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Proceedings of the 38Th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (2014), Pp
UC Berkeley Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society Title The Articulatory Function of the Larynx and the Origins of Speech Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qx7x2dt Journal Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 38(38) ISSN 2377-1666 Author Esling, John H Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Articulatory Function of the Larynx and the Origins of Speech Author(s): John H. Esling Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (2014), pp. 121-150 General Session and Thematic Session on Language Contact Editors: Kayla Carpenter, Oana David, Florian Lionnet, Christine Sheil, Tammy Stark, Vivian Wauters Please contact BLS regarding any further use of this work. BLS retains copyright for both print and screen forms of the publication. BLS may be contacted via http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/bls/ . The Annual Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society is published online via eLanguage , the Linguistic Society of America's digital publishing platform. The Articulatory Function of the Larynx and the Origins of Speech JOHN H. ESLING University of Victoria Introduction The ‘laryngeal articulator,’ consisting of the glottal mechanism, the supraglottic tube, the pharyngeal/epiglottal mechanism, and including three levels of folds: the vocal folds, the ventricular folds, and the aryepiglottic folds, is shown to be responsible for the generation of multiple source vibrations and for the complex modification of the pharyngeal resonating chamber that accounts for a wide range of contrastive auditory qualities. These qualities are observed in a surprisingly large number of the languages of the world, both linguistically and paralinguistically, and they account for sounds which have been labeled as ‘pharyngeal,’ as ‘epiglottal,’ and as various phonation types. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Aspects of Pharyngeal Coarticulation Elgendy, A. Publication date 2001 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Elgendy, A. (2001). Aspects of Pharyngeal Coarticulation. LOT. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:04 Oct 2021 3 3 Jaww contribution to the timing control of pharyngeal consonantt production1 Abstract t JawJaw kinematics associated with pharyngeal consonant production in Arabic C1WC2 utterancesutterances were registered. The results revealed that temporal perturbation due to the effect ofof the biomechanical constraints characterizing this class of speech sounds, is internally compensatedcompensated for by a strategy adapted by the speaker aiming to control inter-consonantal timing.timing. That is, the degree of adjustment in vowel duration is mainly dependent on the inherentinherent relative degree of jaw height of the surrounding consonants comprising the word. -
The Effects of Post-Velar Consonants on Vowels in Ditidaht∗
The effects of post-velar consonants on vowels in Ditidaht∗ John Sylak-Glassman University of California, Berkeley Abstract: This article examines the effects of post-velar consonants on vowels in Ditidaht using acoustic data obtained using instrumental methods from four na- tive speakers. The results of this examination show that uvulars cause backing, pharyngeals cause centralization, and glottals cause peripheralization. A survey of phonological patterns involving post-velar consonants in Ditidaht reveals that high vowels cannot occur before coda pharyngeals. Additional phonetic investigation shows that in that same position, short /a/ and /o/ have merged, fully collapsing the vocalic height distinction among short vowels before coda /Q/. The results of the phonological survey show that no single pattern unifies all the post-velar con- sonants in Ditidaht, but that the phonological patterns that are present demonstrate phonetically-grounded phonological connections between subsets of the post-velar consonants. Keywords: Ditidaht, post-velar consonants, phonetics, phonology, acoustic mea- surement, merger 1 Introduction Ditidaht is a Southern Wakashan language spoken on Vancouver Island whose phonemic inventory includes consonants at all three post-velar places of articu- lation: Uvular, pharyngeal/epiglottal, and glottal. In the languages that contain similarly rich inventories of post-velar consonants (such as those in the Semitic, Cushitic, and Salish stocks), these consonants often pattern together phonolog- ically, for example by causing effects on vowels, by being avoided in certain prosodic positions, and by systematically failing to co-occur, especially in lexi- cal roots (Bessell 1992, 1998a,b; Hayward and Hayward 1989; McCarthy 1991, 1994). These phonological patterns have been used as evidence to support the ∗Thank you very much to the four speakers who kindly worked with me: Dorothy Shepherd, Michael Thompson, Christine Edgar, and Jimmy Chester. -
