC11b (2) + OV26d (1)

Mean Low Water Quadrat 145

0 0.05 0.1 Kilometers

W23bCoastal Slope (5) + W24b (5) Quadrat 203 Quadrat 204

Quadrat 139 TA17ER2/22 MG12a (5) + BS** (2) + SS** (2) + S26b (1) Lifeboat MG12a (5) + MG1a (5) Beac on Hill Quadrat 135 Quadrat 132 Station Quadrat 151 TA17ER2/18 Quadrat 150Coastal Slope W23b Quadrat 137 TA17ER2/23 MG12a TA17ER2/17 Wes t Nook TA17ER2/20 Rock OV24a Quadrat 138 TA17ER2/24 TA17ER2/21 Path (um) South Landing Quadrat 165 Path (um) MG1a Quadrat 133 South Cliff TA17ER2/25 Shingle Coas tal Slope Hartendale Crag Shingle TA17ER2/16 TA17ER2/19 Mean High Water Quadrat 166 Quadrat 56 TA17ER2/15 Quadrat 134 S26b (5) + W24b (5) Quadrat 167 Quadrat 136 Bare Bare (7) + AF** (3) W21a Roc k W23b (8) + MG12a (2) SS** (4) + BS** (3) + MG12a (3) Quadrat 156 Quadrat 157 MG12a (5) + BS** (2) + SS** (2) + S26b (1) Mean Low Water MG12a (5) + BS** (2) + SS** (2) + W24b (1)

Bridlington Bay

0 0.05 0.1

South Sea Kilometers Plantation

South Sea Banks

Path (um)

Path (um) BS** (6) + W23b (2) + W24b (2)

Quadrat 54 Bare W24b

W23bCoastal Slope (5) + W24b (5) Quadrat 203 Quadrat 204 TA17ER2/27 Quadrat 208 Quadrat 59 W25b (5) + MG12a (5)Coastal SlopeI ssues Key Hole Lifeboat Quadrat 132 Station MG12a MG12a TA17ER2/29 Quadrat 61 Quadrat 209 MG12a (5) + BS** (4) + SS** (1) Sand Hole MG12a Wes t Nook Rock TA17ER2/26 Quadrat 207 W24b Path (um) South Landing Quadrat 55 MG12a Quadrat 206 W23b (5) TA17ER2/25 SD2 TA17ER2/28 TA17ER2/32 Eas t Nook Path (um) TA17ER2/31

Sand Rock South Cliff BS** (8) + MG12a (2) Quadrat 56 W24b Coas tal Slope TA17ER2/30 South Sea Mean High Water Bare Bare MG12a (5) + BS** (4) + SS** (1) SS** (4) + BS** (3) + MG12a (3) Quadrat 57 Quadrat 205 Roc k Quadrat 58 W23b (4) + MG12a (3) + BS** (3) Bridlington Bay Quadrat 60

Mean Low Water

Old Fall

O ld Fall

Coastal Slope 0 0.05 0.1 Bare W24b Kilometers New Fall

AF** (8) + W21a (2) TA17ER2/38 TA17ER2/36 W24b TA17ER2/37 Quadrat 212

Craikewells MG12a (4) + BS** (4) + SS** (2) Bare (7) + AF** (2) + BS** (1) Path (um) Coastal Slope TA17ER2/35 S26b (5) + W24b (4) + W23b (1) Mean High Water TA17ER2/34

South Cliff

Drain

TA17ER2/33 Roc k

BS** (6) + W23b (2) + W24b (2) Syke

W24b (7) + W23b (2) + OV27b (1) Quadrat 210

Mean Low Water MG12a (5) + BS** (3) + SS** (2)

Coastal Slope

Bare (8) + AF** (1) + BS** (1)

Two Stones Bridlington Bay

TA17ER2/32 TA17ER2/31

TA17ER2/30

MLW

South Cliff Quadrat 126 (um)

Path Quadrat 127 MG12a (7) + MC11b (2) + AG** (1) Bare Quadrat 128

Roc k

Rocks W24b Water 0 0.05 0.1 Hedge Nook

Mean Low

Kilometers Quadrat 129 Coastal Slope

Mean High Water

MLW Bridlington Bay Rock

Cattlem ere Hole

Rocks MG12a (4) + MC11b (4) + AG** (2)

Bare (8) + AF** (2)

MLW Quadrat 130 TA17ER2/39 M LW

Quadrat 198 Cattlem ere Sc ar

Truckway Quadrat 211

Path (um) Roc k Mean High Water

Coastal Slope South Cliff MG12a Bare (7) + MC11b (2) + MC8f (1) Bridlington Bay

Mean Low Water

Old Fall

O ld Fall

Coastal Slope Bare

MG1a

Path (um) MG1a (8) + W24bNorth Cliff (2) M olk Hole Quadrat 201 Quadrat 38 Rocks Quadrat 200 Quadrat 40 Mean Low Water Selwic k s Bay

Coastal Slope Mean High Water TA17ER2/52

TA17ER2/51 Post Quadrat 43 Quadrat 42Adam and Ev e TA17ER2/50 Quadrat 118 MG1a (8) + BS** Sand MC8e (8) + MC8a (2) Roc k Spr eads Rocks path Sand Quadrat 44 TA17ER2/47 Quadrat 45 W24b (6) + W23b (3) + OV26d (1) TA17ER2/42Rocks MC9 (9) + MC8f (1) TA17ER2/41 TA17ER2/49 MHW Quadrat 119 Cave Rocks

Com m on Hole

Path Rock TA17ER2/48 Cave Rock

Pigeon Hole Caves Pillar Quadrat 131 Coast al Slope Cough Hole TA17ER2/46

Put t ing G r een MC8a (9) + MC8e (1) TA17ER2/45 Spr ing Quadrat 120

TA17ER2/43 Coastal Slope

MG1a (9) + M22a (1) ( gr oup f lashing, white) Quadrat 213 FS BM 46. 97m MC9 BS** Rocks W24b (8) + OV24a (1) + OV27b (1) MC9 Car Par k TA17ER2/44 Flamborough Quadrat 197 Head MC8a (5) + MC8d (3) + AG** (2) Radio M athon Sand M ast MG1a Rocks

Cave MC9

Mathon Nook Rocks MG1a (5) + MG12a (5) Bare (8) + AG** (2)

Green Stac k s 0 0.05 0.1 Coastal Slope Bare Shingle Green Stac k s Quadrat 123 Shingle Pinnac le MHW MC6 Kilometers MG1a Caves MC8e (6) + Bare (3) + MC6 (1) Cave

Bare (8) + AG** (2) Stac k s Pinnac le Quadrat 124 Quadrat 122 Rocks High Stac k s

Quadrat 121 Path (um)

Rock Quadrat 125 MG1a (4) + MG12a (4) + MC9 (2)

Rocks Rock

TA17ER2/40 MLW

South Cliff

(um)

MC9 (4) + MG1a (4) + OV24a (2)

Cradle Head

Quadrat 19 TA17ER2/60 Bare Quadrat 18 MG1a TA17ER2/59

Cave MC6 Swineshaw Mean Low Water Rock Hole Rock TA17ER2/56 TA17ER2/58 Cave

MC8a (6) + MC8e (2) + AG** (2) Rock Rocks Stottle Bank TA17ER2/55

North Cliff Quadrat 196 TA17ER2/57 Mean High Water

Scout Hole Path (um) MG8d Rock

MLW

Stot t le

Coastal Slope Bank Rock Rocks Nook

Cave

Stot t le Bank Hole

Rocks

TA17ER2/54

Rock Mean

Low Water MG1a (9) + MC9 (1)

0.1 0 0.05 TA17ER2/53

MG1a The Limekiln Selwic k s Bay Kilometers MC8d

Sand Bare MC8d (8) + MC8f (2) Sand

Quadrat 39 Caves

High Mean Water TA17ER2/65 MC8a

Nat ur al Arches MC8e (6) + AR** (4)

Newc om be Rocks Hope Quadrat 24 Coastal Slope 0 0.05 Shingle Roc k North Cliff MC9 Quadrat 15 Kilometers Quadrat 25 MHW Quadrat 16 Carter MC8a (6) + MC8e (2) + S26b (2) Lane Car t er Lane MC8a (8) + MG1a (2) MC8e (6) + AR** (4) Rocks MC8a (8) + MC8e (2) Breil Nook Saddle MLW Quadrat 23 Nook King TA17ER2/64 Rock MG1a (6) + MC9 (2) + MC8a (2) Roc k Quadrat 193 The Saddle Quadrat 194 W24b (8) + OV27b (1) + OV24a (1) Pond MG1a Q ueen Rock Path (um)

Sout h Breil Breil Bare (9) + MC6 (1) TA17ER2/63

Quadrat 22 Pet r el Hole North Quadrat 109

Cliff MC8e (5) + AG** (5) Coastal Slope Quadrat 107 Quadrat 108 Quadrat 195 Mean Low Water

TA17ER2/62 MC9 (7) + MC8a (2) + MC8e (1) Quadrat 21 Rocks MC9 (4) + MG1a (4) + OV24a (2) Roc k Mean High Water Quadrat 106 Quadrat 105 Path

Breil Head Fall Hole TA17ER2/61

Nat ur al Arch Quadrat 17 MC8d (8) + MG1a (2)

Nat ur al Rock Arch Quadrat 20 Rock

MLW

Cradle Head

Quadrat 19 TA17ER2/60 Bare Quadrat 18 MG1a

TA17ER2/86

Quadrat 180 Rock Quadrat 36 Holm es Sc ar 0.1 TA17ER2/77 Rocks 0 0.05 MC8d Quadrat 46 Roc k North Cliff Thornwic k Bay Kilometers TA17ER2/85 Quadrat 37 Coas tal Slope Rock

Mean Low MC8a (8)Water + S26b (2) J oe TA17ER2/76 Roc k Whiteley ' s Sm ugglers ' Hole Quadrat 189Hole Quadrat 35 TA17ER2/75 MG1a (4) + W24b (4) + W21a (2) Quadrat 188 Rocks Cave Wes t Sc ar Ham m er Roc k Quadrat 29 MC9 MC8a (5) + MC9 (5) TA17ER2/74 Eas t Sc ar TA17ER2/68 Quadrat 187 Rock Cave

Thor nwick TA17ER2/78High Holm e Quadrat 34 Quadrat 33 TA17ER2/69Roc k TA17ER2/67 Hole Roc k MHW and MLW BareSand Mean Bare High Water MG1a MC9 (8) + M22a (2) Caves TA17ER2/66 Robin Lyt he's Hole Shingle MC8d (8) + MG1a (2) Bac on Flitc h Hole MC9 The Quadrat 28 Path (um) Rocks Arc hes Rocks Cave Coones s Quadrat 27 MC8a (5) + MG1a (4) + MC8e (1) Caves Nat ur al Nook Quadrat 30 Mean Low Quadrat 191 Arch Danc ing Sc hool Water Caves Cave Roc k MG1a Bare MC8a (7) + MC8e (2) + MG1a (1) Rocks TA17ER2/79 Roc k High North Cliff Mean Water Track TA17ER2/73 TA17ER2/80 MC8a TA17ER2/65 MC9 (5) + MG1a (5) MG1a Coastal Slope Quadrat 192 TA17ER2/82 Nat ur al Path (um) Drain Arches Hors e MC8e (6) + AR** (4) Path MG1a (7) + W24b (2) + W23b (1) Hole (um)