Arabic and English Consonants: a Phonetic and Phonological Investigation
Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol. 6 No. 6; December 2015 Flourishing Creativity & Literacy Australian International Academic Centre, Australia Arabic and English Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Investigation Mohammed Shariq College of Science and Arts, Methnab, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.146 Received: 18/07/2015 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.146 Accepted: 15/09/2015 Abstract This paper is an attempt to investigate the actual pronunciation of the consonants of Arabic and English with the help of phonetic and phonological tools like manner of the articulation, point of articulation, and their distribution at different positions in Arabic and English words. A phonetic and phonological analysis of the consonants of Arabic and English can be useful in overcoming the hindrances that confront the Arab EFL learners. The larger aim is to bring about pedagogical changes that can go a long way in improving pronunciation and ensuring the occurrence of desirable learning outcomes. Keywords: Phonetics, Phonology, Pronunciation, Arabic Consonants, English Consonants, Manner of articulation, Point of articulation 1. Introduction Cannorn (1967) and Ekundare (1993) define phonetics as sounds which is the basis of human speech as an acoustic phenomenon. It has a source of vibration somewhere in the vocal apparatus. According to Varshney (1995), Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. It studies the medium of spoken language. On the other hand, Phonology concerns itself with the evolution, analysis, arrangement and description of the phonemes or meaningful sounds of a language (Ramamurthi, 2004). -
Websites for IPA Practice
IPA review Websites for IPA practice • http://languageinstinct.blogspot.com/2006/10/stress-timed-rhythm-of-english.html • http://ipa.typeit.org/ • http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/phonetics.html • http://phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/contents.html • http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php • http://isg.urv.es/sociolinguistics/varieties/index.html • http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html • http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/practice-vowel-contrast • http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html#(0) • http://www.agendaweb.org/phonetic.html • http://www.anglistik.uni-bonn.de/samgram/phonprac.htm • http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/phonetics/phonetics.html • http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4767 • http://www.tedpower.co.uk/phonetics.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_perception • http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/changing-voices/ • http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts-letters/mll/linguistics/exercises/index.html#phono • http://cla.calpoly.edu/~jrubba/phon/weeklypractice.html • http://amyrey.web.unc.edu/classes/ling-101-online/practice/phonology-practice/ Articulatory description of consonant sounds • State of glottis (voiced or voiceless) • Place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, etc.) • Manner of articulation (stop, fricative, etc.) Bilabial [p] pit [b] bit [m] mit [w] wit Labiodental [f] fan [v] van Interdental “th” [θ] thigh [ð] thy Alveolar [t] tip [d] dip [s] sip [z] zip [n] nip [l] lip [ɹ] rip Alveopalatal [tʃ] chin [dʒ] gin [ʃ] shin [ʒ] azure Palatal [j] yes Velar [k] call [g] guy [ŋ] sing -
Pharyngealization in Chechen Is Gutturalization Author(S)
Pharyngealization in Chechen is gutturalization Author(s): John Sylak Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Languages of the Caucasus (2013), pp. 81-95 Editors: Chundra Cathcart, Shinae Kang, and Clare S. Sandy Please contact BLS regarding any further use of this work. BLS retains copyright for both print and screen forms of the publication. BLS may be contacted via http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/bls/. The Annual Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society is published online via eLanguage, the Linguistic Society of America's digital publishing platform. Pharyngealization in Chechen is Gutturalization JOHN SYLAK University of California, Berkeley Introduction Knowing the phonetic and phonological properties of rare types of consonants, such as clicks, implosives, and pharyngeals, is essential for understanding how they af- fect the phonological systems of the languages in which they occur.1 This study focuses on consonants with a primary or secondary pharyngeal articulation, which occur in only 21 of UPSID’s 451 languages (5.32%; Maddieson 1984). However, these segments are found in over 12 different language stocks spread across North America, Eurasia, and Africa (Nichols and Bickel 2009). Pharyngeal or pharyn- gealized consonants, then, are rare enough token-wise that they are understudied in many respects, but are phylogenetically common enough that they are important to phonological theory and historical linguistics. This study focuses on pharyngeal consonants and “pharyngealization” in Chechen, a Nakh-Daghestanian language of the northeast Caucasus region of the Russian Federation with approximately 1.3 million speakers (All-Russia Population Census 2002).2,3 Previous accounts of pharyngeal consonants and “pharyngealiza- tion” in Chechen have, with one important exception, not included instrumental 1 Acknowledgements: Many thanks to Johanna Nichols for inspiration, financial support, gathering field data, and being very patient. -