Path (um) MC8d Newc om be MC9Sand Path TA17ER2/81 Hope Quadrat 24 North Landing (um) Coastal Slope Shingle Holm es Roc k

Path (um) Gut North Cliff Coas tal MC9 Sand TA17ER2/70 MG1a (4) + W24b (4) + W21a (2) Slipway Slope MG1a Coastal Slope North Cliff Car Coas tal Slope Park Path (um) Quadrat 26 Quadrat 25 MC9 (5) + MG1a (5) Drain Carter FS MC8a (6) + MC8e (2) + S26b (2) Lane Coast al Car t er Lane Coastal Slope North Cliff Coast al Slope Drain Track North Cliff TA17ER2/72 AG** (6) + MC9 (4) Slope MG1a Path (um) Car Par k Coast al Coast al Slope MC8e (6) + AR** (4) Quadrat 31 Drain Slope Quadrat 32 Path (um) Path (um) Quadrat 23 Holm es

Coast al Gut MG1a (6) + MC9 (2) + MC8a (2) Slope Quadrat 190 Quadrat 193 TA17ER2/71 TCB Quadrat 194 MC9 (8) + AG** (1) + MG1a (1) W24b (8) + OV27b (1) + OV24a (1) Pond MG1a

MG1a (8) + MC8a (2) Bare (9) + MC6 (1) MG1a (6) + MC8a (2) + OV24a (2)

Water Roc k

Rocks

North Cliff Mean Bare (8) + MC6 (1) + MC8d (1) Coastal Slope High Water TA17ER2/95 MC8a (6) + MC9 (2) + MC8e (2) Path TA17ER2/96 (um) MC8a (8) + MC8e (1) + AG** (1) TA17ER2/91 MC8a (8) + MC8e (2) Rock Rock Rocks TA17ER2/94 Lang Lang Nes s Nes s AG** (6) + MC8e (4) Quadrat 177 MG1a (7) + MC8a (3) Rock Cave RockBare Bare (7) + MC8e (3) Sc ab Sc ar Rock Sanwic k Cave Rocks

Chur chyar d Cave Nat ur al TA17ER2/86 Quadrat 179 SanwicTA17ER2/93 k Brig Thornwic k Arch Nab Caves TA17ER2/88 Chat t er t hr ow Little Caves Cave Thornwic k Iron Roc k Nat ur al Quadrat 180 Hole Arch Scattered Rock MC8d Shingle Path (um) TA17ER2/92 TA17ER2/89 Shingle Thornwic k Bay Scat t er ed TA17ER2/85 Rock

Path (um) Coas tal Slope TA17ER2/90 Mean MC8a Low(8)Water + S26b (2)

Path (um) MC9 Shingle Roc k

FB Sm ugglers ' Quadrat 202 Quadrat 189Hole MC8d TA17ER2/84 Quadrat 188 MC9 AG** (6) + MC8e (4) TA17ER2/87Path (um) Drain Quadrat 187 MC8d Cave Coas tal Slope

BareSand Mean Bare High Water

Shingle

0 0.05 0.1 Filter Bed

Path (um)

Kilometers Track

TA17ER2/82 Drain

Path (um)

MC9 (5) + MG1a (5)

Track

Quadrat 186

North Cliff Boulders

Noon Nook

Path (um)

Coastal Slope

0 0.05 0.1 Rock

TA17ER2/101 Kilometers TA17ER2/102 White Corner

Bare (5) + MC8d (3) + MC6 (2) MC8a (7) + MG1a (3)

Mean

Rock Low

Water North Mean High Water TA17ER2/99 Cliff

Gull Nook Coast al Slope MC8a (7) + MG1a (3)

Path (um)

TA17ER2/98 TA17ER2/100 Pond

Coastal

Slope

Path (um)

Close Nooks

MC8a (7) + MG1a (3) Path (um) Pond

BM 85. 53m

Path (um) Quadrat 178

MC8a (7) + MG1a (3) TA17ER2/97Rock

Roc k

Boulders and Scattered Rock

Mean 0 0.05 0.1 QuadratLow 182 Water Bare (4) + MC6 (2) + MC8d (2) + OV24a (2) Boulder s Quadrat 184 Quadrat 181 Kilometers Scat t er ed O ld Dor Rock TA17ER2/106

Mean Water Litt le Dor High Bempton Cliffs Boulders

Wandale Nab

Coastal Slope Pig Trough

Path (um) Blacksm ith's TA17ER2/105 Quadrat 183 Shop

Quadrat 171 Quadrat 172 Pinnacle

BM 91. 06m

Stone Pond MG1a (8) + OV24a (2)

MC8dBoulders (4) + OV24a (4) + MG1a (2) TA17ER2/104 Bempton Cliffs Scattered Rock

Billiard Quadrat 174 Coastal Slope Table TA17ER2/103

Rocks

M LW Quadrat 173 Cat Nab

Quadrat 185

Mean Low Water Mean High Water Dy k es End Quadrat 186 Rock

Fox Hill

North Cliff

Noon Nook

Path (um)

Danes' Dyke Quadrat 175 Quadrat 176

Stand Crab Roc k s Mean Low Water Scattered

M os es Rock Rock Downgate

Coast al

Slope

Walmsley

Siping MC8d (4) + OV24a (4) + MG1a (2) Boulder s Bare (6) + OV24a (2) + MC6 (2) Stoddy

Dykes Path (um)

Coast al Slope

Track MG1a (8) + OV24a (2)

Three Nook s

The Ley s MC9 New Roll-up

Quadrat 116

Boulders Quadrat 115

O ld

Roll-up

Quadrat 117 MC8d (4) + OV24a (4) + MG1a (2)

Quadrat 110 Scattered Black Shelf Rock M LW TA17ER2/107 Quadrat 111 M LW M azey Shelves M LW Rock Quadrat 112 Scat t er ed Pigeon Cot e Rock Scale Nab Rocks Quadrat 113 Path (um) Side Brays M LW

Quadrat 114 Coast al Slope Boulders and Scattered Rock

Quadrat 170

QuadratBoulder s 181 O ld Dor

Quadrat 183

0 0.05 0.1 Kilometers

Roc k s Bem pton O ld Stairs Cliffs Path (um)

Bar on O ld O ven Scattered Rock Little Bare Spring

Scattered Rock Mean Low Water OV24a (4) + MG1a (4) + MC8d (2) Rock

Rock Quadrat 104 Net t le Trip

Rock

Mean High Water

Path (um) Full Sea M ar k Bare

Pond TA17ER2/108 Rock

Mean Low Water

Bar t let t Nab

Bempton Cliffs Rocks

MG1a (8) + OV24a (2) Grand Stand

M os es Downgate

0 0.05 0.1 Kilometers

MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2) M LW Rocks

M LW

Buc k ton Cliffs MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2)

Coastal MC8a (2) + MC6 (2) + OV24a (2) + Bare (4) Rotten Row Slope

Roc k s Barnet Shoot Buc k ton Cliffs

Mean Low Water Coast al

Slope

Boulders Hartley OV24a (4) + MG1a (4) + MC8d (2) Shoot

Rotten Row

M at t hew Allison's Nab MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2) Bour dass Shoot Mean High Water

G r eat M oor

Coas tal Slope

Bem pton Cliffs Path (um)

MG1a (8) + OV24a (2)

OV24a (4) + MG1a (4) + MC8d (2)

Path (um)

100

0 0.05 0.1 MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2) Kilometers

Bare Quadrat 73

Mean High Water Mean Low Water Bare Coast al Slope MC8a (4) + MC6 (3) + OV24a (3)

Roc k s

M LW Mean Low Water Coast al Slope Bare Crowe' s Shoot Rain Cliff

Rain Cliff Mean Jor dan's Leap Coastal Slope HighMC8a Water (6) + MC8f (2)Boulders + OV24a (2) Weat her

Cast le

Coast al Slope MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2) Pillar

Quadrat 72 BM 135. 19m MG1a 130. 8m Path (um) TA17ER2/110 Quadrat 102 Hailstone TA17ER2/109 Shelves MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2) OV24a (4) + MG1a (4) + MC8d (2) Buc k ton Cliffs MC8d (5) + MG1a (5) OV24a (5) + MG1a (5) 115. 3m

Rotten Row

OV24a (4) + MG1a (4) + MC8d (2)

101

Sand MG5a (8) + CG7a (2) King Rock

Q ueen Rocks OV24a (7) + W21a (3) Double Rock

Quadrat 5 M LW 0 0.05 0.1 TA17ER2/117 M LW

Shingle Bare Crab Roc k s Kilometers

Speeton Sands Quadrat 78

Shingle TA17ER2/115

AR** Mean Low Water Shingle TA17ER2/114 Quadrat 77 Brec on Hole MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2) Quadrat 81 Rabbit Rocks Quadrat 76 MC8a (6) + MC8f (2) + OV24a (2)

Coas tal Slope MC8a (4) Dulc+ MC6 ey (3) + OV24a (3) Quadrat 80 Coas tal Slope Doc k Quadrat 79 Quadrat 75

Mean Speeton Cliffs High Water Bare TA17ER2/116 Boulder s Bare Quadrat 70

Earthwork Coast al Slope Coast al Slope Bare Quadrat 7 Quadrat 74 Quadrat 73 Jackdaw Nanny G oat 's Red Cliff Hole Pat h ( um ) Crag House MC8a (4) + MC6 (3) + OV24a (3) Coast al Slope

Quadrat 6 TA17ER2/112 Speeton Cliffs TA17ER2/111 Coast al Slope MC8d (5) + MG1a (5) TA17ER2/113 Coastal Slope

Earthwork Quadrat 101 Path (um) Quadrat 100 Crowe' s Shoot W24b MG1a Quadrat 71

Quadrat 72 MG1a (7) + MC8f (3) TA17ER2/110

102

Quadrat 90

MG5a (8) + W21a (2) Sand

Pond MG5a Black Cliff Nab TA17ER2/123

Quadrat 62 0 0.05 0.1

AG** Blac k Cliff TA17ER2/122 Kilometers Quadrat 93 Quadrat 4 Coas tal Slope MG5a (5) + AG** (4) + M22a (1) AG** Quadrat 14 Speeton Sands Blac k Cliff Quadrat 87 W23bShingle Quadrat 91 Spr eadsQuadrat 86 Coas tal Slope Mean High Water Quadrat 13 Quadrat 92 Quadrat 12 Bulltongue Nook Quadrat 11 TA17ER2/120 Quadrat 10 AG** (7) + MG5a (3) W22c (5) + OV24a (5) Old Beck MG1a W21a Bare Coas tal Slope Coas tal Slope QuadratShingle 83 Sand Speeton Gap MG5a (8) + CG7a (2) PB** W24b OV24a (7) + W21aQ ueen (3) Rocks I ssues Path (um) Quadrat 5 TA17ER2/121 Quadrat 88 TA17ER2/117 Bare Quadrat 9 Coas tal Slope Shingle Bare OV27b TA17ER2/119 MG5a (6) + W21a (4) Quadrat 85 Quadrat 8 Quadrat 84 Speeton Cliffs OV27b TA17ER2/118Quadrat 82