Revison of Place and Manner of Articulation of English Consonants
Second year LMD Phonetics Lecturer: Dr. Chelli Revison of Place and Manner of Articulation of English Consonants A consonant is a speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech organs. 24 consonants both in terms of their function and phonetic nature have been identified. They are classified according to: manner of articulation, place of articulation and voicing. The chart below shows how they are classified and the place of articulation of each one: Manner of bilabial Labio dental alveolar Post Palatal velar Glottal Articulation dental alveolar plosives p b t d k g fricatives f v ɵ ð s z ʃ ʒ h affricates tʃ dʒ lateral l nasals m n ŋ Semi-vowels/ w r j approximants Chart of English Consonants (Roach, 1993, p.62) I. Manner of articulation The manner of articulation shows how narrow the constriction is and whether the air stream is flowing through the nose or the oral cavity 1. Plosives: Plosives involves a total closure. Their articulation consists of three stages: the closing stage, the compression stage and the release stage during which a plosion occurs. 2. Fricatives: Fricatives are sounds produced with a partial closure producing friction because of the narrow passage left to the air stream by the organs involved in their articulation. 3. Affricates: Affricates involve a complete closure like plosives,but the release of the air is with friction (of a short duration) 4. Laterals: Laterals are sound articulated by means of a partial closure with the air escaping through both sides of the mouth. -
1 Nasalisation in the Production of Iraqi Arabic Pharyngeals Ghada
Nasalisation in the production of Iraqi Arabic pharyngeals Ghada Khattab, Jalal Al-Tamimi, Wasan Alsiraih Newcastle University Corresponding author: Ghada Khattab ([email protected]) Postal address: Speech and Language Sciences, King George VI Building, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. Tel: +44 191 2086583 Email addresses: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Nasalisation in the production of Iraqi Arabic pharyngeal Abstract Aim: This paper presents an auditory and acoustic investigation of pharyngeal consonants in Iraqi Arabic (IA). While the contested place and manner of articulation of these sounds have been the subject of investigation in many studies, the focus here is novel: we set out to investigate the extent to which pharyngeals in IA are accompanied by auditory nasalisation and if so, how widespread the effect is across oral and nasal contexts. Methods: Auditory and acoustic properties of nasalisation were investigated in target words with oral, nasal, and pharyngeal environments as produced by nine male speakers of IA. Results: When combined with oral consonants, pharyngeals exhibit little or no nasalisation; however, when pharyngeals are combined with nasals, they exhibit various degrees of nasalisation, sometimes beyond what is found for a nasal environment alone. This is especially so for voiced pharyngeals, which display more nasalisation than their voiceless counterparts. A Principle Component Analysis combining all the acoustic correlates examined demonstrates a definite contribution of pharyngeals to the presence of nasalisation. Conclusion: The epilaryngeal constriction and variability in the articulation of pharyngeals are thought to be responsible for the nasalisation effect and may act as potential drivers for sound change in IA pharyngeals. -
Assimilation As a Co-Articulation Producer in Words and Pronunciation Problems for Turkish English Teachers