Quadrat 81 MG5a (9) + W21a (1) MG1a Quadrat 80 Quadrat 79

Track

TA17ER2/116

Path (um) Earthwork

Raikes Closes MC8a (4) + MC6 (3) + OV24a (3)

103

Sand

AG** (7) + MG5a (3) Speeton Sands

Coastal Slope

Post s 0 0.05 0.1 Post s Drain TA17ER2/129

New Closes Cliff Quadrat 95 Kilometers TA17ER2/128 Filey Bay MG5a (6) + AG** (3) + W23b (1) Mean Low Water Quadrat 94 MG5a (3) + AG** (7) Sand TA17ER2/127

Post s

AG** Speeton Sands W23b New Closes Cliff W22c Mean High Water Sand

MG5a

Track Coastal Slope

Sand W21a MG5a (8) + W21a (2) Sand TA17ER2/126 Quadrat 64 Quadrat 1 AG** (8) + MG5a (2) W24b W23b Quadrat 89 Quadrat 2 Sand TA17ER2/124 AG** Middle Cliff Coast al Quadrat 63 Slope Post s TA17ER2/125

Black Cliff Nab Quadrat 90 W21a (8) + MG5a (2) S26b Quadrat 3 MG5a (8) + W21a (2) Sand

Pond MG5a Black Cliff Nab TA17ER2/123

W22c Quadrat 62 AG** Blac k Cliff Quadrat 93 Coas tal Slope MG5a (5) + AG** (4) + M22a (1) AG** Blac k Cliff

104

0 0.05 0.1 Kilometers

Posts

Sand

Coastal Slope Reighton Sands

Boat Cliff Mean Low Water Quadrat 96 Coast al Slope Quadrat 97

Reighton Gap TA17ER2/132 TCP ( RNLI ) M27c

Coastal Slope AG**

Mean High Water W21a Gill Cliff AG**

AG** (6) + MG5a (4)

TA17ER2/131 TA17ER2/130

Sand

AG** (7) + MG5a (3) Speeton Sands

Coastal Slope

Post s

Post s Drain TA17ER2/129

New Closes Cliff Quadrat 95 TA17ER2/128 MG5a (6) + AG** (3) + W23b (1) Quadrat 94 MG5a (3) + AG** (7) Sand TA17ER2/127 Post s

105

Appendix 5: Target notes Note Observations Easting Northing TA17ER2/1 Tall herb successional vegetation with Equisetum telmateia, Tussilago farfara, 519682 468293 Rumex spp., Epilobium hirsutum, Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica and Calystegia sylvatica. TA17ER2/2 Two springs in cliff. 519855 468483 TA17ER2/3 Teasels. 519969 468574 TA17ER2/4 Small patch of Atriplex prostrata strandline vegetation. 520038 468603 TA17ER2/5 Stabilisation of cliff slope with concrete 520121 468641 TA17ER2/6 Scrub at the top of the Sewerby steps includes Sambucus, Rosa, Rubus, Lonicera 520128 468673 involucrata (exotic), Salix cinerea and Acer. There have been efforts to control erosion here including plastic mesh for stabilisation and planting of marram grass. TA17ER2/7 Stabilisation of cliff slope with marram and plastic mesh. 520137 468680 TA17ER2/8 Atriplex prostrata strandline vegetation at the base of the steps. 520149 468666 TA17ER2/9 Large patch of teasels growing below the old outfall pipe from Sewerby Hall. 520526 468773 TA17ER2/10 Clifftop with Festuca arundinacea, F. rubra, Sanguisorba minor. East of this point 520738 468835 clifftop vegetation dominated by F. arundinacea. Cliff slope with Anthyllis vulneraria, Plantago spp., Centaurea nigra, Reseda luteola, Cirsium arvense. Many snails. TA17ER2/11 Sycamore and hawthorn. 521018 468958 TA17ER2/12 Anagallis arvensis growing on face of eroding cliff. 521112 468989 TA17ER2/13 Patch of Montbretia growing close to scrub 521215 468998 TA17ER2/14 Patch of Rosa among Phragmites/Rubus. 521919 469205 TA17ER2/15 Landslide and flush, with Phragmites at base of cliff. 522007 469200 TA17ER2/16 Dense hemp agrimony and Convolvulus arvensis in flush on cliff face. 522007 469200 TA17ER2/17 Patches of Epilobium hirsutum and Equisetum. 522189 469207 TA17ER2/18 Scattered hawthorn bushes 522360 469228 TA17ER2/19 Small patch of Atriplex prostrata strandline vegetation 522451 469192 TA17ER2/20 Scattered bushes in this area including elder, sycamore and privet. 522517 469222 TA17ER2/21 Sandy landslide on unstable cliff. Agrostis stolonifera at base, Tussilago on slope. 522550 469199 Equisetum arvense colonising bare ground. Ononis repens colonising further up. Also present: Plantago coronopus, Hypochaeris radicata, Dactylis glomerata. TA17ER2/22 Head of flush at cliff top with abundant Centranthus ruber (Quadrat 137) 522635 469206 TA17ER2/23 Ulex europaeus patch 522739 469193 TA17ER2/24 Equisetum telmateia locally abundant on cliff top for 50m either side of this point. 522837 469195 TA17ER2/25 Small patch of ruderal grassland. 523102 469259 TA17ER2/26 Small patch of Elymus grassland at back of beach at South Landing (behind 523276 469262 strandline vegetation). Quadrat 55. TA17ER2/27 Occasional hawthorn in gulley. 523309 469307 TA17ER2/28 Scattered gorse and occasional hawthorn. 523538 469174 TA17ER2/29 Phalaris arundinacea grassland growing beside stream in gulley. 523929 469251 TA17ER2/30 Abundant Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum among the flush vegetation. 523934 469225 TA17ER2/31 Occasional hawthorn and sycamore. 523962 469239 TA17ER2/32 Potentilla reptans abundant at top of cliff. 523975 469243 TA17ER2/33 Slumped area with MG1 grassland, Urtica, Cirsium arvense, Rubus and occasional 524380 469462 hawthorn, gorse and elder. TA17ER2/34 Galium aparine, Plantago maritima and P. coronopus abundant on cliff edge. 524534 469519 TA17ER2/35 Hemp agrimony abundant in flush on cliff face below this point. 524577 469527 TA17ER2/36 Convolvulus arvensis abundant on cliff top. 524579 469548 TA17ER2/37 Head of flush below path with Pulicaria dysenterica, Eupatorium, Mentha aquatica. 524783 469625 Abundant butterflies (red admiral, tortoiseshell etc.). TA17ER2/38 Scattered hawthorn. 524819 469635 TA17ER2/39 Centaurea scabiosa abundant in the grassland on cliff slope. 525395 470002 TA17ER2/40 Elymus repens dominant in grassland at this point. 525762 470392

106

TA17ER2/41 Flush with Juncus bufonius, Glaux maritima (on flat) and Triglochin palustre, G. 525752 470743 maritima, Lotus corniculatus, Carex flacca and Plantago maritima (on tussocks). TA17ER2/42 Patches of dense Potentilla anserina in this area. 525635 470748 TA17ER2/43 Landslip succession: bare ground colonised by Tussilago and Agrostis stolonifera. 525577 470725 Juncus articulatus and bufonius in damper parts. Tussocks of existing (shifting) vegetation maintain their composition. Holcus common in drier parts. TA17ER2/44 Flush with Juncus inflexus, Pulicaria dysenterica, Equisetum, Hypericum 525483 470717 tetrapterum, Holcus lanatus, Galium aparine, Epilobium parviflorum TA17ER2/45 Small patch of Sambucus nigra scrub 525406 470720 TA17ER2/46 Edge of patch of scrub/tall herb vegetation with Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica, 525393 470728 Ulex europaeus, Rosa canina, Calystegia sylvatica, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum and Epilobium spp. TA17ER2/47 Flush 525406 470769 TA17ER2/48 Damp area with Phragmites, Eupatorium, Pulicaria, Deschampsia cespitosa and 525377 470807 Equisetum. TA17ER2/49 Patch of scrub densely swathed in Calystegia sylvatica 525364 470808 TA17ER2/50 Flush with Agrimonia eupatoria, Hypericum tetrapterum, Juncus inflexus, Samolus 525382 470854 valerandi, Pulicaria dysenterica, Carex flacca and Briza media. TA17ER2/51 Dense patch of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 525336 470875 TA17ER2/52 MG1 gives way to calcareous/maritime grassland only at bottom of slope. 525388 470939 TA17ER2/53 Flush with Pulicaria dysenterica, Carex flacca, Festuca arundinacea, Ononis 525348 471087 repens, Tussilago farfara, Agrostis stolonifera, Equisetum, Achillea millefolium, Potentilla reptans, Lathyrus pratensis, Centaurea nigra, Festuca rubra and some orchids. TA17ER2/54 Festuca rubra, Agrostis stolonifera, Cirsium arvense, Achillea millefolium, Dactylis 525369 471222 glomerata, Holcus lanatus and Potentilla reptans. TA17ER2/55 Perched saltmarsh flush. 525272 471373 TA17ER2/56 Clippings from the golf course thrown onto the cliff: Dense patches of Cirsium 525179 471426 arvense below them. TA17ER2/57 Clifftop alternating between Arrhenatherum grassland and Festuca/Agrostis 525141 471420 TA17ER2/58 Atriplex prostrata seabird ledge (MC6). 525083 471427 TA17ER2/59 Perched saltmarsh flush. 525053 471445 TA17ER2/60 Recent fall. 525071 471521 TA17ER2/61 Patch of Cerastium tomentosum on cliff top. 524994 471546 TA17ER2/62 Festuca rubra, Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea nigra, Lotus corniculatus, Daucus 524721 471668 carota, Rumex crispus, Anthyllis vulneraria, Plantago media. Plantago maritima at the top of slope.. TA17ER2/63 Mown Arrhenatherum grassland on the headland. 524621 471857 TA17ER2/64 Several patches of Atriplex seabird ledge vegetation around these promontories. 524455 471911 TA17ER2/65 Atriplex seabird ledges below this point. 524257 472120 TA17ER2/66 Perched saltmarsh flush. 524058 472198 TA17ER2/67 Perched saltmarsh flush. 524059 472215 TA17ER2/68 Festuca rubra, Plantago maritima, P. coronopus, P. lanceolata, Armeria maritima, 524048 472237 Tripleurospermum maritimum, Agrostis stolonifera, Senecio vulgaris, Tussilago farfara, Dactylis glomerata, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus oleraceus. TA17ER2/69 Patches of tall herb vegetation; mainly Cirsium arvense. 523962 472220 TA17ER2/70 Eroded area. 523980 472102 TA17ER2/71 Nettles growing below piles of grass clippings thrown onto the cliffs from the 523989 471963 cottages. Other species in the tall herb/scrub in this area include Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Ulex, Arrhenatherum, Cirsium arvense, Rubus and Senecio jacobaea. TA17ER2/72 Blackthorn, hawthorn and tall herb vegetation in the gulley bottom. 523738 472031 TA17ER2/73 Plantago maritima abundant at edge of cliff top. 523764 472158 TA17ER2/74 Wet flush with Pulicaria, Parnassia, Tussilago, Carex, Anacamptis, Glaux, 523740 472236 Equisetum, Hydrocotyle, Agrostis stolonifera, Epilobium hirsutum, Ranunculus acris, Samolus valerandi, Juncus articulatus, Holcus lanatus, Cochlearia officinalis, Rumex acetosa. TA17ER2/75 Phragmites patch. 523748 472302