KURAM VE UYGULAMADA EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: THEORY & PRACTICE Received: July 2, 2014 Revision received: August 13, 2015 Copyright © 2016 EDAM Accepted: February 29, 2016 www.estp.com.tr OnlineFirst: April 5, 2016 DOI 10.12738/estp.2016.2.0235 April 2016 16(2) 477-509 Research Article Assimilation as a Co-articulation Producer in Words and Pronunciation Problems for Turkish English Teachers Mehmet Demirezen1 Hacettepe University Abstract The aim of this research is to diagnose and help students overcome their problems through practice activities in English Language Education Departments in Turkey. This paper measures the perception of co-articulatory information in terms of consonant-to-consonant relations in the structure of vocabulary items and affixes of English. Thirty eight freshmen who are presently studying in the department of English language education at Hacettepe University are the participants, who were given a pretest on vocabulary items that include 25 questions, with five alternatives for the diagnosis of the secondary articulations in the words. Thereafter, a three-hour intense teaching and practicing process took place. After two weeks, the participants were given a posttest that included new vocabulary items not asked in the pretest. Results of data analysis revealed that co-articulation and secondary articulation connection in the creation of assimilations constituted a serious pronunciation problem due to consonantal and vowel assimilations for Turkish students of English Language Education. Results also indicated that the perception of assimilation is weak at the end of the pretest, but there is a remarkable development after the instruction on secondary articulation and coarticulation in relation to the perception of assimilation in connected speech in English utterances. -
UKRAINIAN CONSONANT PHONES in the IPA CONTEXT with SPECIAL REFERENCE to /V/ and /Gh/[*] Maksym O
Linguistica ONLINE. Issue 22. Published: August 22, 2019 http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/vakulenko/vak-001.pdf ISSN 1801-5336 UKRAINIAN CONSONANT PHONES IN THE IPA CONTEXT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO /v/ AND /gh/[*] Maksym O. Vakulenko (State Science and Technical Library of Ukraine, Ukraine, [email protected]) Abstract: The acoustic and articulatory properties of Ukrainian consonant phones were investigated, and a full set of relevant IPA notations was proposed for these and compiled in a table. Acoustic correspondence of Ukrainian phones to those appearing in European languages was analyzed and discussed. Special attention was paid to the phonemes /v/ (represented in Cyrillic script as “/в/”) and /gh/ (ren- dered in Cyrillic script as “/г/”) that cause the most difficulties in their description. In particular, our experiments and observations suggest that a standard Ukrainian phoneme /v/ is realised as labiodental fricatives [v] and [vj] before vowels and also as sonorant bilabial approximants [β̞ β̞˛ β̞ɔ] between a vowel and a consonant, in the initial position before consonants and after a vowel at the end of a word, and sometimes is devoiced to [v̥ ] in the coda after a voiceless consonant. In some ut- terances after a vowel (before a consonant and in the coda), a strongly rounded bilabial approximant [β̞ɔ] may approach a non-syllabic semivowel [ṷ]. These con- clusions are in good agreement with the consonantal status of the Ukrainian lan- guage and with the general tendencies of sound combinations in the world lan- guages. The findings of this research contribute to better understanding of Ukrain- ian and its special features in comparison with other world languages that may have substantial practical use in various phonetic and translation studies, as well as in modern linguistic technologies aimed at artificial intelligence development, machine translation incorporating text-to-speech conversion, automatic speech analysis, recognition and synthesis, and in other areas of applied linguistics. -
Phonetics LING 200: Introduction to the Study of Language
Introduction to speech Consonants Phonetics LING 200: Introduction to the Study of Language Hadas Kotek January 2016 Hadas Kotek Phonetics Introduction to speech Consonants Outline 1 Introduction to speech The vocal tract 2 Consonants Voicing Place of articulation Manner of articulation Slides credit: David Pesetsky, Rebecca Starr Hadas Kotek Phonetics Introduction to speech The vocal tract Consonants Introduction to speech Let’s listen to some speech... Discuss with your neighbor: Any guesses about what languages these are? Can you tell where the boundaries between words are? Can you tell where the boundaries between sentences are? Listening to unfamiliar languages Language A was Hmong, B was Scots Gaelic. Even for languages we do not know, we can perceive some cues for sentence boundaries. But we cannot identify the boundaries of words. Within a sentence, speech comes out in a pretty continuous stream. Speech is often referred to as the speech stream. Hadas Kotek Phonetics Introduction to speech The vocal tract Consonants Introduction to speech Common thoughts when hearing an unfamiliar language: “Why are they speaking so quickly? How can anyone understand this?” “How do people make these sounds? Why is this language so hard to pronounce?” The language experts Humans are, in many ways, experts in our native languages. When we speak, we automatically coordinate our muscles to form the appropriate sound sequence. When we hear a language we know, our brain automatically breaks it up and analyzes it. These processes are invisible to us and seem easy. But in fact, they are so complex that we have yet to train a computer to reliably do any of them.