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TA17ER2/76 Perched saltmarsh flush with Triglochin maritima, Festuca rubra, Anacamptis 523696 472322 pyramidalis, Trifolium pratense, Juncus articulatus, Samolus valerandi, Juncus bufonius and Armeria maritima. TA17ER2/77 Reedbed 523579 472374 TA17ER2/78 Point used by pigeons - Tripleurospermum maritimum abundant. 523440 472270 TA17ER2/79 Flush. 523477 472217 TA17ER2/80 Festuca-dominated grassland with patches of Ononis repens. Other species 523485 472208 include Centaurea nigra, Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago lanceolata, P. maritima, Tussilago farfara, Agrostis stolonifera, Lotus corniculatus, Primula vulgaris, Senecio jacobaea. TA17ER2/81 Patch of Cerastium tomentosum growing on the bank. 523420 472110 TA17ER2/82 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum in the stream. 523389 472170 TA17ER2/83 Flush with abundant Pulicaria 523369 472174 TA17ER2/84 Flush 523219 472290 TA17ER2/85 Patch of dense Hieracium pilosella. 523212 472330 TA17ER2/86 Large amounts of bare ground (active erosion); thin Plantago-rich MC8e vegetation 523239 472404 on patches of level or protected ground. TA17ER2/87 Perched saltmarsh flush with Samolus, Pulicaria, Juncus, Carex. 523165 472333 TA17ER2/88 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum growing in the stream. 523155 472339 TA17ER2/89 Tripleurospermum/Atriplex vegetation on point. 523094 472380 TA17ER2/90 Two flushes with Triglochin maritima and Pulicaria dysenterica. 523065 472338 TA17ER2/91 Patch of grassland unusually rich in Centaurea nigra. 523039 472414 TA17ER2/92 Flush 522871 472415 TA17ER2/93 Flushes (3) with Triglochin maritima, T. Palustre, Glaux maritima, Agrostis 522816 472442 stolonifera. TA17ER2/94 Plantago maritima becoming less abundant in cliff slope vegetation westwards 522590 472554 from here. TA17ER2/95 Patches of Potentilla anserina on cliff top. 522461 472595 TA17ER2/96 Sonchus arvensis common on cliff slope. 522443 472590 TA17ER2/97 Flush 522420 472608 TA17ER2/98 Recent cliff fall. 522025 472790 TA17ER2/99 Patch of nettles on the cliff top. 521851 472882 TA17ER2/100 Occasional patches of Urtica on cliff. 521847 472872 TA17ER2/101 Recent fall. 521704 473022 TA17ER2/102 Gulley vegetation dominated by Agrostis stolonifera. MC6 vegetation 521575 473083 (Atriplex/Festuca) on ledges below. TA17ER2/103 Plantago coronopus abundant in vegetation on steep slope below top of cliff. 521161 473384 TA17ER2/104 Urtica dioica/ Galium aparine vegetation abundant on cliff top west of Dane's Dyke. 520958 473497 TA17ER2/105 Brassica oleracea growing amongst Silene/Urtica/Galium on ledges. 520869 473541 TA17ER2/106 Brassica oleracea and poppies amongst nettles on ledges. 520811 473576 TA17ER2/107 Urtica running down cliff slope. 520383 473747 TA17ER2/108 Clifftop alternating between dense nettle and Arrhenatherum grassland; Arctium 519382 474390 lappa occasional. TA17ER2/109 Patch of Rubus fruticosus. 516930 474874 TA17ER2/110 Damp flush with Pulicaria dysenterica. 516804 474879 TA17ER2/111 Wheat dump 516201 474997 TA17ER2/112 Landslide 516163 475018 TA17ER2/113 Patch of Epilobium angustifolium. 516124 475007 TA17ER2/114 Rabbit-grazed sward with Festuca ovina, Prunella vulgaris, Teucrium, Lathyrus sp., 515963 475107 Veronica chaemydris, Galium verum, Plantago lanceolatus, Myosotis sp., Holcus lanatus, Arrhenatherum elatius, Senecio jacobaea. TA17ER2/115 Below Arrhenatherum/Teucrium scree, small patches of heavily rabbit-grazed 515937 475182 grassland with more calcareous/maritime elements including Carlina and Thymus. Hollows with Phyllitis, Dryopteris and Angelica.

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TA17ER2/116 Vegetation below hard chalk cliff with Arrhenatherum, Teucrium, Rumex acetosa, 515800 475140 Senecio jacobaea, Geranium robertianum, Angelica sylvestris, Silene dioica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Primula vulgaris, Festuca rubra and mosses. TA17ER2/117 Scattered hawthorn. 515728 475243 TA17ER2/118 Patches of tall herb (Epilobium angustifolium) and Rubus scattered along the cliff 515598 475217 top. TA17ER2/119 Patches of Deschampsia cespitosa in the grassland. 515412 475364 TA17ER2/120 Abundant Pulicaria on the damp slopes above this site. 515413 475406 TA17ER2/121 Sycamore woodland. 515213 475398 TA17ER2/122 Small patch of Typha swamp. 515237 475534 TA17ER2/123 Depression with tall Equisetum and Pulicaria. 515103 475558 TA17ER2/124 Triglochin palustre, Juncus articulatus in mud on cliff edge along flush. 515035 475664 TA17ER2/125 Wet flush. 514713 475704 TA17ER2/126 Below this point there's a Sparganium flush with Cardamine amara, Juncus 514676 475804 inflexus, Sparganium erectum (dominant), Equisetum arvense, Agrostis stolonifera and Juncus compressus. TA17ER2/127 Flush with sedges 514575 475897 TA17ER2/128 Damp depression with Typha latifolia. 514549 475975 TA17ER2/129 Juncus mire 514545 476005 TA17ER2/130 Edge of scrub with Salix alba, Ulex europaeus, Lonicera periclymenum, Crataegus 514206 476221 monogyna, Rosa canina. Some tall herb vegetation with Epilobium angustifolium, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (at edge). TA17ER2/131 Patch of Salix viminalis scrub 514195 476210 TA17ER2/132 Flush with Pulicaria dysenterica, Juncus inflexus, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus 514176 476332 fruticosus.

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Appendix 6: Species recorded on Flamborough sea cliffs Acer pseudoplatanus Crataegus monogyna Achillea millefolium Cratoneuron filicinum Agrimonia eupatoria Crocosmia sp. Agrostis canina Ctenidium molluscum Agrostis capillaris Cynosurus cristatus Agrostis stolonifera Dactylis glomerata Alopecurus pratensis Dactylorhiza purpurella Ammophila arenaria Danthonia decumbens Anacamptis pyramidalis Daucus carota Anagallis arvensis Deschampsia cespitosa Angelica sylvestris Dicranum scoparium Anthoxanthum odoratum Didymodon tophaceus Anthriscus sylvestris Diplotaxis tenuifolia Anthyllis vulneraria Dipsacus sp. Arctium lappa Dryopteris dilatata Armeria maritima Dryopteris filix-mas Arrhenatherum elatius Eleocharis palustris Atriplex prostrata Elytrigia atherica Bellis perennis Elytrigia repens Beta vulgaris Epilobium angustifolium Blackstonia perfoliolata Epilobium hirsutum Brachypodium sylvaticum Epilobium montanum Brachythecium sp Epilobium parviflorum Brassica oleracea Equisetum arvense Briza media Equisetum palustre Bromus hordeaceus ssp. ferronii Equisetum telmateia Bryum capillare Eriophorum angustifolium Calliergonella cuspidata Eupatorium cannabinum Calystegia sylvatica Euphrasia officinalis Campanula rotundifolia Eurhynchium praelongum Capsella bursa-pastoris Eurhynchium striatum Cardamine amara Festuca arundinacea Carex distans Festuca ovina Carex flacca Festuca rubra (incl. ssp. juncea) Carex hirta Filipendula ulmaria Carlina vulgaris Filipendula vulgaris Centaurea nigra Fraxinus excelsior Centaurea scabiosa Galium aparine Centaurium erythraea Galium saxatile Centranthus ruber Galium verum Cerastium fontanum Geranium pratense Cerastium tomentosum Geranium robertianum Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Geranium sylvaticum Cirsium arvense Geum rivale Cirsium palustre Geum urbanum Cirsium vulgare Glaux maritima Cladonia pyxidata Heracleum sphondylium Cochlearia officinalis Holcus lanatus Convolvulus arvensis Homalothecium lutescens

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Hydrocotyle vulgaris Pseudoscleropodium purum Hypericum tetrapterum Pteridium aquilinum Hypnum cupressiforme Pulicaria dysenterica Hypnum lacunosum Ranunculus acris Hypochaeris radicata Reseda luteola Juncus articulatus Rhinanthus minor Juncus bufonius Rhytidiadelphus loreus Juncus compressus Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Juncus conglomeratus Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Juncus gerardii Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Juncus inflexus Rosa canina Knautia arvensis Rosa sp. (escape cult.) Lamiastrum galeobdolon Rubus fruticosus Lathyrus pratensis Rumex acetosa Leontodon autumnalis Rumex crispus Leontodon hispidus Salix cinerea Ligustrum ovalifolium Salix viminalis Linum catharticum Sambucus nigra Lolium perenne Samolus valerandi Lonicera involucrata Sanguisorba minor Lonicera periclymenum Senecio cineraria Lotus corniculatus Senecio erucifolius Matricaria discoidea Senecio jacobaea Medicago lupulina Silene dioica Melilotus officinalis Sinapis arvensis Mentha aquatica Sonchus arvensis Myosotis arvensis Sonchus asper Ononis repens Sonchus oleraceus Parnassia palustris Sparganium erectum Pellia endivifolia Stellaria media Peltigera sp. Symphoricarpus albus Phalaris arundinacea Taraxacum officinale Phleum pratense Teucrium scorodonia Phragmites australis Torilis japonica Phyllitis scolopendrium Tortella flavovirens Pilosella officinarum Tortella inclinata Pimpinella saxifraga Tragopogon pratensis Plantago coronopus Trifolium arvense Plantago lanceolata Trifolium dubium Plantago major Trifolium pratense Plantago maritima Triglochin maritimum Plantago media Triglochin palustre Poa annua Tripleurospermum maritimum Polygala vulgaris Trisetum flavescens Polygonum aviculare Tussilago farfara Potentilla anserina Typha latifolia Potentilla reptans Ulex europaeus Primula vulgaris Urtica dioica Prunella vulgaris Veronica chamaedrys Prunus avium Vicia cracca Prunus domestica Viola canina Prunus spinosa Viola ?riviniana

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